{"help": "https://data.iadb.org/pt-BR/api/3/action/help_show?name=datastore_search", "success": true, "result": {"include_total": false, "limit": 100, "records_format": "objects", "resource_id": "ee646353-71b7-45d0-aca5-38775fa68ea9", "total_estimation_threshold": null, "last_id_operator": "gt", "records": [{"_id":1,"ID":"9498","Title":"What Is the Impact of Infrastructural Investments in Roads, Electricity and Irrigation on Agricultural Productivity?","Authors":"Knox, Jerry,Daccache, Andre,Hess, Tim","Publication year":"2013","URL link":"https://environmentalevidence.org/what-is-the-impact-of-infrastructural-investments-in-roads-electricity-and-irrigation-on-agricultural-productivity/","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Outcome 1":"Economic activity|Household welfare and poverty|Access to other goods and services|Agricultural outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"Environmental Evidence","Journal volume":"CEE 11-007","Journal issue":"Not applicable","Pages":"Not applicable","DOI":"No DOI","Abstract":"Abstract: Infrastructural services including roads, electricity, telecommunications and irrigation, are all considered to be of major importance in stimulating agricultural investment and growth. However, their existence is still very limited in most rural areas of many developing countries. Whilst there exist much information in the scientific and grey literature on the issues relating to infrastructural impacts on agricultural development, there is no recent, objective, and independent review of the available evidence. The research question for this systematic review was therefore to assess “What is the impact of infrastructural investments in roads, electricity and irrigation on agricultural productivity?” This systematic review summarises the research objectives, approaches and methods, including the search criteria, data sources, search and extraction strategies, data synthesis, analysis and interpretation. The systematic review principally focussed on four main areas (i) road infrastructure (incorporating road networks and transport vehicles) and its impact on farmer access to agricultural markets; (ii) rural electricity supplies (consumption and expenditure) and its impact on agricultural productivity (irrigation, storage, cooling/refrigeration), product price, labour wages and rural GDP; (iii) telecommunications (telephones and internet) and its impact on crop prices, response to market demands, feed and fertilizer supply and costs, and (iv) irrigation infrastructure (incorporating water storage capacity per unit area, access to water and expansion of irrigated areas) and its impact on crop diversity, crop productivity (yield), crop prices, labour costs, rural consumption and returns of irrigation investment to the rural community and poverty reduction. Following definition of suitable search terms and study inclusion/exclusion criteria, a detailed search of available evidence was completed using a range of scientific bibliographic sources and internet websites. In total, 934 articles were identified, and then screened by title and abstract to provide a final listing of 155 articles and reports. These were imported into Refworks and analysed. Data were presented on the basis of a narrative synthesis but supported by quantitative analysis, based on an aggregation of reported observations and using simple impact assessment classification (positive impact, neutral impact and negative impact). An attempt was made to undertake some meta-analysis based on 307 observations, but this was not possible given the wide range of units reported in the literature, even within a particular impact indicator, and the impact of various ‘effect modifiers’. A narrative synthesis by infrastructural impact was therefore completed first, with evidence aggregated by country, where possible. Tables summarising the reported effects on agricultural productivity were produced for a range of productivity/output indicators. Next, a quantitative analysis using the 307 ‘observations’ was completed. From the evidence, it was apparent that a wide range of indicators had been used to assess the impact of investment in rural infrastructure on agricultural productivity. These were categorised into 9 main classes (i) agricultural productivity (measures of crop yield and output per unit area), (ii) consumption (measures of rural consumption and expenditure), (iii) GDP (measures of changes in total or rural GDP), (iv) income (measures of rural income, crop revenues and gross margins), (v) inputs (measures prices, demand, use and supply of agricultural inputs including seeds, fertilisers, fuel, labour and high yielding varieties (HYVs)), (vi) labour (measures of rural employment and wages), (vii) poverty (measures of the number of people in poverty, (viii) prices (measures of process of agricultural outputs) and (ix) production (measures of the quantity of production of crops and livestock). For road infrastructure, most evidence (37% observations) related to this investment, with the majority of reported impacts on agricultural productivity being positive, particularly in relation to GDP gains and poverty reduction. For electricity infrastructure, there was limited evidence (16% observations) but again positive, especially for poverty reduction. For telecommunication infrastructure, there was very limited evidence (6% observations) but the majority were positive. The impacts for this area are most likely to be mixed in with other forms of infrastructural investment. Finally, for irrigation infrastructure, a third of all evidence related to this aspect, with the majority of impacts on agricultural productivity being positive, especially in relation to income and poverty reduction. The SR also identified some important gaps in knowledge on the direct impacts of investment in electricity and telecommunications infrastructure on agricultural productivity, and a number of methodological limitations due to ‘effect modifiers’. This may not be surprising given that these types of investment are difficult to examine in isolation. Finally, the review has generated significant new aggregated data on infrastructural impacts on agricultural productivity which should be of broad international relevance to those engaged in assessments of agricultural and rural development. (pp.2-3)","Keywords":"Road Infrastructure | Electricity | Irrigation | Agricultural Productivity | Rural Development | Labour Market","continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"no","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only | Vote countring based on direction of effect","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Partially","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"Strong policy conclusions drawn (including in abstract/ summary) in the absence of high-quality evidence","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":2,"ID":"9419","Title":"Does The Extension Of The Rural Road Network Have A Positive Impact On Poverty Reduction And Resilience For The Rural Areas Served?","Authors":"Hine, J.,Abedin, M.,Stevens, R.J.,Airey, T.,Anderson, T.","Publication year":"2016","URL link":"https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/does-the-extension-of-the-rural-road-network-have-a-positive-impact-on-poverty-reduction-and-resilence-for-the-rural-areas-served","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes|Other transport infrastructure access and use|Household welfare and poverty","language":"English","Journal":"Other","Journal volume":"Not applicable","Journal issue":"Not applicable","Pages":"Not applicable","DOI":"No DOI","Abstract":"This systematic review asked ‘Does the extension of the rural road network have a positive impact on poverty reduction and resilience for the rural areas served? If so how, and if not why not?’ The reviewers found that the extension of rural roads networks has been shown to lead to a strong increase in opportunities to gain non-agricultural work, increased volume of traffic, reduced poverty, reduced transport costs, increased agricultural output, and increased access to health centres and there is some evidence to suggest school completion rates are improved. The negative impacts include increased risk of spreading infections such as HIV/AIDS and E-Coli and by improving access for one area this can lead to a decline in economic activity for nearby communities located on routes that have not received road investment.","Keywords":"Rural Development | Agricultural Markets | Road Access | Rural Infrastructure | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Poverty Reduction","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Ethiopia","income_level":"Low income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Other","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged | No strong policy conclusions drawn | Any other factors","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":3,"ID":"33748","Title":"The Rebound Effect in Road Transport: A Meta-analysis of Empirical Studies","Authors":"Dimitropoulos, Alexandros,Oueslati, Walid,Sintek, Christina","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988318302718","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use|Vehicle ownership costs|Economic activity","language":"English","Journal":"Energy Economics","Journal volume":"75","Journal issue":null,"Pages":"163-79","DOI":"10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.021","Abstract":"The rebound effect is the phenomenon underlying the disproportionality between energy efficiency improvements and observed energy savings. In road transport, the effect reveals the extent to which energy savings from improved fuel efficiency are forgone due to additional car travel. We present a meta-analysis of 74 primary studies containing 1120 estimates of the direct rebound effect in road transport to evaluate its magnitude and identify its determinants. We find that the short-run rebound effect is, on average, about 10-12%, whereas the long-run effect about 26-29%. However, variation of estimates is large and can mainly be explained by differences in the time horizon considered, the elasticity measure used, and the type of data and econometric approach employed in primary studies. We also find that the rebound effect is declining over time and that lower per capita incomes, higher gasoline prices and higher population density are associated with larger rebound effects.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Partially","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"Yes","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Meta-regression","QA_B4.2":"Number of participants (sample size)","QA_B4.3":"Yes - took clustering into account in the analysis","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":"Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":4,"ID":"33746","Title":"Socioeconomic Impact Assessments of High-Speed rail: A Meta-Analysis","Authors":"Cheng, Junmei,Chen, Zhenhua","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01441647.2021.1979689","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Outcome 1":"Economic activity|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability|Employment access and outcomes|Travel time, commuting and speed","language":"English","Journal":"TRANSPORT REVIEWS","Journal volume":"42","Journal issue":"4","Pages":"467-502","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1979689","Abstract":"The interest in the socioeconomic impact assessments of the high-speed rail (HSR) system is burgeoning as many countries are considering investing in such a system. While extensive studies have provided a wide range of evaluations of HSR on the socioeconomic impact, primarily from an ex-post perspective, it remains unclear how reliable the evaluation outcomes were, given the variety of data, method and research framework being adopted. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the socioeconomic impact studies of high-speed rail (HSR), based on 242 academic publications. In particular, we examined to what extent the impact outcome is influenced by various modelling factors, such as data, model, and research design, using meta-analysis based on 368 empirical estimates derived from 45 empirical studies. Our analysis confirms that the factors of research design (e.g. variables, data, and modelling method) do have various influences on the empirical estimates of HSR project appraisals. In the end, the paper discusses the implications for future infrastructure project appraisals.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Partially","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"No","QA_B1.3":"No","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"No","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"No","QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":"Meta-regression","QA_B4.2":"Not clear","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":5,"ID":"33755","Title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Rail Projects on Land and Property Values","Authors":"Mohammad, Sara I.,Graham, Daniel J.,Melo, Patricia C.,Anderson, Richard J.","Publication year":"2013","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856413000207?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","language":"English","Journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE","Journal volume":"50","Journal issue":null,"Pages":"158-170","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.013","Abstract":"The literature on land and property values demonstrates a great deal of variability in the estimated change in values arising from rail investments. This paper conducts a meta-analysis on empirical estimates from 23 studies (102 observations) that analysed the impact of rail on land/property value changes. Variation in the estimated impacts is calculated and discussed in relation to key dimensions of study-design characteristics. The results show that a number of factors produce significant variations in the estimates. These include the type of land use, the type of rail service, the rail system life cycle maturity, the distance to stations, the geographical location, accessibility to roads, methodological characteristics, as well as whether the impacted area is land or property. On the other hand, we observe that changes in purchase price and rent values due to rail projects are statistically similar to each other, that there is no evidence of change in values over time nor due to the location of land/property within the city, and that including property characteristics and neighbourhood type in the estimation model do not change values significantly. Publication bias tests are also performed and show that although researchers tend to report both positive and negative results, they tend to be biased towards statistically significant estimates. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Meta-regression","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Can't tell","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":6,"ID":"33752","Title":"Can We Reduce Car Use and, If So, How? A Review of Available Evidence","Authors":"Graham-Rowe, Ella,Skippon, Stephen,Gardner, Benjamin,Abraham, Charles","Publication year":"2011","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856411000309","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls|Circulation restrictions, non-price based|Subsidies for public transit|Transportation network companies (ride-sharing firms)|Urban traffic management systems","Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use|Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"Transportation Research: Part A: Policy and Practice","Journal volume":"45","Journal issue":"5","Pages":"401-18","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.02.001","Abstract":"Transport accounts for nearly a quarter of current energy-related carbon dioxide emissions with car travel constituting more than three quarters of all vehicle kilometres travelled. Interventions to change transport behaviour, and especially to reduce car use, could reduce CO\"2 emissions from road transport more quickly than technological measures. It is unclear, however, which interventions are effective in reducing car use and what the likely impact of these interventions would be on CO\"2 emissions. A two-stage systematic search was conducted focusing on reviews published since 2000 and primary intervention evaluations referenced therein. Sixty-nine reviews were considered and 47 primary evaluations found. These reported 77 intervention evaluations, including measures of car-use reduction. Evaluations of interventions varied widely in the methods they employed and the outcomes measures they reported. It was not possible to synthesise the findings using meta-analysis. Overall, the evidence base was found to be weak. Only 12 of the 77 evaluations were judged to be methodologically strong, and only half of these found that the intervention being evaluated reduced car use. A number of intervention approaches were identified as potentially effective but, given the small number of methodologically strong studies, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions from current evidence. More methodologically sound research is needed in this area.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"Not Applicable","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Vote countring based on direction of effect | Vote counting based on statistical significance | Other","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":7,"ID":"33749","Title":"The Co-Benefits of Active Travel Interventions Beyond Physical Activity: A Systematic Review","Authors":"Ding, Ding,Luo, Mengyun,Petrelli Infante, Maria Florencia,Gunn, Lucy,Salvo, Deborah,Zapata-Diomedi, Belen,Smith, Ben,Bellew, William,Bauman, Adrian,Nau, Tracy,Nguyen, Binh","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(24)00201-8/fulltext","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Transport safety|Health access and outcomes|Economic activity|Air pollution and greenhouse gases","language":"English","Journal":"The Lancet Planetary Health","Journal volume":"8","Journal issue":"10","Pages":"E790-E803","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00201-8","Abstract":"Active travel is a widely recognised strategy for promoting active living but its co-benefits beyond increasing physical activity, such as broader health, environmental, and social benefits, have rarely been synthesised. We conducted a systematic review to examine the co-benefits of active travel interventions. Following a preregistered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42022359059), we identified 80 studies for the search period from Jan 1, 2000, to Sept 13, 2022. Across studies, there was consistent evidence that active travel interventions offered co-benefits beyond physical activity. Particularly, 25 (71%) of 35 studies favoured improved safety outcomes, 20 (67%) of 30 showed improved health, 17 (85%) of 20 supported economic benefits, 16 (84%) of 19 highlighted improved transport quality, 12 (92%) of 13 showed environmental benefits, and four (80%) of five documented social benefits. Despite the overall low-certainty evidence, mostly limited by the quasi-experimental design and natural-experimental design of many of the studies, active travel interventions offer unique opportunities to engage stakeholders across sectors to jointly address major societal issues, such as physical inactivity, traffic safety, and carbon emissions. This evidence can inform the design, implementation, and evaluation of active travel interventions.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"Yes","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Vote countring based on direction of effect","QA_B4.2":"Number of participants (sample size)","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Partially","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Other","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Medium","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None | Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"High"},{"_id":8,"ID":"33762","Title":"Transport Corridors and Their Wider Economic Benefits: A Quantitative Review of the Literature","Authors":"Roberts, Mark,Melecky, Martin,Bougna, Théophile,Xu, Yan","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12467","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Multi-component roads, regional transportation and logistics","Outcome 1":"Household welfare and poverty|Employment access and outcomes|Inequality and segregation|Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Economic activity|Trade and migration|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","language":"English","Journal":"Journal of Regional Science","Journal volume":"60","Journal issue":"2","Pages":"207-48","DOI":"10.1111/jors.12467","Abstract":"Transport corridors can generate both wider economic benefits (WEBs) and costs through their effects on diverse development outcomes. To advance understanding of how corridors could generate WEBs, this paper undertakes a quantitative review and meta-analysis of the literature that estimates the impacts of large transport infrastructure projects. The analysis finds that characteristics of individual studies and the design of the transport infrastructure influence estimated benefits. It also shows that, on average, while corridor interventions tend to benefit economic welfare and equity, they often detrimentally impact the environment. To mitigate trade-offs, policymakers can consider using complementary interventions.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"no","QA_A1":"Partially","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"No","QA_B1.3":"No","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"No","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"No","QA_B4.1":"Random effects meta-analysis | Meta-regression","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"Yes - took clustering into account in the analysis","QA_B4":"Partially","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"Strong policy conclusions drawn (including in abstract/ summary) in the absence of high-quality evidence","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":9,"ID":"33761","Title":"Associations Between Light Rail Transit and Physical Activity: A Systematic Review","Authors":"Ravensbergen, Léa,Wasfi, Rania,Van Liefferinge, Mathilde,Ehrlich, Isidor,Prince, Stephanie A.,Butler, Gregory,Kestens, Yan,El-Geneidy, Ahmed","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01441647.2022.2099999","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"TRANSPORT REVIEWS","Journal volume":"43","Journal issue":"2","Pages":"234-263","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2099999","Abstract":"Investment in public transport is on the rise as many cities around the world aim to reduce their carbon footprint and improve population health. One such investment is building or extending Light Rail Transit (LRT). Focusing on studies in the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, this paper reports the results of a systematic review on the associations between LRT and physical activity. This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Twenty studies were identified through a search of five bibliographic databases (Web of Science, Transport Research International Documentation (TRID), Scopus, Medline, and SPORTDiscus) (n=5,866) and a systematic Google search (n=446). At least two reviewers conducted the search and reviewed the titles and abstract of each identified article to include in the review. Standardized data extraction forms were used to document information from each selected article. The forms included a risk of bias assessment tool. Two reviewers completed the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Our findings show that moderate certainty of evidence exists for the relationship between LRT and walking behaviour. Here, all studies, most of which were natural experiments (n = 6), found a positive association between LRT and walking behaviour, with LRT leading to an increase of 7-40% in walking in most studies (n = 7 out of 8). A positive relationship between LRT and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and between LRT and cycling was also often identified; however, results were inconsistent, and certainty of evidence is low for MPVA, and very low for cycling. Further, some studies (n = 3) identify differences in physical activity participation at different LRT stations, suggesting that station design, surrounding land use, and built environment play important roles in promoting physical activity around LRT. Given this, practitioners can be relatively confident that LRT investments will result in increased walking behaviour.","Keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":null,"QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":null,"QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":null,"QA_A5.2":null,"QA_A5.3":null,"QA_A5":null,"QA_A6":null,"QA_B1.1a":null,"QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Medium"},{"_id":10,"ID":"33758","Title":"Micromobility and Public Transport Integration: The Current State of Knowledge","Authors":"Oeschger, Giulia,Carroll, Páraic,Caulfield, Brian","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=econ&AN=2005195","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Public transit access and use|Private vehicle use","language":"English","Journal":"Transportation Research: Part D: Transport and Environment","Journal volume":"89","Journal issue":"999","Pages":"999","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102628","Abstract":"Cities globally are grappling with the negative externalities of car travel and are therefore striving to move towards a more sustainable urban transportation system. The introduction and popularity of new personal transport modes, such as e-scooters and electric bicycles, could potentially accelerate this transition as they become more commonplace and are accepted into regulatory frameworks. The integration of these new modes and vehicles into public transport systems, for example, could enhance accessibility and lead to potential modal shifts away from private car use. In order to assess the potential for change that micromobility holds, it is key to study these new modes in the context of access and egress trips to and from public transport. This paper presents an extensive systematic literature review of studies that focus specifically on the integration of micromobility and public transport systems and is, to the knowledge of the authors, the first review focusing on this specific aspect of micromobility. This paper offers an understanding of how this topic has been studied to date, which factors and aspects have been considered and analysed, which causalities have been identified in the research, in addition to identifying gaps in the literature and providing guidance for future research on this topic. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive collection and critical discussion of suggestions and recommendations included in the literature which are analysed in this study, aimed at improving and further promoting the effective integration of micromobility and public transport services.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"no","QA_A1":"Partially","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Can't tell","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"No","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Not Applicable","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Other","QA_B6":"Not Applicable","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":11,"ID":"33764","Title":"What Interventions Increase Commuter Cycling? A Systematic Review","Authors":"Stewart, Glen,Kwame Anokye, Nana,Pokhrel, Subhash","Publication year":"2015","URL link":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/8/e007945","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility: infrastructure|Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"BMJ Open","Journal volume":"5","Journal issue":"999","Pages":"999","DOI":"10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007945","Abstract":"Objective: To identify interventions that will increase commuter cycling. Setting: All settings where commuter cycling might take place. Participants: Adults (aged 18+) in any country. Interventions: Individual, group or environmental interventions including policies and infrastructure. Primary and secondary outcome measures: A wide range of 'changes in commuter cycling' indicators, including frequency of cycling, change in workforce commuting mode, change in commuting population transport mode, use of infrastructure by defined populations and population modal shift. Results: 12 studies from 6 countries (6 from the UK, 2 from Australia, 1 each from Sweden, Ireland, New Zealand and the USA) met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 2 studies were randomised control trials and the remainder preintervention and postintervention studies. The majority of studies (n= 7) evaluated individual-based or group-based interventions and the rest environmental interventions. Individual-based or group-based interventions in 6/7 studies were found to increase commuter cycling of which the effect was significant in only 3/6 studies. Environmental interventions, however, had small but positive effects in much larger but more difficult to define populations. Almost all studies had substantial loss to follow-up. Conclusions: Despite commuter cycling prevalence varying widely between countries, robust evidence of what interventions will increase commuter cycling in low cycling prevalence nations is sparse. Wider environmental interventions that make cycling conducive appear to reach out to hard to define but larger populations. This could mean that environmental interventions, despite their small positive effects, have greater public health significance than individual-based or group-based measures because those interventions encourage a larger number of people to integrate physical activity into their everyday lives.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"Not applicable","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":12,"ID":"33763","Title":"A Systematic Review of Empirical and Simulation Studies Evaluating the Health Impact of Transportation Interventions","Authors":"Stankov, Ivana,Garcia, Leandro M.T.,Mascolli, Maria Antonietta,Montes, Felipe,Meisel, José D.,Gouveia, Nelson,Sarmiento, Olga L.,Rodriguez, Daniel A.,Hammond, Ross A.,Caiaffa, Waleska Teixeira,Diez Roux, Ana V.","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935120304126?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)|Low-emission mobility: infrastructure|Cables","Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH","Journal volume":"186","Journal issue":"999","Pages":"999","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109519","Abstract":"Urban transportation is an important determinant of health and environmental outcomes, and therefore essential to achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. To better understand the health impacts of transportation initiatives, we conducted a systematic review of longitudinal health evaluations involving: a) bus rapid transit (BRT); b) bicycle lanes; c) Open Streets programs; and d) aerial trams/cable cars. We also synthesized systems-based simulation studies of the health-related consequences of walking, bicycling, aerial tram, bus and BRT use. Two reviewers screened 3302 unique titles and abstracts identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE (Ovid), Scopus, TRID and LILACS databases. We included 39 studies: 29 longitudinal evaluations and 10 simulation studies. Five studies focused on low- and middle-income contexts. Of the 29 evaluation studies, 19 focused on single component bicycle lane interventions; the rest evaluated multi-component interventions involving: bicycle lanes (n = 5), aerial trams (n = 1), and combined bicycle lane/BRT systems (n = 4). Bicycle lanes and BRT systems appeared effective at increasing bicycle and BRT mode share, active transport duration, and number of trips using these modes. Of the 10 simulation studies, there were 9 agent-based models and one system dynamics model. Five studies focused on bus/BRT expansions and incentives, three on interventions for active travel, and the rest investigated combinations of public transport and active travel policies. Synergistic effects were observed when multiple policies were implemented, with several studies showing that sizable interventions are required to significantly shift travel mode choices. Our review indicates that bicycle lanes and BRT systems represent promising initiatives for promoting population health. There is also evidence to suggest that synergistic effects might be achieved through the combined implementation of multiple transportation policies. However, more rigorous evaluation and simulation studies focusing on low- and middle-income countries, aerial trams and Open Streets programs, and a more diverse set of health and health equity outcomes is required.","Keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"Canada","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":null,"QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":null,"QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":null,"QA_A5.2":null,"QA_A5.3":null,"QA_A5":null,"QA_A6":null,"QA_B1.1a":null,"QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":13,"ID":"34599","Title":"Infrastructure and Trade: A Meta-analysis","Authors":"Celbis Mehmet Guney,Nijkamp, Peter,Poot, Jacques","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=econ&AN=1579958","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Outcome 1":"Economic activity","language":"English","Journal":"REGION","Journal volume":null,"Journal issue":null,"Pages":"26-65","DOI":"NO DOI","Abstract":"Low levels of infrastructure quality and quantity can create trade impediments through increased transport costs. Since the late 1990s, an increasing number of trade studies have taken infrastructure into account. The purpose of the present paper is to quantify the importance of infrastructure for trade by means of meta-analysis and meta-regression techniques that synthesize various studies. The type of infrastructure that we focus on is mainly public infrastructure in transportation and communication. We examine the impact of infrastructure on trade by means of estimates obtained from 36 primary studies that yielded 542 infrastructure elasticities of trade. We explicitly take into account that infrastructure can be measured in various ways and that its impact depends on the location of the infrastructure. We estimate several meta-regression models that control for observed heterogeneity in terms of variation across different methodologies, infrastructure types, geographical areas and their economic features, model specifications, and publication characteristics. Additionally, random effects account for between-study unspecified heterogeneity, while publication bias is explicitly addressed by means of the Hedges model. After controlling for these issues, we find that a 1 percent increase in own infrastructure increases exports by about 0.6 percent and imports by about 0.3 percent. Such elasticities are generally larger for developing countries, land infrastructure, IV or panel data estimation, and macro-level analyses. They also depend on the inclusion or exclusion of various common covariates in trade regressions.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Partially","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Random effects meta-analysis | Meta-regression","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"Yes - took clustering into account in the analysis","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-analysis by sub-groups | Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":14,"ID":"34459","Title":"Impact Evaluation of Transport Interventions: A Review of the Evidence","Authors":"Raitzer, David,Blöndal, Nina,Sibal, Jasmin","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.adb.org/publications/impact-evaluation-transport-interventions","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads|Rural roads|Circulation restrictions, non-price based|Railways and intermunicipal trains|Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)|Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Education access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Employment access and outcomes|Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Travel time, commuting and speed|Agricultural outcomes|Economic activity|Health access and outcomes|Goods and services prices and inflation|Trade and migration|Equity in public transport access and safety|Transport safety|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","language":"English","Journal":"Asian Development Bank (ADB) Economics Working Paper Series","Journal volume":null,"Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"10.22617/TCS190095-2","Abstract":"Most of the studies reviewed find significant effects on at least one of the outcomes investigated. However, impact evaluation has given relatively little coverage to major areas of investment, such as urban and sustainable transport, transport corridors, and efficiency enhancing measures. new methods and increasing openness of geospatial data provide scope to generate more innovative impact studies in this sector.","Keywords":"Transport | Multimodal Transport & Sector Development | Rail transport | Roads and Highways","continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"no","QA_A1":"Partially","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Can't tell","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"No","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"No","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Not clear","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":15,"ID":"33770","Title":"Interventions to Promote Cycling: Systematic Review","Authors":"Yang, Lin,Sahlqvist, Shannon,McMinn, Alison,Griffin, Simon J.,Ogilvie, David","Publication year":"2010","URL link":"https://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c5293","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use|Health access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL","Journal volume":"341","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c5293","Abstract":"Objectives To determine what interventions are effective in promoting cycling, the size of the effects of interventions, and evidence of any associated benefits on overall physical activity or anthropometric measures. Design Systematic review. Data sources Published and unpublished reports in any language identified by searching 13 electronic databases, websites, reference lists, and existing systematic reviews, and papers identified by experts in the field. Review methods Controlled \"before and after\" experimental or observational studies of the effect of any type of intervention on cycling behaviour measured at either individual or population level. Results Twenty five studies (of which two were randomised controlled trials) from seven countries were included. Six studies examined interventions aimed specifically at promoting cycling, of which four (an intensive individual intervention in obese women, high quality improvements to a cycle route network, and two multifaceted cycle promotion initiatives at town or city level) were found to be associated with increases in cycling. Those studies that evaluated interventions at population level reported net increases of up to 3.4 percentage points in the population prevalence of cycling or the proportion of trips made by bicycle. Sixteen studies assessing individualised marketing of \"environmentally friendly\" modes of transport to interested households reported modest but consistent net effects equating to an average of eight additional cycling trips per person per year in the local population. Other interventions that targeted travel behaviour in general were not associated with a clear increase in cycling. Only two studies assessed effects of interventions on physical activity; one reported a positive shift in the population distribution of overall physical activity during the intervention. Conclusions Community-wide promotional activities and improving infrastructure for cycling have the potential to increase cycling by modest amounts, but further controlled evaluative studies incorporating more precise measures are required, particularly in areas without an established cycling culture. Studies of individualised marketing report consistent positive effects of interventions on cycling behaviour, but these findings should be confirmed using more robust study designs. Future research should also examine how best to promote cycling in children and adolescents and through workplaces. Whether interventions to promote cycling result in an increase in overall physical activity or changes in anthropometric measures is unclear.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Sweden","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"Yes","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"No","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Not clear","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Partially","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"Interpretation","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":16,"ID":"33768","Title":"Effect of Rail Transit on Travel Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","Authors":"Wang, Jingjing,Cheng, Weibin,Lu, Yi,Wang, Donggen","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920923002791?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Outcome 1":"Rail services access and use","language":"English","Journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT","Journal volume":"122","Journal issue":"999","Pages":"999","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103882","Abstract":"ABSTR A C T Recent research has treated new rail transit systems as 'natural experiments', and while they have generally resulted in increased ridership, the underlying reasons for this remain unclear. To address this, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of natural experiment studies published between 2000 and 2023 to synthesize the effect of rail transit on various travel behavior. We selected a total of sixteen studies for review, of which eight were suitable for meta -analysis. The pooled results showed that the introduction of rail transit significantly increased the mode share of rail while significantly decreasing the mode share of bus and car, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Our findings suggest that rail transit has the potential to promote sustainable travel behavior. However, to establish a more reliable association, further high-quality research is needed to examine the nuanced context, extend the follow-up duration, incorporate objective measures, and appropriately define the control group.","Keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":null,"QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":null,"QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":null,"QA_A5.2":null,"QA_A5.3":null,"QA_A5":null,"QA_A6":null,"QA_B1.1a":null,"QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Medium"},{"_id":17,"ID":"33743","Title":"Congestion pricing and active transport - evidence from five opportunities for natural experiment.","Authors":"Brown, Vicki,Moodie, Marj,Carter, Rob","Publication year":"2015","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214140515006738?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","language":"English","Journal":"JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH","Journal volume":"2","Journal issue":"4","Pages":"568-579","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.08.002","Abstract":"Congestion pricing schemes have been implemented in cities worldwide as a means of addressing externalities associated with inefficient price signals in transport systems. Limited evidence exists however on the secondary impacts of these schemes, which may include both environmental and health benefits associated with a resultant reduction in motor vehicle usage. There is increasing recognition that transport behaviours may play a role as opportunistic population level targets to reduce physical inactivity. Yet limited evidence currently exists on the effectiveness of transport interventions, such as congestion pricing schemes, for improving physical activity levels. This study aims to examine the physical activity effects of congestion pricing, with the health benefits of physical activity well established. Congestion pricing schemes implemented internationally were considered as 'natural experiments' and evidence of modal shift from vehicle to active forms of transport or physical activity effect was reviewed. Twelve studies were included from a search of peer-reviewed and 'grey' literature, with overall evidence for a physical activity or modal shift effect considered weak. The quality of the available evidence was also considered to be low. This is not to say that congestion pricing schemes may not have important secondary physical activity related health benefits. Instead, this review highlights the paucity of evidence that has been collected from real-world implementation of congestion pricing schemes. Given the growing recognition of the importance of distal mediators and determinants of health and the need for an 'all-of-government' approach more and better quality evidence of effectiveness of transport interventions for a broad range of outcomes, including health, is required. Significant barriers to the collection of such evidence exist, with strategies for overcoming some of these barriers identified. Only with a better understanding of the full range of potential health impacts can transport policy be fully utilised as a tool for population health. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Partially","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Partially","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Not applicable","QA_B4.3":"Not applicable","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":18,"ID":"33742","Title":"Public Transport Investments as Generators of Economic and Social Activity","Authors":"Alhassan, Jacob Albin Korem,Anciaes, Paulo","Publication year":"2025","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221414052500009X","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Multi-component intervention category","Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes|Economic activity|Household welfare and poverty|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability|Inequality and segregation","language":"English","Journal":"Journal of Transport & Health","Journal volume":"41","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":null,"Abstract":"Background: High-quality public transport systems increase accessibility, which is linked to wider economic and social benefits that improve the health of the populations served. This paper reviews evidence on the existence and magnitude of these wider benefits. Methods: We searched for academic studies that evaluated the effects of specific public transport investments or disinvestments on levels of economic and social activity. Results: Public transport improvements increase economic activity, both at an aggregate level (higher gross domestic product) and household level (higher income), although the effect can be geographically imbalanced. Better public transport boosts employment but tends to increase house prices, leading to gentrification, although suitable policies can prevent this effect. Public transport improves social connections, especially for older people in isolated rural areas. In urban areas, it can reduce connections due to barriers to pedestrians. Disinvestment in public transport, such as closure of bus services, has multiple economic and social costs, although the evidence is still scarce. Conclusions: Public transport has potentially wide but possibly unequal economic and social benefits.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"no","QA_A1.2":"no","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Partially","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"No","QA_B3.1":"No","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"No","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":19,"ID":"33766","Title":"The Impact of Infrastructure on Development Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of Four Decades of Literature","Authors":"Foster, Vivien,Gorgulu, Nisan,Straub, Stéphane,Vagliasindi, Maria","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099529203062342252","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads|Railways and intermunicipal trains|Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)|Ports|Highways and national roads","Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes|Economic activity|Health access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Employment access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"World Bank Policy Research Working Paper","Journal volume":"WPS10343","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"10.1596/1813-9450-10343","Abstract":"Policy makers have long used investing in public infrastructure as a means of reducing geographical disparities and promoting growth. The goal of this paper is to provide insights to development practitioners on designing interventions to maximize the development impact of infrastructure. For this, the paper presents a systematic qualitative overview of the literature, covering more than 300 studies conducted between 1983 and 2022, focusing on specific infrastructure sectors, namely digital, energy, and transport. The study also considers various dimensions of development impact, including output and productivity, poverty and inequality, labor market outcomes, human capital formation, and trade, to develop a nuanced understanding of the mechanisms through which infrastructure contributes to these development outcomes, focusing on low- and middle-income countries. As such, it is the most substantive effort of its kind to date. Overall, despite some mixed results, the overwhelming balance of evidence suggests that infrastructure improvements are critical in supporting the development process. Studies on digital infrastructure show that firm productivity, employment, and welfare increase with the arrival of broadband internet coverage. In addition, the availability of mobile phones improves coordination between producers and traders and hence reduces the price dispersion of agricultural products. Turning to rural electrification, significant literature documents the positive impact of infrastructure on household welfare, structural transformation, and human capital formation through increased labor force participation, more time spent on education, and increased indoor air quality. Investments in the reliability of power supply also contribute to firms’ productivity. However, studies based on randomized controlled trials have not tended to find a substantial short-term impact in the context of dispersed rural populations. Finally, there is rich literature on various transport infrastructure-to-development linkages, particularly for rural roads and for Sub-Saharan Africa. While households’ income and consumption benefit from the existence of rural roads, highways are also found to contribute to firms’ competitiveness. Similarly, public transportation, railways, and ports have positive impacts on the development process.","Keywords":"infrastructure | development impact | Transport | Rural Road | highway | railroad | ports","continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"no","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"no","QA_A1":"No","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"No","QA_B1.3":"No","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"No","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Not clear","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Partially","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":20,"ID":"33745","Title":"The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Firms' Location Decision: A Meta-Analysis Based on a Systematic Literature Review","Authors":"Champagne, Marie-Pier,Dubé, Jean","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X22003353?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads|Railways and intermunicipal trains|Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)|Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)|Ports","Outcome 1":"Economic activity","language":"English","Journal":"TRANSPORT POLICY","Journal volume":"131","Journal issue":null,"Pages":"139-155","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.11.015","Abstract":"This paper proposes to explore the existing literature on the impact of transportation infrastructure on firms' location decision. Using three distinct databases (EconLit, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences and Web of Science), the research identifies 338 potential papers, with 52 of them retained for the analysis. The paper presents a complete descriptive analysis of the selected papers, as well as a meta-analysis based on all the re-ported statistics. From a quantitative perspective, the meta-analysis results suggest a more positive and signif-icant impact of transport infrastructure on finance, insurance, and real estate activities (FIRE). The meta-analysis also highlights the importance of taking into account the spatial and temporal dimensions of location activities when evaluating the impact of transport infrastructure. The omission of one of those dimensions might lead to overestimation of the effect, and therefore bias in the observed results.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Can't tell","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"No","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Partially","QA_B3.1":"No","QA_B3.2":"No","QA_B3.3":"No","QA_B3":"No","QA_B4.1":"Meta-regression | Vote counting based on statistical significance","QA_B4.2":"Not clear","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":21,"ID":"9117","Title":"Slum Upgrading Strategies Involving Physical Environment And Infrastructure Interventions And Their Effects On Health And Socio-Economic Outcomes (Review)","Authors":"Turley, Ruth,Saith, Ruhi,Bhan, Nandita,Rehfuess, Eva,Ben, Carter","Publication year":"2013","URL link":"http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/slum-upgrading-strategies-and-their-effects-health-and","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"3ie Systematic Review","Journal volume":"13","Journal issue":"Not applicable","Pages":"Not applicable","DOI":"10.1002/14651858.CD010067.pub2","Abstract":"Background Slums are densely populated, neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are exceptionally poor. In situ slum upgrading, at its basic level, involves improving the physical environment of the existing area, such as improving and installing basic infrastructure like water, sanitation, solid waste collection, electricity, storm water drainage, access roads and footpaths, and street lighting, as well as home improvements and securing land tenure. Objectives To explore the e#ects of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of urban slum dwellers in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Where reported, data were collected on the perspectives of slum dwellers regarding their needs, preferences for and satisfaction with interventions received. Search methods We searched for published and unpublished studies in 28 bibliographic databases including multidisciplinary (for example Scopus) and specialist databases covering health, social science, urban planning, environment and LMIC topics. Snowballing techniques included searching websites, journal handsearching, contacting authors and reference list checking. Searches were not restricted by language or publication date. Selection criteria We included studies examining the impact of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment or infrastructure improvements (with or without additional co-interventions) on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of LMIC urban slum dwellers. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and aIer studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) were eligible for the main analysis. Controlled studies with only post-intervention data (CPI) and uncontrolled before and aIer (UBA) studies were included in a separate narrative to examine consistency of results and to supplement evidence gaps in the main analysis. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias for each study. Di#erences between the included study interventions and outcomes precluded meta-analysis so the results were presented in a narrative summary with illustrative harvest plots. The body of evidence for outcomes within the main analysis was assessed according to GRADE as very low, low, moderate or high quality. Main results We identified 10,488 unique records, with 323 screened as full text. Five studies were included for the main analysis: one RCT with a low risk, two CBAs with a moderate risk and two CBAs with a high risk of bias. Three CBAs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. Road paving only was evaluated in one RCT and water supply in one CBA. A total of 3453 households or observations were included within the four studies reporting sample sizes. Most health outcomes in the main studies related to communicable diseases, for which the body of evidence was judged to be low quality. One CBA with a moderate risk of bias found that diarrhoeal incidence was reduced in households which received water connections from a private water company (risk ratio (RR) 0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 1.04) and the severity of diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.19 ?to 1.22). There was no e#ect for duration of diarrhoea. Road paving did not result in changes in parasitic infections or sickness in one RCT. AIer multicomponent slum upgrading, claims for a waterborne disease as opposed to a non-waterborne disease reduced (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.98) in one CBA with a high risk of bias but there was no change in sanitation-related mortality in a CBA with a moderate risk of bias. The majority of socio-economic outcomes reported within the main studies related to financial poverty, for which the body of evidence was of very low quality. Results were mixed amongst the main studies; one RCT and two CBAs reported no e#ect on the income of slum dwellers following slum upgrading. One further CBA found significant reduction in monthly water expenditure (mean di#erence (MD) -17.11 pesos; 95% CI -32.6 to -1.62). One RCT also showed mixed results for employment variables, finding no e#ect on unemployment levels but increased weekly worked hours (MD 4.68; 95% CI -0.46 to 9.82) and lower risk of residents intending to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01). There was no evidence available to assess the impact of slum upgrading on non-communicable diseases or social capital. Maternal and perinatal conditions, infant mortality, nutritional deficiencies, injuries, self-reported quality of life, education and crime were evaluated?in one study each. Nine supporting studies were included that measured varying outcomes (6794 households or observations within eight studies reporting sample sizes). One CPI evaluated cement flooring only while three UBAs and five CPIs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. All studies but one had a high risk of bias. The studies reinforced main study findings for diarrhoea incidence and water-related expenditure. Findings for parasitic infections and financial poverty were inconsistent with the main studies. In addition, supporting studies reported a number of disparate outcomes that were not evaluated in the main studies. Five supporting studies included some limited information on slum dweller perspectives. They indicated the importance of appropriate siting of facilities, preference for private facilities, delivering synergistic interventions together, and ensuring that infrastructure was fit for purpose and systems were provided for cleaning, maintenance and repair. Authors' conclusions A high risk of bias within the included studies, heterogeneity and evidence gaps prevent firm conclusions on the e#ect of slum upgrading strategies on health and socio-economic wellbeing. The most common health and socio-economic outcomes reported were communicable diseases and indicators of financial poverty. There was a limited but consistent body of evidence to suggest that slum upgrading may reduce the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases and water-related expenditure. The information available on slum dwellers’ perspectives provided some insight to barriers and facilitators for successful implementation and maintenance of interventions. The availability and use of reliable, comparable outcome measures to determine the e#ect of slum upgrading on health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing would make a useful contribution to new research in this important area. Given the complexity in delivering slum upgrading, evaluations should look to incorporate process and qualitative information alongside quantitative e#ectiveness data to determine which particular interventions work (or don’t work) and for whom.","Keywords":"Slum | Informal | Sanitation","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":null,"income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"Yes","QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Vote counting based on direction of effect","QA_B4.2":"Not applicable","QA_B4.3":"Not applicable","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"Not applicable","QA_B6.2":"Not applicable","QA_B6":"Not applicable","QA_B7":"High","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"High"},{"_id":22,"ID":"33750","Title":"Red Light Camera Interventions for Reducing Traffic Violations and Traffic Crashes: A Systematic Review","Authors":"Cohn, Ellen G.,Kakar, Suman,Perkins, Chloe,Steinbach, Rebecca,Edwards, Phil","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/1676","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban traffic management systems","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","Journal volume":"16","Journal issue":"2","Pages":null,"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1091","Abstract":"BackgroundRoad traffic crashes are a major and increasing cause of injury and death around the world. In 2015, there were almost 6.3 million motor vehicle traffic crashes in the United States. Of these, approximately 1.7 million (27%) involved some form of injury and 32,166 (0.5%) resulted in one or more fatalities (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2016, Traffic Safety Facts 2013: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System). The most common cause of urban crashes appears to be drivers running red lights or ignoring other traffic controls and injuries occur in 39% of all of these types of crashes (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, IIHS, 2018, Red light running). While many drivers obey traffic signals, the possibility for violations exists due to issues such as driver distraction, aggressive driving behaviors, or a deliberate decision to ignore the traffic signal. One researcher suggests that eliminating traffic violations could reduce road injury crashes by up to 40% (Zaal, 1994, Traffic law enforcement: A review of the literature). Red light cameras (RLCs) are an enforcement mechanism that permit police to remotely enforce traffic signals; they may serve as a deterrent to drivers who intentionally engage in red light running (RLR). The one previous systematic review of RLCs found that they were effective in reducing total casualty crashes but also found that evidence on the effectiveness of cameras on red light violations, total crashes, or specific types of casualty crashes was inconclusive. However, this review searched only a small number of electronic databases and was limited to a handful of studies published in 2002 or earlier.ObjectivesThis report updates and expands upon the previous Cochrane systematic review of RLCs. The aim of this review is to systematically review and synthesize the available evidence on the effectiveness of RLCs on the incidence of red light violations and the incidence and severity of various types of traffic crashes.Search MethodsThis study uses a four-part search strategy that involves: (a) searching 27 online electronic bibliographic databases for published and unpublished evaluations of RLCs; (b) searching the websites of 46 international institutes and research agencies focusing on transportation issues for reports and other gray literature; (c) searching the reference lists of published studies to identify additional published and unpublished works; and (d) conducting a keyword search using Google and Google Scholar to search for additional gray literature.Selection CriteriaThe criteria for inclusion were determined before the search process began. To be eligible, studies must have assessed the impact of RLCs on red light violations and/or traffic crashes. Studies must have employed a quantitative research design that involved randomized controlled trials, quasi-random controlled trials, a controlled before-after design, or a controlled interrupted time series. Research that incorporated additional interventions, such as speed cameras or enhanced police enforcement, were excluded, although normal routine traffic enforcement in the nonintervention control condition was not excluded. Both published and unpublished reports were included. Studies were eligible regardless of the country in which they were conducted or the date of publication. Qualitative, observational, or descriptive studies that did not include formal comparisons of treatment and control groups were excluded from this research.Data Collection and AnalysisInitial searches produced a total of 5,708 references after duplicates were removed. After title and abstract screening, a total of 121 references remained. Full-text review of these works identified 28 primary studies meeting the inclusion criteria, in addition to the 10 studies identified in the prior Cochrane review. Because several of the primary studies reported on multiple independent study areas, this report evaluates 41 separate analyses. At least two review authors independently assessed all records for eligibility, assessed methodological risk of bias, and extracted data from the full-text reports; disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third review author. To facilitate comparisons between studies, a standardized summary measure based on relative effects, rather than differences in effects, was defined for each outcome. Summary measures were calculated for all studies when possible. When at least three studies reported the same outcome, the results were pooled in a meta-analysis. Pooled meta-analyses were carried out when at least three studies reported the same outcome; otherwise, the results of individual studies were described in a narrative. Heterogeneity among effect estimates was assessed using χ2 tests at a 5% level of significance and quantified using the I2 statistic. EMMIE framework data were coded using the EPPIE Reviewer database.ResultsThe results of this systematic review suggest that RLCs are associated with a statistically significant reduction in crash outcomes, although this varies by type of crash, and suggest a reduction in red light violations. RLCs are associated with a a 20% decrease in total injury crashes, a 24% decrease in right angle crashes and a 29% decrease in right angle injury crashes. Conversely, however, RLCs are also associated with a statistically significant increase in rear end crashes of 19%. There was also some evidence that RLCs were associated with a large reduction in crashes due to red light violations. There is no evidence to suggest that study heterogeneity is consistently explained by either country or risk of bias, nor did the presence or absence of warning signs appear to impact the effectiveness of RLCs. Studies accounting for regression to the mean tend to report more moderate decreases for right angle crashes resulting in injury than studies not accounting for regression to the mean. Studies with better control for confounders reported a nonsignificant decrease in right angle crashes, compared with a significant decrease for all studies.Authors' ConclusionsThe evidence suggests that RLCs may be effective in reducing red light violations and are likely to be effective in reducing some types of traffic crashes, although they also appear linked to an increase in rear end crashes. Several implications for policymakers and practitioners have emerged from this research. The costs and benefits of RLCs must be considered when implementing RLC programs. The potential benefits of a reduction in traffic violations and in some types of injury crashes must be weighed against the increased risk of other crash types. The economic implications of operating an RLC program also must be considered, including the costs of installation and operation as well as the economic impact of RLC effects.","Keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Random effects meta-analysis","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-analysis by sub-groups","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"High","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"High"},{"_id":23,"ID":"31584","Title":"Environmental Measures to Improve Pedestrian Safety in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review","Authors":"Boun, Saidou Sabi,Jean Marc, Rose Eveyoung,Janvier, Ronaldo,Paul, Peterline,Senat, Rachel,Demes, Joseph Adrien Emmanuel,Burigusa, Guillaume,Chaput, Sarah,Maurice, Pierre,Druetz, Thomas","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17579759241241513","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Transport safety|Crime and citizen security","language":"English","Journal":"Global Health Promotion","Journal volume":"0","Journal issue":"0","Pages":"1–12","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759241241513","Abstract":"Objectives:This scoping study aims to identify environmental road safety measures implemented in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to reduce pedestrian injuries from collisions with motor vehicles.Methods:This review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s approach and reported results using the PRISMA-SCR 2018 checklist. A literature review was conducted in Medline, Google Scholar, and the Transport Research International Documentation database using keyword-derived medical subject heading terms. A total of 14 articles met the pre-established inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a data extraction matrix. The findings were categorized methodically into three prominent themes: (1) methods for reducing pedestrian exposure, (2) traffic calming strategies, and (3) measures for enhancing pedestrian visibility.Results:Traffic calming strategies, including vehicular speed reduction, roadway contraction, and vertical and horizontal diversionary tactics, emerged as the most effective interventions for reducing pedestrian injuries within LMICs. Conversely, interventions geared towards minimizing pedestrian exposure, such as zebra crossings, crosswalks controlled by traffic signals, underpasses, or overpasses, often produced minimal effects, and occasionally exacerbated the risk of pedestrian accidents. Lack of pedestrian visibility due to density of street vendors and parked vehicles was associated with a higher risk of injuries, while billboards impaired drivers’ attention and increased the likelihood of collisions with pedestrians.Discussion:In LMICs, the effectiveness of environmental measures in reducing vehicle–pedestrian crashes varies widely. In the face of resource constraints, implementing interventions for pedestrian safety in LMICs necessitates careful prioritization and consideration of the local context.","Keywords":"vehicle–pedestrian accidents | Road injuries | Road crashes | low- and middle-income countries | pedestrian victims","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"South Africa","income_level":"Upper middle income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Can't tell","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"No","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Partially","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":24,"ID":"9467","Title":"Road Traffic Injury Prevention Initiatives: A Systematic Review And Metasummary Of Effectiveness In Low And Middle Income Countries","Authors":"Staton, Catherine,Vissoci, Joao,Gong, Enying,Toomey, Nicole,Wafula, Rebeccah,Abdelgadir, Jihad,Zhou, Yi,Liu, Chen,Pei, Fengdi,Zick, Brittany,Ratliff, Camille D.,Rotich, Claire,Jadue, Nicole,Luciano de Andrade,von Isenburg, Megan,Hocker, Michael","Publication year":"2016","URL link":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144971","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"PLoS ONE","Journal volume":"11","Journal issue":"1","Pages":"e0144971","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0144971","Abstract":"Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a growing but neglected global health crisis, requiring effective prevention to promote sustainable safety. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) share a disproportionately high burden with 90% of the world’s road traffic deaths, and where RTIs are escalating due to rapid urbanization and motorization. Although several studies have assessed the effectiveness of a specific intervention, no systematic reviews have been conducted summarizing the effectiveness of RTI prevention initiatives specifically performed in LMIC settings; this study will help fill this gap. Methods In accordance with PRISMA guidelines we searched the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, TRID, Lilacs, Scielo and Global Health. Articles were eligible if they considered RTI prevention in LMICs by evaluating a prevention-related intervention with outcome measures of crash, RTI, or death. In addition, a reference and citation analysis was conducted as well as a data quality assessment. A qualitative metasummary approach was used for data analysis and effect sizes were calculated to quantify the magnitude of emerging themes. Results Of the 8560 articles from the literature search, 18 articles from 11 LMICs fit the eligibility and inclusion criteria. Of these studies, four were from Sub-Saharan Africa, ten from Latin America and the Caribbean, one from the Middle East, and three from Asia. Half of the studies focused specifically on legislation, while the others focused on speed control measures, educational interventions, enforcement, road improvement, community programs, or a multifaceted intervention Conclusion Legislation was the most common intervention evaluated with the best outcomes when combined with strong enforcement initiatives or as part of a multifaceted approach. Because speed control is crucial to crash and injury prevention, road improvement interventions in LMIC settings should carefully consider how the impact of improvements will affect speed and traffic flow. Further road traffic injury prevention interventions should be performed in LMICs with patient-centered outcomes in order to guide injury prevention in these complex settings.","Keywords":"Road Traffic Injuries | Rtis | Road Safety Legislation | Speed Control Measures | Road Improvement | Road Safety Education","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Ethiopia","income_level":"Low income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"Can't tell","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Partially","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"No","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"No","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"None","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":25,"ID":"34681","Title":"Interventions to Reduce Pedestrian Road Traffic Injuries: A systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trials, Interrupted Time-series, and Controlled Before-After Studies","Authors":"Namatovu, Stellah,Balugaba, Bonny,Ningwa, Albert,Nsabagwa, Linda,Oporia, Frederick,Kiconco, Arthur,Kyamanywa, Patrick,Muni, Kennedy,Mutto, Milton,Osuret, Jimmy,Rehfuess, Eva A,Burns, Jacob,Kobusingye, Olive","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262681","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Multi-component intervention category","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"PLoS One","Journal volume":"1","Journal issue":"17","Pages":"1-17","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0262681","Abstract":"Background roadtraffic injuries are among the top ten causes of death globally, with the highest burden in low and middle-income countries, where over a third of deaths occur among pedestrians and cyclists. Several interventions to mitigate the burden among pedestrians have been widely implemented, however, the effectiveness has not been systematically examined. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce roadtraffic crashes, injuries, hospitalizations and deaths among pedestrians. Methods We considered studies that evaluated interventions to reduce roadtraffic crashes, injuries, hospitalizations and/or deaths among pedestrians. We considered randomized controlled trials, interrupted time-series studies, and controlled before-after studies. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, WHO Global Health Index, Health Evidence, transport Research International Documentation and ClinicalTrials.gov through 31 August 2020, and the reference lists of all included studies. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and full texts, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. We summarized findings narratively with text and tables. Results A total of 69123 unique records were identified through the searches, with 26 of these meeting our eligibility criteria. All except two of these were conducted in high-income countries and most were from urban settings. The majority of studies observed either a clear effect favoring the intervention or an unclear effect potentially favoring the intervention and these included: changes to the road environment (19/27); changes to legislation and enforcement (12/12); and road user behavior/education combined with either changes to the road environment (3/3) or with legislation and enforcement (1/1). A small number of studies observed either a null effect or an effect favoring the control. Conclusions Although the highest burden of roadtraffic injuries exists in LMICs, very few studies have examined the effectiveness of available interventions in these settings. Studies indicate that road environment, legislation and enforcement interventions alone produce positive effects on pedestrian safety. In combination with or with road user behavior/education interventions they are particularly effective in improving pedestrian safety.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Vote counting based on statistical significance","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"No","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Any other factors","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":26,"ID":"34685","Title":"Regulatory and Road Engineering Interventions for Preventing Road Traffic Injuries and Fatalities Among Vulnerable Road Users in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review","Authors":"Gupta, Manisha,Bandyopadhyay, Souvik K","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-cities/articles/10.3389/frsc.2020.00010/full","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Transport safety|Travel time, commuting and speed","language":"English","Journal":"Other","Journal volume":"2","Journal issue":null,"Pages":"1-26","DOI":"10.3389/frsc.2020.00010","Abstract":"Low- and middle-income countries have the highest proportions of road accident fatalities among vulnerable road users. This review established the effectiveness of road engineering and the enforcement of traffic laws, and regulation interventions to prevent injury (fatal and non-fatal) to vulnerable road users from low- and middle-income countries. We searched the following databases up to Jan 04, 2018: PubMed; OvidSP Medline, OvidSP Embase, OvidSP transport, Cochrane Injuries Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of controlled Trials, and Proquest ERIC database. In addition, road safety organizations' databases and conference proceedings were hand searched to Jan 2018. Twenty-eight studies were matched to the study inclusion criteria of which we did not analyze six studies assessed as C grade for risk-of-bias. We estimated the effect-size of 18 studies. Four of the studies presented a unique outcome or a study design; it was not possible to calculate a standardized effect-size. The risk-of-bias rating of the studies included for effect-size analysis ranged between A and B grade. There was no evidence that road engineering interventions were effective for road traffic death counts, the number of injuries, and road accident casualty outcomes. While the enforcement of mandatory helmet law was ineffective in reducing road traffic death counts, intervention efforts proved effective in decreasing injuries. Enforcement of mandatory helmet law, automated-enforcement-system (camera), and pedestrian signal interventions were effective in increasing road users' compliance with road safety laws. Daytime running-headlight intervention reduced the number of road accident casualties. The quality of evidence for outcomes was ranked very low. Further research is needed to examine the effects of road engineering interventions on injury severity outcomes. Even though the evidence was of very low quality, traffic laws, and regulation interventions when combined with enforcement initiatives or with, other approaches proved effective in changing drivers' behaviors. Research on road engineering interventions combined with automated-enforcement-systems must be explored in an Low- and Middle-Income Country (LMIC) setting. The review found evidence gaps on the effects of segregation of vulnerable road users from motorized vehicles, changes in intersections, and bicycle infrastructure interventions.","Keywords":"Enforcement | Road Safety | Fatality | Injury | Motorcycle | Pedestrian","continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Random effects meta-analysis | Vote countring based on direction of effect","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"Not applicable","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":27,"ID":"34683","Title":"Interventions to Prevent Road Traffic Injuries Among Pedestrians: a Systematic Review","Authors":"Rezapur-Shahkolai, Forouzan,Afshari, Maryam,Doosti-Irani, Amin,Maleki, Shahnaz","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457300.2022.2089685","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban roads|Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"Other","Journal volume":"29","Journal issue":"4","Pages":"1-19","DOI":"10.1080/17457300.2022.2089685","Abstract":"Background: roadtraffic injuries (RTIs) are a serious public health problem and are an important cause of disability and death worldwide. A significant proportion of traffic injuries and fatalities are among pedestrians. Reviewing and evaluating related interventions can be a practical step to implementing appropriate methods to prevent RTIs among pedestrians, a highly vulnerable group of road users. Methods: The search of articles was conducted in the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, ISI, Safety Lit, and CDC. Other papers were also reviewed using forward citation and backward citation. The search strategy was for studies examined from the first years of database creation until January 10, 2021, in all languages in journals with matched judgment according to the type of population, type of interventions, comparators, and results. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists were used to determine articles' quality and assess possible biases depending on the type of study. Results: The initial search resulted in finding 16,272 abstracts. Finally, 25 studies, including 17 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) studies, seven studies pretest/post-test interventions (PPI), and one study controlled pretest/post-test interventions (cPPI) met the inclusion criteria. Among these preventive interventional studies, 20 studies were conducted in high-income countries, three were in lower middle-income countries, one study was in upper middle-income country, and only one study was conducted in a low-income country. Most interventional studies in the field of prevention of RTIs (15 studies) had an educational/behavioral approach, designed to change pedestrian behavior and the use of this approach was also effective in improving pedestrian behavior. The legislation/law enforcement approach was used in one study and two studies used an engineering/technology approach. In studies with an engineering approach after engineering reforms, pedestrian injuries in children decreased by 37.5%. In seven studies, multifaceted interventions were used. The interventional studies that used this approach were able to improve pedestrian safe behavior. Conclusion: The majority of studies were based on educational/behavioral approaches and pedestrians' behavior improved notably. In addition, the majority of interventional studies were conducted in countries with high income levels. Therefore, programming for preventive interventions to attenuate RTIs is highly important in low/middle-income countries to reduce the risk of injury to vulnerable road users. These findings can be applied by policy-makers to develop educational, engineering, environmental, and law enforcement interventions and attenuate injuries sustained by pedestrians.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"No","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Partially","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Medium","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"Medium"},{"_id":28,"ID":"34682","Title":"Interventions to reduce ambient air pollution and their effects on health: An abridged Cochrane systematic review","Authors":"Burns, Justine,Boogaard, Hanna,Polus, Stephanie,Pfadenhauer, Lisa Maria,Rohwer, Anke,M van Erp, Annemoon,Turley, Ruth,Rehfuess, Eva A","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31855800/","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Health access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"Environment International","Journal volume":null,"Journal issue":"135","Pages":"1-22","DOI":"10.1016/j.envint.2019.105400","Abstract":"Background: A broad range of interventions have been implemented to improve ambient air quality, and many of these have been evaluated. Yet to date no systematic review has been conducted to identify and synthesize these studies. In this systematic review, we assess the effectiveness of interventions in reducing ambient particulate matter air pollution and improving adverse health outcomes. Methods: We searched a range of electronic databases across multiple disciplines, as well as grey literature databases, trial registries, reference lists of included studies and the contents of relevant journals, through August 2016. Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs often used for evaluating air quality interventions. We included studies that evaluated interventions targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and the concentrations of particulate matter (PM - including PM10, PM2.5, coarse particulate matter and combustion-related PM), as well as several criteria pollutants, including ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We assessed risk of bias using the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the UK National Institute for Health and care Excellence. We synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. We assessed the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results: We included 42 studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These comprised a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial sources (n = 5; e.g. the closure of a factory), residential sources (n = 7; e.g. coal ban), vehicular sources (n = 22; e.g. low emission zones), and multiple sources (n = 4; e.g. tailored measures that target both local traffic and industrial polluters). Evidence for effectiveness was mixed. Most included studies observed either no significant association or an association favoring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. Conclusions: Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Some evidence suggests that interventions are associated with improvements in air quality and human health, with very little evidence suggesting interventions were harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing the effectiveness of specific air pollution interventions on outcomes. It also points to the need for improved study design and analysis methods, as well as more uniform evaluations. The prospective planning of evaluations and an evaluation component built into the design and implementation of interventions may also be particularly beneficial.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only | Vote countring based on direction of effect","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"No","QA_B6.2":"No","QA_B6":"No","QA_B7":"Medium","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":29,"ID":"34691","Title":"Road safety measures and their effects on traffic injuries: a systematic review","Authors":"Ulinski Aguilera, Sandra,Moysés, Simone,Moysés, Samuel Jorge","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v36n4/07.pdf","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"Portuguese","Journal":"Revista panamericana de salud publica-pan american journal of public health","Journal volume":"36","Journal issue":"4","Pages":"257-265","DOI":"No DOI","Abstract":"Objective. To identify and summarize the findings of studies describing interventions aimed at reducing road traffic injuries. Methods. An integrative systematic review without meta-analysis was performed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used to synthesize the findings of the articles reviewed. The keywords \"traffic accidents\", \"review\" and \"public policy\" were used in isolation or combined with boolean operator \"And\" to search PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS for the period between 2006 and 2011. Results. Twenty-two studies were included in the systematic review. Of these, two described engineering strategies, two described other road safety policies, three described education strategies, and 15 described law enforcement policies. Law enforcement had the most effective immediate results. Engineering strategies proved important to promote a safe environment. Finally, education strategies had an informative role and served to support other strategies, but did not seem sufficient to promote cultural changes regarding road safety. Conclusions. Law enforcement seems to be the most effective strategy to change the behavior of drivers, especially regarding speed limits and drinking and driving.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":null,"QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":null,"QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":null,"QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":30,"ID":"34689","Title":"Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling","Authors":"Fraser, Simon,Lock, Karen","Publication year":"2011","URL link":null,"Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q3","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"European journal of public health","Journal volume":"21","Journal issue":"6","Pages":"738-743","DOI":null,"Abstract":"Background: Active transport policies are being developed across Europe designed to have health and environmental benefits. There is little evidence of impact on physical activity of active transport strategies which modify the built environment. Cycling represents one virtually carbon-neutral form of transport that can help to address declining levels of exercise. Methods: A systematic literature review of experimental or observational studies that objectively evaluated the effect of the built environment on cycling. Results: A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which were observational studies. Eleven studies identified objectively measured environmental factors with a significant positive association with cycling. The environmental factors identified as being positively associated with cycling included presence of dedicated cycle routes or paths, separation of cycling from other traffic, high population density, short trip distance, proximity of a cycle path or green space and for children projects promoting 'safe routes to school'. Negative environmental factors were perceived and objective traffic danger, long trip distance, steep inclines and distance from cycle paths. Of the seven studies which focused primarily on the impact of cycle routes, four demonstrated a statistically significant positive association. Conclusion: Although the study identified environmental factors with positive and negative associations with cycling behaviour, many other types of environmental policies and interventions have yet to be rigorously evaluated. Policies promoting cycle lane construction appear promising but the socio-demographic distribution of their effects on physical activity is unclear. The wider impact of active transport policies on health and inequalities across Europe must be explored.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":null,"QA_A4.2":"no","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":31,"ID":"34686","Title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of curbs on crash outcomes","Authors":"Goel, Rahul,Mohan, Dinesh,Saini, Guneet,Jha, Abhaya,Tiwari, Geetam,Bhalla, Kavi","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9305666/","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"Traffic injury prevention","Journal volume":"23","Journal issue":"5","Pages":"271-276","DOI":"10.1080/15389588.2022.2055005","Abstract":"Introduction Road traffic crashes involving vertical curbs are commonly reported to occur on highways and expressways in India. We found a gap in terms of systematically assessing the evidence of the impact of curbs on road safety outcomes in the real world. Method We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of curbs on the risk of road traffic injuries. We used keywords in a database of records prepared by an earlier evidence gap map (EGM). The EGM used a comprehensive search strategy including 6 academic database, 17 organizational websites, hand searching, contacting experts and back referencing. Results We found 4 studies that evaluated impact of a curbed median or a curbed shoulder. We found that the presence of a curb on a median increases the risk for all crashes, all single-vehicle crashes, all median-related crashes and median-related injury crashes. The data also indicate that the severity of accidents reduces for curbs on median while it increases for curbs on shoulder, though the latter effect is not statistically significant. All the epidemiological studies were conducted on rural highways and did not report effects for different traffic speeds or vehicle types. However, our review of crash tests and simulation studies indicates that the impact of a curb design may be highly sensitive to speed and vehicle types. Conclusions The safety impacts of a curb depend on the context of the road. In an urban road, a curb should ensure safety of pedestrians from an errant vehicle. On high-speed rural roads, curbs should be avoided and treatments should facilitate safe departure of the vehicle from the roadway.","Keywords":null,"continent":"South Asia","country":"India","income_level":"Lower middle income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":"No","QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":null,"QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":32,"ID":"34688","Title":"A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce motor vehicle crashes and their injuries among the general and working populations","Authors":"Lefio, Alvaro,Bachelet, Vivienne,Jiménez-Paneque, Rosa,Gomolán, Patricio,Rivas, Katherinne","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6386148/","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"Yes","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"Revista panamericana de salud publica-pan american journal of public health","Journal volume":"42","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"10.26633/RPSP.2018.60","Abstract":"Objective. To summarize the best available international scientific evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce motor vehicle collisions and their consequences among the working and general populations. Methods. A broad and systematic review was conducted of the literature available in biomedical databases and grey literature. At least two investigators working in parallel performed data extraction, synthesis, and risk of bias analysis. Results. Forty-one studies with low to moderate risk of bias were included. Of these, 18 had an ecological design (time series), 10 were quasi-experimental, one was a population survey, one was a randomized clinical trial, and 11 were systematic reviews. Conclusions. The interventions that most consistently show a positive effect on incidence, morbidity, and mortality due to motor vehicle collisions are national policies or programs that: regulate, enforce, and penalize driving under the influence of alcohol; improve driving safety and driver conditions; improve road infrastructure with the purpose of preventing collisions; and educate and penalize drivers with a history of road violations.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":33,"ID":"34690","Title":"Economic impacts on local businesses of investments in bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure: a review of the evidence","Authors":"Volker, Jamey,Handy, Susan","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01441647.2021.1912849","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Economic activity","language":"English","Journal":"Transport reviews","Journal volume":"41","Journal issue":"4","Pages":"401-431","DOI":"10.1080/01441647.2021.1912849","Abstract":"Local officials in the North America frequently face opposition to new or expanded bicycle or pedestrian facilities. The most vocal opponents are usually motorists and local business owners who fear that the removal of or reductions in vehicular parking or travel lanes will reduce patronage from motorists and that any increased patronage from pedestrians or cyclists will not offset the lost revenues. A lack of direct evidence on the economic impacts of facilities on local businesses has made it difficult to support or debunk such fears. A lack of quantitative evidence in particular has prevented the incorporation of such impacts into cost-benefit analyses. The issue has received enough attention from researchers in recent years that a review of the evidence is now warranted. We reviewed the relevant literature and identified 23 studies, focusing on the US and Canada, that either (1) quantified and compared consumer spending between active travellers and automobile users (n = 8), or (2) quantified an economic impact to local businesses following the installation of bicycle or pedestrian facilities (n = 15). Taken together, the studies indicate that creating or improving active travel facilities generally has positive or non-significant economic impacts on retail and food service businesses abutting or within a short distance of the facilities, though bicycle facilities might have negative economic effects on auto-centric businesses. The results are similar regardless of whether vehicular parking or travel lanes are removed or reduced to make room for the active travel facilities. The studies also highlight best practices for designing future research. Ten of the 15 studies that quantified an economic impact to local businesses used both before-and-after data and comparison sites or other statistical controls for variables unrelated to the active travel facility \"treatment;\" six of those used statistical testing.","Keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"Canada","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":34,"ID":"34687","Title":"A systematic review of the effect of infrastructural interventions to promote cycling: strengthening causal inference from observational data","Authors":"Mölenberg, Famke,Panter, Jenna,Alex, Burdorf,van Lenthe, Frank","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-019-0850-1","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity","Journal volume":"16","Journal issue":"1","Pages":"1-31","DOI":"10.1186/s12966-019-0850-1","Abstract":"Background Previous reviews have suggested that infrastructural interventions can be effective in promoting cycling. Given inherent methodological complexities in the evaluation of such changes, it is important to understand whether study results obtained depend on the study design and methods used, and to describe the implications of the methods used for causality. The aims of this systematic review were to summarize the effects obtained in studies that used a wide range of study designs to assess the effects of infrastructural interventions on cycling and physical activity, and whether the effects varied by study design, data collection methods, or statistical approaches. Methods Six databases were searched for studies that evaluated infrastructural interventions to promote cycling in adult populations, such as the opening of cycling lanes, or the expansion of a city-wide cycling network. Controlled and uncontrolled studies that presented data before and after the intervention were included. No language or date restrictions were applied. Data was extracted for any outcome presented (e.g. bikes counted on the new infrastructure, making a bike trip, cycling frequency, cycling duration), and for any purpose of cycling (e.g. total cycling, recreational cycling, cycling for commuting). Data for physical activity outcomes and equity effects was extracted, and quality assessment was conducted following previous methodologies and the UK Medical Research Council guidance on natural experiments. The PROGRESS-Plus framework was used to describe the impact on subgroups of the population. Studies were categorized by outcome, i.e. changes in cycling behavior, or usage of the cycling infrastructure. The relative change was calculated to derive a common outcome across various metrics and cycling purposes. The median relative change was presented to evaluate whether effects differed by methodological aspects. Results The review included 31 studies and all were conducted within urban areas in high-income countries. Most of the evaluations found changes in favor of the intervention, showing that the number of cyclists using the facilities increased (median relative change compared to baseline: 62%; range: 4 to 438%), and to a lesser extent that cycling behavior increased (median relative change compared to baseline: 22%; range: - 21 to 262%). Studies that tested for statistical significance and studies that used subjective measurement methods (such as surveys and direct observations of cyclists) found larger changes than those that did not perform statistical tests, and those that used objective measurement methods (such as GPS and accelerometers, and automatic counting stations). Seven studies provided information on changes of physical activity behaviors, and findings were mixed. Three studies tested for equity effects following the opening of cycling infrastructure. Conclusions Study findings of natural experiments evaluating infrastructural interventions to promote cycling depended on the methods used and the approach to analysis. Studies measuring cycling behavior were more likely to assess actual behavioral change that is most relevant for population health, as compared to studies that measured the use of cycling infrastructure. Triangulation of methods is warranted to overcome potential issues that one may encounter when evaluating environmental changes within the built environment.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Partially","QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":35,"ID":"34694","Title":"Systematic Review on Quantifying Pedestrian Injury when Evaluating Changes to the Built Environment","Authors":"Pollack Porter, Keshia,Omura, John D.,Ballard, Rachel M.,Peterson, Erin L.,Carlson, Susan A.","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335522000109?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Transport safety|Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"Preventive medicine reports","Journal volume":"26","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101703","Abstract":"Modifying the built environment to make communities more walkable remains one strategy to promote physical activity. These modifications may have the added benefit of reducing the risk of pedestrian injury; however, there is a gap in the physical activity literature regarding how best to measure pedestrian injury. Examining the measures that have been used and related data sources can help inform the use of pedestrian injury data to evaluate whether safety is optimized as walking increases. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify studies that evaluated changes to the built environment that support walking and measures impacts on pedestrian injury as a measure of safety. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science to identify peer-review studies and websites of fifteen organizations to document studies from the grey literature published in English between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2018. Our search identified twelve studies that met the inclusion criteria. The few studies that measured changes in pedestrian injury used crash data from police re-ports. Injury frequency was often reported, but not injury severity, and no studies reported injury risk based on walking exposure. We conclude that few studies have measured pedestrian injury in the context of creating more walkable communities. Future research would benefit from using well-characterized measures from existing studies to support consistency in measurement, and from more longitudinal and evaluation research to strengthen the evidence on additional benefits of walkability. Increased collaborations with injury prevention professionals could bolster use of valid and reliable measures.","Keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"New Zealand","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":null,"QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":null,"QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":null,"QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":36,"ID":"34695","Title":"The Effects of Road Pricing on Transportation and Health Equity: a Scoping Review","Authors":"Hosford, Kate,Firth, Caislin,Brauer, Michael,Winters, Meghan","Publication year":"2021","URL link":null,"Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls","Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use|Public transit access and use|Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Transport safety|Health access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"Transport reviews","Journal volume":"41","Journal issue":"6","Pages":"766-787","DOI":"10.1080/01441647.2021.1898488","Abstract":"Road pricing is increasingly considered as an option to support transportation infrastructure costs, manage demand, and reduce emissions. However, the extent to which implementation of such approaches may impact transportation and health equity is unclear. In this scoping review, we examine the differential transportation and health effects of road pricing policies across population groups and geographic region. We conducted a systematic database search of Transport Research International Documentation, GEOBASE, Scopus, and Ovid Medline, supplemented by bibliographic review and internet searches. Fifteen studies were included in the review. The studies evaluated area and cordon road pricing systems in Singapore, London, Stockholm, Milan, and Gothenburg, and had a median follow-up period of 12 months. Outcomes evaluated include car commuting, mode shift to public transit, accessibility to destinations, affordability, welfare, social interactions, air pollution, traffic injuries and deaths, acute asthma attacks, and life expectancy. While more studies across diverse urban contexts and policy settings will be needed to strengthen the evidence base, the existing evidence suggests road pricing has mostly net positive effects related to a reduction in car trips, air pollution, asthma attacks, and road traffic collisions, and increases in life expectancy. Frequency and ease of social interactions were found to be negatively impacted, with fewer visits to family and friends. The population groups that generally fared better across transportation and health outcomes were those with higher incomes, men, and people between the ages of 35-55. Across space, there are benefits for both the areas inside and outside the cordon boundary, but to a greater degree for the area inside. Overall, the evidence base is limited by a narrow set of health-related outcomes and a lack of longer-term studies. We did not come across any studies assessing distributional effects of noise pollution, mode shifts to walking or cycling, or other morbidities in the general population that are not listed above. In addition, there are few evaluations that include non-work trips, therefore potentially missing effects for unemployed populations or women who are more likely to make non-work trips. We find that the limited body of evidence on area and cordon pricing policies suggests these policies are beneficial for a number of transportation and health outcomes, particularly for populations inside the cordon area, but that there may be some degree of inequities in the distribution of the benefits and burdens.","Keywords":"Transportation | Health | road pricing | congestion pricing | scoping review | Gender","continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":null,"QA_A2.2":null,"QA_A2.3":null,"QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":null,"QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":37,"ID":"34693","Title":"Space Sharing between Pedestrians and Micro-mobility Vehicles: A Systematic Review","Authors":"Zhang, Chengsi,Du, Bo,Zheng, Zuduo,Shen, Jun","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920923000263","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Outcome 1":"Transport safety","language":"English","Journal":"Transportation research: part d: transport and environment","Journal volume":"116","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103629","Abstract":"Micro-mobility vehicles (MMVs), including a range of small-size and light-weight vehicles such as (e-)bicycles and (e-)scooters, are becoming more popular and widely used, which also brings a challenge to the efficient and safe utilisation of road infrastructure. Especially, the coexistence of pedestrians and MMVs in a space sharing context raises many concerns on road safety. This paper provides a systematic review of relevant studies on the interactions between pedestrians and MMVs in shared spaces. The most investigated factors include infrastructure features (e.g., road environment and regulations), road users' characteristics (e.g., demographic information and behavioural norms), and operation conditions (e.g., dynamic factors and traffic features). Our findings suggest that space sharing could be encouraged for pedestrians and MMV users. More efforts are needed on multi-source data collection, processing, and application. Further investigations need to focus on multiple types of MMVs, high-density conditions, emergency conditions, MMVs' parking issues, and MMVs' functions.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":38,"ID":"33747","Title":"Effects of 20 Mph Interventions on a Range of Public Health Outcomes: A Meta-Narrative Evidence Synthesis","Authors":"Cleland, Claire L.,McComb, Katy,Kee, Frank,Jepson, Ruth,Kelly, Mike,Milton, Karen,Nightingale, Glenna,Kelly, Paul,Baker, Graham,Craig, Neil,Williams, Andrew,Hunter, Ruth","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214140519301859","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Outcome 1":"Transport safety|Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Inequality and segregation|Time used in other activities","language":"English","Journal":"Journal of Transport & Health","Journal volume":"17","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"10.1016/j.jth.2019.100633","Abstract":"Background: Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of preventable death globally, but can be reduced by introducing speed lowering interventions such as 20 mph or 30 km/h speed 'zones' and 'limits'. 'Zones' utilise physical traffic calming measures and 'limits' only utilise signage and lines. Transport is a social determinant of health and therefore such interventions may in/directly also impact on other health outcomes. Aim: To investigate the effect of 20 mph speed 'zones' and 'limits' on a range of health outcomes, and to establish if there are differences in the effectiveness of 20 mph zones and 20 mph limits. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Transport Research Information Service (TRIS) databases were searched [1983 January 2019) to identify relevant studies. Reference lists, relevant systematic reviews and the grey literature were also searched. Inclusion criteria: 20 mph 'zone' or 'limit' interventions: and public health outcomes (collisions, casualties, mode of transport, noise pollution, air quality, inequalities and liveability (e.g. physical activity and perceptions of safety)) and including a control/comparison group. Results: Eleven studies were identified reporting nine 20 mph 'zone' and two 20 mph 'limit' interventions. 20 mph 'zones' were associated with a reduction in the number and severity of collisions and casualties; have less robust evidence of the effect on air pollution; and have the potential to indirectly impact physical activity and liveability through various mechanisms for change (although currently the evidence is lacking and requires further work). No significant associations were reported between 20 mph 'limits' and any public health outcome. Conclusion: This review suggests 20 mph 'zones' are effective in reducing collisions and casualties. However, it provides insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the effect of 20 mph `zones' on pollution, inequalities or liveability. For 20 mph 'limits' more rigorous evaluations are required in order to draw robust conclusions.","Keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"Yes","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"No","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Not Applicable","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Descriptive only","QA_B4.2":"Equal weights","QA_B4.3":"Not applicable","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"No","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Descriptive/textual","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":39,"ID":"25371","Title":"The effects of agricultural output market access interventions on agricultural, socio-economic, food security, and nutrition outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review","Authors":"Marion, Pierre,Lwamba, Etienne,Floridi, Andrea,Pande, Suvarna,Bhattacharyya, Megha,Young, Sarah,Fenton Villar, Paul,Shisler, Shanon","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1411","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Multi-component roads, regional transportation and logistics","Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Employment access and outcomes","language":"English","Journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","Journal volume":"20","Journal issue":"2","Pages":"1-192","DOI":"10.1002/cl2.1411","Abstract":"BackgroundAn estimated two billion people do not have sufficient access to nutritious food, and nearly half are dependent on small-scale and subsistence farming. Projections show that the global population is not on track to reach the Sustainable Development Goals. With this in mind, development actors are increasingly seeking to better integrate rural farmers into agricultural markets. This synthesis of the literature can help to inform policy decisions to improve outcomes for smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries, and to enable the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals. This work is the most comprehensive and up-to-date review synthesizing evidence from 262 interventions.ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review is to appraise and synthesize evidence of the effects of five types of interventions facilitating farmers' access to output markets in low- and middle-income countries. We examine how these effects vary across contexts and subgroups. We also identify evidence on program costs and evidence gaps in the literature.Search MethodsThe search of included studies was based on nine major databases/search engines and 25 institutional websites, using a set of English search terms. We also conducted forward and backward citation tracking of literature, published a public call for papers, and contacted key experts.Selection CriteriaWe included studies on the effects of five types of output market access interventions, focusing on participants residing in low- and middle-income countries: (1) Farm-to-market transport infrastructure interventions; (2) Access to output market information interventions; (3) New marketplaces or alternative marketing opportunities interventions; (4) Contract farming interventions; (5) Improved storage infrastructure and technologies interventions. We included published and unpublished studies from 2000 onwards, with experimental and quasi-experimental study designs focusing on relevant outcomes.Data Collection and AnalysisWe screened 52,366 studies, identifying a total of 439 papers representing 289 unique studies on the effects of 262 interventions in 53 countries. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were completed by two independent reviewers.Main ResultsAll five types of output market access interventions resulted in small-to-moderate positive effects on almost all measures of market participation, agricultural production, and welfare outcomes. These improvements occurred through a reduction in transaction costs, adoption of improved practices, greater farm investment, access to higher prices for farmers, greater volume sold, and increased farm income. Effects vary by intervention type. However, the body of evidence is comprised of a large share of included studies with a high risk of bias. Few studies have information on the cost of interventions, and there are gaps in the available evidence.Authors' ConclusionsOutput market access interventions are effective in reducing transaction costs and addressing market failures, thereby leading to higher income levels. Evidence of effects on food security and nutrition is sparse and has not provided conclusive findings. We also found that multi-component interventions are not necessarily more effective than single component interventions. The specific needs and dynamics of each context should inform the choice of the intervention and approach. Investments in additional research with low risk of selection bias and confounding effects will improve the evidence base, especially for outcomes that constitute gaps in the literature. For example, the effects on quality of agricultural products and group participation are under-researched, and we did not find any included studies focusing on North Africa or the Middle East. Collecting and reporting information on interventions' cost-effectiveness will help decision-makers to prioritize limited resources.","Keywords":"Farm-to-market transport infrastructure | Output market information | Initiatives creating new marketplaces & alternative marketing opportunities | Contract farming initiatives | Improved storage infrastructure","continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Cambodia","income_level":"Lower middle income","QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"yes","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":"yes","QA_A2":"Yes","QA_A3":"Yes","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"yes","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"yes","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Yes","QA_A6":"High","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Random effects meta-analysis","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"Yes - took clustering into account in the analysis","QA_B4":"Yes","QA_B5.1":"Yes","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Yes","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-analysis by sub-groups | Meta-regression","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"High","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"High"},{"_id":40,"ID":"34696","Title":"Towards a Cycling-Friendly City: An Updated Review of the Associations Between Built Environment and Cycling Behaviors (2007–2017)","Authors":"Yang, Yiyang,Wu, Xueying,Zhou, Peiling,Gou, Zhonghua,Lu, Yi","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140519301033?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"Journal of transport & health","Journal volume":"14","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100613","Abstract":"Introduction: Cycling behavior has recently attracted great research attention as an important type of physical activity and sustainable mode of transportation. In addition, cycling provides other environmental benefits, such as reducing air pollution and traffic congestion. Various built environment factors have been demonstrated to be associated with the popularity of cycling behaviors. However, the most recent built environment cycling reviews were conducted nearly 10 years ago, and these reviews reached no clear consensus on which built environment factors are associated with which domain of cycling behaviors. To determine the crucial features of a cycling-friendly city, it is therefore necessary to conduct a review based on empirical studies from the last decade (2007-2017). Methods: Thirty-nine empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 2007 and 2017 were retrieved and reviewed. The results were summarized based on built environment factors and four domains of cycling behaviors (transport, commuting, recreation, and general). Weighted elasticity values for built environment factors were calculated to estimate effect sizes. Results: We found consistent associations with large effect sizes between street connectivity and cycling for commuting and transport. The presence of cycling paths and facilities was found to be positively associated with both commuting cycling and general cycling. However, the effects of land-use mix, availability of cycling paths to non-residential destinations, and terrain slope on cycling behaviors remained weak. The effects of urban density and other built environment factors are mixed. Conclusions: This review has demonstrated that street connectivity and the presence of cycling paths and facilities are the two most significant built environment factors that may promote cycling behaviors. With the emergence of advanced measurement methods for both the built environment and cycling behaviors, further studies may overcome current research limitations and provide robust evidence to support urban planning and public-health practice.","Keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":"no","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"no","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":"No","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":null,"QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"High"},{"_id":41,"ID":"34692","Title":"Shifting from Car to Active Transport: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Interventions","Authors":"Scheepers, C.E.,Wendel-Vos, G.C.W,den Broeder, J. M.,van Kempen E E. M. M,vam Wesemael, P.J.V.,Schuit, A.J.","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=econ&DO=10.1016%2fj.tra.2014.10.015","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","language":"English","Journal":"Transportation research: part a: policy and practice","Journal volume":"70","Journal issue":null,"Pages":"264-80","DOI":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.10.015","Abstract":"Introduction: A promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions. Methods: Five databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment). Results: Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality. Conclusion: Nearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described.","Keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"Canada","income_level":"High income","QA_A1.1":null,"QA_A1.2":null,"QA_A1.3":null,"QA_A1.4":null,"QA_A1":null,"QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"yes","QA_A2.4":"yes","QA_A2.5":null,"QA_A2":null,"QA_A3":null,"QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":null,"QA_A4.3":null,"QA_A4":null,"QA_A5.1":"no","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"no","QA_A5":null,"QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"No","QA_B1.1b":"No","QA_B1.2":null,"QA_B1.3":null,"QA_B1":null,"QA_B2":null,"QA_B3.1":null,"QA_B3.2":null,"QA_B3.3":null,"QA_B3":null,"QA_B4.1":null,"QA_B4.2":null,"QA_B4.3":null,"QA_B4":null,"QA_B5.1":null,"QA_B5.2":null,"QA_B5":null,"QA_B6.1":null,"QA_B6.2":null,"QA_B6":null,"QA_B7":"Low","QA_C1":null,"QA_C2":null,"QA_C3":"Low"},{"_id":42,"ID":"34494","Title":"Interventions Reducing Car Usage: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","Authors":"Okraszewska, Romanika,Romanowska, Aleksandra,Laetsch, Dana Clarissa,Gobis, Anna,Reisch, Lucia A.,Kamphuis, Carlijn B.M.,Lakerveld, Jeroen,Krajewski, Piotr,Banik, Anna,den Braver, Nicolette R.,Forberger, Sarah,Brenner, Hermann,Zukowska, Joanna","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920924001743?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Systematic review","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)|Subsidies for public transit|Low-emission mobility: infrastructure|Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","language":"English","Journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT","Journal volume":"131","Journal issue":null,"Pages":null,"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104217","Abstract":null,"Keywords":null,"continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"QA_A1.1":"yes","QA_A1.2":"yes","QA_A1.3":"yes","QA_A1.4":"yes","QA_A1":"Yes","QA_A2.1":"yes","QA_A2.2":"no","QA_A2.3":"no","QA_A2.4":"no","QA_A2.5":"no","QA_A2":"No","QA_A3":"No","QA_A4.1":"yes","QA_A4.2":"yes","QA_A4.3":"no","QA_A4":"Yes","QA_A5.1":"yes","QA_A5.2":"no","QA_A5.3":"yes","QA_A5":"Partially","QA_A6":"Low","QA_B1.1a":"Yes","QA_B1.1b":"Yes","QA_B1.2":"Yes","QA_B1.3":"Yes","QA_B1":"Yes","QA_B2":"Yes","QA_B3.1":"Yes","QA_B3.2":"Yes","QA_B3.3":"Yes","QA_B3":"Yes","QA_B4.1":"Random effects meta-analysis","QA_B4.2":"Inverse variance","QA_B4.3":"No mention of issue","QA_B4":"Partially","QA_B5.1":"No","QA_B5.2":"Yes","QA_B5":"Partially","QA_B6.1":"Yes","QA_B6.2":"Meta-analysis by sub-groups","QA_B6":"Yes","QA_B7":"Medium","QA_C1":"No other quality issues identified","QA_C2":"Limitations acknowledged","QA_C3":"Low"}], "fields": [{"id": "_id", "type": "int"}, {"id": "ID", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Title", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Authors", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Publication year", "type": "text"}, {"id": "URL link", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Multi-component intervention", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Study type", "type": "text"}, {"id": "IDB study", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Cost information", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Journal Rank", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Intervention 1", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Outcome 1", "type": "text"}, {"id": "language", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Journal", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Journal volume", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Journal issue", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Pages", "type": "text"}, {"id": "DOI", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Abstract", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Keywords", "type": "text"}, {"id": "continent", "type": "text"}, {"id": "country", "type": "text"}, {"id": "income_level", "type": "text"}, {"id": "QA_A1.1", "type": "text"}, {"id": "QA_A1.2", 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