{"help": "https://data.iadb.org/fr/api/3/action/help_show?name=datastore_search", "success": true, "result": {"include_total": false, "limit": 100, "records_format": "objects", "resource_id": "bf27869b-cb8a-4f46-b42f-fac184ba2a8b", "total_estimation_threshold": null, "last_id_operator": "gt", "records": [{"_id":1,"ID":"33594","Title":"Transit-Induced Socioeconomic Ascent and New Metro Stations in Helsinki Metropolitan Area: Distinct Effects on Renters, Homeowners, and Pre-existing Housing Dwellers","Authors":"Merilainen, Marjut,Karhula, Aleksi,Kurvinen, Antti,Falkenbach, Heidi,Ala-Mantilla, Sanna","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692323002302","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Inequality and segregation|Household welfare and poverty","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY","journal_volume":"114","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103758","abstract":"In recent years, transit-oriented developments have been studied from different angles in different countries. Question has been raised whether public investments in transportation trigger the areas nearby to gentrify or even cause the affordability paradox for the low-income households if they cannot afford to live in the accessibility improved areas. This article contributes to the literature of transit-induced neighbourhood change by estimating the short-term causal effect of accessibility improvements on neighbourhoods' household income, share of highly educated individuals, and share of low-income households, separating between renters and residents in the existing and new housing stock. We are using a quasi-experimental study design with propensity score matching and difference-in-differences regression setup to analyse the socioeconomic changes in the areas close to the newly built metro stations. Overall, we identify a positive effect on the share of residents with higher educations, but don't see effects on median household income or share of low-income households. However, on closer examination, we find short-term transit-induced changes for residents in old housing stock, and to some extent for homeowners, but for the renters we don't find significant results. The findings of this article show that short-term transit-induced neighbourhood change occurs in areas where accessibility has improved.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Finland","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":2,"ID":"33911","Title":"Value Uplift From Transit Investment—Property Value or Land Value? A Case Study of the Gold Coast Light Rail System in Australia","Authors":"Zhang, Min","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X22003407","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Transport Policy","journal_volume":"132","journal_issue":null,"pages":"88-98","doi":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.12.005","abstract":"The literature on the impact of transit investment on land and property values reports mixed results of estimated value changes. It is well recognised that the data used (e.g., value of land or property) is one of the most important factors that may influence estimates of value changes. However, empirical research into the impact variation between different types of data (i.e., the observed values) is lacking. This study firstly investigates value uplift results variations when estimating the impact of a light rail system on different types of value, including property and land values. Two difference-in-differences models are employed to estimate how property sales price and underlying land assessed price change within catchment areas of the Gold Coast light rail transit as compared to control areas. The results indicate there are significant differences between the impacts of rail investment on property value (positive) and land value (negative). This indicates that one should not simply use property value as the proxy for land value or vice versa. These results have implications for schoalrs and governments to employ suitable strategies to generate revenue from the broader benefits brought by significant infrastructure projects -value capture for transport infrastructure.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":3,"ID":"21600","Title":"Mixed Methods Study Design, Pre-Analysis Plan, Process Evaluation and Baseline Results of Trailbridges in Rural Rwanda","Authors":"Macharia, Denis,MacDonald, Laura,Mugabo, Lambert,Donovan, Kevin,Brooks, Wyatt,Gudissa, Sorenie,Noriega, Abbie,Barstow, Christina,Dickinson, Katie,Thomas, Evan","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722036439","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bridges","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Household welfare and poverty|Economic activity|Health access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes|Agricultural outcomes|Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Science of the Total Environment","journal_volume":"838","journal_issue":"4","pages":null,"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156546","abstract":"We present a study design, pre-analysis plan, process evaluation and baseline results designed to establish the impact of trailbridges on health, education, agricultural and economic outcomes of households in rural Rwanda. This intervention and study is being implemented in communities that face barriers to socioeconomic development through periodic isolation caused by flooding. We describe a mixed methods approach to measure the impacts of these trailbridges on outcomes at the village level. The study is anchored on a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial (RCT) implemented in 147 sites: 97 phased-in intervention sites and 50 long-term control sites. These sites are being monitored in four annual waves comprising of a baseline period and three subsequent follow-up waves. We will supplement the RCT with three sub-studies. First, we are investigating the role of weather events and streamflow variability on temporal and spatial bridge use patterns among intervention sites. We will then find the relationship between the weather events, streamflow and bridge use from motion-activated cameras installed in intervention sites. Secondly, we are following 42 markets serving study sites to investigate the impact of the trailbridges on the market prices of key goods including crops, livestock and agricultural inputs. Lastly, we are following 30 villages that are more distant from the river crossings to determine the spatial extent of the trailbridge impacts. Our study will advance knowledge by generating new data on the impact of rural infrastructure and providing the opportunity to explore a range of outcomes for future evaluation of infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries. We will enable an outcomes-based funding model that ties implementer payments to demonstrated positive impacts of these trailbridges. Furthermore, we will identify cost-effective, easily assessed measures that are highly correlated to the economic and health benefits of the intervention. These measures may then be used by a portfolio of interventions across multiple geographies without always requiring complex trials.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Trailbridge | Isolation | Extreme weather event | Impact evaluations | Mixed Methods | Remote Sensing | Rwanda","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Rwanda","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Experimental","evaluation_method":"Randomised controlled trial","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":4,"ID":"23686","Title":"Subway Expansion, Job Accessibility Improvements, and Home Value Appreciation in Four Global Cities: Considering Both Local and Network Effects","Authors":"Adriano Borges Costa,Siqi Zheng,Camila Ramos","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/2146","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":"15","journal_issue":"1","pages":"613–634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2022.2146","abstract":"We explore the potential of incorporating accessibility analysis in addressing the impact of subway expansions on the real estate market. We first demonstrate that by using increases in accessibility to jobs as a continuous treatment variable, rather than adopting a binary station dummy approach, we achieve better goodness-of-fit in a quasi-experimental econometric analysis. Furthermore, accessibility measures allow the exploration of impacts beyond the local effects around new subway stations, shedding light on a network impact that has been largely overlooked to date. To increase the external validity of our findings, we apply the same analysis to the cities of Santiago (Chile), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Singapore, and Barcelona (Spain). and then explore the emergent patterns. We argue that the integration of urban economics and transportation analysis via the use of accessibility measures constitutes an innovation in the empirical approach commonly adopted in the literature. The use of such measures in causal empirical studies on transportation impacts can yield more robust and comprehensive results and capture nuanced spatial heterogeneity effects.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Subway expansion | home value appreciation | global cities | local  and network effects","continent":"Multi-continent","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":5,"ID":"23355","Title":"The Effects of Public Transport Subsidies for Lower-income Users on Public Transport Use: A Quasi-Experimental Study","Authors":"Guzman, Luis A,Hessel, Philipp","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X22002037","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Subsidies for public transit","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Transport Policy","journal_volume":"126","journal_issue":null,"pages":"215-224","doi":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.07.016","abstract":"To increase public transport use, especially for individuals with lower incomes, many cities worldwide have introduced subsidies for public transport systems. However, quantitative evidence of their effects on actual ridership remains scarce, especially in Global South countries. Using a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity design (RDD) in combination with administrative data for all personalized travel cards of public transport users during the years 2017–2019 in Bogotá, Colombia, the present paper assesses the causal effect of a transport subsidy focused on low-income individuals on the number of trips that individuals undertake. Our results show that the subsidy, equaling 32% of the regular fare, significantly and substantially increases the total number of monthly public transport trips. However, the results suggest that the size of the subsidy's effect on ridership has decreased over time, while also evidencing a more pronounced effect among economically active individuals compared to inactive ones. Overall, our results suggest that public transport subsidies for low-income individuals can be an effective way for increasing public transport use among this population segment, which may translate into improved well-being because of improved access to local labor markets and recreational activities.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Subsidy | Public Transportation | RDD | Ridership | Public transport pricing | Bogot´a","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":6,"ID":"23310","Title":"Impacts of Rural Roads on Household Welfare in Vietnam: Evidence from a Replication Study","Authors":"Nguyen, Cuong Viet","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JED-06-2019-0002/full/html","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use|Employment access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes|Economic activity|Trade and migration","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_volume":"21","journal_issue":"1","pages":"83-112","doi":"10.1108/JED-06-2019-0002","abstract":"Purpose – Recently, there has been a call for replication research to validate empirical findings, especially findings that are important for development policies. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to replicate the estimation results from Mu and van de Walle (2011). Design/methodology/approach – The author used raw data sets provided by Mu Ren and Dominique van de Walle and the same methods of Mu and van de Walle (2011). In addition to the pure replication, the author conducted the two extensions: sensitivity analysis of covariates and bandwidth selection and analysis of the effect of the road project on additional outcome variables. Findings – Overall, the author ables to replicate most estimates from Mu and van de Walle (2011). The author find a positive effect of rural roads on local market development. The impact estimates of the road project are not sensitive to the selection of the bandwidth in kernel propensity score (PS) matching. There are no significant effects of road projects on additional outcomes, including access to credit and migration. Practical implications – The study confirms a positive effect of rural roads on local market development. Thus, the government can provide investment in rural roads to improve the local market and its welfare. Originality/value – This study tried to replicate and verify an important study on the impact of the rural road in Vietnam.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Vietnam | Propensity Score Matching (PSM) | Impact evaluation | replication | Rural Roads","continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Vietnam","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":7,"ID":"23198","Title":"Enhanced Port-City Interface Through Infrastructure Investment: Evidence From Buenos Aires","Authors":"Bedoya-Maya, F.,Calatayud, A.","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41278-022-00231-z","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"Yes","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1057/s41278-022-00231-z","abstract":"Road congestion is a critical challenge facing port-cities. While policymakers can rely on several solutions to minimize seaport externalities in host metropolitan areas, and enhance reliability in freight transport, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of such policies. This paper explores the exogenous variation, generated by the random inauguration date of a major road infrastructure project, to estimate its impact on the level of urban congestion in Buenos Aires during 2019, one of the most important port-cities in Latin America. The aim of the project is to separate urban from port-related traffic. Leveraging a dataset of more than 40 million traffic observations in 2019, we use a Regression Discontinuity in Time (RDiT) model, accounting for the temporal dynamics of road congestion and controlling for confounding effects. Results suggest an 18% reduction in congestion in the port area, after the infrastructure was inaugurated, with a cumulative congestion reduction of 60% by the end of 2019. Our results provide useful guidance to transport planners and port authorities in their design of effective measures to reduce seaport-caused externalities in port-cities, particularly in developing countries.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Port-City | infrastructure | Congestion | Impact evaluation | big data | Latin America.","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Argentina","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":8,"ID":"23194","Title":"Effect of Rail Transit on Crime: Evidence From New Sao Paulo Stations","Authors":"Ostrensky, Vitor Pestana,Batista, Thiago Balbo,Bortolini, Everton","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-022-09503-3","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Crime and citizen security","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11292-022-09503-3","abstract":"Objective This study analyses the effects of the openings of new metro and urban train stations on crime rates in the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo during the period from 2007 to 2016. Methods We conducted a Difference-in-Differences with Propensity Score Matching in quarterly geocoded data of crimes reports, aggregated in census tracts. We also investigate whether the effect varies with neighborhood income and overtime. Results The results were subdivided by the census tract's income. Regarding all the treated census tracts, the count of crime reports increased 17.1% since 2007 in areas within 250m from the stations. For the wealthiest census tracts, we found a 30.4% impact. The effects on census tracts below the median income were not statistically significant. Conclusion Specific security policies should be near new metro and urban train stations, especially in the wealthiest districts.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Diferences-in-diferences | Public Transit. | Quasi-Experimental Design | Transportation Costs | Urban crime","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":9,"ID":"26080","Title":"Evaluación de Impacto de Proyectos de Desarrollo Agrícola: Caminos y Electrificación Rural en Provincias Argentinas","Authors":"Lema, Daniel,Gurrero, Ignacio Pace,Galetto, Alejandro","Publication year":"2017","URL link":"https://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12123/1811","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"Spanish","journal":"not applicable","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"no DOI","abstract":"This paper presents an impact assessment of two projects carried out under the Provincial Agricultural Services Program (PROSAP). The paper has two main objectives, first to provide empirical evidence on the economic impact caused by t the projects and, second to provide a conceptual and methodological contribution for the quantitative evaluation of agricultural development projects. Econometric models of differences in differences were estimated to estimate the impact in both cases. In the case of the road improvements project in the province of Córdoba, there is a significant impact of the road improvements project showing an average increase in total production of 7,370 liters per year per km of proximity to the improved road. For the case of rural electrification, satellite information was used to evaluate the impact of the project. It was possible to estimate a positive impact on the cultivated area for the producers benefited by the project.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":"Impact evaluation | Rural Development | Rural Roads | Rural Electrification","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Argentina","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":10,"ID":"25976","Title":"Complementarities in Infrastructure: Evidence from Rural India","Authors":"Eynde, Oliver Vanden,Wren-Lewis, Liam","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3846252","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"SSRN Electronic Journal","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DoI","abstract":"Complementarities between infrastructure projects have been understudied. Our paper examines interactions in the impacts of large-scale road construction, electrification, and mobile phone coverage programs in rural India. We find strong evidence of complementary impacts between roads and electricity on agricultural production: dry season cropping increases significantly when villages receive both, but not when they receive one without the other. These complementarities are associated with a shift of cropping patterns towards market crops and with improved economic conditions. In contrast, we find no consistent evidence of complementarities for the mobile coverage program.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":"Infrastructure Development | Rural India | Electrification | road construction | Mobile Phone Coverage | Agricultural Production","continent":"South Asia","country":"India","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":11,"ID":"25898","Title":"The Effects of Fuel Subsidies on Air Quality: Evidence from the Iranian Subsidy Reform","Authors":"Kheiravar, Khaled Hassan,Lawell, C.-Y. Cynthia Lin","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-E%EF%AC%80ects-of-Fuel-Subsidies-on-Air-Quality%3A-from-%E2%88%97-Kheiravar-Lawell/63e3b56cfcef2057d84fabccbd80caa4f2bd6d13","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Cornell University","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DOI","abstract":"Gasoline taxes have been touted by many economists as an efficient and relatively simple tool to address environmental concerns and other problems associated with gasoline consumption. Nevertheless, rather than removing subsidies and increasing gasoline taxes, many countries still subsidize gasoline, which may have the opposite effect of exacerbating air pollution. As a result of its large energy subsidies and artificially low national energy prices, Iran is one of the most energy-intensive countries in the world. Iran’s capital city, Tehran, is also amongst the most polluted cities in the world. The Iranian government has recently taken a series of measures to reform and cut back on its energy subsidies. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of the Iranian subsidy reform on air quality using a regression discontinuity design. Our results provide evidence across multiple different empirical specifications that the subsidy reform in Iran, particularly subsidy reforms that both increased energy prices and restricted gasoline consumption, led to improvements in air quality. In contrast, subsidy reforms that increased fuel prices but did not also restrict gasoline consumption were less effective in reducing air pollution.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":"Energy subsidies | Air Quality | fuel subsidies | Iran","continent":"Middle East and North Africa","country":"Iran, Islamic Rep.","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":12,"ID":"21709","Title":"The Road to Opportunities in Rural India : The Economic and Social Impacts of PMGSY","Authors":"Dappe, Matías Herrera,Alam, Muneeza Mehmood,Andres, Luis","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36626?locale-attribute=fr","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes|Employment access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes|Economic activity|Inequality and segregation","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"The World Bank Group","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DOI","abstract":"At the end of the 20th century, about 300 million people in rural India had limited connectivity with the rest of India and the world because their villages and habitations lacked all-weather road access. In response to this poor connectivity and limited opportunities, in 2000 the prime minister announced the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural roads program. The program seeks to establish farm-to-market connectivity by providing access to all-weather roads to about 178,000 habitations across India. By December 2017 it had built more than 550,000 kilometers of rural roads, connecting more than 159,000 habitations, at a cost of $27 billion. This report presents the results of an impact evaluation of PMGSY that uses a difference-in-difference approach and panel data from the states of Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan collected in 2009 and 2017. ","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published report","keywords":"Rural Roads | India | Difference In Differences | farm-to-market connectivity","continent":"South Asia","country":"India","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":13,"ID":"21707","Title":"Rural Roads, Education, and Agriculture: A Microeconometric Evaluation Study Using Trinidad and Tobago Data","Authors":"Charles, Ainsley U. P.","Publication year":"2010","URL link":"https://dra.american.edu/islandora/object/thesesdissertations%3A6215","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Education access and outcomes|Employment access and outcomes|Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DOI","abstract":"This dissertation evaluates the effects of infrastructure investments on agriculture and education in the rural communities of a small Caribbean economy. Specifically, it provides an empirical test of the causal impact of an access-road rehabilitation program on school attendance, attainment, agricultural labor supply, input choice, crop harvest, yield, and commercialization, and it investigates the program's targeting effectiveness. Data are drawn from population censuses taken in 1990, before the program started, and 2000 and from an agricultural census of 2004. Appearing shortly after the program's end, the latter two datasets provide ex-post measurements that permit assessment of program impact. The study illustrates that evaluations of infrastructure investments are possible even where program-specific primary data are lacking, and that commonly available nonprogram-linked data (such as censuses), while not ideal, may provide the raw information required. Identification relies on propensity score matching (PSM) techniques to create a set of analytical samples that comprise statistically comparable groups of program and non-program communities.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Thesis","keywords":"Rural Roads | Rural India | Propensity-Score Matching | Agriculture | Education Outcome","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Trinidad and Tobago","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":14,"ID":"21761","Title":"This Little Village Went to Market: Roads, trade frictions, and market access in India","Authors":"Skelley, Jack","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.unsw.edu.au/business/sites/default/files/documents/SKELLEY.pdf","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes|Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":null,"journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DOI","abstract":"In this paper, I study the agricultural market outcomes of connecting over 150,000 isolated villages to the wider Indian economy. Utilising India’s $40 billion rural roads program, I find that improving connection to previously isolated areas results in an increase in prices received by farmers. I find evidence that this is a result of increased bargaining power, as farmers can now travel farther and interact with more markets. Higher prices generated by connection causes increased agricultural output, compounding the welfare gains of price rises. These changes are robust to shifts in the composition of the workforce. In more rural areas agriculture’s share of the workforce increases, while decreasing in less rural areas.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Thesis","keywords":"Agricultural Markets | Road | Rural India | Agricultural Production","continent":"South Asia","country":"India","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":15,"ID":"21750","Title":"Measuring Trade Cost Reductions Through a New Bridge in Mozambique: Who Benefits From Transport Infrastructure?","Authors":"Zant, Wouter","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://academic.oup.com/jae/article/31/4/384/6354169","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bridges","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of African Economies","journal_volume":"31","journal_issue":"4","pages":"384–408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejab018","abstract":"We use spatial maize prices in Mozambique to measure transport cost reductions, attribute these reductions to road distance and road quality and assess to what extent producers, traders and consumers benefit. For identification we exploit a unique natural experiment, the construction of a new road bridge over the Zambezi River, which connects the north and south of Mozambique. The applied methodology allows for potentially oligopolistic traders with spatially varying mark-ups. Estimations are based on monthly maize prices, in 22 markets, for 5 years before and after the introduction of the bridge. Estimates of transport cost reductions, averaged over routes, vary from 3% to 7%, with large heterogeneity between routes, and roughly for two-third due to road distance and for one-third due to road quality. On average benefits of trade cost reductions are equally shared between traders and consumers, but for larger distances, a larger part accrues to traders. The evidence also indicates a reduction in prices in destination markets due to the bridge. Results are supported by observed transport cost data, robust for non-random bridge placement and strict source-destination rules.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Mozambique | Maize | Trade Costs | bridge construction","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Mozambique","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":16,"ID":"21712","Title":"Infrastructure Improvements and Maize Market Integration: Bridging the Zambezi in Mozambique","Authors":"Jones, Sam,Salazar, César","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajae.12103","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bridges","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes|Resilience and continuity|Travel time, commuting and speed","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"American Journal of Agricultural Economics","journal_volume":"103","journal_issue":"2","pages":"620-642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12103","abstract":"Historically, transport infrastructure connecting the most agriculturally productive areas of Mozambique and the richer southern region has been poor. A primary bottleneck was an unreliable ferry service over the Zambezi river, addressed by construction of a road bridge in 2009. In this paper we identify the impact of this transport infrastructure enhancement on integration of national maize markets. Applying a dyadic regression approach, we find a significant narrowing of equilibrium price differences among market pairs that experienced a large relative reduction in journey times due to the new bridge. We also estimate that the elasticity of the absolute price differential with respect to intermarket driving times is around 30%. As such, the new bridge infrastructure enhanced market integration by shrinking the “internal border” at the river, but such benefits were spatially limited.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"agricultural market performance | infrastructure | Natural Experiment | Prices","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Mozambique","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Instrumental variable estimation"},{"_id":17,"ID":"26296","Title":"The Babeldaob Road: The Impact of Road Construction on Rural Labor Force Outcomes in the Republic of Palau","Authors":"Akee, Randall","Publication year":"2006","URL link":"https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/2452/the-babeldaob-road-the-impact-of-road-construction-on-rural-labor-force-outcomes-in-the-republic-of-palau","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"IZA Discussion Papers","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":null,"abstract":"This research examines the impact of road construction on rural labor force outcomes in adeveloping country. A new road built in the Republic of Palau links formerly inaccessible ruralareas to more urban wage sector employment. We use two censuses conducted five yearsapart which perfectly bracket the road construction period. The data allow us to identifyhouseholds that moved in the intervening five year period, thereby correcting anyendogenous movement attributable to the road construction. Utilizing a difference-indifference regression strategy and matched panel data, we find that households impacted bythe new road construction tend to increase their wage sector employment, decrease theirself-employment in agriculture, decrease the number of international migrants sent abroadand increase their ownership of automobiles. The findings also show that inequalitydecreases both within and between regions. The impact of road construction on averagehousehold wages and income is negligible","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":"Infrastructue Projects | ECONOMIC development | Rural labor","continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Palau","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":18,"ID":"21459","Title":"How Infrastructure and Financial Institutions Affect Rural Income and Poverty: Evidence from Bangladesh","Authors":"Khandker, Shahidur R.,Koolwal, Gayatri B.","Publication year":"2010","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220380903108330","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Household welfare and poverty","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_volume":"46","journal_issue":"6","pages":"1109-1137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903108330","abstract":"The mechanisms by which the poor benefit from economic growth remain a topic of debate in development literature. We address this issue in the context of rural Bangladesh, using a pooled dataset of three household panels between 1991–2001. Expansion of irrigation, paved roads, electricity, and access to formal and informal credit have (through different veins) led to higher rural farm and non-farm incomes, accounting for exogenous local agroclimatic endowments that explain a large part of the variation in the growth of infrastructure and credit programmes. However, this has not translated into substantial reductions in poverty for the poorest households.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"infrastructure | Financial Institutions | Income Impacts | Rural Poverty | Economic growth | Non-Farm Income","continent":"South Asia","country":"Bangladesh","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":19,"ID":"20970","Title":"Chimborazo Rural Investment Project: Rural Roads Component Impact Evaluation.","Authors":"Corral L.,Zane G.","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003046","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"Yes","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Education access and outcomes|Health access and outcomes|Employment access and outcomes|Agricultural outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Time used in other activities|Access to other goods and services","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":"NA","journal_issue":"NA","pages":"NA","doi":"10.18235/0003046","abstract":"This paper evaluates the impact of rural roads improvement works to benefit indigenous communities in the highlands of Ecuador, largely dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. The findings suggest that the program had a positive impact on health and that it increased enrollment in secondary education. We find no evidence that treated households increased their investment in plot improvements and agricultural inputs. However, household members are more likely to report self-employment in agriculture as their main occupation. The effect on agricultural output and sales was positive but not statistically significant. Finally, there is no evidence that the program had any positive effect on overall household income, female empowerment and food security.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published report","keywords":"Rural Roads | Rehabilitation Works | Indigenous Communities | Food security | Ecuador","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Ecuador","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":20,"ID":"20660","Title":"The Impact Of Infrastructure Shocks On Agricultural Markets: Evidence From The Zambezi River In Mozambique","Authors":"Salazar, César,Jones, Sam","Publication year":"2017","URL link":"https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/impact-infrastructure-shocks-agricultural-markets","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Bridges","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Goods and services prices and inflation","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2017/417-9","abstract":"Prior to 2009, there was no direct road connection between the southern regions of Mozambique—where the capital city is located—and the more agriculturally-productive central and northern regions. In this paper, we leverage the opening of a major road bridge to identify the impact of enhanced domestic transport infrastructure on agricultural market performance. We apply a generalized difference-in-difference estimator within a dyadic regression context. While we find no reduction in the market price differential around the time the bridge opened for all treated market pairs, there is a significant and persistent price impact only among previously disconnected markets located close to the new bridge. This suggests that new infrastructure can enhance market performance, but such benefits are spatially limited.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":"Rural Roads Infrastructure And Transport | agricultural market performance | Prices | Natural Experiments","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Mozambique","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":21,"ID":"16963","Title":"Rural Roads and Local Economic Development","Authors":"Asher, Sam,Novosad, Paul","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29895","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"American Economic Review","journal_volume":"110","journal_issue":"3","pages":"797-823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180268","abstract":"Nearly one billion people worldwide live in rural areas without access to the paved road network. This paper measures the impacts of India's $40 billion national rural road construction program using regression discontinuity and data covering every individual and firm in rural India. The main effect of new feeder roads is to allow workers to obtain nonfarm work. However, there are no major changes in consumption, assets or agricultural outcomes. Nonfarm employment in the village expands only slightly, suggesting the new work is found outside of the village. Even with better market connections, remote areas may continue to lack economic opportunities.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Published report","keywords":"Labor Market | Transport | Feeder Roads | Local Economic Development | Nonfarm Employment | Rural Roads","continent":"South Asia","country":"India","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":22,"ID":"20421","Title":"Eliminating Uncertainty in Market Access: The Impact of New Bridges in Rural Nicaragua","Authors":"Brooks, Wyatt,Donovan, Kevin","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/ECTA15828","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bridges","Intervention 2":"Bridges","Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":"Employment access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Econometrica","journal_volume":"88","journal_issue":"5","pages":"1965-1997","doi":"10.3982/ECTA15828","abstract":"We estimate the impact that consistent access to outside markets has on income, savings and investment decisions in village economies. We study rural Nicaraguan villages that experience unpredictable flash floods that cut them off from outside food, labor and product markets for days or weeks at a time. We build bridges that eliminate this risk. Identification exploits variation in river bank characteristics that preclude bridge construction in some villages, despite similar need for a bridge. We collect detailed annual household surveys over three years and conduct weekly telephone followups with a subset of households for sixty-four weeks, including both before and after construction. Floods decrease labor market income by 18 percent when no bridge is present. Bridges eliminate this effect. Despite the fact that output prices do not change, fertilizer spending and village wages both increase with a bridge, while inducing workers to shift to jobs outside the village. We show that our results are all consistent with the predictions of a general equilibrium model in which farm investment is risky and the labor market can be used to smooth shocks.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Uncertainty | Market Access | New Bridges | Nicaragua","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Nicaragua","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":23,"ID":"20416","Title":"Building on a Foundation Stone: The Long-Term Impacts of a Local Infrastructure and Governance Program in Cambodia","Authors":"Benyishay, Ariel,Parks, Brad,Trichler, Rachel,Baehr, Christian,Aboagye, Daniel,Prum, Punwath","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.oecd.org/derec/sweden/sweden-eba-2019-Infrastructure-and-Governance-Cambodia.pdf","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity|Health access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Access to other goods and services","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":"4","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DOI","abstract":"In 1996, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and several other donors embarked upon a bold experiment with the Government of Cambodia. They launched a program called \"Seila,\" which means \"foundation stone\" in Khmer, to rebuild confidence in government institutions and improve economic welfare from the bottom up. The Cambodian population had been subjected to exceptionally high levels of predation, violence, and psychosocial trauma during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. The Khmer Rouge forcibly displaced millions of Cambodians to labor camps in the rural countryside during the late 1970s in order to advance the regime’s goal of building a socialist, agrarian economy. Many of these laborers were worked to death, starved to death, or executed by agents of the state. Then, in 1979, Vietnam intervened militarily and helped install a new regime called the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Council (KPRC). The conflict, which displaced large numbers of civilians, continued until 1998 when Khmer Rouge ended the military fighting. Local government effectively ceased to function during this period of time. The events of the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s also severely eroded public trust in government institutions. Seila represented an attempt to rebuild public confidence in local government institutions. Its stated purpose was to \"contribute to poverty reduction through local governance, and… improve local governance by channeling funds to the sub-national level to allow locally elected leaders to respond to locally identified needs.\" It sought to achieve this goal by providing (1) grant financing for locally-managed public infrastructure projects, and (2) technical and financial support to build and strengthen institutions of decentralized governance (e.g. establishing local government bodies to identify priority infrastructure projects through local, participatory planning processes). Between 1996 and 2001, Seila’s geographical reach expanded from 4 communes and sangkats to 218. The donor community then helped finance the nationwide expansion of the program between 2002 and 2010. They did so by 12 supporting the design and implementation of an inter-governmental transfer mechanism called Commune/Sangkat Fund (CSF) and a suite of accompanying decentralization reforms and capacitybuilding efforts that transitioned ownership of the CSF to the Cambodian authorities. After commune and sangkat (CS) elections were organized and CS council members were made legally responsible for village-level development projects, Sida and several other development partners invested in building the administrative capacities of CS councils. They provided CS council members with extensive training—in participatory budgeting and planning, project design, procurement, and financial accounting, among other things—and ongoing technical assistance from a team of 1700 civil servants in every one of the country’s 24 provinces. During this period of time, the CSF decentralized the funding, selection, and management of small-scale economic infrastructure projects to local councils in every one of the country 1,621 communes and sangkats. The vast majority of these projects supported the construction and upgrading of rural roads, water supply systems, and irrigation dams and canals. The CSF is now fully funded and operated by the Cambodian authorities. The central government transfers approximately 3% of the national budget each year to the CSF and this funding is allocated to communes and sangkats according to a formula (35% weight assigned to population size, 30% weight assigned to the poverty rate, and a 35% fixed contribution). CS councils have completed more than 40,000 economic infrastructure projects to date, and neither Sida nor any other donor has directly funded the CSF since 2010. As such, the CSF represents a program that was launched and nurtured by Sida but eventually handed over to the local authorities and made sustainable. A 2002 Sida performance evaluation characterized Seila as \"one of those rare instances when an internationally supported aid project starts as a geographically delimited area-based project and then evolves into a governmentowned programme with progressive and profound impact at a national level\" (Rudengren and Öjendal 2002). Moreover, the Seila pilot and CSF scale-up reflect a flagship investment by Sida, with long-term engagement focused on a 13 specific aspect of a partner country’s development. The Government of Cambodia and donor community jointly invested nearly $350 million in this program between 1996 and 2010. Sida itself provided approximately $80 million over this period, while also helping to mobilize and coordinate counterpart contributions from more than a dozen bilateral and multilateral development partners as well as the Cambodian Government. This foreign aid program is also unlike many others in that it was successfully transitioned to full country ownership. Between 2011 and 2018, the Cambodian Government allocated roughly $50 million each year— or roughly $400 million to date—to sustain program implementation. In total, the Government of Cambodia and the donor community have invested around $750 million in this program over a twenty-three-year period. Yet a rigorous impact evaluation of this program—with counterfactual evidence of what would have occurred in the absence of the program—has never been published. Cambodia achieved major economic development and poverty reduction gains during the period of program implementation. However, it remains unclear if the scale-up and institutionalization of this program contributed to these socioeconomic gains, or whether these gains were instead driven by other changes. Our evaluation fills this evidence gap. We employ a quasi-experimental panel framework to rigorously estimate the socioeconomic impacts of CSF projects. We rely on variation in the timing of CSF project completion in different villages within each commune to identify these impacts, while accounting for a variety of potential confounds at fine geographic levels. To do so, we construct a primary dataset with yearly treatment and outcome measures between 1992 and 2013 for 1 km square grid cells, using remotely sensed nighttime light output data as a proxy for local economic development. To extend our analysis to additional village-level development outcomes, we use administrative data collected by Cambodia’s Ministry of Planning on an annual basis between 2008 and 2016. We find that the completion of CSF projects significantly increased economic development—as measured by nighttime light 14 output—in surrounding areas. We also find that rural transport projects are the main driver of these results, and that these impacts are particularly large in more densely populated rural areas. These impacts also appear to have grown over time, which suggests that rural road improvements increased not only the level but also the trajectory of economic development. Our analysis also reveals that that CSF projects reduced infant mortality, which indicates the economic development gains resulting from local infrastructure improvements were broadly shared by village residents. Direct program impacts on local governance are significantly more difficult to measure, as there are no reliable measures of village- or commune-level governance that are observed over time at sufficiently frequent intervals. However, there are several data sources that make it possible to evaluate whether pre-existing local governance conditions—and governance interventions undertaken during the early stages of program implementation—have resulted in larger or smaller CSF project impacts. It is important to keep in mind that program implementation took place under a very challenging set of circumstances. As described in a previous Sida evaluation, there was \"a virtual absence of [local] government structures and [a] need to rebuild them from the ground up\" (Blench et al. 2002: 14). Consequently, the architects of the Seila/CSF program placed special emphasis on rebuilding local government legitimacy and capacity through a foundational set of reforms and investments. After working with the Government of Cambodia to establish locally elected CS councils, they invested heavily in building the administrative capacities of individual CS council members. By creating a cadre of local administrators who were capable of addressing local development needs, they hoped to lay the groundwork for a longer-term process of rebuilding the social contract. Our evaluation results clearly indicate that the local capacity of CS councils was a key determinant of successful CSF project implementation. However, we do not find that program impacts were larger in areas where CS councils were more responsive to citizen priorities. Nor do we find larger project impacts in areas with high baseline levels of civic engagement. If anything, we find the 15 opposite to be true. These counterintuitive results call attention to a broader insight that merits consideration in future Sida programming: the importance of designing and sequencing decentralization programs in ways that are realistic and tailored to the local context. ...","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published report","keywords":"Foundation Stone | Infrastructure | Governance | Cambodia","continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Cambodia","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":24,"ID":"20565","Title":"Rural roads and local market development in Vietnam","Authors":"Mu, Ren,van de Walle, Dominique","Publication year":"2011","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220381003599436?needAccess=true","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Development Studies","journal_volume":"47","journal_issue":"5","pages":"709-734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220381003599436","abstract":"We assess impacts of rural road rehabilitation on market development at the commune level in rural Vietnam and examine the geographic, community, and household covariates of impact. Double difference and matching methods are used to address sources of selection bias in identifying impacts. The results point to significant average impacts on the development of local markets. There is also evidence of considerable impact heterogeneity, with a tendency for poorer communes to have higher impacts due to lower levels of initial market development. Yet, some poor areas are also saddled with other attributes that reduce those impacts.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"VIETNAM | Rural Roads | Difference-In- Difference Methodology | Propensity Score Matching (PSM)","continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Vietnam","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":25,"ID":"20441","Title":"Engineering Environmental Resilience: A Matched Cohort Study of the Community Benefits of Trailbridges in Rural Rwanda","Authors":"Thomas, Evan,Bradshaw, Abigail,Mugabo, Lambert,MacDonald, Laura,Brooks, Wyatt,Dickinson, Katherine,Donovan, Kevin","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lbh&AN=20210093377&site=ehost-live","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bridges","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Access to other goods and services|Health access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes|Household welfare and poverty|Employment access and outcomes|Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Science of the Total Environment","journal_volume":"771","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145275","abstract":"Rural isolation can limit access to basic services and income-generating opportunities. Among some communities, rainfall induced flooding can cause increased uncertainty where first-mile transportation infrastructure is limited. In Rwanda, this challenge is apparent, where 90% of the population below the poverty line live in rural areas that are typically mountainous with frequent flooding - events that may be increasing in frequency and severity as the climate changes. To reduce these transportation barriers, the non-profit organization Bridges to Prosperity (B2P) plans to construct hundreds of trailbridges in Rwanda between 2018 and 2023. This scale of rural infrastructure services presents an opportunity for experimental investigation of the effects of these new trailbridges on economic, health, agricultural and education outcomes in rural communities. In this paper, we present a cohort study evaluating the potential community benefits of rural trailbridges - including economic, health and social outcomes for Rwandan communities experiencing environmental change. We examined households living near 12 trailbridge sites and 12 comparison sites over February 2019-March 2020. We found that labor market income increased by 25% attributable to the trailbridges. We did not observe any significant effects on agricultural income, education or health outcomes, however given the small sample and short duration of this study we anticipate observing additional outcomes within the recently started 200 site, 4 year trial.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Trailbridge | RWANDA | Resilience | Environment","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Rwanda","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":26,"ID":"19090","Title":"The Effects of Road Access on Income Generation. Evidence from an Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Cameroon","Authors":"Spey, Ina-Kathrin,Kupsch, Denis,Bobo, Kadiri Serge,Waltert, Matthias,Schwarze, Stefan","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/12/3368","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Sustainability","journal_volume":"11","journal_issue":"12","pages":null,"doi":"10.3390/su11123368","abstract":"Many integrated conservation and development projects use road construction to induce a shift in income activities, since road access can reduce both poverty and environmental degradation. There is, however, little empirical evidence on the effects of road access on income patterns. We contribute to existing literature by analyzing the effects of road access on income activity choice in Korup National Park, Cameroon using a difference-in-difference approach. Road access led to a rise in total household income by 38% due to higher household participation in self-employment and wage labor. We neither found an effect on income from crop farming nor on participation in hunting activities. The effects of road access can be diverse and unforeseeable. Road construction in protected areas should thus be carefully considered and planned and only be implemented when other options are not feasible.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Rural Road | Hunting | INCOME | Difference-in-difference | Impact evaluation | POVERTY","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Cameroon","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":27,"ID":"19038","Title":"The Demand for Mobility: Evidence from an Experiment with Uber Riders","Authors":"Christensen, Peter,Osman, Adam","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3803723","Multi-component intervention":"Yes","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Multi-component law, regulations and policy","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Equity in public transport access and safety|Access to other goods and services|Public transit access and use|Education access and outcomes|Health access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"No DOI","abstract":"Changes in transport costs can affect mobility in ways that differ across the population, affecting the impacts of transport policies. We randomly assign large price reductions on Uber in Egypt over a 3-month period and collect comprehensive data on participant mobility using Google Timeline. A 50% price reduction quadruples Uber usage and induces a 42% increase in total travel. Effects and welfare gains are larger for women, who are less mobile at baseline and perceive public transit as unsafe. The price elasticity of private vehicle kilometers traveled (-1.28) implies that mobility and external costs increase substantially when ride-hailing prices fall.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published report","keywords":"travel demand | travel safety | ride-hailing | mobility on demand","continent":"Middle East and North Africa","country":"Egypt, Arab Rep.","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluation_design":"Experimental","evaluation_method":"Randomised controlled trial","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":28,"ID":"18764","Title":"Effect of Rural Feeder Roads on Income Levels Among Pineapple Producers in Rwanda.","Authors":"Solange, U.,Mulyungi, P.,Wanzala, F.,Eric, N.,Nsengiyumva, A.","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193455059","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q3","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Household welfare and poverty","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology","journal_volume":"6","journal_issue":"8","pages":"389-393","doi":"No DOI","abstract":"Feeder roads play an important role in agricultural development. This aims to evaluate the effects of rural feeder roads on income levels among pineapple producers in Gakenke district, Rwanda. A multi stage sampling techniques were employed. Primary data with help of questionnaire were collected from 178 small holder pineapple growers. Propensity score matching was used estimate the data. The key...","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"rural feeder roads, | benefits, | Propensity Score Matching (PSM) | Gakenke district Rwanda","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Rwanda","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":29,"ID":"21446","Title":"Rural Roads and Intermediated Trade: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from Sierra Leone","Authors":"Casaburi, Lorenzo,Glennerster,Rachel,Suri, Tavneet","Publication year":"2013","URL link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2161643","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Goods and services prices and inflation","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"SSRN Electronic Journal","journal_volume":"2161643","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2161643","abstract":"Using a road-level regression discontinuity design in Sierra Leone, we study the impacts of improvements in rural road infrastructure on crop prices in rural markets. We show that the improved roads reduced market prices of local crops. These price effects are stronger in markets that are further from major urban centers and in less productive areas. In addition, these price effects are reversed in areas with better cell phone penetration. We show that our empirical findings are consistent with a search cost framework a la Mortensen, but inconsistent with other models, such as Bertrand competition, bilateral bargaining, Cournot oligopsony","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Rural Roads | agricultural product markets | Prices | market structure | search frictions","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Sierra Leone","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":30,"ID":"21445","Title":"Do Rural Roads Create Pathways Out of Poverty? Evidence from India","Authors":"Aggarwal, Shilpa","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387818300063","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Goods and services prices and inflation|Education access and outcomes|Employment access and outcomes|Access to other goods and services|Agricultural outcomes|Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_volume":"133","journal_issue":null,"pages":"375-395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.01.004","abstract":"Nearly a third of the world's rural population does not live near a paved road, and it is widely believed that this limits their access to economic opportunities. Using a natural experiment that led to plausibly exogenous variation in the timing and placement of paved roads in Indian villages, this paper provides evidence on the impact of roads on a wide variety of economic outcomes in rural areas. I find evidence consistent with 5 main effects in the village economy. Households in treatment areas report (a) lower prices and (b) increased availability of non-local goods, suggesting greater market integration. Reduced-form evidence suggests that changes in market access caused rural households to (c) increase the use of agricultural technologies, and (d) pull teenaged members out of school to join the labor force. Finally, evidence points to (e) enrollment gains for younger children.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Roads | Market Integration | Technology Adoption | School Enrollments | Consumption variety","continent":"South Asia","country":"India","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":31,"ID":"21362","Title":"Roads and farming: the effect of infrastructure improvement on agricultural intensification in South-Western Kenya","Authors":"Kiprono, Philemon,Matsumoto, Tomoya","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03031853.2018.1518149","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Agrekon","journal_volume":"57","journal_issue":"3-4","pages":"198-220","doi":"10.1080/03031853.2018.1518149","abstract":"Combining new longitudinal and geo-referenced road map data with household panel survey data targeting rural smallholder farmers in South-Western Kenya, we implement a fixed effect (FE) estimation with other controls to assess the causal impact of the change in road access from 2004 to 2012 on the change in farming practices such as hybrid seed adoption, fertiliser intensification, high value crops adoption and market participation for milk and cereals. We construct effective time distance indicators which measures the shortest driving time to the nearest market and nearest large town. We find evidence of diversification into high value crops farming, fertiliser intensification and milk market participation in areas experiencing improved roads. It suggests that the recent road infrastructure investment in South-Western Kenya foster agricultural productivity and market participation by rural smallholder farmers. Also, it implies that the investment has the pro-poor effect since the road improvement occurred in more remote areas. ","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"KENYA | Sub-Saharan Africa | Road access | farm inputs | Smallholders | Productivity | Market Participation","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Kenya","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":32,"ID":"21351","Title":"Access to Modern Markets and the Impacts of Rural Road Rehabilitation: Evidence from Nicaragua","Authors":"Parada, Javier","Publication year":"2017","URL link":"https://arefiles.ucdavis.edu/uploads/filer_public/ee/53/ee53709d-ffae-4b7e-9738-b76f91486d35/parada_jmp.pdf","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Rural roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Goods and services prices and inflation","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"noDOI","abstract":"The rehabilitation of a rural road connecting an isolated coastal area to the city of León in western Nicaragua substantially improved the quality of the road’s surface. As a result, a significant reduction in transportation costs and travel times was expected to improve rural households’ access to modern urban markets. The degree to which the resulting impacts on market prices for locally-produced goods could effectively ameliorate poverty and income inequality in the coast as a consequence of the project will depend on the heterogeneous distribution of the road’s benefits. In the area of influence of the rehabilitated road, where fishing is the main source of income and poverty is either high or severe, it was found that improving the road could have benefited the poorest households by lowering the average cost of a basic basket of goods and by allowing fresh fish caught in the coast to be sold in urban markets.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published report","keywords":"Rural Roads | Transportation | Market Integration","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Nicaragua","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":33,"ID":"16961","Title":"Roads, Exports and Employment: Evidence from a Developing Country","Authors":"Volpe Martincus, Christian,Carballo, Jerónimo,Cusolito, Ana","Publication year":"2017","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387816300803?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"Yes","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Trade and migration","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_volume":"125","journal_issue":null,"pages":"21-39","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.10.002","abstract":"Domestic road programs are often justified on the basis of their presumed positive effects on firms' exports and accordingly on firms' employment. In this paper we evaluate this policy claim for Peru, a developing country whose regions were exposed to an asymmetric infrastructure shock. In so doing, we take advantage of detailed geo-referenced data on firm-level trade for the period 2003-2010 as well as on recent and historical road infrastructure. In particular, to identify the impacts of interest, we first exploit the dimensions of this dataset to account for regional-sectoral and even firm-level confounding factors through extensive sets of fixed effects. In addition, we conduct placebo exercises and carry out instrumental variable estimations whereby we instrument recent changes in the road network with the pre-Columbian Inca road network. Estimates concur in suggesting that improvements in transport infrastructure had a significant positive impact on firms' exports and thereby on firms' job growth.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Transport Infrastructure | Export Growth | Employment | road construction | Firms","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Peru","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Instrumental variable estimation"},{"_id":34,"ID":"16684","Title":"Evaluation of the impact of Bus Rapid Transit on air pollution in Mexico City","Authors":"Bel, Germà,Holst, Maximilian","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967070X17301592","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Transport Policy","journal_volume":"63","journal_issue":null,"pages":"209-220","doi":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.01.001","abstract":"Mexico City's bus rapid transit (BRT) network, Metrobus, was introduced in an attempt to reduce congestion, increase city transport efficiency and cut air polluting emissions. In June 2005, the first BRT line in the metropolitan area began service. We use the differences-in-differences technique to make the first quantitative assessment of the policy impact of a BRT system on air polluting emissions. The air pollutants considered are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter of less than 10 μm (PM10), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The ex-post analysis uses real field data from air quality monitoring stations for periods before and after BRT implementation. Results show that BRT constitutes an effective environmental policy, reducing emissions of CO, NOX, and PM10.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"ENVIRONMENTAL policy | BUS rapid transit | TRANSPORTATION & the environment | Environmental policy evaluation | Public transport | Urban air pollution","continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Mexico","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Regression discontinuity design"},{"_id":35,"ID":"21160","Title":"Trains, Trade, and Transaction Costs: How Does Domestic Trade by Rail Affect Market Prices of Malawi Agricultural Commodities?","Authors":"Zant, Wouter","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048120067&doi=10.1093%2fwber%2flhx011&partnerID=40&md5=882a17c96bfcda0b87888fd0f23596a0","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"The World Bank Economic Review","journal_volume":"32","journal_issue":"2","pages":"334-356","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhx011","abstract":"We measure the impact of low-cost transport by rail in Malawi on the dispersion of agricultural commodity prices across markets by exploiting the quasi-experimental design of the nearly total collapse of domestic transport by rail in January 2003 due to the destruction of a railway bridge at Rivirivi, Balaka. Estimations are based on monthly market prices of four agricultural commodities (maize, groundnuts, rice, and beans) in 27 local markets for the period 1998–2006. Market pairs connected by rail when the railway line was operational are intervention observations. Railway transport services explain a 14 to 17 percent reduction in price dispersion across markets. Geographical reach of trade varies by crop, most likely related to storability and geographical spread of production. Perishability appears to increase impact, reflecting limited scope for arbitrage. Overall, impacts are remarkably similar in size across commodities.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":"Domestic trade | Crop prices | Transaction costs | Rail infrastructure | Malawi | Sub-Saharan Africa","continent":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Malawi","income_level":"Low income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Natural experiment"},{"_id":36,"ID":"33254","Title":"The impact of Integrated Tariff Systems on Public Transport Demand: Evidence from Italy","Authors":"Abrate, Graziano,Piacenza, Massimiliano,Vannoni, Davide","Publication year":"2009","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166046208000689","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Subsidies for public transit","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Travel time, commuting and speed|Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"39","journal_issue":null,"pages":"120-127","doi":"10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.05.014","abstract":"The increasing problems of pollution and traffic congestion require the definition of a model of sustainable mobility - in particular, in large, urban areas. An indirect control on these negative externalities associated with private transport may be pursued by means of policies aimed at improving quality and accessibility of public transit networks. To that end, one popular option is the design of an Integrated Tariff System (ITS): the crucial question remains whether such a policy can be effective in raising the number of public transport users. In this study, we use a twelve-year panel of 69 Italian public transit providers (with or without ITS) and estimate alternative specifications of the demand function. Results show that the impact due to ITS introduction is, on average, moderate. Results also highlight the importance of taking into account the specific features of ITS, such as its validity over an extended network, the availability of a single ticket option, and the application of zonal pricing schemes.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Italy","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":37,"ID":"33253","Title":"Does Taxing TNC Trips Discourage Solo Riders and Increase the Demand for Ride Pooling? A Case Study of Chicago Using Interrupted Time Series and Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling","Authors":"Abkarian, Hoseb,Hedge, Sharika,Mahmassani, Hani, S","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/03611981221098665","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD","journal_volume":"2677","journal_issue":null,"pages":"212-223","doi":"10.1177/03611981221098665","abstract":"This paper studies the tax intervention applied to transportation network company (TNC) trips starting on January 6, 2020 in the City of Chicago. An interrupted time series (ITS) with an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology is employed to infer the causal impact of the intervention on the percentage of shared trips and the counts of shared and private trips. Analysis is conducted at a community area level, either as pickup or drop-off. The results show a significant but small increase in the share of shared trips as well as the count of shared trips, specifically on weekends because of the intervention. Private trips, on the other hand, are found to have decreased on the weekdays, but potentially increased on the weekends. A Bayesian hierarchical model is then employed to combine information across community areas, examine a posteriori if there are significant spatial differences, and estimate the common treatment effect. The analysis suggests minimal spatial differences across community areas. The common treatment effect on weekdays ($1.75 tax difference) is a 3.78 percentage point increase in the share of shared trips, a 27% increase in the count of shared trips, and a 12% decrease in the count of private trips (at an approximate base of 10% market share of shared trips). Thus, the intervention likely shifted demand toward pooled rides, reducing congestion caused by TNCs. However, there is little evidence that this shift is sufficient to offset or reverse the systematic trend of declining use of shared rides.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Interrupted time series analysis","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":38,"ID":"33245","Title":"The effects of ridesourcing services on vehicle ownership: The case of Great Britain","Authors":"Bilgin, Pinar,Mattioli, Giulio,Morgan, Malcolm,Wadud, Zia","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920923000718","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Transportation network companies (ride-sharing firms)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":null,"journal_volume":"117","journal_issue":null,"pages":"1-13","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2023.103674","abstract":"Understanding the impacts of ridesourcing on various transport externalities is an active research area. However, research on relatively long-term impacts such as vehicle ownership is limited and mostly focused on certain geographies. This is the first study that empirically examines the im-pacts of ridesourcing on vehicle ownership in Great Britain. We used vehicle licensing data for local authority districts from 2001 to 2019. We exploit the heterogeneity in entry dates of ride -sourcing and employ the difference-in-differences method. We found that the impacts of the ridesourcing on vehicle numbers are heterogeneous across Great Britain. While the changes in vehicle numbers attributable to ridesourcing availability are not statistically significant in metropolitan districts and urban areas, we find 2.2% and 1.1% reductions in London and rural areas respectively. Our results contribute to future research on the broader impacts of ride -sourcing and can inform research and policy efforts in this area, notably regarding decarbonisation.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":39,"ID":"33244","Title":"Subways, Strikes, and Slowdowns: The Impacts of Public Transit on Traffic Congestion","Authors":"Anderson Michael L","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.104.9.2763","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"American Economic Review","journal_volume":"104","journal_issue":"9","pages":"2763-2796","doi":"10.1257/aer.104.9.2763","abstract":"Public transit accounts for 1 percent of U.S. passenger miles traveled but attracts strong public support. Using a simple choice model, we predict that transit riders are likely to be individuals who commute along routes with severe roadway delays. These individuals' choices thus have high marginal impacts on congestion. We test this prediction with data from a strike in 2003 by Los Angeles transit workers. Estimating a regression discontinuity design, we find that average highway delay increases 47 percent when transit service ceases. We find that the net benefits of transit systems appear to be much larger than previously believed.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":null},{"_id":40,"ID":"33235","Title":"The Train has Left the Station: Do Markets Value Intracity Access to Intercity Rail Connections?","Authors":"Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.","Publication year":"2011","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00521.x","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q3","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"GERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW","journal_volume":"12","journal_issue":"3","pages":"312-335","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00521.x","abstract":"This paper is the first to provide a micro-level analysis of the impact of intercity rail connections on property prices. We use the variation in mainline accessibility provided by the reorganization of the rail system in post-unification Berlin to isolate accessibility effects from correlated individual location effects. Evidence does not support the existence of localized effects on location productivity and household utility. While the city, since unification, has undergone significant changes in its spatial structure, these effects cannot be attributed to the new transport concept. Our findings question the justification for committing substantial public funds to downtown rail redevelopment projects.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Regression discontinuity design"},{"_id":41,"ID":"33234","Title":"Fifty years of urban accessibility: The impact of the urban railway network on the land gradient in Berlin 1890-1936","Authors":"Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.,Wendland, Nicolai","Publication year":"2011","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166046210000736?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Regional Science and Urban Economics","journal_volume":"41","journal_issue":"2","pages":"77-88","doi":"10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.10.001","abstract":"As the first to use an archival data set on historical land values in Berlin. Germany, from 1890 to 1936, we investigate the impact of the rapid transport system on urban decentralization, using comparative statics of classical rent theory as a benchmark. We find that the monocentric model performs well over the entire period studied, revealing gradients that - although diminishing over time - turn out to be relatively steep in international comparison. Travel time to CBD measures incorporating the rapid transport network, however, clearly outperform traditional distance to CBD measures in terms of explanatory power. The evolution of the rapid transit network, and the subsequent changes in travel times to the CBD, explain almost three quarter of the overall trend in decentralization. Endogeneity concerns are addressed in an IV framework using a counterfactual transport network as an instrument. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":42,"ID":"33217","Title":"Causes of Transportation Inequality: The Case of Bike Sharing in the U.S.","Authors":"Jingyun, Chen,Huang, Ling","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213624X24000543?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Subsidies for public transit|Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":"16","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101199","abstract":"The bike-sharing system, as an innovation to solve the first-and-last-mile transportation problem, tends to be disproportionally used much less by lower income users. In this paper, we focus on testing two causes of this inequality: availability of stations and affordability, using a difference-in-difference framework with various treatments. We discovered that stations are more readily available in higher-income areas. However, increasing station availability will not reduce the usage inequality. Instead, we find that equity programs that increase the affordability of low-income users can reduce the usage gap between high and low-income groups. The major findings of this paper suggest that to create a more inclusive and equal urban transportation ecosystem, urban planners, policymakers, and bike-sharing operators need to allocate more resources to support affordability.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":43,"ID":"33216","Title":"Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study","Authors":"Andersson, Julius","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20170144","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Transit affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"American Economic Journal","journal_volume":"11","journal_issue":"4","pages":"1-30","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170144","abstract":"This quasi-experimental study is the first to find a significant causal effect of carbon taxes on emissions, empirically analyzing the implementation of a carbon tax and a value-added tax on transport fuel in Sweden. After implementation, carbon dioxide emissions from transport declined almost 11 percent, with the largest share due to the carbon tax alone, relative to a synthetic control unit constructed from a comparable group of OECD countries. Furthermore, the carbon tax elasticity of demand for gasoline is three times larger than the price elasticity. Policy evaluations of carbon taxes, using price elasticities to simulate emission reductions, may thus significantly underestimate their true effect.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Sweden","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Synthetic control"},{"_id":44,"ID":"33243","Title":"The Impact of Improvement in Public Transportation: Evidence from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area","Authors":"Adachi, Yusuke","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12076-021-00279-0","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"LETTERS IN SPATIAL AND RESOURCE SCIENCES","journal_volume":"14","journal_issue":null,"pages":"287-308","doi":"10.1007/s12076-021-00279-0","abstract":"This study examines the effect of improvement in public transportation on population and employment distribution in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Using an instrumental variable, my analysis reveals two noteworthy features, as follows: (1) capacity expansion by duplex line cause suburbanization of both population and employment, contrarily, new line by construction of train station have only negative effect on both population and employment distribution in suburb area, and no effect on ether population and employment in central city and subcenter. (2) in the central city, employment in insurance and real estate is decreasing, while it is increasing in sales because of capacity expansion.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Japan","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":null},{"_id":45,"ID":"33261","Title":"Adopting Clean Fuels and Technologies on School Buses. Pollution and Health Impacts in Children","Authors":"Adar, Sara D.,D’Souza, Jennifer,Sheppard, Lianne,Kaufman, Joel D.,Hallstrand, Teal S.,Davey, Mark E.,Sullivan, James R.,Jahnke, Jordan,Koenig, Jane,Larson, Timothy V.,Liu, Sally, L. J.","Publication year":"2015","URL link":"https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201410-1924OC","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE","journal_volume":"191","journal_issue":"12","pages":"1413-1421","doi":"10.1164/rccm.201410-1924OC","abstract":"Rationale: More than 25 million American children breathe polluted air on diesel school buses. Emission reduction policies exist, but the health impacts to individual children have not been evaluated. Methods: Using a natural experiment, we characterized the exposures and health of 275 school bus riders before, during, and after the adoption of clean technologies and fuels between 2005 and 2009. Air pollution was measured during 597 trips on 188 school buses. Repeated measures of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), lung function (FEV1, FVC), and absenteeism were also collected monthly (1,768 visits). Mixed-effects models longitudinally related the adoption of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), closed crankcase ventilation systems (CCVs), ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD), or biodiesel with exposures and health. Measurements and Main Results: Fine and ultrafine particle concentrations were 10-50% lower on buses using ULSD, DOCs, and/or CCVs. ULSD adoption was also associated with reduced FENO (-16% [95% confidence interval (CI), -21 to -10%]), greater changes in FVC and FEV1 (0.02 [95% CI, 0.003 to 0.05] and 0.01 [95% CI, -0.006 to 0.03] L/yr, respectively), and lower absenteeism (-8% [95% CI, -16.0 to -0.7%)), with stronger associations among patients with asthma. DOCs, and to a lesser extent CCVs, also were associated with improved FENO, FVC growth, and absenteeism, but these findings were primarily restricted to patients with persistent asthma and were often sensitive to control for ULSD. No health benefits were noted for biodiesel. Extrapolating to the U.S. population, changed fuel/technologies likely reduced absenteeism by more than 14 million/yr. Conclusions: National and local diesel policies appear to have reduced children's exposures and improved health.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":46,"ID":"33260","Title":"End of the line: The Impact of New Suburban Rail Stations on Housing Prices","Authors":"Acuña, Rhea","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/2199","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT AND LAND USE","journal_volume":"16","journal_issue":"1","pages":"67-86","doi":"10.5198/jtlu.2023.2199","abstract":"This study leverages the staggered opening of new Metro stations in a suburb of Washington, DC to estimate the impact of proximity to public rail transit on housing prices. Both hedonic and repeat sales models indicate that housing prices increase as distance increases, suggesting that living near public transportation in Prince George's County is primarily viewed as a disamenity. For properties at one mile from the nearest station, the preferred repeat sales model estimates a marginal price increase of 4.6 percent for a one-mile increase in distance. I argue that the suburban environment may be key in explaining the results. In the suburbs, a greater share of the population relies on automobiles, and rail stations are typically equipped with large parking lots. The suburban environment allows households the opportunity to both benefit from public transportation access and mitigate the negative externalities associated with living right next to the station.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":47,"ID":"33259","Title":"Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Residential Property Values: A Comparative Analysis of 11 US BRT Systems","Authors":"Acton, Blake,Le, Huyen, T.K.,Miller, Harvey, J.","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966692322000473","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY","journal_volume":"100","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103324","abstract":"Bus rapid transit (BRT) is growing in popularity as a lower-cost alternative to light rail transit. Although the impacts of rail transportation on residential property values is well-explored, the impact of BRT on property values remains less well-understood, particularly in the United States where BRT infrastructure is more heterogeneous than the rest of the world. This paper addresses this gap by evaluating and comparing the before-and after effect of 11 BRT systems on nearby property values in ten metropolitan areas across the United States. We used a quasi-experimental approach and hedonic spatial error models with propensity score matching to measure change in residential property transaction prices within walking distance of a BRT station. Overall model results show a mix of appreciation, depreciation, and no change in residential properties value across different BRT systems. Multi-family properties nearby BRTs with on-street dedicated lanes generally experienced the most appreciation while single-family properties around off-street busway systems experienced depreciation. BRT-lite systems without dedicated lanes associate with property appreciation in relatively dense and congested metropolitan areas with developed transit networks and high ridership. Our model results emphasize the ability of BRT to improve transit accessibility in these regions and to provide an attractive alternative to driving. Furthermore, the lack of property appreciation around busways indicates these systems may not provide nearby residents with an amenity bonus greater than its nuisance effects. Our study informs stakeholders and public officials about the broad effects of BRT on land values and invites researchers to continue investigating the role of walkability, nuisance effects, and individual BRT amenities on residential property values.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":48,"ID":"33232","Title":"Minnesota Pay-as-You-Drive Pricing Experiment","Authors":"Abou-Zeld M,Ben-Akiva, Moshe,Tierney, Kevin,Buckeye, Kenneth R.,Buxbaum, Jeffrey N.","Publication year":"2008","URL link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2079-02","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":"2079","pages":"8-14","doi":"10.3141/2079-02","abstract":"The Minnesota Department of Transportation carried out a pay-as-you-drive demonstration simulating the replacement of the fixed costs of vehicle ownership and operation with variable costs that gave drivers explicit price signals about travel decisions and alternatives. The objective was to estimate the reduction in mileage due to the mileage-based pricing scheme. The study consisted of market assessment surveys and a field experiment. The experiment is the focus of this paper. The experimental design divided participants into three groups: a control-only group, a treatment-then-control group, and a control-then-treatment group. Participants in the treatment phase were subjected to per-mile prices, and the mileage of all participants was recorded for the entire study duration. Two types of analyses were conducted. Aggregate analyses using bootstrap methods to determine groupwise changes in mileage showed that participants reduced their mileage when charged on a per-mile basis, with the greatest reduction during the summer period when trips could be more discretionary in nature. In addition, to understand better the variance in mileage sensitivity to per-mile prices, disaggregate analyses were performed by using a matching method that matched members of the treatment group to those of the control group based on the probability of participation in the experiment and their baseline mileage. The resulting percentage change in mileage was regressed against the percentage change in price and lifestyle variables. The price elasticity of peak-period mileage was found to be negative. However, in both aggregate and disaggregate analyses, the price effect was statistically insignificant as a result of the small sample size.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Experimental","evaluation_method":"Randomised controlled trial","additional_method":null},{"_id":49,"ID":"33240","Title":"Evaluation of Automated Speed Enforcement in Montgomery County, Maryland","Authors":"Retting, Richard,Farmer, CHarles,McCartt, Anne","Publication year":"2008","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15389580802221333?casa_token=zDWAknyeoAgAAAAA%3ABic4vxWcDiiC2wo5ZcHJjlcAjE-5sC0aqjG4mxPlTKLtSfr4_cdc4dKDfllSPHxzOYPp4c5UxFCTBA","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban traffic management systems","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Transport safety","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION","journal_volume":"9","journal_issue":"5","pages":"440-445","doi":"10.1080/15389580802221333","abstract":"Objectives. Almost one quarter of speeding-related fatalities occur on streets with speed limits of 35 mph or less. In 2007, Montgomery County, Maryland, implemented the state's first automated speed enforcement program, with camera use limited to residential streets with speeds limits of 35 mph or less and school zones. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate initial effects of camera enforcement on traffic speeds and to assess public attitudes. Methods. Vehicle speeds were measured approximately 6 months before and 6 months after speed cameras were deployed and warning signs were installed. Speed data were collected on a sample of roads with and without camera enforcement in Montgomery County, as well as on a sample of roads in a comparison community that did not have speed cameras. In addition, telephone surveys were conducted in Montgomery County. Results. Relative to speeds of drivers on roads in the comparison community, the proportion of drivers in Montgomery County traveling more than 10 mph above posted speed limits declined by about 70% at locations with both warning signs and speed camera enforcement, 39% at locations with warning signs but no speed cameras, and 16% on residential streets with neither warning signs nor speed cameras. Public opinion surveys found 74% of Montgomery County drivers thought speeding on residential streets was a problem. Six months after enforcement began, 60% of drivers were aware of the camera program and 62% supported it. Conclusions. The camera program was effective at reducing speeding on targeted streets. The finding of speed reductions beyond targeted locations is evidence that highly visible automated enforcement can promote community-wide changes in driver behavior. Although a majority of drivers supported automated speed enforcement, about one third opposed it. Jurisdictions planning to implement speed cameras should draw on international experience to anticipate controversies that generally arise and take steps to address them.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":50,"ID":"33239","Title":"A formal test of the long-term environmental effects of road pricing in Milan","Authors":"Percoco, Marco","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0739885920301499?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"85","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100951","abstract":"Road pricing (the Ecopass) was introduced in Milan in January 2008 with the aim of reducing pollution. The existing literature has argued for a sizeable effect of the charge in reducing pollution in the short term, although long-term effects are less clear. This paper aims to propose a formal test of the impact of the Ecopass in the long term by using a novel methodology which combines regression discontinuity with propensity score matching. Results confirm the poor performance of the policy within 90 days to one year (depending on the pollutant) after introduction.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Italy","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Regression discontinuity design","additional_method":"Statistical matching"},{"_id":51,"ID":"33256","Title":"Assessing the Impact of Express Lanes on Traffic Safety of Freeways","Authors":"Abuzwidah, Muamer,Abdel-Aty, Mohamed","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000145752400263X","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban traffic management systems","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Transport safety","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION","journal_volume":"207","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107718","abstract":"The rise of Express Lanes also known as High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lanes and Managed Lanes, signifies a major leap in traffic management and transportation funding. Despite their increased deployment to ensure reliable travel times through dynamic tolling during peak traffic periods, a comprehensive evaluation of their safety impact is notably lacking. Presently, the Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse, a vital resource, only lists two case studies related to Express Lanes, one of which is our own research. This lack of data highlights the critical need for more extensive studies to thoroughly assess the safety benefits of Express Lanes and to improve their application. This study aims to rigorously evaluate the safety impact of express lanes on freeways, presenting a first-of-its-kind, in-depth analysis of their specific effects on both Express Lanes and General-Purpose Lanes (GP-Lanes) individually. The analysis utilized data from 55 miles of Express Lanes across various locations in Florida, comparing them to High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes. The results demonstrate that converting HOV lanes to Express Lanes or introducing new ones does not compromise overall freeway safety. In fact, safety within Express Lanes improves, as evidenced by a decrease in crash occurrence and Crash Modification Factors for Express lanes, which are below \"1\" across all crash categories. This underscores the effectiveness of Express lanes in enhancing roadway safety. In contrast, incidents in GP-Lanes have increased, indicating a shift of crashes to these lanes, and thus making Express lanes relatively safer. This underlines the importance of continued research into the safety impact of express lanes and calls for further studies to refine traffic management strategies, aiming at enhancing travel efficiency while ensuring traffic safety, especially for the GP-Lanes amid the expansion of express lanes.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Not applicable"},{"_id":52,"ID":"33255","Title":"The Trade-Off Between Work and Education: Evidence from Public Transportation Penetration to Arab Towns in Israel","Authors":"Abu-Qarn, Aamer,Lichtman-Sadot, Shirlee","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pam.22339","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Education access and outcomes|Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT","journal_volume":"41","journal_issue":"1","pages":"193-225","doi":"10.1002/pam.22339","abstract":"Disadvantaged communities are often geographically segregated from employment and higher education opportunities. Increasing access can entail substantial welfare gains, but this can also affect the trade-off faced by young adults between investing in higher education and working for pay. We evaluate the introduction of bus services to Arab towns in Israel, which substantially and differentially increased access either to work only or to work and higher education opportunities among a disadvantaged population. Exploiting the variation that different bus line connections created in the cost of accessing higher education institutions, we find that young adult male responses are consistent with a trade-off between investing in higher education and working for pay. For females, our results are less clear-cut and while there is evidence of responses in terms of the probability of currently studying, we do not observe sufficiently concise labor market responses. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for potential reductions in educational attainment when expanding work opportunities to disadvantaged communities.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Middle East and North Africa","country":"Israel","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":53,"ID":"33581","Title":"Almost Fare Free: Impact of a Cheap Public Transport Ticket on Mobility Patterns and Infrastructure Quality","Authors":"Liebensteiner, Mario,Losert, Jakob,Necker, Sarah,Neumeier, Florian,Paetzold, Jorg,Wichert, Sebastian","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.ifo.de/en/cesifo/publications/2024/working-paper/almost-fare-free-impact-cheap-public-transport-ticket-mobility","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Subsidies for public transit","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use|Public transit access and use|Operational efficiency","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":null,"journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":null,"abstract":"In 2022, Germany introduced a temporary 9-euro monthly ticket for unlimited local and regional public transport. We investigate its impact on mobility patterns, including increased public transport usage, reduced car traffic, and rail network congestion. Using difference-in-difference and event-study analyses with mobile network-based mobility, traffic volume, and rail traffic data, we find limited substitution between transportation modes, a strong increase in leisure train journeys, and notable adverse effects on rail infrastructure quality. These effects dissipate after the ticket's expiration. Our study suggests caution regarding the expected environmental benefits of nearly fare-free 'go-anywhere' public transport tickets, which are discussed in several countries.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":54,"ID":"33580","Title":"Transportation Infrastructure Improvement and Real Estate Value: Impact of Level Crossing Removal Project on Housing Prices","Authors":"Liang, Jian,Koo, Kang Mo,Lee, Chyi Lin","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-020-10157-1","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION","journal_volume":"48","journal_issue":"6","pages":"2969-3011","doi":"10.1007/s11116-020-10157-1","abstract":"This paper studies the impact of removing the level crossing, which constitutes traffic hazard to the society, on house prices by conducting a quasi-natural experiment using the Level Crossing Removal Project (LXRP) implemented by the Victoria state government in Australia since 2015. Using a difference-in-differences method, we analyzed the changes in housing prices due to the improvement of transportation infrastructure, gauging the LXRP's impact on house and unit submarkets separately. We found that the prices for house and unit markets increased significantly after the removal of level crossings, with the value uplift decreasing with distance from the removal site. This paper contributes to the existing literature by adding an empirical study related to the enhancement of infrastructure aiming to improve the traffic safety in the urban context. Unlike previous studies, this study examines the effect of improvement projects for existing infrastructure and provides relevant implications to improve the efficiency of investing public resources in infrastructure improvement.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":55,"ID":"33578","Title":"Does Rail Transit Development Gentrify Neighborhoods? Evidence from Hong Kong","Authors":"Liang, Cong,Huang, Yaoxuan,Yip, Tsz Leung,LI, Victor Jing Li","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856421003098","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability|Inequality and segregation|Employment access and outcomes|Education access and outcomes|Trade and migration","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE","journal_volume":"155","journal_issue":null,"pages":"354-372","doi":"10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.022","abstract":"Transit-induced gentrification is a popular topic of research and a pressing concern worldwide. However, little attention is paid to the connection between rail transit development and the movement of low-income residents. To investigate this important issue, this paper studies the development of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2006, which added three new rail transit lines covering a total length of 65 km. By using census statistics at the district council constituency area (DCCA) level in a difference-in-differences approach, we find that MTR development in Hong Kong between 2002 and 2004 increased the number of advanced degree holders (Bachelor's degree and above) by 10% in the New Territories and 7.81% in the new towns and reduced the number of low-income households by 5.85% in the New Territories and 7.53% in the new towns. To confirm that these socioeconomic changes were driven by in-ternal migration, we further use household-level data from the 5% population censuses in 2001 and 2006 in a multinomial logistic regression. The results indicate that MTR development be-tween 2002 and 2004 was likely to induce high-educated people to move into and low-income households to move out of MTR-served areas. The results show that the New Territories and the new towns in Hong Kong underwent gentrification between 2001 and 2006. We therefore suggest that the Hong Kong government negotiate with MTR Corporation to allocate resources to develop properties for low-income families.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Hong Kong SAR, China","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":56,"ID":"33577","Title":"How Do On-demand Ridesharing Services Affect Traffic Congestion? The Moderating Role of Urban Compactness","Authors":"Li, Ziru,Liang, Chen,Hong, Yili,Zhang, Zhongju","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2838043","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Transportation network companies (ride-sharing firms)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Production and Operations Management","journal_volume":"31","journal_issue":"1","pages":"239-258","doi":"10.1111/poms.13530","abstract":"The role of information technology (IT) in managing operations that support environmentally sustainable growth has been emphasized a lot in operations management and information systems research. In this paper, we study the impact of the IT-based on-demand ridesharing platforms on an important aspect of sustainability-traffic congestion. Our theoretical prediction suggests two countervailing effects from the entry of ridesharing platforms to urban areas: the efficiency-enhancing effect that reduces traffic congestion and the demand-inducing effect that increases traffic congestion. We propose that the impacts of ridesharing services on traffic congestion should vary with urban spatial features. Given the theoretical tension, we investigate the impact of Uber entry on traffic congestion in urban areas of the United States with a focus on the moderating role of urban compactness. Based on a unique dataset that combines multiple archival sources, we empirically examine whether the entry of Uber's on-demand ridesharing service affects traffic congestion by using a difference-in-differences framework. Our empirical evidence indicates that ridesharing services significantly increase traffic congestion in compact areas. Meanwhile, we find some marginal evidence that ridesharing services decrease traffic congestion in sprawling urban areas. The results are robust to a series of additional analyses, including the use of alternative measures, relative time model, entry exogeneity test, and placebo tests. We conclude that the efficiency-enhancing and demand-inducing effects shape traffic congestion and that the net effect varies according to different levels of urban compactness. We provide circumstantial evidence for the underlying mechanisms by analyzing public transit and commuting characteristic data.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":57,"ID":"33576","Title":"Do Ride-Hailing Congestion Fees in NYC Work?","Authors":"Li, Yanchao,Vignon, Daniel","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856424003227?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice","journal_volume":"190","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.tra.2024.104274","abstract":"What is the impact of congestion policies targeting ride-hailing systems? This work empirically evaluates NYC's congestion surcharge policy, particularly in light of the city's forthcoming implementation of congestion pricing. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) framework, our analysis reveals a statistically significant reduction of approximately 11% in overall ride-hailing travel volume following the implementation of the policy. In particular, Lyft experienced a 17% reduction in travel demand while Uber and yellow-cabs experienced reductions of about 9% and 8% respectively. We further elucidate two key mechanisms - travel distance and subway station availability - to explain this reduction. The surcharge policy has a more pronounced impact on shorter trips (with the most significant decline observed in trips less than one mile), and on ride-hailing trips originating from areas with at least one substitute (such as subway or Citi Bike). Furthermore,the policy's effect seems more pronounced in lower-income areas of the city and seems to reduce street-hailing industry revenues by 8%. However, despite these reductions, the policy does not result in a corresponding decrease in traffic congestion. Thus, it seems that the policy results in a net welfare loss for the city, at least in the shorter term. Our findings provide insights for understanding the dynamics of congestion policies focused on the ride-hailing industry, especially as New York City prepares to introduce congestion pricing.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":58,"ID":"33575","Title":"Investigating a Small-Sized Bike-Sharing System's Impact on Transit Usage: a Synthetic Control Analysis in Tucson, Arizona","Authors":"Li, Xiaofeng,Wu, Yao-Jan,Khani, Alireza","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12469-021-00278-w","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Public Transport","journal_volume":"14","journal_issue":"2","pages":"441-458","doi":"10.1007/s12469-021-00278-w","abstract":"The bike-sharing system (BSS) is an emerging travel mode that has attracted increased attention in recent years. One of the most critical reasons for this increased attention is that the BSS claims to solve the first-mile and last-mile problems, and can be used to connect with existing transit. However, some studies suggest that BSSs could compete with transit rather than collaborating. Previous studies only focused on large-sized BSSs, ignoring an analysis of the impact of small-sized BSSs. To fill this gap, this paper conducted a case study to investigate the impacts of introducing a small-sized BSS on transit (including regular bus, express, and streetcar) usage in Tucson, Arizona. All transit routes are categorized into two groups: treated routes with the defined buffer of BSS and control routes without BSS. Then, the synthetic control method (SCM) is employed to provide an unbiased comparison on the average ridership per stop of the treated transit routes. The ridership data and point-of-interest data are collected and used to synthesize virtual treatment transit routes. The results show that a small-sized BSS generally has a slight impact on the ridership of most transit routes because of the limited coverage. However, the streetcar experiences an increase in ridership and increases by 0.55 passengers as a result of 1 BSS trip. Furthermore, the relationship between a small-sized BSS and transit may be also dependent on whether a transit route can access areas having the densest BSS network. These findings suggest that the role of BSSs in an urban transportation system can be controlled by relocating the locations of BSS stations considering the characteristics of transit routes.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Synthetic control","additional_method":null},{"_id":59,"ID":"33573","Title":"Effects of New Transit Lines on Commuting: Evidence from Restricted-Use Census Bureau Microdata","Authors":"Li, Wei,Zhong, Haotian,Boarnet, Marlon","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143622824000079","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Applied Geography","journal_volume":"164","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103202","abstract":"Urban planners face challenges in justifying the behavioral impacts of public transit investments with causal evidence. In this study, we take a cost-effective approach to data collection by utilizing restricted-use Census Bureau microdata that provide rich individual characteristics and fine-geographical-resolution block information, and then construct a natural experiment. We evaluate the impacts of new rail transit lines on commuting behavior in Charlotte (NC), Dallas (TX), and Los Angeles (CA). We find that new transit lines lead to 10%, 6%, and insignificant increases in public transit ridership for Charlotte, Dallas, and Los Angeles, respectively, signaling potentially diminishing marginal returns of public transit investments. Also, we find no significant effects on commuting time across the three cities. This research demonstrates the potential of using Census Bureau microdata to assess the causal impact of urban infrastructure.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":60,"ID":"33572","Title":"Evaluating \"Cash-for-Clunkers\": Program Effects on Auto Sales and the Environment","Authors":"Li, Sahnjun,Linn, Joshua,Spiller, Elisheba","Publication year":"2013","URL link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1594924","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","journal_volume":"65","journal_issue":"2","pages":"175-193","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2012.07.004","abstract":"\"Cash-for-Clunkers\" was a $3 billion program that attempted to stimulate the U.S. economy and improve the environment by encouraging consumers to retire older vehicles and purchase fuel-efficient new vehicles. We investigate the effects of this program on new vehicle sales and the environment. Using Canada as the control group in a difference-in-differences framework, we find that, of the 0.68 million transactions that occurred under the program, the program increased new vehicle sales only by about 0.37 million during July and August of 2009, implying that approximately 45 percent of the spending went to consumers who would have purchased a new vehicle anyway. Our results cannot reject the hypothesis that there is little or no gain in sales beyond 2009. The program will reduce CO2 emissions by only 9-28.2 million tons based on upper and lower bounds of the estimate of the program effect on sales, implying a cost per ton ranging from $92 to $288 even after accounting for reduced criteria pollutants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":61,"ID":"33570","Title":"Effects of the London Cycle Superhighways on the usage of the London Cycle Hire","Authors":"Li, Haojie,Ding, Hongliang,Ren, Gang,Xu, Chengcheng","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856417312569?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Other transport infrastructure access and use|Operational efficiency","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice","journal_volume":"111","journal_issue":null,"pages":"304-315","doi":"10.1016/j.tra.2018.03.020","abstract":"This paper evaluates the effects of the London Cycle Superhighways (CS) on the usage of the London Cycle Hire. A total of 52 km CS routes and 762 cycle hire docking stations are included for a period of 5 years. Covariates such as land use, road network characteristics and socioeconomic information are included in the data set. Transaction records of each docking station are obtained from Transport for London. We first estimate the effect area of the CS routes using a buffer-area based regression. Our results suggest that the effect area of the London Cycle Superhighways is 300 m from either side of the center of the CS routes. Then the propensity score matching methods are applied to select control docking stations and estimate the effects of the CS routes on the cycle hire usage. The results suggest a significant increase of 27.1% in the average ridership for docking stations within the effect area. For trips with both the origin and destination in the effect area, the increase is 73.2%. We also investigate the effects of the cycle superhighways on average travel speed and travel time of cycle hire trips. The travel speed using cycle hires is increased by 1.16 km/h (13.3%), although the effect is insignificant for trips with destinations out of the effect area. The cycle superhighways also significantly reduced the travel time by 11%. The results show no significant effects on the travel distance due to data restriction.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":null},{"_id":62,"ID":"33569","Title":"The Impacts of Public Transportation Development on Gentrification and Poverty in Hong Kong Neighbourhoods (2006-2021)","Authors":"Leung, Ka Man,Choy, Lennon Hung Tat","Publication year":"2025","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275124006814?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Household welfare and poverty|Inequality and segregation|Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Cities","journal_volume":"157","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105467","abstract":"This study examines gentrification situation and changes in the number of poor households in Hong Kong from 2006 to 2021 with data from three census time points. It examines key neighbourhood characteristics and the impacts of recent public transportation development, focusing on both lower-income neighbourhoods and the whole territory. The findings reveal that lower-income Tertiary Planning Units (TPUs) with lower tenant proportions and new Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations were more vulnerable to gentrification. There was a negative correlation between household income and the likelihood of losing poor households. At the territory level, the impact of new MTR stations on gentrification was less significant, indicating greater resilience of the households. Additionally, TPUs with larger proportions of older adults had higher likelihood to experience a loss of poor households. Using difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, improved accessibility from MTR extensions is found to be positively correlated with changes in the proportions of poor households in the TPUs. The results provide valuable insights for designing targeted social welfare, housing and community policies.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Hong Kong SAR, China","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":63,"ID":"33567","Title":"Impact Of Ride-Hailing Services on Transportation Mode Choices: Evidence from Traffic and Transit Ridership 1","Authors":"Lee, Kyunghee,Jin, Qianran (Jenny),Animesh, Animesh,Ramaprasad, Jui","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3244207","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Transportation network companies (ride-sharing firms)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Public transit access and use|Rail services access and use|Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"MIS QUARTERLY","journal_volume":"46","journal_issue":"4","pages":"1875-1900","doi":"10.25300/MISQ/2022/15707","abstract":"The rise of technology-enabled ride-hailing services has affected individuals' transportation-related decisions. The impact of these ride-hailing services likely varies across traveler segments that differ in their usage of various modes of transportation. In this paper, we develop and leverage a framework that allows us to examine the impact of ride-hailing services on the transportation mode choice for three traveler segments: drivers (who primarily use a personal automobile to travel), riders (who primarily use public transit to travel), and walkers (who primarily use non-motorized modes of transport). We first develop a framework outlining how the behavior of different traveler segments would be impacted by the introduction of ride-hailing services and show how this affects traffic congestion and public transportation ridership. To test the framework, we compiled a rich dataset, combining data on public transportation ridership, traffic congestion, and individual transportation mode choice. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, we show that the Uber entry in a market enabled those who were walkers and riders prior to the entry of Uber to travel more conveniently, leading to an increase in traffic congestion, and induced those who were drivers to substitute their use of private automobiles with a combination of Uber and public transit. We introduced urban compactness to assess the heterogeneous impact of ride-hailing services for cities that differ in their distribution of traveler segments. We found that Uber entry increases traffic congestion and reduces public transit demand more in cities with higher levels of urban compactness, i.e., where the proportion of riders and walkers is higher than that of drivers. This work provides a holistic framework to understand the mechanism underlying the impact of ride-hailing services on public transit and traffic congestion. Urban planners and policy makers can leverage our framework, methodology, and empirical results to guide city planning decisions that have implications for sustainability.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":64,"ID":"33565","Title":"Identification of the Geographical Extent of an Area Benefiting from a Transportation Project: A Generalized Synthetic Control","Authors":"Kunimi, Takara,Seya, Hajime","Publication year":"2021","URL link":null,"Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Rail services access and use|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT AND LAND USE","journal_volume":"14","journal_issue":"1","pages":"25-45","doi":"10.5198/jtlu.2021.1784","abstract":"In evaluating the benefits of an infrastructure project, it is essential to consider who is benefiting from the project and where benefits are located. However, there is no established way to accurately determine the latter. To fill this methodological gap, this study proposes an approach for the ex-post identification of the geographical extent of an area benefiting from a transportation project based on a generalized synthetic control method. Specifically, it allows comparing multiple treatment units with their counterfactuals in a single run-changes in land prices (actual outcome) at each treated site are compared to the counterfactual outcome, and the individual (i.e., unit-level) treatment effect on the treated site is then estimated. This approach is empirically applied to a large-scale Japanese heavy railway, the Tsukuba Express line project. Our approach enables the detection of 1) the complicated spatial shape of benefit incidence; 2) negative spillovers; and 3) the increase in options (train routes), typically not considered in a benefit evaluation system based on the hedonic approach, but which can be capitalized into land prices.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Japan","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Synthetic control","additional_method":null},{"_id":65,"ID":"33564","Title":"Railway Expansions and Human Capital Growth: A 20-Year Causal Analysis in Tokyo","Authors":"Kumagai, Junya,Yoo, Sunbin,Managi, Shunsuke","Publication year":"2025","URL link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386111009_Railway_Expansions_and_Human_Capital_Growth_A_20-Year_Causal_Analysis_in_Tokyo","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Education access and outcomes|Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Transport Geography","journal_volume":"123","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.104076","abstract":"Our study uncovers the causal link between railway expansions in Tokyo and a significant increase in the number of university graduates and high-skilled workers, with the effects being notably more pronounced in areas initially having lower proportions of those groups. We examine the mechanisms behind this phenomenon by (1) demonstrating how railway expansions attract university graduates and high-skilled workers by reducing commute costs, (2) improve access to universities, and (3) boost railway ridership. Our analysis employs both a difference-in-differences framework and a market access approach to separately evaluate the gentrification near new stations and the dispersion of human capital driven by enhanced network connectivity. The results reveal that university graduate rates and skilled worker rates rise by an average of 2.5 % and 1.4%, respectively, due to improved connectivity. These findings underscore the value of railway expansion in fostering human capital development and provide critical insights for urban planners, policymakers, and transportation authorities, emphasizing the need to align transportation development with strategies for equitable urban growth.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Japan","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":66,"ID":"33559","Title":"Short and Mid-Term Effect of the Streetcar on Vehicle-Vehicle (and Vehicle-Pedestrian) Crash Rate on the Adjacent Street","Authors":"Kim, Junsik,Ewing, Reid,Yang, Woookjae,Kalantari, Hannaneh A.","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213624X24001172?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes|Transport safety|Travel time, commuting and speed","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY","journal_volume":"17","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101262","abstract":"Introduction: Introducing new public transit systems impacts the surrounding built environment, and changes in the built environment can affect travel behavior. Prior research has yet to thoroughly conduct a comprehensive exploration of the influence of new investments in public modes of transit, particularly streetcars, on motor vehicle crashes occurring on adjoining streets, considering other related factors. In particular, the difference between short-term and mid-term impacts of streetcars considering initial break-in periods has yet to be thoroughly conducted. This study focuses on the short-term and mid-term effects of the streetcar on total, injury, and pedestrian-involved vehicle crash rates on the adjacent street, considering traffic volume, traffic speeds, and traffic conflicts (transit ridership, pedestrian volume, and traffic policy). Data & Method: This paper used the Utah Department of Transportation's (UDOT) crash count, annual average daily traffic (AADT), iPeMS data, Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) ridership, manually calculated pedestrian volume from Google Street View, and conducted interviews with UDOT's experts. In the method, we used three quasi-experimental research designs: (1) before-after without a control group, (2) interrupted time series, and (3) before-after with a control group. In addition, to identify the cause of this impact, we examined multiple dimensions, including traffic volume, traffic speeds, transit ridership, pedestrian volume, and adjustments in traffic policy changes. Results: As a result, the establishment of the S-Line streetcar eventually led to a significant decrease in total (short: 11 %, mid:-15 %), injury (short:-9%, mid:-41 %), and pedestrian-involved (short:-25%, mid:-43 %) crash rates on the adjacent street, especially after the streetcar was fully established (3 years after). In particular, injury and pedestrian-involved crash rates decreased significantly. Also, we found that increased drivers' awareness and vitality of the street due to the increased transit ridership (short: 43 %, mid: 50 %), increased pedestrian volume (short: 35 %, mid: 75 %), and improvement of traffic signal on the adjacent street can be the main causes. Practical Applications: The outcomes of this study are considered to help establish short-term and mid-term traffic policies that consider public transit improvements such as streetcars.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Interrupted time series analysis","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":67,"ID":"33557","Title":"An Ex-Ante Evaluation of the French Car Feebate","Authors":"Kessler, Louise,Morviller, Florian,Perrier, Quentin,Rucheton, Keyvan","Publication year":"2023","URL link":null,"Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Energy Policy","journal_volume":"173","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113335","abstract":"France has a National Low-Carbon Strategy (NLCS), which outlines expected emissions reductions in each sector, and for new vehicles in particular. However, despite the introduction of a feebate on cars in 2008, emissions of new cars have repeatedly exceeded government targets. This highlights the need for tools to estimate ex ante the impact of the feebate on new vehicle emissions.In this paper, we develop an econometric model to estimate the impact of the government's planned feebate on vehicle sales, based on a new dataset of vehicle sales from 2014 to 2019.According to our results, the government's feebate rate currently projected until 2025 is not compatible with the emission reduction targets set in the national strategy. The government's rate would only reduce emissions by 14.1% by 2025, while the emissions reduction calculated from the NLCS data is around 28% over the period.A major overhaul of the scale would therefore be necessary to achieve the climate objectives of the French roadmap. In this paper we present two alternative scale proposals for the period 2022-2025, which would lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from new vehicles, in line with NLCS based reduction estimates.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"France","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":68,"ID":"33550","Title":"Railroads and Growth in Prussia","Authors":"Hornung, Erik","Publication year":"2015","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeea.12123?msockid=032b86e1add7614622cf9706acfb60ad","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of the European Economic Association","journal_volume":"13","journal_issue":"4","pages":"699-736","doi":"10.1111/jeea.12123","abstract":"We study the effect of railroad access on urban population growth. Using GIS techniques, we match triennial population data for roughly 1,000 cities in 19th-century Prussia to georeferenced maps of the German railroad network. We find positive short- and long-term effects of having a station on urban growth for different periods during 1840-1871. Causal effects of (potentially endogenous) railroad access on city growth are identified using propensity score matching, instrumental variables, and fixed-effects estimation techniques. Our instrument identifies exogenous variation in railroad access by constructing straight-line corridors between nodes. Counterfactual models using pre-railroad growth yield no evidence to support the hypothesis that railroads appeared as a consequence of a previous growth spurt.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":69,"ID":"33549","Title":"House Prices and Accessibility: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in Transport Infrastructure","Authors":"Hoogendoorn, Sander,van Gemeren, Joost,Verstraten, Paul,Folmer, Kees","Publication year":"2019","URL link":null,"Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Tunnels","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Economic Geography","journal_volume":"19","journal_issue":"1","pages":"57-87","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbx027","abstract":"This article studies the impact of accessibility on house prices based on a novel quasi-experiment in the Netherlands: the Westerscheldetunnel. We exploit the fact that the opening of the tunnel caused a major shift in accessibility for people and firms in the connected regions. Our results indicate that the accessibility elasticity of house prices is 0.8. We also find support for the idea of anticipation: about half of the accessibility effect already materializes more than 1 year before the opening of the tunnel. Finally, our analyses suggest that the impact of accessibility differs substantially across regions.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Netherlands","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":70,"ID":"33547","Title":"Roadway Construction as a Natural Experiment to Examine Air Pollution Impacts on Infant Health","Authors":"Hill, Elaine,Harlem, Max,Harris, Lena,Sventek, Grace,Ritz, Beate,Campbell, Erin,Willis, Mary,Hystad, Perry","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935124006923","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Health access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH","journal_volume":"252","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2024.118788","abstract":"Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) poses a significant public health risk that is associated with adverse birth outcomes. Large roadway infrastructure projects present a natural experiment to examine how resulting congestion change is associated with adverse birth outcomes for nearby populations. This study is designed to examine the influence of living close to a roadway before, during, and after a construction project using a difference-in-differences design. We integrated data on all large roadway construction projects (defined as widening of existing roads, building new roads, improving bridges, installing intelligent transportation systems, improving intersections, and installing or upgrading traffic signals) in Texas from 2007 to 2016 with Vital Statistic data for all births with residential addresses within 1 km of construction projects. Our outcomes included term low birth weight, term birth weight, preterm birth, and very preterm birth. Using a difference-indifferences design, we included births within 3 years of construction start and 2 years of construction end. In our main model, the exposed group is limited to pregnant individuals residing within 300 m of a construction project, and the control group includes those living within 300-1000 m from a project. We used regression models to estimate the influence of construction on infant health. We included 1,360 large roadway construction projects linked to 408,979 births. During construction, we found that the odds of term low birth weight increased by 19% (95% CI: 1.05, 1.36). However, we saw little evidence of an association for other birth outcomes. Contrary to our hypothesis of decreased TRAP after construction ends, we did not observe consistent improvements postconstruction for pregnant individuals living within 300 m. Continued consideration of the influence of traffic congestion programs on birth outcomes is necessary to inform future policy decisions.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":71,"ID":"33544","Title":"Transit Access and Neighborhood Segregation. Evidence from the Dallas Light Rail System","Authors":"Heikmann, Kilian","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046218301066?casa_token=EuqKaQnlyJYAAAAA:skaRvDEVtt2SoqXhRDJCC05Dv92BwD9yw6_0U2u_tMBpwzZKkxUuemKTDWYLI-GkkDq0wNjjWhk","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"73","journal_issue":null,"pages":"237-250","doi":"10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.10.007","abstract":"I study the effect of transit access on neighborhood incomes by exploiting a quasi-experimental setting of an extensively planned, but only partially built urban rail system in Dallas. I show that neighborhood income in census tracts that received rail access increases compared to neighborhoods that were promised to receive access, but did not due to funding cuts. The treatment effect is positively correlated with initial neighborhood income and negative for the poorest tracts. This reconciles gentrification and \"poverty magnet\" effects of rail infrastructure found in the earlier literature and highlights the role of transit as a potential incubator for income segregation.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":72,"ID":"33543","Title":"The Effects of Highways on School Segregation","Authors":"Heidt, Philip,Kasim, Taha","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056819023011156","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Inequality and segregation","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE","journal_volume":"99","journal_issue":"5","pages":"1261-+","doi":"10.1111/pirs.12535","abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of interstate highway building on school segregation in US cities. The simple ordinary least squares (OLS) model might suffer from endogeneity bias and therefore an instrumental variables (IV) model is employed to account for endogeneity of highway routes. Dissimilarity and interaction indices are used to measure segregation and the results of the OLS and IV models indicate that school segregation increased due to the additions to the highway system. The estimates suggest that highways can explain 7-10% of the variation in school segregation.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":null},{"_id":73,"ID":"33542","Title":"Consumer Tax Credits for EVs: Some Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Consumer Demand, Product Substitution, and Carbon Emissions","Authors":"He, Cheng,Ozturk, O. Cem,Gu, Chris,Chintagunta, Pradeep K.","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4781","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"MANAGEMENT SCIENCE","journal_volume":"69","journal_issue":"12","pages":"7759-7783","doi":"10.1287/mnsc.2023.4781","abstract":"Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars on monetary incentives for consumers to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly (\"green\") products. However, there is little consensus on the effectiveness of delayed monetary incentives with complex structures, such as tax credits in increasing green product adoption and reducing carbon emissions. The literature is also limited on the mechanisms through which monetary incentives work in general. We address these issues by studying the impact of tax credit incentives on green and nongreen vehicle sales in the U.S. auto industry. A tax credit incentive could boost green vehicle sales through cost savings on the vehicle's price. However, the incentive may prove ineffective because of important barriers to adoption (e.g., long charging times for electric cars). To measure the sales and emissions impacts of tax credits, we study incentive changes in South Carolina and Oregon via various quasi-experimental approaches and assess the generalizability of our key findings to Colorado. Unlike recent studies showing an insignificant or negative correlation between tax credits and electric vehicle adoption, our analyses show that unit sales of incentivized plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) increase by an average of 3.7% (up to 52.7% in some counties) following a $2,000 incentive. In contrast, PHEV sales remain unchanged after the incentive's termination, implying a positive net sales effect. We also explore the underlying mechanisms for the incentive's impact by examining various purchase funnel stages. In the awareness stage, the incentive's positive effect on PHEV demand peaks around the consumers' tax filing period. As for the consideration stage, our analyses of online consumer search indicate that the incentive does not expand the consumer pool considering PHEVs. In the conversion stage, the incentive generates more sales for PHEVs in counties where (i) consumers are more likely to have PHEVs in their consideration sets regardless of the incentive (i.e., Democratic counties) and (ii) consumers value cost-saving more (i.e., counties with lower middle income). Also, the heightened demand for PHEVs following the incentive stems from the substitution from gasoline vehicles with high fuel efficiency. We estimate the average cost of reducing carbon emissions through tax credits to be $109 per ton, which is less expensive than tax rebates for conventional hybrids and subsidies for residential solar panels.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":74,"ID":"33541","Title":"A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of the Impact of Bike-Sharing Stations on Micro-Level Robbery Occurrence","Authors":"Haberman, Cory P.,Clutter, Jeffrey E.,Henderson, Samantha","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-017-9312-4","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Crime and citizen security","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY","journal_volume":"14","journal_issue":"2","pages":"227-240","doi":"10.1007/s11292-017-9312-4","abstract":"To examine if the implementation of bike-sharing stations is linked to robbery occurrence in micro-level street corner units in Cincinnati, OH, USA. Propensity score matching was used to select comparison street corner units. The effect of bike-sharing station implementation on robbery occurrence across weekly, biweekly, and monthly observations was estimated using repeated measures multi-level logistic regression models. Bike-sharing stations did not statistically significantly link to robbery occurrence in immediate or nearby street corner units after implementation. Numerous explanations consistent with Crime Pattern Theory may explain the null effect of bike-sharing stations on robbery occurrence. Future research should continue to examine how changes in the urban backcloth, such as bike-sharing stations, impact geographic crime patterns.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":null},{"_id":75,"ID":"33540","Title":"Effectiveness and Heterogeneous Effects of Purchase Grants for Electric Vehicles","Authors":"Haan, Peter,Santonja, Adrián,Zaklan, Aleksandar","Publication year":"2025","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640-024-00929-z","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"88","journal_issue":"1","pages":"185-223","doi":"10.1007/s10640-024-00929-z","abstract":"We evaluate German purchase subsidies for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) using data on new vehicle registrations in Germany during 2015-2022. We account for confounding time trends and interacting EU-level  standards using neighboring countries as a control group. We find that 40% of BEV and 25% of PHEV registrations were subsidy-induced. The program had strong distributional effects, with greater uptake in wealthier and greener counties. We estimate implied abatement costs of 870 euro per ton of  for BEVs and 2,470 euro for PHEVs, suggesting that policy makers should re-balance support schemes away from PHEVs.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Synthetic control","additional_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)"},{"_id":76,"ID":"33539","Title":"A Bump in the Road: Speed Bumps' Impact on Property Values","Authors":"Graham, John Edward,Jones, Adam Talbot","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.emerald.com/ijhma/article-abstract/12/1/43/121171/A-bump-in-the-road-speed-bumps-impact-on-property?redirectedFrom=fulltext","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOUSING MARKETS AND ANALYSIS","journal_volume":"12","journal_issue":"1","pages":"43-58","doi":"10.1108/IJHMA-10-2017-0091","abstract":"Purpose - Speed bumps invite varied responses from homeowners, drivers and policymakers. Parents of small children like speed bumps, if they slow the passing traffic, but prospective home buyers may reject a home with a speed bump nearby, contemplating the traversal of it thousand times during an ownership period. The purpose of this study is to empirically identify the effect of speed bumps on home values. Design/methodology/approach -Analysis presented here is based on an examination of home sales prices and exploits variation in the number of speed bumps traversed and the installation of speed bumps to identify the effect of speed bumps on home values. An anonymous online survey is also used to shed light on drivers of the empirical results. Findings -Initial results exploiting variation in the number of bumps traversed suggest speed bumps are associated with reduced residential property values. An estimated treatment effect of speed bump installation underscores the original findings. Finally, survey results imply that older homeowners and homeowners with children may favor speed bumps but less than the disfavor of those who do not. Research limitations/implications -The research presented here applies to speed bumps in residential areas and on streets not considered through streets. Practical implications -The findings suggest that planners should investigate options such as medians and roundabouts instead of speed bumps. Social implications -These results suggest that communities can be visually improved and home values lifted through the removal of speed bumps and installation of other traffic control devices. Originality/value -This research is valuable to residential developers, planners and neighborhood associations across the country.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":77,"ID":"33538","Title":"Quantifying Causal Effects of Road Network Capacity Expansions on Traffic Volume and Density via a Mixed Model Propensity Score Estimator","Authors":"Graham, Daniel J.,McCoy, Emma J.,Stephens, David A.","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.2014.956871","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION","journal_volume":"109","journal_issue":"508","pages":"1440-1449","doi":"10.1080/01621459.2014.956871","abstract":"Road network capacity expansions are frequently proposed as solutions to urban traffic congestion but are controversial because it is thought that they can directly induce growth in traffic volumes. This article quantifies causal effects of road network capacity expansions on aggregate urban traffic volume and density in U.S. cities using a mixed model propensity score (PS) estimator. The motivation for this approach is that we seek to estimate a dose-response relationship between capacity and volume but suspect confounding from both observed and unobserved characteristics. Analytical results and simulations show that a longitudinal mixed model PS approach can be used to adjust effectively for time-invariant unobserved confounding via random effects (RE). Our empirical results indicate that network capacity expansions can cause substantial increases in aggregate urban traffic volumes such that even major capacity increases can actually lead to little or no reduction in network traffic densities. This result has important implications for optimal urban transportation strategies. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Statistical matching","additional_method":null},{"_id":78,"ID":"33537","Title":"Early Railways and Industrial Development: Local Evidence from Sardinia in 1871-1911","Authors":"Gragnolati, Ugo M.,Moretti, Luigi,Ricciuti, Roberto","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1410/108524","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Other","journal_volume":"39","journal_issue":"3","pages":"331-68","doi":"10.1410/108524","abstract":"During the second half of the 19th century, railroads developed worldwide and were regarded as carriers of modernity that could expand market potential and favor the transition from an agricultural economy toward an industrial one. Did railways actually have medium-run effects on the industrial sector? We bring new evidence by looking at the case of Sardinia. According to our estimates, those municipalities that received a railway station during the 19th century displayed higher industrial employment by 1911, specifically in subsectors such as foodstuff and metal processing. These effects stem primarily from locations having direct access to the primary railway lines with standard gauge rails. The present results are robust to a large set of control variables and district fixed effects, as well as to the use of an instrumental variable based on least-cost paths. Other sectors, such as minerals and construction, textiles, chemicals and extractive are not at the core of our analyses as, in 1911, they were present only in less than twenty percent of Sardinian municipalities.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Italy","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":null},{"_id":79,"ID":"33536","Title":"New Walking and Cycling Routes and Increased Physical Activity: One- and 2-Year Findings From the UK iConnect Study","Authors":"Goodman, Anna,Sahlqvist, Shannon,Ogilvie, David","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302059","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use|Time used in other activities","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH","journal_volume":"104","journal_issue":"9","pages":"E38-E46","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.2014.302059","abstract":"Objectives. We evaluated the effects of providing new high-quality, traffic-free routes for walking and cycling on overall levels of walking, cycling, and physical activity. Methods. 1796 adult residents in 3 UK municipalities completed postal questionnaires at baseline (2010) and 1-year follow-up (2011), after the construction of the new infrastructure. 1465 adults completed questionnaires at baseline and 2-year follow-up (2012). Transport network distance from home to infrastructure defined intervention exposure and provided a basis for controlled comparisons. Results. Living nearer the infrastructure did not predict changes in activity levels at 1-year follow-up but did predict increases in activity at 2 years relative to those living farther away (15.3 additional minutes/week walking and cycling per km nearer; 12.5 additional minutes/week of total physical activity). The effects were larger among participants with no car. Conclusions. These new local routes may mainly have displaced walking or cycling trips in the short term but generated new trips in the longer term, particularly among those unable to access more distant destinations by car. These findings support the potential for walking and cycling infrastructure to promote physical activity.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":80,"ID":"33535","Title":"JUE Insight: Efficiency of Bus Priority Infrastructure","Authors":"González, Felipe,Silva, Hugo E.","Publication year":"2025","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119025000166?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Travel time, commuting and speed|Public transit access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"146","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103751","abstract":"We use bus GPS data across 500 routes to estimate the impact of priority infrastructure on buses' speed and ridership in Chile. Almost 100 million bus trips allow us to leverage within-route variation in the proportion of the route in which buses travel along bus lanes or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors. Corridors increase bus speeds by 20% at peak hours. Bus lanes, often seen as an equally effective but cheaper alternative to a BRT corridor, are, on average, ineffective. However, bus lanes achieve the same travel time savings as BRT corridors only when fully isolated from private vehicles, coupled with monitoring cameras and enforcement.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Chile","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":81,"ID":"33533","Title":"TEN-T corridors - Stairway to heaven or highway to hell?","Authors":"Goldmann, Kathrin,Wessel, Jan","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856420305656?casa_token=C85iUgt9n3AAAAAA:phhid8L3pSVuiqRIUVYTubbOGfo64uTtHie8VYaXXs4kXgfBhClNZkmzA5D9a9XQPrhNbV7D-e8","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Multi-component intervention category","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE","journal_volume":"137","journal_issue":null,"pages":"240-258","doi":"10.1016/j.tra.2020.04.010","abstract":"The European Union coordinates and co-finances supra-national transport infrastructure investments in the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), which consists of road, rail, airport, and port infrastructure. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to quantify the direct and indirect economic growth effects of newly created TEN-T core corridor roads in Eastern European countries. Both the panel data and the spatial analyses show that regional GDP growth at the NUTS3 level is between 0.5 and 2.0 percentage points higher, if a region has direct access to a newly built road. The analyses with a Durbin model (SDM) show that the new construction of a TEN-T core road also causes positive spillover effects on other regions that have direct access to the corridor network, as well as on regions that are not directly connected to the corridors. The results thus indicate that the TEN-T policy, which aims to alleviate transport bottlenecks, can increase cohesion between central and peripheral regions and consequently enhance regional welfare in Eastern Europe.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Multi-country","income_level":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":82,"ID":"33532","Title":"Using Regional Archived Multimodal Transportation System Data for Policy Analysis: A Case Study of the LA Metro Expo Line","Authors":"Giuliano, Genevieve,Chakrabarti, Sandip,Rhoads, Mohja","Publication year":"2016","URL link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0739456X15604444","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Public transit access and use|Travel time, commuting and speed","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF PLANNING EDUCATION AND RESEARCH","journal_volume":"36","journal_issue":"2","pages":"195-209","doi":"10.1177/0739456X15604444","abstract":"Development of a comprehensive historical archive of regional real-time multimodal multiagency transportation system data makes possible more detailed study of impacts of major transport investments on travel and system performance. We illustrate with a case study of a new light rail transit line. We use transit, freeway, and arterial data of high spatial and temporal resolution to examine transportation system performance impacts of the Exposition (Expo) light rail line (Phase 1) in Los Angeles. Using a quasi-experimental research design, we explore the impact of the Expo Line on transit ridership, freeway traffic, and arterial traffic within the corridor it serves. Our results suggest a net increase in transit ridership, but few effects on roadway traffic system performance. Given the latent travel demand in this heavily congested corridor, results are consistent with expectations. The benefits of rail transit investments are in increasing transit accessibility and person throughput within high-demand corridors; effects on roadway traffic are small and localized.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":83,"ID":"33531","Title":"The Local Impact of Containerization","Authors":"Brooks, Leah,Gendron-Carrier, Nicolas,Rua, Gisela","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009411902100070X?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Ports","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Urban Economics","journal_volume":"126","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2021.103388","abstract":"We investigate how containerization impacts local economic activity. Containerization is premised on a simple insight: packaging goods for waterborne trade into a standardized container makes them cheaper to move. We use a novel cost-shifter instrument—port depth pre-containerization—to contend with the non-random adoption of containerization by ports. Container ships sit much deeper in the water than their predecessors, making initially deep ports cheaper to containerize. We find that counties near containerized ports grew twice as rapidly as other coastal port counties between 1950 and 2010 because of containerization. Gains are concentrated in areas with initially low land values","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Instrumental variable estimation"},{"_id":84,"ID":"33530","Title":"Suburbanization and Highways in Spain When the Romans and the Bourbons Still Shape Its Cities","Authors":"Garcia-Lopez, Miquel Ángel,Holl, Adelheid,Viladecans-Marsal, Elisabet","Publication year":"2015","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119014000953?via%3Dihub#bfn2","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"Journal of Urban Economics","journal_volume":"85","journal_issue":null,"pages":"52-67","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2014.11.002","abstract":"We estimate the effects of highways on the suburbanization of Spanish cities. Based on Spain's historical roads--the almost 2000 years old Roman roads and the 1760 Bourbon roads--we rely on an instrumental variables (IV) strategy because of the endogeneity of highway provision. Our results show that, first, each highway emanating from central cities caused an 8-9% decline in central city population between 1960 and 2011. Second, each highway ray fostered a 20% population growth in the suburbs, in particular in suburban municipalities where ramps were located. Finally, we confirm the increasing role of highways on shaping urban form: each additional kilometer closer to the nearest highway ramp increased municipal density growth by an 8%.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Spain","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":null},{"_id":85,"ID":"33528","Title":"Social Benefits and Private Costs of Driving Restriction Policies: The Impact of Madrid Central on Congestion, Pollution, and Consumer Spending","Authors":"Galdon-Sanches, Jose Enrique,Gil, Ricard,Holub, Felix,Uriz-Uharte, Guillermo","Publication year":"2023","URL link":"https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/21/3/1227/6779684","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Circulation restrictions, non-price based","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Air pollution and greenhouse gases|Private vehicle use|Travel time, commuting and speed|Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION","journal_volume":"21","journal_issue":"3","pages":"1227-1267","doi":"10.1093/jeea/jvac064","abstract":"Low Emission Zones are defined areas within a city where driving restrictions are introduced with the aim to reduce pollution, but they may also unintentionally distort consumer spending decisions. By increasing transportation costs to ban-affected areas, driving restrictions could discourage spending in stores of those areas. This paper empirically evaluates the effects of a driving restriction regulation in Madrid, Spain, known as Madrid Central. First, using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find an immediate decrease of 19% in pollution and of 16% in congestion with pollution dropping further once fines were levied. Second, we rely on credit card transaction data to show consumers affected by the regulation reduced their brick-and-mortar spending in the regulated area by 21%. Finally, because affected consumers partially substitute their consumption spending from brick-and-mortar to online shopping, we find suggestive evidence that e-commerce may smooth the impact of changes in transportation costs due to environmental regulations.","open_access":null,"publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Spain","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Synthetic control"},{"_id":86,"ID":"33526","Title":"Build It and They Will Cycle: Causal Evidence From the Downtown Vancouver Comox Greenway","Authors":"Frank, Lawrence D.,Hong, Andy,Ngo, Victor Douglas","Publication year":"2021","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X21000366?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORT POLICY","journal_volume":"105","journal_issue":null,"pages":"1-11","doi":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.02.003","abstract":"This study evaluated changes in cycling trips before and after the construction of an urban greenway in Vancouver, Canada. Urban cycling has gained in popularity as a healthy and environmentally friendly mode of transport. Carsharing is also on the rise globally, and it has the potential to disrupt urban mobility, including cycling and public transit. In this study, we hypothesized that cycling trips will increase after the opening of the greenway for residents living within 300 meters of the greenway compared to those living further away. We also posited that carsharing membership would have a positive impact on cycling uptake. Data were drawn from a three-year natural experiment study (2012?2015) of the Comox-Helmcken Greenway (?Comox Greenway?) in Vancouver. An experimental-and-control design was employed to compare pre-post differences in cycling trips for residents within 300 m of the greenway (experimental group, n = 239) and those further away (control group, n = 285). The opening of the greenway resulted in a 251% increase in cycling trips for the experimental group compared to the control group. Ethnically white subjects reported 130% more cycling trips than non-white subjects, and those aged 65 and older reported 79% fewer cycling trips than younger age cohorts. Carshare membership reduced the number of cycling trips after the greenway opening. Results suggest that greenways could be an effective strategy to boost urban cycling, and that carsharing programs may have a countervailing effect on cycling. The findings support recent initiatives to reappropriate road space in urban areas for cycling and walking due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":87,"ID":"33525","Title":"Competitive Pressure and Technology Adoption: Evidence from a Policy Reform in Western Canada","Authors":"Ferguson, Shon M.,Olfert, M. Rose","Publication year":"2016","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1093/ajae/aav018?casa_token=rYUccWNMydAAAAAA%3ApQk5YbGEOLwh6xI9quRijMDlSh6HjjSol93G4tfI8cvUfxH2sk3t93dVo7qwp0q13MNE_XjrXZOWaQ","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Agricultural outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"98","journal_issue":"2","pages":"422-446","doi":"10.1093/ajae/aav018","abstract":"We estimate the impact that removing a railway transportation subsidy has on the adoption of production technology for Western Canadian farms by using a unique combination of census and freight rate data. We exploit the large regional variation in these one-time freight rate increases to identify causal effects of increased competitive pressure. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that higher freight rates-and hence lower farm gate prices-induced farmers to adopt new, more efficient production technology. We also find that farmers experiencing the greatest transportation cost increases also increased their fertilizer usage and made significant land use changes.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":88,"ID":"33524","Title":"Quasi-Experimental Study of Traffic Calming Measures in New York City","Authors":"Ewing, Reid,Chen, Li,Chen, Cynthia","Publication year":"2013","URL link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2364-04?casa_token=SOb1uBaprKkAAAAA:ri1F2bbERltvQMY-yeNWwT6ryDNdIBgzjBFup1HRwWMDpZPjmjqnI54SvLk0V4Myuwfc6FwFFFs","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Transport safety","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":"2364","pages":"29-35","doi":"10.3141/2364-04","abstract":"This paper provides a large-scale, rigorous evaluation of traffic calming projects in one U.S. city. The study area is New York City, which treated 391 streets with speed tables between 1996 and 2003. On the basis of crash frequencies for 5 years before treatment and 5 years after for treated streets and well-matched comparison streets, no evidence emerged that New York City's ambitious traffic calming program has led to a reduction in total crashes, pedestrian crashes, or injury crashes. This is in contrast to earlier, less carefully controlled evaluations that have reported significant reductions in crashes with traffic calming.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":89,"ID":"33523","Title":"Assessing the Property Value and Tax Revenue Impacts of SunRail Stations in Orlando, Florida","Authors":"Duncan, Michael,Horner, Mark W.,Chapin, Tim,Crute, Jeremy,Finch, Kayla,Sharmin, Nusrat,McClellan, Kaleb,Williams, Andrew,Riemondy, Alex,Stansbury, Chris","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X19300689?casa_token=g4k8O03HnpQAAAAA:-rCHNC5roR4y0B2GdW3kPgZZ-ZX2tf9P619a0KFx_Izig1c24eXE5c7PyL81K4pzyFekWR0K","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability|Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY","journal_volume":"8","journal_issue":"1","pages":"1-11","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2020.01.005","abstract":"Community support for public transit could come more easily if transit systems demonstrate positive fiscal impacts beyond those achieved through fare box returns. Transit systems have the potential to generate additional public revenues through catalyzing development around transit stations, yielding increased property values and property taxes. This paper provides an assessment of the property value changes and development impacts that have occurred around the SunRail commuter rail system since the locations of the stations were announced in 2007. We estimate tax revenue impacts resulting from property value changes around each station. The findings show that tax revenue impacts have been highly variable across the system, with some stations having experienced modest to substantial value increases, while others have remained stagnant. However, SunRail stations generally outperformed their control areas that were identified as part of this study. SunRail investments appear to have catalyzed new development around stations and yielded measurable (re)development benefits in the form of property tax increases from new transit-oriented developments.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":90,"ID":"33520","Title":"Providing the Spark: Impact of Financial Incentives on Battery Electric Vehicle Adoption","Authors":"Clinton, Bentley C.,Steinberg, Daniel C.","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0095069618303115","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT","journal_volume":"98","journal_issue":null,"pages":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102255","abstract":"To overcome adoption barriers and promote battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an energy efficient consumer transportation option, a number of states offer subsidies to consumers for BEVs. We use a national data set of vehicle registrations and state-level financial incentives to assess the impact of vehicle purchase subsidies on adoption using both differencein-differences and synthetic controls methods. We find that incentives offered as direct purchase rebates generate increased levels of new BEV registrations at a rate of approximately 8 percent per thousand dollars of incentive offered. Between 2011 and 2015, vehicle rebate incentives are associated with an increase in overall BEV registrations of approximately 11 percent. Our findings indicate incentives offered as state income tax credits do not have a statistically significant effect on BEV adoptions, though we caution this may be a result of limited temporal variation in BEV incentives across our sample. Responses to rebate incentives do not differ significantly by the make of the vehicle purchased (i.e., Tesla and non-Tesla vehicles). We combine our results with recent assessments of marginal environmental costs of electric vehicle charging and measure net welfare effects of BEV subsidy programs. Our analysis indicates these programs are not welfare-improving if only considering benefits associated with avoided emissions. Additional benefits associated with long-term market growth, production cost savings, network externalities, or accelerated innovation could substantially impact the net welfare outcomes. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Synthetic control"},{"_id":91,"ID":"33518","Title":"Evaluating the Causal Economic Impacts of Transport Investments: Evidence from the Madrid-Barcelona High Speed Rail Corridor","Authors":"Carbo, Jose M.,Graham, Daniel J.,Anupriya,Casas, Daniel,Melo, Patricia C.","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02664763.2018.1558188?casa_token=rh8lLBRDX0sAAAAA%3AxOhwROsGvKZjrrvUT-NO2PnSy7eY4WVW0eASsttQ8Qhgl8b7EzfaFHNE0jPM6a0y6-1dy7CKnwfS","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Railways and intermunicipal trains","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS","journal_volume":"46","journal_issue":"9","pages":"1714-1723","doi":"10.1080/02664763.2018.1558188","abstract":"This paper evaluates economic impacts arising from the introduction of high-speed rail (HSR) between Madrid and Barcelona. Using difference-in-differences estimation we estimate an average treatment effect for provinces with stops on the HSR line of 2.4% for economic output, 3.3% for numbers of firms, and 1.1% for labour productivity. We complement our DID results with a synthetic control analysis for Lleida and Tarragona, two provinces that we argue were assigned HSR stations largely due to their incidental location. We find that both the number of firms and labour productivity are substantially higher in these provinces than in their synthetic counterparts.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Spain","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":"Synthetic control"},{"_id":92,"ID":"33517","Title":"Do Light Rail Transit Investments Increase Employment Opportunities? The Case of Charlotte, North Carolina","Authors":"Canales, Kristine Laura,Nilsson, Isabelle,Delmelle, Elizabeth","Publication year":"2019","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1757780223003451","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"REGIONAL SCIENCE POLICY AND PRACTICE","journal_volume":"11","journal_issue":"1","pages":"189-203","doi":"10.1111/rsp3.12184","abstract":"This paper examines whether rail transit stations tend to increase employment opportunities in nearby neighbourhoods and whether rail transit tends to be placed in neighbourhoods which connects to higher-wage jobs. The results show no significant relative increase in the level of employment in neighbourhoods near rail stations post opening of the first light rail line in Charlotte, NC. However, the line connects to areas with significantly higher shares of high-wage workers and industries. While creating accessibility to higher-skilled jobs may result in greater economic impacts, it may conflict with goals of increasing employment opportunities for transit dependent, lower-wage workers.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":93,"ID":"33516","Title":"Freeway Revolts! The Quality of Life Effects of Highways","Authors":"Brinkman, Jeffrey,Lin, Jeffrey","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-abstract/106/5/1268/113170/Freeway-Revolts-The-Quality-of-Life-Effects-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban roads|Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Economic activity|Employment access and outcomes|Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS","journal_volume":"106","journal_issue":"5","pages":"1268-1284","doi":"10.1162/rest_a_01244","abstract":"Why do freeways affect spatial structure? We identify and quantify the local disamenity effects of freeways. Freeways cause slower growth in central neighborhoods (where local disamenities exceed regional accessibility benefits) compared with outlying neighborhoods (where access benefits exceed disamenities). A quantitative model calibrated to Chicago attributes one-third of the effect of freeways on central-city decline to reduced quality of life. Barrier effects are a major factor in the disamenity value of a freeway. Local disamenities from freeways, as opposed to their regional accessibility benefits, had large effects on the spatial structure of cities, suburbanization, and welfare.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Instrumental variable estimation","additional_method":null},{"_id":94,"ID":"33509","Title":"Safety Evaluation of Hybrid Main-Line Toll Plazas","Authors":"Abuzwidah, Muamer,Abdel-Aty, Mohamed,Ahmed, Mohamed M.","Publication year":"2014","URL link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2435-07","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q2","Intervention 1":"Price-based traffic restrictions and tolls","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Transport safety","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD","journal_volume":null,"journal_issue":"2435","pages":"53-60","doi":"10.3141/2435-07","abstract":"Traditional main-line toll plazas on expressways may have both safety and operational challenges. Although many studies have demonstrated the operational and environmental impacts of conversion from traditional toll plazas to a barrier-free system (open road tolling), research that quantifies the safety benefits of new tolling systems is lacking. This study evaluated the safety effectiveness of the conversion from a traditional main-line toll plaza design to a hybrid main-line toll plaza (HMTP) system. An HMTP system combines both open road tolling on the main line and separate traditional toll collection to the side. Various observational before-after studies were applied on 98 main-line toll plazas (two directions) located on approximately 750 mi of toll roads in Florida; 30 of these were upgraded to the HMTP system. The multivariate empirical Bayes method produced the best crash modification factors with low standard errors, and its results indicated that the conversion from traditional main-line toll plaza to HMTP showed an average crash reduction of 47%, 46%, and 54% for total crashes, fatal and injury crashes, and property-damage-only crashes, respectively. The use of an HMTP system also significantly reduced rear-end crashes and lane-change-related crashes by an average of 65% and 55%, respectively. The use of the HMTP system was proved to be an excellent solution to several traffic operations, environmental, and economic problems. The results of this study proved that the safety effectiveness was significantly improved across all locations that were upgraded to an HMTP system.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":95,"ID":"33490","Title":"Announcement, Construction or Delivery: When Does Value Uplift Occur for Residential Properties? Evidence from the Gold Coast Light Rail System in Australia","Authors":"Yen, Barbara T.H.,Mulley, Corinne,Shearer, Heather,Burke, Matthew","Publication year":"2018","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837717308840?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"LAND USE POLICY","journal_volume":"73","journal_issue":null,"pages":"412-422","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.007","abstract":"This paper examines the timing of the increases in land value on residential housing following the delivery of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system in the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. This paper thus addresses one of the most pertinent questions for policy and practice around the timing, shape and conditions for increases in land value or value uplift. Increasingly governments face funding constraints in the implementation of new infrastructure and so are keen to understand if capturing this land value uplift is a practical proposition to augment or provide funding for new transport infrastructure. This in turn depends on knowing how much uplift is generated, when it occurs, the size of the catchment effect, and the contours of the effects with increasing distance from the public transport facility. This paper uses a Difference-in-Differences model to show differences in impacts for properties, as measured by property prices, in catchment areas versus those in control areas across time. The results show property prices in the catchment areas start to increase after announcement with the highest increment of increase being found after solid financial commitment is made by government. Property prices then slow during construction and the operation period. These results provide an evidence base for operators, planners and government sectors in their planning for future LRT systems and for quantifying the potential funding that can be achieved through capturing the increases in land value.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":96,"ID":"33489","Title":"Free Wheel, Free Will! The Effects of Bikeshare Systems on Urban Commuting Patterns in the US","Authors":"Xu, Dafeng","Publication year":"2020","URL link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.22216","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility: infrastructure","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Public transit access and use|Private vehicle use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT","journal_volume":"39","journal_issue":"3","pages":"664-685","doi":"10.1002/pam.22216","abstract":"Urban bikeshare systems have become increasingly popular in the U.S. in recent years. In this paper, I examine the effects of bikeshare systems on patterns of commuting to and from work in U.S. cities. To study this, I link cities across 2008 through 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) data and estimate the effects of bikeshare systems using both individual-level ACS records and city panel data. Event-study estimates suggest that bikeshare systems lead to a rise in bicycle commuting to and from work, and the effects of bikeshare systems are statistically and economically significant. I also find evidence of modal shifts after the introduction of bikeshare systems: While bicycle commuting rates increase, there is a decline in automobile commuting to and from work.","open_access":"no","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":97,"ID":"33486","Title":"Will Temporarily Free Bike Sharing Change Transport Behavior Forever? Evidence From a Free Rides' Promotion on Trip Demand","Authors":"Weschke, Jan","Publication year":"2024","URL link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-024-10537-x#citeas","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Active mobility (pedestrian, bicycles, etc.)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Other transport infrastructure access and use","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORTATION","journal_volume":"999","journal_issue":"999","pages":"999","doi":"10.1007/s11116-024-10537-x","abstract":"The relation between price and transport demand is one of the main aspects of transport mode choice. While price elasticities are well known for conventional transport modes like driving or public transport, only few studies exist dealing with fares and prices for rather new (shared) modes like bike sharing. In particular, hardly no evidence is available on the impact of the usage fee on trip demand for urban bike share systems. Therefore, the present paper develops an empirical approach to estimate the impact of a temporarily introduced 30-day free bike share rides promotion in Boston, MA in summer 2022. Based on daily trip data of bike sharing systems in Boston, MA and Washington, D.C., a difference-in-differences model is estimated to analyze the impact of the free fare. Results show that trip demand rise by up to 55% due to the waived usage fee during the time of the promotion. Furthermore, model results reveal that trip demand stays at a 20% increased level even three months after the end of the fare free program.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":98,"ID":"33485","Title":"The Wider Local Impacts of New Roads: A Case Study of 10 Projects","Authors":"Welde, Morten,Tveter, Eivind","Publication year":"2022","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X21003334?via%3Dihub","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Highways and national roads","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Employment access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"TRANSPORT POLICY","journal_volume":"115","journal_issue":"999","pages":"164-180","doi":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.11.012","abstract":"This paper investigates the impacts of road investments in secondary markets, which the authors label wider local impacts. The impacts are studied using four indicators: commuting, population, new firms, and employment. We use the synthetic control method to study the counterfactual problem, namely what would have happened if a given project had not been realised. The method is used to compare municipalities that had been given a new road with municipalities that had not had a new road. The study sample consists of ten road projects that opened for traffic between 2000 and 2010 and the impacts of the projects are examined at municipal level. The results do not provide a clear answer as to whether road projects are a suitable tool for fulfilling political objectives of improving the local economy. Apart from possibly one exception, none of the projects scored positively on all indicators. We identify several examples of significant negative impacts as a result of road investments, and conclude that although the impacts have been positive in many areas, there is no evidence that road investments are generally a potent tool for achieving positive wider local impacts.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Norway","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":99,"ID":"33483","Title":"Is the Light Rail \"Tide\" Lifting Property Values? Evidence from Hampton Roads, VA","Authors":"Wagner, Gary,Komarek, Timothy,Martin, Julia","Publication year":"2017","URL link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166046216303349","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"Cost information (program costs and/or cost per participant)","Journal Rank":"Q1","Intervention 1":"Urban trains (subways, passenger trains, LRT, metros)","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Land, housing, and rent prices and affordability","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS","journal_volume":"65","journal_issue":null,"pages":"25-37","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.03.008","abstract":"In this paper we examine the effect of light rail transit on the residential real estate market in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Norfolk's Tide light rail began operations in August of 2011 and has experienced disappointing levels of ridership compared to other light rail systems. We estimate the effect of the Tide using a difference-in-differences model and consider several outcome variables for the residential housing market, including sale price, sale-list price spread and the time-on-market. Our identification strategy exploits a proposed rail line in neighboring Virginia Beach, Virginia that was rejected by a referendum in 1999. Overall, the results show negative consequences from the constructed light rail line. Properties within 1500 meters experienced a decline in sale price of nearly 8%, while the sale-list price spread declined by approximately 2%. Our results highlight the potential negative effects of light rail when potential accessibility benefits do not out weigh apparent local costs.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Journal article","keywords":null,"continent":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null},{"_id":100,"ID":"33481","Title":"Can a Low Emission Zone Improve Academic Performance? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in the City of Madrid","Authors":"Valdés, MT,Espadafor, MC,Keivabu, RC","Publication year":"2025","URL link":"https://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/publications_databases_6118/publications_1904/mpidr_working_papers/can_a_low_emission_zone_improve_academic_performance_evidence_from_a_natural_experiment_in_the_city_of_madrid_7959","Multi-component intervention":"No","Study type":"Impact evaluation","IDB study":"No","Cost information":"None","Journal Rank":"Not indexed / Other (grey literature, working papers, dissertations, reports)","Intervention 1":"Low-emission mobility:  policy and regulations","Intervention 2":null,"Intervention 3":null,"Outcome 1":"Education access and outcomes","Outcome 2":null,"Outcome 3":null,"language":"English","journal":"not applicable","journal_volume":"999","journal_issue":"WP-2023-048","pages":null,"doi":"10.1007/s11111-025-00477-8","abstract":"In the last decades, various policies have been implemented to reduce air pollution exposure and improve public health outcomes. Among these, low emission zones (LEZs) have been shown to effectively enhance air quality and health outcomes. However, their potential positive externalities on other outcomes, such as academic performance, remain largely unexplored. This study examines the LEZ introduced in the city of Madrid in late 2018 and investigates its impact on the academic performance of students schooled in the designated area. Using a difference-in-differences design, we demonstrate the policy's effectiveness in improving air quality during its first 4 years. Subsequently, we find a significant increase of 0.20 standard deviations in the average EvAU scores (a high-stakes examination for university admission) among high schools located within the LEZ, a critical advantage for students seeking entry into the most competitive university programmes. Notably, our findings reveal positive spillover effects in the surroundings of the LEZ area and a greater improvement with longer and earlier exposure to cleaner air. Overall, this study offers compelling evidence of the educational benefits resulting from the implementation of a low emission zone that successfully improves air quality.","open_access":"yes","publication_type":"Published working paper","keywords":null,"continent":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Spain","income_level":"High income","evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental","evaluation_method":"Fixed effects (incl. DiD)","additional_method":null}], "fields": [{"id": "_id", "type": "int"}, {"id": "ID", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Title", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Authors", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Publication year", "type": "text"}, {"id": "URL link", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Multi-component intervention", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Study type", "type": "text"}, {"id": "IDB study", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Cost information", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Journal Rank", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Intervention 1", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Intervention 2", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Intervention 3", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Outcome 1", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Outcome 2", "type": "text"}, {"id": "Outcome 3", "type": "text"}, {"id": "language", "type": "text"}, {"id": "journal", "type": "text"}, {"id": "journal_volume", "type": "text"}, {"id": "journal_issue", "type": "text"}, {"id": "pages", "type": "text"}, {"id": "doi", "type": "text"}, {"id": "abstract", "type": "text"}, {"id": "open_access", "type": "text"}, {"id": "publication_type", "type": "text"}, {"id": "keywords", "type": "text"}, {"id": "continent", "type": "text"}, {"id": "country", "type": "text"}, {"id": "income_level", "type": "text"}, {"id": "evaluation_design", "type": "text"}, {"id": "evaluation_method", "type": "text"}, {"id": "additional_method", "type": "text"}], "_links": {"start": "/api/action/datastore_search?resource_id=bf27869b-cb8a-4f46-b42f-fac184ba2a8b", "next": "/api/action/datastore_search?resource_id=bf27869b-cb8a-4f46-b42f-fac184ba2a8b&offset=100"}, "last_id": 1, "total": 669, "total_was_estimated": true}}