1. Access to Telephone Services and Income in Poor Rural Areas Using a Quasi-natural Experiment for Peru
Economica, Alberto Chong, Virgilio Galdo, Maximo Torero, 2008*
Tags: Peru, Income
Abstract We take advantage of a quasi-natural experiment in Peru in which a privatized telecommunications company was required by the government to randomly install and operate public pay phones in small rural towns throughout the country. Using an especially designed household survey for a representative sample of rural towns, we are able to link access to telephone services with household income. We find that, regardless of income measurement, most characteristics of public telephone use are positively linked with income. Remarkably, the benefits are given at both non-farm and farm income levels. The findings hold when using propensity score matching methods.
2. Active Labour Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta-Analysis
Card, D., Kluve, J. and Weber, A. 2010. "Active Labour Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta-Analysis". The Economic Journal, 120: F452-F477
Tags: Policy, Global, Employment Services‎
Abstract This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent microeconometric evaluations of active labor market policies. Our sample consists of 199 program estimates drawn from 97 studies conducted between 1995 and 2007. In about one-half of these cases we have both a shortterm impact estimate (for a one-year post-program horizon) and a medium-term estimate (two-year horizon). We characterize the program estimates according to the type and duration of the program, the characteristics of the participants, and the evaluation methodology. Heterogeneity in all three dimensions affects the likelihood that an impact estimate is significantly positive, significantly negative, or statistically insignificant. Comparing program types, subsidized public sector employment programs have the least favorable impact estimates. Job search assistance programs have relatively favorable short-run impacts, whereas classroom and on-the-job training programs tend to show better outcomes in the medium-run than the short-run. Programs for youths are less likely to yield positive impacts than untargeted programs, but there are no large or systematic differences by gender. Methodologically, we find that the outcome variable used to measure program effectiveness matters. Evaluations based on registered unemployment durations are more likely to show favorable short-term impacts. Controlling for the outcome measure, and the type of program and participants, we find that experimental and non-experimental studies have similar fractions of significant negative and significant positive impact estimates, suggesting that the research designs used in recent non-experimental evaluations are unbiased.
3. Adjusting to Skill Shortages: Complexity and Consequences
IZA, Joshua Healy, Kostas Mavromaras, Peter Sloane, 2011
 Tags: Global, Training
Abstract Skill shortages are often portrayed as a major problem for the economies of many countries including the Australian economy. Yet, there is surprisingly little evidence about their prevalence, causes and consequences. This paper attempts to improve our understanding about these issues by using econometric methods to analyse the Business Longitudinal Database, an Australian panel data-set with information about skill shortages in small- and medium-sized businesses during 2004/05. We use this information to: (1) explore the incidence of skill shortages and the business attributes that are associated with them; (2) identify which businesses face more complex skill shortages, as measured by the number of different causes reported simultaneously; and, uniquely, (3) examine how this complexity affects businesses' responses to skill shortages and aspects of their subsequent performance. We show that complex skill shortages are more likely than simpler (single-cause) skill shortages ! to persist and to trigger defensive responses from businesses. We reject the conception of skill shortages as a homogenous phenomenon, and demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between skill shortages according to whether they have simple or complex causes.‎
4. Agricultura y empleo rural agropecuario en Bolivia: consecuencias del control de precios en el sector agropecuario
Universidad de Chile, Diego Vera, 2011
 Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Markets‎
Abstract Los controles de precios son medidas que pueden afectar considerablemente a los sectores sujetos a dichas polıticas. Mediante un modelo de equilibrio general dinamico estocastico con dos tipos de agentes: campesinos y citadinos, calibrado para Bolivia, se muestra que ante caidas en la productividad del sector agropecuario, el empleo rural agropecuario y la produccion agropecuaria se ven mermadas cuando existen controles de precios. Ası mismo mejoras de productividad en el sector rural no agropecuario representan menores ganancias con precios fijos en relacion a un mecanismo que permita que los precios se ajusten. En una simulacion de las polıticas realizadas en 2009 en Bolivia se encuentra que estas generan desequilibrios en los mercados provocando escasez de los productos agropecuarios en magnitudes considerables.‎
5. Agriculture, Diffusion and Development: Ripple Effects of the Neolithic Revolution
Economica, Louis Putterman, 2008* ‎
Tags: Global
Abstract Are the effects of the Neolithic revolution still impacting on incomes across the world today? I find strong support for this proposition using new, country-specific estimates of the timing of the agricultural transition and provide evidence that the differences are due to how technological diffusion is accounted for. A correction for world migrations since 1500 significantly improves the fit. Transition year also helps to explain income in 1500 itself, and an alternative measure of pre-modern development, state history, has similar ability to predict income in 1500 and 1997.
6. Algunas consideraciones para el uso de indicadores en el estudio de la estructura de mercados
UDAPE Bolivia, 1996
Tags: Bolivia
Abstract La estructura de los mercados adquiere importancia particularmente cuando se trata de estudiar las limitantes que impiden una mayor competencia en los mismos. El interés común apunta justamente a una mayor competencia que se refleje en mayores niveles de bienestar para el conjunto de la sociedad; en este propósito el gobierno tiene su rol como agente regulador de aquellos mercados imperfectos. Las empresas deben asumir que el mejoramiento de los grados de productividad y eficiencia son los mejores argumentos para competir y el consumidor confronta precios y calidad de los bienes y servicios ofertados en los distintos mercados antes de tomar una decisión.
7. Analisis del Mercado Laboral: El desempleo en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2009 ‎
    Tags:  Gender&Diversity, Bolivia‎
8. Analysis of Poverty and Inequality in Bolivia, 1999-2005: A Microsimulation Approach
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Claudia Gutierrez, 2008
Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income
Abstract This paper studies the changes in inequality and poverty in the period 1999-2005 in Bolivia through the analysis of the changes in the labour market. A decomposition method based on micro-simulation techniques was applied. The decomposition works with an income generation model at the household level, which is a set of equations for the individual earnings and for the labour supply and occupational choices for each member of the household. We decomposed the observed change in inequality into four components: i) a shift in the income distribution related to a change in employment rates and the shares of wage and non-wage labour among the employed population (participation effect); ii) a shift related to changes in the remuneration of observed characteristics of the employed population (price effect); iii) a shift related to a change in the distribution of error terms of estimated earnings functions (error term effect); and iv) a residual change in inequality not captured by the first three simulated changes in the income distribution. According to our results the increase in inequality of 3 points of the Gini coefficient, was explained by approximately 1 point for the participation, price and error term effects and 2 points for the residual change. The increase in the unemployment rate, the shift in the participation of the non wage earners, the rise in wages and the more unequal distribution of unobserved productive talents deteriorated the income distribution in this period in Bolivia. Regarding the poverty incidence, the observed variation was a reduction by 3 points explained mainly by the residual change. The low magnitude of the simulated effects as determinants of the decline in poverty in those years can be explained by the rising participation of the non labour incomes in the total household income.
9. An empirical study of the determinants of self-employment in developing countries 
Journal of International Development, Carlo Pietrobelli, Roberta Rabellotti and Matteo Aquilina, 2004*
Tags: Global, Informality
Abstract Official statistics record a tremendous diversity in the level and dynamics of the self-employment rate across countries. Such diversity is even more pronounced for developing countries than for industrial countries. In these countries, self-employment figures may represent evidence of the spark of an emerging entrepreneurial class still in its infant stages, or conceal marginal urban manufacturing employment at the mere level of subsistence and disguising actual unemployment in years of economic depression. This paper documents this diversity for developing and developed countries with new empirical evidence, and tests the determinants of this diversity with econometric techniques. Estimates are presented on a sample of 64 developing countries and 19 developed countries in a period from the 1960s through the 1990s.
The results generally confirm a negative association between the rate of self-employment and the stage of development: self-employment would tend to disappear with the development process. However, we present evidence suggesting that in some cases self-employment is also related to high value-added manufactured exports, representing a dynamic and emerging form of entrepreneurship. To this aim, self-employment would not be motivated by the desire to evade taxes, but rather an active role of the government may enhance it. The relationships with the development of the financial sector, educational levels, and other cultural factors tend to vary.
10. Are Export Promotion and Trade Liberalization Good for Latin American Poor?
Development Policy Review, Enrique Ganuza, Samuel Morley, Valeria Piñeiro, Sherman Robinson and Rob Vos, 2005*‎
Tags: Policy, Latin America, Income, Markets‎
Abstract This article reports on a project for 16 Latin American countries, primarily carried out by in-country teams, that used country-specific but relatively standard CGE models linked to household microsimulation models to assess the impact of trade liberalisation, exchange-rate manipulation, capital inflows, and terms-of-trade changes on output, employment and poverty. The results indicate that, almost everywhere, liberalization increased output, reduced poverty, and had positive effects on employment or wages. Rising skilled-unskilled wage gaps in some countries led to increased income inequality. In most countries, alternative liberalization scenarios had similar positive effects. Skill differentials, however, rise in some countries and fall in others, depending on the export structure. Finally, capital inflows were expansionary and reduced poverty.
11.  Aspects of outreach: a framework for discussion of the social benefits of microfinance 
Journal of International Development, Volume 14, Issue 5, July 2002, Pages: 591-603, Mark Schreiner*‎
Tags: Global, Bolivia, Credit
Abstract Wide agreement about the goal of microfinance-to improve the welfare of the poor-has not led to wide agreement about how best to achieve that goal. To aid discussion, I propose a framework for outreach-the social benefits of microfinance-in terms of six aspects: worth, cost, depth, breadth, length, and scope. The framework encompasses both the poverty approach to microfinance and the self-sustainability approach. The poverty approach assumes that great depth of outreach can compensate for narrow breadth, short length, and limited scope. The self-sustainability approach assumes that wide breadth, long length, and ample scope can compensate for shallow depth. I show how to use the framework for BancoSol of Bolivia.
12. A time series analysis of real wages, consumption, and asset returns
Journal of Applied Econometrics, Thomas F. Cooley, Masao Ogaki, 1996
Tags: Global, Policy, Income, Markets‎
Abstract This paper re-examines whether the time series properties of aggregate consumption, real wages, and asset returns can be explained by a neoclassical model.  Previous emprirical rejections of the model have suggested that the optimal labour contract model might be appropriate for understanding the time series properties of the real wage rate and consumption.  We exploit this long-run restriction (cointegration restriction) for estimating tand testing the model, usinig Ogaki and Park's cointegration approach.  This long-run restriction involves a parameter that we call the long-run intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES) for non-durable consumption but does not involve the IES for leisure.  This allows us to estimate the long-run IES for non-durable consumption from a cointegrating regression.  Tests of the null of cointegration do not reject our model.  As a further analysis, our estimates of the long-run IES for non-durable consumption are used to estimate the discount factor and a coefficient of time-nonseparability using Hansen's (1982) Generalized Method of Moments.  We form a specification test for our model a la Hausman (1987) from these two steps.  This specification test does not reject our model.
13. Banking on women's labour: Responsibility, risk and control in village banking in Bolivia 
Journal of International Development, Kate Maclean* ‎
Tags: Gender&Diversity, Credit, Bolivia‎
Abstract The village banking approach to microfinance aims to empower women by giving them responsibility for and control over certain aspects of the intervention. This paper explores how women members negotiate participation in the bank and analyses the relationship between responsibility, risk and empowerment. It is based on an ethnographic study in Luribay, Bolivia where the microfinance institution Credit with Rural Education has been operating since 2000. The village bank is placed in the context of gender relations in Luribay and ideas of risk, responsibility and empowerment explored in that context.
14. Better Schools, Less Child Work. Child Work and Education in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Peru
UNICEF, Walter Alarcón Glasinovich & María Cristina Salazar, 1996‎
Tags: Latin America, Education, Income, Policy
Abstract On the basis of detailed statistical surveys conducted in five Latin American countries, this essay demonstrates that actual practice in the region contrasts strongly with legal norms for the minimum age at which children can be employed and the age of completion of compulsory education. As well as increasing our understanding of the complex relationships between children, work and education, the original studies also drew up measures and definitions that have subsequently been widely adopted in the region. The essay provides a review of the main findings and proposes policy guidelines on child work.‎
15. Bolivia: case study for the MDG gap task force report
Overseas Development Institute, Massimiliano Calì, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2010
 Tags: Bolivia, Income, Education, Health
Abstract Bolivia has historically been one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with high incidence of poverty and a fairly dismal record in terms of social indicators. Such a poor record has been mainly explained along ethnic and geographical lines, with poverty and underdevelopment concentrated among the indigenous populations and the highland areas. In this context, reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set in 1990 is a particularly important challenge for the country.  Reducing (extreme) poverty by half would imply lifting a large chunk of the population out of poverty. Similarly sizable leaps forward were required when the targets were set in 1990 to immunise all children against measles and malaria and achieve universal primary education.‎
16. Bolivia during the global crisis 1998-2004: towards a 'macroeconomics of microfinance' 
Journal of International Development, Volume 18, Issue 2, March 2006, Pages: 237-261, Reynaldo Marconi and Paul Mosley*
Tags: Bolivia, Credit, Income, Policy, Training, Global
Abstract The macroeconomic role of microfinance appears to have varied enormously between country cases, as notably exposed by the recent wave of macroeconomic crises. For example, in Indonesia in the late 1990s microfinance appears to have played a notably counter-cyclical role, whereas in Bolivia, the main focus of this paper, its role was in most cases to intensify rather than restrain the crisis. We find part of the explanation for this in the behaviour of government towards microfinance (much more conciliatory towards defaulting debtors in the Bolivian case) and in the structure of demand (unfavourable, in Bolivia, to the distribution and service sector which is the main market for microenterprise). However, closer examination of the Bolivian case suggests that institutional design also played an important role. In particular, those organizations which provided savings, training and quasi-insurance services bucked the trend of rising default rates and falling lending through the crisis and did particularly well, whereas the new breed of consumer-credit microfinance organizations did particularly badly and in several cases went out of business. This experience suggests, in particular, that it may be appropriate to call into question the fashionable 'minimalist' (credit-only) model of microfinance, as certainly in Bolivia it was principally the credit-plus institutions which proved more financially disciplined and more resilient to crisis.‎
17. Bolivia: Geography and Economic Development
Inter-American Development Bank, Rolando Morales, Erwing Galopo, Luis Carlos Jemio, Carmen María Choque, Natacha Morales, 2001‎
Tags: Bolivia, Income, Markets‎
Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify the main relationship between economic development and geography at the province level in Bolivia. To achieve this, we study simultaneously the relationship between an index of basic needs insatisfaction (NBI), as a measure of human capital, and GDP per capita with geographical, demographical, institutional and structural economic variables. The estimation of GDP per capita for 112 provinces was carried out by estimating total wages based on employment surveys data and on GDP data available at the department level. The main findings of this study are: a) Geographical variables matter in the explanation of NBI, labor income and GDP per capita disparities among provinces, especially altitude, erosion, urbanization rate and the distance toward the main cities of the central axis of the country (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz). The main channels for this are the effects of geographical variables on land and labor productivity. The location of mine resources also explains provincial disparities, and transportation costs matter concerning economic activity of the private sector. The effects of geography on labor productivity are widely influenced by people`s choice of province to live in, and this choice is strongly correlated with their education level. Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America; its development problems are complex and difficult to solve. As far as those developed in this research are concerned, we find that appropriate policies for promoting human development, migration and increasing land productivity can help to attain higher development levels and reduce provincial disparities.
18. Bolivia's strategy for restructuring the state's mining sector and promoting private investment in mining
United Nations Sustainable Development Journal, Jaime Villalobos, 1989*
Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Markets‎
Abstract Bolivia is a country of great mineral wealth with known reserves estimated to be worth over US$7 billion. Despite this great potential wealth, in the early 1980s the mining industry of Bolivia found itself in a crisis characterized by excessive state intervention in the industry, a financially troubled state mining company, large areas of the country off-limits to mineral development, an irrational tax system which discouraged mining and labour unrest. To deal with these problems, the government decided to restructure the mining industry so as to encourage private participation. This paper describes the policies introduced to revitalize the mining industry as well as projections of what the future benefits would be to the country if those policies are successful in achieving their objectives.‎
19. Brechas de ingresos laborales entre asalariados y autoempleados en el Peru
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Jose S. Rodriguez, 2010
 Tags: Income, Peru‎
Abstract El objetivo principal del trabajo es someter a prueba la existencia de diferencias de los ingresos entre los trabajadores asalariados y los autoempleados en los mercados laborales del Perú. Para este fin se utiliza la información de las encuestas de hogares de los años 2008 y 2009, y se emplea métodos semi-paramétricos para hacer las comparaciones (propensity score matching y diferencia de las diferencias). Los resultados sugieren la existencia de segmentación entre estos dos tipos de puestos de trabajo (i.e. asalariados y autogenerados) pues los dos métodos empleados muestran diferencias en 22 y 31% con el método de las diferencias en las diferencias y entre 33 y 64% con el propensity score matching.‎
20. Building in an Evaluation Component for Active Labor Market Programs: a Practitioner's Guide
IDB Technical Note, David Card, Pablo Ibarraran, Juan Miguel Villa, 2012
 Tags: Policy, Income, Gender&Diversity, Education, Latin America
Abstract The guide outlines the main evaluation challenges associated with ALMP's, and shows how to obtain rigorous impact estimates using two leading evaluation approaches. The most credible and straightforward evaluation method is a randomized design, in which a group of potential participants is randomly divided into a treatment and a control group. Random assignment ensures that the two groups would have had similar experiences in the post-program period in the absence of the program intervention. The observed post-program difference therefore yields a reliable estimate of the program impact. The second approach is a difference in differences design that compares the change in outcomes between the participant group and a selected comparison group from before to after the completion of the program. In general the outcomes of the comparison group may differ from the outcomes of the participant group, even in the absence of the program intervention. If the difference observed prior to the program would have persisted in the absence of the program, however, then the change in the outcome gap between the two groups yields a reliable estimate of the program impact. This guideline reviews the various steps in the design and implementation of ALMP's, and in subsequent analysis of the program data, that will ensure a rigorous and informative impact evaluation using either of these two techniques.‎
21. Calidad del empleo: en el piso
Informe CEDLA, 2011
 Tags: Bolivia, Income, Policy, Informality
Abstract Al finalizar el 2010, 5 de cada 10 trabajadores tuvieron un empleo inestable, con ingresos que no les alcanzaba para alimentar a sus familias y sin aportes a la jubilación. En el 2001, esta condición de los empleos alcanzaba a 2 de cada 10 trabajadores. En materia de calidad, estamos peor.‎
22. Can conditional cash transfers serve as safety nets in keeping children at school and from working when exposed to shocks?
Journal of Development Economics, 2006 
Tags: Global, Gender&Diversity, Education, Income, Policy‎
Abstract Income shocks on poor households are known to induce parents to take their children out of school and send them to work when other risk-coping instruments are insufficient. State dependence in school attendance further implies that these responses to short-run shocks have long-term consequences on children's human capital development. Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, where the condition is on school attendance, have been shown to be effective in increasing educational achievements and reducing child work. We ask the question here of whether or not children who benefit from conditional transfers are protected from the impacts of shocks on school enrollment and work. We develop a model of a household's decision regarding child school and work under conditions of a school re-entry cost, conditional transfers, and exposure to shocks. We take model predictions to the data using a panel from Mexico's Progresa experience with randomized treatment. Results show that there is strong state dependence in school enrollment. We find that the conditional transfers helped protect enrollment, but did not refrain parents from increasing child work in response to shocks. These results reveal that CCT programs can provide an additional benefit to recipients in acting as safety nets for the schooling of the poor.
23. Can minimum wages contribute to poverty reduction in poor countries? 
Journal of International Development, Volume 17, Issue 7, October 2005, Pages: 899-912, Stephen Devereux*‎
    Tags: Policy, Income, Global, Unemployment‎
Abstract Minimum wage legislation aims to reduce poverty by raising the wages of the poorest workers towards or above the poverty line. Despite their intuitive appeal, minimum wages are controversial. The sceptics' argument that raising wages will create disemployment is compounded by the difficulties of enforcing compliance, particularly in poor countries with large informal sectors and weak public administrations. This paper draws on the 'new economics' of the minimum wage, and reviews evidence from several countries suggesting that positive impacts are achievable with negligible side-effects. The paper concludes by making a case for introducing selective minimum wages on Uganda's agricultural estates.
24. Capital Market Imperfections, Labor Market Disequilibrium and Migration: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
Morrison, Andrew R, 1994
    Tags: Ecuador, Policy, Markets‎
Abstract Traditional analyses of the determinants of migration in less developed countries have focused on labor-market conditions. This paper adapts a simple model to show that capital-market conditions may be an important factor in individuals' migration decisions. Data from Ecuador are used to test this model and the empirical results confirm the role of capital market imperfections, chiefly caused by financial repression, in shaping migration flows. Traditional labor-market factors still matter but the new finding may provide policymakers with new and lower-cost tools with which to affect migration outcomes.‎
25. Cash Transfers, Conditions, and School enrollment in Ecuador
World Bank, Norbert Schady & Maria Caridad Araujo, 2008
    Tags: Policy, Education, Ecuador, Income
Abstract The impact of cash transfer programs on the accumulation of human capital is a topic of great policy importance. An attendant question is whether program effects are larger when transfers are "conditioned" on certain behaviors, such as a requirement that households enroll their children in school.  This paper uses a randomized study design to analyze the impact of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH), a cash transfer program, on school enrollment among poor children in Ecuador. The main results in the paper are two. First, the BDH program had a large, positive impact on school enrollment. Second, program effects are significantly larger among a minority of households who believed that there was a school enrollment requirement attached to transfers.‎
26. Characterization of inequality changes through micro-economic simulations. Honduras 2001-2007
Thomas Otter, Carlos Villalobos Barria, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Honduras, Policy, Income‎
Abstract Using econometric micro-simulations, we investigate the determinants of changes in earnings inequality in Honduras between 2001 and 2007, considering the differences between urban and rural areas, as well as the household position of the potential labour force participant. In general, changes in returns, changes in endowments and changes in working hours consistently explain the increase of inequality in rural area. At the same time, in urban areas, this increase is much more modest. In relation to the position in the households, a systematic increase in inequality for spouses can be observed.  As a matter of fact most structural changes occurred during the observation period produce the expected inequality decreasing effects, but market driven inequality increasing (mainly price) effects are much stronger, principally in rural areas. The observed inequality increase took place during an important growth period of modern rural economies of scale.  Changes in adult equivalent labor income follow a similar pattern to that one of labor income, but with a lower level of variation. However, economies of scale are not sufficient to reverse the inequalizing trend because familiar unions usually tend to be set up between similar peer education degrees.  The increase of inequity in the spouses segment, mainly composed by women, indicates that their wage distribution is biased toward the ends of the distribution, stronger than before. The low female labor force participation and high inequality associated to women's wages may indicate that restrictions regarding labor force participation are encouraging these high levels of inequality. Therefore, the incorporation of women into the workforce would have an equalizing effect on the earnings distributions.‎
27. Child‎ Labor and School Achievement in Latin America‎
The World Bank Economic Review, Victoria Gunnarsson, Peter F. Orazem, Mario A. Sánchez, 2006 Oxford University Press
    Tags: Latin America, Income, Education
Abstract Child labor's effect on academic achievement is estimated using unique data on third and fourth graders in nine Latin-American countries. Cross-country variation in truancy regulations provides an exogenous shift in the ages of children normally in these grades, providing exogenous variation in the opportunity cost of children's time. Least squares estimates suggest that child labor lowers test scores, but those estimates are biased toward zero. Corrected estimates are still negative and statistically significant. Children working 1 standard deviation above the mean have average scores that are 16 percent lower on mathematics examinations and 11 percent lower on language examinations, consistent with the estimates of the adverse impact of child labor on returns to schooling.‎
28. Child Labor and Schooling in Bolivia: Who's Falling Behind? The Roles of Domestic Work, Gender, and Ethnicity‎ 
World Development, D Zapata; D Contreras; D Kruger, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Education, Income‎
Abstract We analyze the work-school tradeoff among Bolivia's children. We compare a definition of work that includes only market activities and one that also considers domestic chores. Our empirical specification considers the joint determination of these decisions. We find that a tradeoff exists and that gender and ethnicity matter. Boys are more likely to work if pure market activities are considered; once domestic tasks are included girls are twice as likely to work than boys. The tradeoff between school and work is stronger for indigenous children, and indigenous girls are falling behind other children in terms of their human capital accumulation.
29. Child labor and schooling response to challenges in coca production in rural Peru
Ana C. Dammert, McMaster University
    Tags: Peru, Education, Income, Markets‎
Abstract Coca eradication and interdiction are the most common policies aimed at reducing the production and distribution of cocaine in the Andes, but little is know about their impact on households. This paper uses the shift in the production of coca leaves from Peru to Colombia in 1995 to analyze the indirect effects of the anti-coca policy on children's allocation of time. After different sensitivity checks, the results indicate that a decrease in coca production is associated with increases in work and hours children living in coca-growing states devote to work within and outside the household, with no effects on schooling outcomes. These findings suggest a previously undocumented indirect effect of drug policies on household behavior.‎
30. Child Labor in Bolivia: schooling, gender, and ethnic groups
Journal of Economic Literature ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Education, Income‎
Abstract Even though child labor is a wide spread phenomena in Bolivia, little is known about its main determinants. By using a bivariate prohibit model in order to take into account the joint nature of the decisions between labor and schooling, this paper investigates which are the key factors that influence the probability that a child works. The available information for the year 2001 allow us to make a comparative analysis between an "exclusive" definition of labor, which refers only to market oriented tasks, and an "inclusive" definition of labor, which also takes into account household duties. The results show that if we use the "exclusive" definition, the girl's participation rate on the labor market is underestimated. Many types of segregation of the data have been performed, which enable us to identify that exogenous factors affect children in different ways, depending on the geographical area of the household, the gender and the ethnic background of the children. We were able to identify that the most vulnerable group are indigenous children and in particular indigenous girls. Conversely high education of the head of the family lowers the probability that a child works.
31. Child labor, schooling, and poverty in Latin America
World Bank, Sedlacek, Guilherme & Duryea, Suzanne & Ilahi, Nadeem & Sasaki, Masaru, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Education, Income, Latin America‎
Abstract The authors probe further into how household attributes affect the probability that children will work, and the probability of enrollment and success in school. Focusing on four household surveys in Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru, they find that most child labor is takes place in rural areas, and that more boys than girls are recorded as workers. Children in the poorest income groups enter school late, and often exit before completing the basic school cycle. Enrollment rates for children in the wealthiest families are more than 90 percent for ages 6 to 15. For the poorest children, enrollment rates don't rise above 90 percent until age 8, and fall below 90 percent again by age 12. While the enrollment gap across income groups is only a few percentage points for children aged 8 to 11, about 15 percent of the poorest children already have spent one, ortwo fewer years in school by age 8, compared to the children in the wealthiest households. In addition, those poorest children begin to drop out of school in large numbers after the age of 11. For children aged 14 to 16, the difference in enrollment rates between rich and poor nearly doubles (from 20 to 34 percentage points).
32. Cocaine Cities: Exploring the Relationship between Urban Processes and the Drug Trade in South America 
United Nations University, Ignacio A. Navarro, 2011
    Tags: Bolivia, Income, Markets‎
Abstract The relationship between the cocaine trade and urban land markets in South America has been overlooked by the mainstream economics and urban studies literature. This paper examines two avenues through which the cocaine trade can have a large impact on urban development in producer countries: (i) through an employment multiplier effect similar to that of other legal exports, and (ii) through money laundering using urban real estate. We test our hypotheses using the Bolivian case and find that urban growth patterns are closely related to fluctuations in cocaine production. Further, even though our estimates suggest that the cocaine trade affects urban growth through the two avenues presented in the paper, we find that formal urban employment generated by the cocaine trade has a modest effect on urban growth and most of the effect seems to be explained by money laundering using real estate and other paths.
33. Código laboral para una minoría‎ ‎
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Armando Mendez Morales, 2010
    Tags: Policy, Bolivia, Unemployment
Abstract La tasa oficial de desempleo urbano está en el orden del 7,5 por ciento que debe ser calificada como la tasa natural de desempleo en Bolivia y que corresponde a su estructura económica. Los economistas cuando hablan de pleno empleo no dicen que no hay desempleo alguno, lo que sostienen es que esta situación implica que el país tiene sólo la tasa natural de desempleo.
34. ¿Cómo funciona el mercado laboral en Bolivia?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2009
    Tags: Bolivia, Income
35. Combining Census and Survey Data to Trace the Spatial Dimensions of Poverty: A Case Study of Ecuador
World Bank, Hentschel, Jesko, et al, 2000
    Tags: Ecuador, Inocme
Abstract Poverty maps provide information on the spatial distribution of living standards. They are an important tool for policymakers, who rely on them to allocate transfers and inform policy design. Poverty maps are also an important tool for researchers, who use them to investigate the relationship between distribution within a country and growth or other economic, environmental, or social outcomes. A major impediment to the development of poverty maps has been that needed data on income or consumption typically are available only from relatively small surveys. Census data have the required sample size but generally do not have the required information. This article uses the case of Ecuador to demonstrate how sample survey data can be combined with census data to yield predicted poverty rates for the population covered by the census. These poverty rates are found to be precisely measured, even at fairly disaggregated levels. However, beyond a certain level of spatial disaggregation, standard errors rise rapidly.‎
36. Connecting the Poor to Economic Growth: Eight Key Questions
Center for Global Development, Sarah Lucas and Peter Timmer
    Tags: Global, Income, Markets‎
Abstract It has long been understood that economic growth is the essential foundation for poverty reduction. The key to income growth is the expansion of jobs that pay sustainable remunerative wages, and the two keys areas of production in this vein have almost always been agriculture and labor-intensive manufactured exports. Rising average incomes, both personal and national, are a necessary ingredient for improved livelihoods, but they do not guarantee broad-based poverty reduction. Economic history shows that countries, and communities within countries, with similar growth rates can have very different degrees of success in connecting growth to the poor and translating it into sustained poverty reduction.
37. Consolidating States, Restructurig Economies, and Confronting Workers and Peasants: The Antinomies of Bolivian Neoliberalism
Cambridge Journals, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Harry Sanabria, 2000*‎
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income, Markets‎
Abstract The neoliberal reforms sweeping the globe are generating strikingly analogous transformations in diverse politico-economic and ideological landscapes, especially through the spread of democratic-liberal political regimes and an emphasis on the "virtues of the invisible hand"-rather than the state-in the investment of a huge mass of mobile capital. We are witnessing an increasingly dominant and profitable global capitalist economy with a "highly coercive capacity to ensnare enormous numbers of peoples within its grasp".
38. Corea del Sur y Bolivia: similitudes y diferencias
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Kathlen Lizárraga Zamora, 2011‎
Articulos relacionados: 
* The State, Industrialization and Agricultural Sufficiency: The Case of South Korea 
Development Policy Review, John Lie, 1991
    Tags: Bolivia, Global, Income, Policy
Abstract South Korea's successful industrialization presents an attractive model for other developing countries.  Yet in the 1950s no one would have predicted it.  Korea had suffered 36 years of colonial rule under Japan; in the aftermath of the Second World War, it had been divided along the 38th parallel and then it was devastated by the Korean War of 1950-3.  The succeeding decades of rapid economic growth catapulted the country into a model of Third World development.  Although there have been many studies of Korea's rapid industrialization, however, the issue of rural development remains ignored.  How did Korea avoid major famines and agricultural stagnation?  How has agriculture contributed to industrialization?  What has been government policy towards agriculture?  This article will attempt to remedy the neglect of Korean rural development by assessing government policy, which concentrated overwhelmingly on industrialization, towards agricultural development in general and food sufficiency in particular.  Some of the shortcomings of Korea's rural development will be noted by drawing on the comparative case of Taiwan, and some possible lessons for other developing countries will be suggested.
* Trade and growth : why Asia grows faster than Latin America
Inter-American Development Bank, Manuel R. Agosin, 2006
    Tags: Latin America, Global, Income, Policy
Abstract It is already an accepted stylized fact of international development that Latin American countries (LACs) grow at more modest rates than the Asian exporters of manufactures. It is also true that the latter countries made a transition to export-oriented growth well before LACs; moreover, they have been considerably more successful in encouraging export growth and in diversifying their output and export mix.
This paper explores the connection between export expansion and GDP growth, with special reference to the differences observed between both regions. It will not attempt another go at the controversy of whether openness is positively associated with economic growth, a topic that has been dealt with exhaustively in the literature (see Rodríguez and Rodrik, 2000). By now, the issue seems to have been settled: many countries (Korea and Taiwan being the paradigms) were able to grow rapidly while maintaining high import barriers and relaxing them once exportoriented development had been consolidated; at the other extreme, others, among which there are several LACs, opened up their economies with much more modest effects either on exports or economic growth.
We are interested in the issue of whether export growth is associated with overall economic growth. In a statistical sense, the relation must hold, since exports are a part of GDP. Here the focus will be on whether there is a particular kind of export growth which can result in sustained growth both in exports and GDP. We posit that countries with diversified export structures are able to record consistently higher export growth than countries where exports are concentrated in a few products. Moreover, in economies with diversified export structures, export growth has more pervasive effects on the economy as a whole and, therefore, translates into higher rates of economic growth than in economies where exports are concentrated in a few products.‎
39. Corporatism and Development in the Iberic-Latin World: Persistent Strains and New Variations
Cambridge Journals, The Review of Politics, Unviersity of Notre Dame, Howard J. Wiarda, 1974*
    Tags: Latin America, Global, Policy, Markets
Abstract Wherever one looks in the Iberic-Latin world, corporatist or neocorporatist forms of authority and sociopolitical organization appear to have staged a resurgence. One is used to thinking about such traditional states and societies as Nicaragua, Ecuador, and Paraguay in terms of their authoritarian and corporatist structures, and Portugal has by now been a self-proclaimed corporatist state for some 40 years. We shall have more to say regarding these "persistent strains" later on; what concerns us now is the apparent reemergence of corporatist ideology and organization in a variety of rapidly modernizing systems. Brazil, for instance, has always been less corporatist than Portugal in theory and in law, but today is probably just as corporatist in actual practice. Research on Mexico has by this time largely abandoned the approach that stressed that country's quasi-democratic character or its supposed democratic aspirations in favor of an approach that takes Mexico on its own terms and analyzes its frankly authoritarian and corporatist structures. The resurgence of Peronismo in Argentina clearly carries with it echoes of the corporatist, in this case "justicialist," solutions of the 1930's and 1940's. In Peru the military elite has vowed to carry through a "revolution from above" employing corporatist ideas and organizations to structure popular participation at the grass-roots and intermediary levels and reaching up to the Council of Ministers and the central state apparatus. And of course in Chile we have seen both Allende's abortive design to install a unicameral legislature based on corporative functional representation, as well as the plans by the generals that overthrew him to inaugurate a similarly functionally representative congress (though obviously the groups represented and their weights would be significantly different in these two designs) and to deal with price, wage, and production issues through a government regulated and controlled system of gremio-sindicato relations.
40. Corruption, privatisation and the distribution of income in Latin America
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Antonio Rodriguez & Carlyn Ramlogan, 2007
    Tags: Latin America, Income, Policy
Abstract This paper presents some new evidence on income inequality in Latin America over the period 1980-1999, examining in particular the relationship between corruption, privatisation and inequality. Using a panel data methodology, we find that a reduction in corruption is associated with a rise in inequality. This suggests that while privatisation removes industries from government influence and government corruption, it worsens income inequality as new owners strive for efficiency and profits. The paper highlights the fact that structural reform policies aimed primarily at achieving positive and increasing growth rates do not adequately address the income distribution problem.‎
41. Costos laborales, economia informal y reformas a la legislacion laboral en Bolivia
INESAD, Soraya Roman, 2011
    Tags: Bolivia, Informality, Policy, Income, Social Security
Abstract Se desarrolla y ajusta un modelo de equilibrio general dinamico y estocastico con 2 sectores, el formal y el informal, para la economia boliviana. El objetivo del modelo es evaluar los impactos de las últimas reformas laborales sobre el empleo, los salarios y el producto. En concreto, se analiza el efecto de un incremento impositivo en el empleo que sirve para la creacion de un fondo semicontributivo con fines redistributivos y esta definido en la Nueva Ley de Pensiones. Por otro lado, se analiza el efecto de un incremento en los costos de despido y contratacion, definido en el anteproyecto de Codigo Laboral.
Los resultados indican que en el primer caso la reforma incrementa la informalidad, lo que ocasiona que en el largo plazo reduzca el número de contribuyentes al nuevo fondo, afectando a su sostenibilidad. En el segundo caso, se encuentra que la reforma reduce la movilidad del empleo formal e informal, dentro de cada sector y entre sectores, lo que incrementa el tiempo necesario para que el producto se recupere en caso de una recesion o responda en caso de una expansion.‎
42. Countercyclical policies for a sustained recovery in employment
Version en Español: Link
ILO, Elizabeth Tinoco, Alicia Barcena, 2011
     Tags: Policy, Income, Latin America
Abstract The first economic crisis to hit the whole of Latin America and the Caribbean since the debt crisis of the 1980s caused the significant labour improvements that had been taking place in the region during much of the past decade to be cut short in 2008-2009. The region's labour markets reacted to the economic slowdown triggered by the international economic and financial crisis and to the subsequent drop in labour demand with a series of adjustments affecting some countries more than others, including rising unemployment, a fall in labour participation owing to scarce job opportunities and the proliferation of informal activities.
However, the impact of the crisis on the region's labour markets was not as strong as initially forecast since the crisis was more short-lived than feared and countries experienced an economic recovery, albeit at different rates, from mid-2009. Moreover, the recovery was more robust than expected and the regional economic growth of around 6% in 2010 prompted improvements in the employment situation. The upturn was helped by the buoyancy of the global economy, especially the expansion of the Asian economies, and the countercyclical policies implemented in several countries.
The rapid upswing in growth was driven by the relatively positive performance of the labour market in certain countries during the crisis. In particular, formal employment contracted only slightly and real wages remained stable, largely thanks to falling inflation. Thus, the labour market helped stabilize domestic demand, which was a key factor in preventing a further shrinking of regional output in 2009 and facilitated the marked upturn in 2010.
National experiences varied, however, depending on the nature of each country's trade integration, the performance of its main trading partners and its fiscal and monetary space to implement countercyclical policies during the crisis. Consequently, labour market performance in 2010 also varied, largely reflecting the differences in macroeconomic performance.
The first part of this fifth joint publication on the region's employment situation examines the nature of the labour market recovery in the context of overcoming the economic crisis. After reviewing the main labour indicators at the regional level, it analyses the characteristics of the labour market recovery before giving a breakdown of labour trends in the first quarter of 2011, together with projections for the year as a whole. The second part focuses on countercyclical economic policies, since the recent crisis and experiences involving the implementation of fiscal, monetary, trade, production, social and labour policies have highlighted the importance of instruments to minimize the impact of an economic crisis and encourage a rapid recovery.‎
43. Crafting development in Bolivia 
Journal of International Development, Volume 18, Issue 7, October 2006, Pages: 945-955, Robyn Eversole*
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit, Income
Abstract In Bolivia, as elsewhere, institutions promoting economic development in both rural and urban areas frequently target artisan products, implementing programmes to 'promote' and 'develop' these products for national and international markets. This paper gives examples of three such programmes from highland Bolivia: the ASUR textile project in Sucre, Bolivia; the PROMMI microenterprise development project in six Bolivian cities; and the El-Alto-based Señor de Mayo Artisans' Association. These cases highlight typical patterns and issues involved in targeting artisan production as an economic development tool.‎
44. Crecimiento economico en los paises de la Comunidad Andina: 1987-96
Aguayo, Eva & Portillo, Saskia & Exposito, Pilar, 2001
    Tags: Latin America, Bolivia, Policy, Income
Abstract El objetivo de este trabajo es la realización de un análisis comparativo del crecimiento económico de los países miembros de Comunidad Andina (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Venezuela), en el período 1987-96.  Finalmente, presentamos un modelo econométrico que recoge el impacto positivo de las nuevas políticas de apertura económica sobre el crecimiento económico llevadas a cabo por la Comunidad Andina (CAN) en la década de los noventa.  
45. Crecimiento, empleo y bienestar social : ¿por qué Bolivia es tan desigual?‎ 
   Fernanda Wanderley, Gabriela Ruesgas, La Paz : CIDES-UMSA : Plural Editores, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Latin America, Income, Policy‎
Abstract Fernanda Wanderley aborda el tema de la desigualdad en Bolivia a partir de un reflexivo análisis de importantes factores estructurales funcionales a esta condición. Su objetivo, es dar respuesta a la gran y compleja pregunta con la cual abre su pensamiento ¿Por qué Bolivia es tan desigual? Para comprender el contexto y la pertinencia de su análisis, cabe señalar que su trabajo manifiesta la necesidad de dar continuidad al actual proceso de cambio por el que atraviesa el país desde la asunción del mas al gobierno y más específicamente, desde la necesidad de pensar en la consolidación y viabilidad del nuevo Estado Plurinacional. Oportuno es el trabajo de Wanderley, prolífica escritora, cuyo pensamiento interdisciplinario gira en torno a temáticas de bienestar social y de análisis socioeconómico de la sociedad con acento en temas laborales y de género, controversiales y complejos en sí mismos.
46. Crecimiento, Pobreza y Desigualdad
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Bolivia‎
47. Crisis en los mercados laborales y respuestas contraciclicas
Version en ingles: Link
Boletin CEPAL, OIT, 2009‎
     Tags: Latin America, Policy
Abstract Tal como se había previsto en el primer boletín conjunto preparado por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la crisis económica continuó golpeando a los países de América Latina y el Caribe durante el segundo trimestre de 2009. Los mercados internacionales se mantuvieron débiles, lo que afectó las exportaciones regionales de bienes y servicios, las remesas y la inversión extranjera directa continuaron cayendo, el crédito perdió dinamismo y la masa salarial se contrajo, sobre todo por la pérdida de empleo. En consecuencia, las proyecciones de crecimiento de muchos países debieron corregirse a la baja. Por otra parte, desde fines del año pasado, aunque con marcadas diferencias entre los países de la región, se viene implementando una política contracíclica para compensar con el gasto público la debilidad de la inversión y el consumo privados y estimular la reactivación de la demanda agregada.‎
48. Crisis in Bolivian Microfinance
Center for Global Development, ACCION International, Elizabeth Rhyne
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit
Abstract Since the early 1990s, Bolivia has boasted successful microfinance institutions (MFIs) that have transformed from NGOs into regulated commercial institutions, including BancoSol, the first transformed microlender. Bolivia's commercial microfinance experience took on a new dimension in the late 1990s, as transformed MFIs grew and consumer lenders began overlapping with microfinance markets. This increase in competition converged with a major recession in Bolivia. These events led to a crisis in which borrowers became overindebted and institutions suffered falling profits and dangerously high delinquency rates.
49. ¿Cuánto es el premio al salario por pertenecer a un sindicato en el Ecuador?: Un análisis usando Propensity Score Matching
World Bank, Barragan, Luis, 2006
    Tags: Ecuador, Income, Policy
Abstract In this paper it is wanted to respond the question how much is the prize in the wages of people that belong to an union or workers association in the Ecuador, so much in the public sector as private, with regard to those that don't belong, and observe if this differential is attributed to personal differences and of the work type, for the Ecuadorian case. For that we use a focus of matching statistical semi-parametric, well-known as propensity score matching to compare the results of the workers that belong to an union "matched" with the workers that don't belong to the same one to deduce the causal effect on the wages of the members union, finding prizes of 37% until 99% but, approximately. For this obtained secondary data of the survey of conditions of life carried out in the year 1998, belonging to the project LSMS that implement the World Bank.‎
50. Deficit de trabajo decente en hombres y mujeres: una aproximacion a traves de indicadores
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Argentina
Abstract En esta investigación se busca medir el déficit de trabajo decente entre hombres y mujeres asalariados de la Argentina entre los 1995-2002. El estudio comprende un análisis descriptivo a través de indicadores tradicionales -desempleo, empleo, feminización, segregación ocupacional, discriminación, protección social, estabilidad, brecha de ingresos- y otros poco explorados denominados complementarios -tasas de situación y tasas de comportamiento- Luego, con los siete de mayor poder explicativo se efectúa un ejercicio de aproximación al índice de dTD. 
Los resultados obtenidos a través del amplio abanico de indicadores demuestran que la condición de rezago social en que se desenvuelven las mujeres asalariadas es superior a la de los hombres. A su vez, el indicador agregado permite confirmar que el dTD de cada género a crecido, como también la brecha entre ambos. ‎
51. Dependence on drugs : unemployment, migration and an alternative path to development in Bolivia 
International Labour Review, Alain Labrousse, 1990 **
    Tags: 
52. Determinantes de la fecundidad adolescente en el departamento del Atlantico, 2005‎
Fundación Para el Desarrollo del Caribe, FUNDESARROLLO, Colombia Paula M Martes Camargo, 2005
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Health, Colombia‎
Abstract Los embarazos adolescentes mostraron una tendencia creciente en el departamento del Atlántico en el periodo 1990-2005, y refleja una disminución de la edad de inicio de la actividad sexual. La maternidad adolescente no puede sólo definirse en términos de una insuficiente oferta de métodos anticonceptivos, sino también como una respuesta al contexto dentro del cual se desarrolla la joven; variables tales como la presencia de violencia en el hogar, la asistencia a la escuela y el índice de riqueza resultan ser más importantes que el uso de métodos anticonceptivos. En el departamento del Atlántico se presenta una realidad preocupante, una gran proporción de las madres adolescentes han quedado en embarazo luego de finalizar sus estudios secundarios, lo cual demuestra que la escuela no está actuando como un mitigador de un problema sino como un ente que retarda su aparición. Además, las madres adolescentes del Departamento se sitúan en los niveles más bajos de riqueza cuando se compara con otros departamentos. Los cálculos fueron realizados con base a las Encuesta de Demografía y Salud.‎
53. Determinantes de los ingresos laborales en las zonas urbanas de Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Bolivia, Education‎
Abstract La investigación analiza los determinantes de los ingresos laborales en las zonas urbanas de Bolivia. Además de considerar los usuales "factores de oferta" como factores explicativos -  educación, experiencia, género y etnia, aporta a la literatura empírica al tomar en cuenta también las características productivas de las firmas.  La disponibilidad de la información primaria permite analizar dos tipos de datos: El primero se encuentra a nivel de individuos, a partir de la Encuesta Continua de Hogares 2003-2004, y separa la muestra en dos grupos: Trabajadores dependientes e independientes. El segundo se halla a nivel de firmas y utiliza la Encuesta de Establecimientos Económicos para tres grupos sectores: Manufacturas; electricidad, gas y agua, servicios empresariales y financieros; y otros servicios. Los resultados econométricos muestran que las características de las firmas son fundamentales para explicar los ingresos laborales, en niveles y desigualdad. En particular, para los trabajadores independientes se encuentra estas variables en conjunto llegan a explicar el 47,5% de las diferencias salariales observadas, relegando la importancia de los años de escolaridad a apenas el 3,6%.‎
54. Determinants of child malnutrition in cameroon: evidence from the 2001 Cameroonian household consumption survey
University of Yarounde II, Samuel Fambon, 2010
     Tags: Health, Global, Gender&Diversity, Policy, Income
Abstract This paper analyses the determinants of child anthropometrics using the data of a sample of children aged 0 to 36 months derived from the Cameroonian household survey (ECAMII). In particular, we assess the impact of household consumption on the nutritional status of children as measured by height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for- age (WAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) Z-scores, while controlling for other correlates. The methodology used in this study encompasses the ordinary least squares (OLS), 2-stage least squares (2SLS), and the control function approach The endogeneity of household consumption is taken into consideration through four different categories of instruments, including land ownership, educational level, the formal sector employment, and the dependence ratio. 
The control function approach stands out as the most appropriate estimation strategy as it purges the structural parameters of potential econometric problems such as the endogeneity and heterogeneity of unobservable variables. Household consumption expenditure is significantly and positively associated with nutritional status of children (HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ), which suggest that policies aiming to ensure adequate resource availability to households should figure high on the agenda of decision-makers. The significance of this impact varies by gender of the household head. Male headed households income seem to play a more decisive role in financing child health than their female counterparts. This result could be considered as including the unobservable income contributions of their spouses, given that this effect is likely to be the result of joint financing when it comes to child health care.‎
55. Determinants of Hourly Earnings in Ecuador: The Role of Labor Market Regulations 
Journal of Labor Economics, MacIsaac, Donna & Rama, Martin, 1997**
    Tags: Ecuador, Bolivia, Income, Policy
Abstract Ecuadorian labor costs are said to be high because of the existence of many mandated benefits. Using the 1994 Living Standards Measurement Survey, the authors show that the effect of these benefits is actually mitigated by a reduction of base earnings, that is, of the foundation on which they are paid. The reduction is larger in the private than in the public sector and is negligible for unionized workers. The authors also show that, in spite of mandated benefits, interindustry wage differentials are comparable to those of Bolivia, a country characterized by 'flexible' labor markets but otherwise similar to Ecuador.
56. Deux approches macroéconomiques du secteur informel en Equateur
Centre d'économie du développement Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV - France, Jean-Marc Montaud
     Tags: Ecuador, Informality, Policy
Abstract Our purpose is to examine the place and the role of the informal sector in the macroeconomic adjustment mechanisms of under-developed economies where the Market can henceforth be considered as the major way of resource allocation.Starting from one theoretical and empirical though about we provide a conceptual framework to adopt a macroeconomic approach of the informal sector. Then, we choose one specific tool allowing to explain the market mechanisms: the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Two conceptions of the informal sector havebeen developed. The first shows one sector formed by microenterprises of less than five workers, well integrated in the whole economy and acting with competitive considerations. The other showsthe informal sector formed by self-employed workers, barely integrated, and acting withtraditional logic. Ecuador is the general framework of our analysis. Two Social AcountingMatrixs are built, integrating the Ecuadorian informal sector in each alternative way for 1994.They serve as the database for large CGE models destinated to show the macroeconomics role ofthe informal sector such as its effect on the macro-adjustment process or the impact of macro-shocks on these activities. (Full Text in French)‎
57. Development Ethics at Work: Explorations, 1960-2002
Economica, Denis Goulet, Mozaffar Qizilbash, 2010*
    Tags: Global
58. Dinámica de los campesinos-artesanos en la sierra central del Ecuador 
Debate Agrario, Luciano Martínez, 1995 **
    Tags: Ecuador, Income
59. Discriminacion Etnica en Bolivia: en el sistema educativo y el mercado de trabajo
Instituto de Investigaciones Socio Economicas - Universidad Catolica Boliviana, Alejandro Mercado, Lykke Andersen, Beatriz Muriel, 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Education, Bolivia, Income‎
Abstract El objetivo del presente documento es identificar las diferencias salariales atribuibles a problemas de discriminación en el sistema educativo y en el mercado laboral. El estudio analiza la segregación pre-mercado (que se da cuando un grupo de la población no tiene acceso a la adquisición de capital humano en las mismas condiciones que otros), y postmercado (que se produce cuando el individuo se encuentra en la fuerza laboral). Los resultados muestran que el sistema educativo (calidad y cantidad educacional) es el factor más importante para explicar las diferencias salariales. Estudiando la economía por zonas, se observa que en el área rural no se presentan problemas de discriminación post-mercado cuando se controla por los indicadores educacionales. En las zonas urbanas la discriminación parece ser explicada principalmente por peculiaridades sectoriales, donde los indígenas se encontrarían concentrados en segmentos laborales que presentan una media relativamente baja de ingresos. Tomando en cuenta esta última característica, se observa discriminación post-mercado solamente en el sector comercio.‎
60. Displaced Workers and Unemployment Insurance in Mexico: Preparing for the Next Crisis
Inter-American Development Bank, David Kaplan, 2010**
    Tags: Mexico, Unemployment, Income
Abstract The recent global economic crisis highlighted the fact that Mexico does not have a safety net that is sufficient for dealing with transitory but serious shocks to employment. We believe that a system of unemployment insurance should be a priority for the country. We hope that in the near future, before the memory of the 2008 crisis fades, policymakers will consider adopting such a system. We especially hope that an unemployment insurance system is in place when the next crisis occurs.‎
61. Distributional Effects of FDI: How the Interaction of FDI and Economic Policy Affects Poor Households in Bolivia 
Development Policy Review, Peter Nunnenkamp, Rainer Schweickert and Manfred Wiebelt, 2007*
    Tags: Policy, Income, Bolivia, Gender&Diversity
Abstract This article provides a CGE analysis of the medium to long-run impact of FDI inflows on poverty and income distribution in Bolivia. The simulation results suggest that FDI inflows enhance economic growth and reduce poverty. However, the income distribution typically becomes more unequal. In particular, FDI widens disparities between urban and rural areas. The Bolivian government may promote the growth-enhancing and poverty-alleviating effects by overcoming labour-market segmentation and providing complementary public investment in infrastructure. But simulated policy reforms or alternative productivity scenarios are hardly effective in reducing the economic divide. 
62. Distributional Incidence of Social, Infrastructure, and Telecommunication Services in Latin America
CEDLAS, Mariana Marchionni, Pablo Glüzmann, 2010
     Tags: Latin America, Bolivia, Policy
Abstract It is widely recognized the key role played by basic services in the development of societies. Access to basic services is shown to contribute to increase individuals' productivity and, eventually, to drive economic growth. However, and despite the extensive acceptance of its importance, evidence on the lack of access to basic services of wide segments of the population in the developing world is found in numerous cross-country studies.‎
To assess the effects of potential reforms of services sectors on the well-being of households in developing countries we first need to understand the way services are used by the population, especially the poorest segments. To this end, we perform a distributional incidence analysis to study the patterns describing access to and expenditures on basic services in Latin American countries.
The analysis concentrates on three types of services: social services (education and health), infrastructure services (public transport, water, electricity, and gas), and telecommunication (fixed phone, cellular phone, and other telecommunication services). 
Because of data restrictions, the study is focused on eight countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru), but the analysis of access to services is extended to all Latin American countries in an Appendix. The datasets used are the ones processed at Centro de Estudios Distributivos Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS 2007) as part of the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean project (SEDLAC project) carried out by CEDLAS and the World Bank's LAC Poverty Group (LCSPP), with the help of the Program for the Improvement of Surveys and the Measurement of Living Conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean (MECOVI).‎
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In sections 2 and 3 we briefly describe the methodology and data, respectively. Section 4 is aimed at studying the distribution of household expenditures on services. In section 5 we turn to the distribution of the access to services. Section 6 closes with a summary of the main findings. It is widely recognized the key role played by basic services in the development of societies. Access to basic services is shown to contribute to increase individuals' productivity and, eventually, to drive economic growth. However, and despite the extensive acceptance of its importance, evidence on the lack of access to basic services of wide segments of the population in the developing world is found in numerous cross-country studies.
To assess the effects of potential reforms of services sectors on the well-being of households in developing countries we first need to understand the way services are used by the population, especially the poorest segments. To this end, we perform a distributional incidence analysis to study the patterns describing access to and expenditures on basic services in Latin American countries.
The analysis concentrates on three types of services: social services (education and health), infrastructure services (public transport, water, electricity, and gas), and telecommunication (fixed phone, cellular phone, and other telecommunication services). 
Because of data restrictions, the study is focused on eight countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru), but the analysis of access to services is extended to all Latin American countries in an Appendix. The datasets used are the ones processed at Centro de Estudios Distributivos Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS 2007) as part of the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean project (SEDLAC project) carried out by CEDLAS and the World Bank's LAC Poverty Group (LCSPP), with the help of the Program for the Improvement of Surveys and the Measurement of Living Conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean (MECOVI).
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In sections 2 and 3 we briefly describe the methodology and data, respectively. Section 4 is aimed at studying the distribution of household expenditures on services. In section 5 we turn to the distribution of the access to services. Section 6 closes with a summary of the main findings.‎
63. Distribution of income, technology and employment: An analysis of the industrial sectors of Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela
Tokman, Victor E., 1974
    Tags: Latin America, Income, Policy
Abstract The increasingly popular strategy which postulates that a redistribution of income can automatically produce a higher level of employment and in turn, a better distribution of income, is discussed in this paper with special reference to the industrial sector. On the basis of data from Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela and utilizing a Leontieff type of model disaggregated by technological strata, the author concludes that the redistribution of income does not significantly affect employment in the industrial sector, since the two fundamental assumptions on which the positive results are expected are of doubtful validity. On one hand, the structure of consumption of industrial goods is inelastic to changes in income distribution and on the other, the production of wage goods does not necessarily imply the use of more labour intensive techniquesGiven the need to improve the distribution of income, the author maintains that for such redistribution to be used to promote employment creation, special attention should be given to the direction of consumption of those benefited with the redistribution and to the channelling of the additional demand towards those establishments which use more labour intensive techniques.   This paper is a summary of research undertaken under the joint research programme of the Organization of American States and the UN Latin American Institute of Economic and Social Planning (ILPES), and it is to be the first chapter of a book (already in press) to be published by ILPES.
64. Does AIDS-related mortality reduce per-capita household income?  Evidence from rural Zambia
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Rahner Thiele, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Health, Income, Global‎
Abstract Within two decades, AIDS has become the leading cause of adult death on the African continent (UNAIDS 2007). In 2007 alone about 1.5 million Africans died due to AIDS and almost million got infected with HIV. With 22 million, or two thirds, of the global total of 33 million people infected with HIV, sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of the AIDS epidemic (UNAIDS 2008a). The consequences of AIDS-related deaths are not comparable to those from most other diseases because AIDS hits adults at the peak of their productivity and earning capacity. It disables and kills the people on whom families rely for their livelihood. Consequently, it has been widely conjectured that AIDS may constitute a severe impediment to Africa's socio-economic development. In turn, development agencies, international organizations and national governments are spending billions of dollars each year to respond to the epidemic.  Yet, the impact of AIDS-related mortality on household welfare as measured by per-capita income or expenditure is not clear a priori. While AIDS-related mortality may lower total household income through the loss of productive family members, the size of the household is also reduced by the death of a member. The direction of the effect depends on whether the deceased member was a net consumer or a net producer for the household. In addition, AIDS afflicted households may cushion adverse welfare effects through adjusting the incomegenerating activities of remaining members (income coping) or the composition and size of the household demographic coping).‎
65. Does licensing induce technological spillovers to domestic firms?
Luis Castro, 2011
     Tags: Chile, Productivity
Abstract There is an unclear way in which foreign presence could affect domestic productivity.  In the case of licensing, it is important to see how does licensing affects domestic plants in the same industry and in related industries. This is important because in contrast to pure Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), it is possible that there are spillover effects not only intra industry but also inter-industry. This should spread out the spillover effects that are due to foreign licensing in the economy.  Using Chilean plant level data for the 2001-2007 period I find that there are positive inter-industry effects which results in higher productivity for domestic plants. However, there are negative spillovers when the licensing is in done in the same industry. I also test for the effect of stronger Intellectual Property Rights finding that stronger IPR reduces intra-sector spillovers while increases inter-industry spillovers.‎
66. Does Society Win or Lose as a Result of Privatization? The Case of Water Privatization in Colombia
Economica, Felipe Barrera-Osorio, Mauricio Olivera, Carlos Ospino, 2009*
    Tags: Colombia, Policy, Health, Income
Abstract This paper evaluates the impact of water sector privatization in Colombia on access, price and water quality, as well as health outcomes using differences-in-differences methodology. The main findings of the impact of water privatization are: (i) an improvement in the quality of water and an increase in the frequency of the service in privatized urban municipalities for the lower quintiles; (ii) a positive effect on health outcomes in both urban and rural areas; (iii) a negative effect on payment for the lower quintiles; and (iv) strong negative effects on access to water in rural areas. Some of these effects appear in municipalities with better technical capacity.
67. Dollarization, economic growth, and employment
Economics Letters, Soto, Raimundo, 2009
    Tags: Policy, Ecuador, Income
Abstract Dollarization brought price stability and higher economic growth to Ecuador. Nevertheless, unemployment remained stubbornly high. Two opposing forces explain this result: sustained growth led to higher labor demand but price stabilization triggered substitution effects by cheaper intermediate goods and capital.
68. Domestic Violence and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Mixed-Race Developing Country‎ ‎
Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier & Rios Avila, Fernando, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Income‎
Abstract This study investigates the heterogeneous effects of domestic violence over labor markets in an ethnically fragmented country such as Bolivia. Among developing countries, Bolivia "excels" in having one of the highest levels of domestic violence in the region. Anecdotal evidence and empirical evidence suggest that response to domestic violence is not homogeneous across different ethnic groups. Using information from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for Bolivia, we examine the heterogeneous impacts of domestic violence over one of the key labor market outcomes such as employment. We employ a probabilistic decision model and treatment regression techniques to examine this effect. We claim that the impact of domestic violence on labor markets is limited among indigenous people, given that violence is, to some extent, socially recognized and accepted. We find that for most of the cases, indigenous women are less responsive to domestic violence than nonindigenous ones, except for groups with a high income level. Our results are robust for alternative methodologies to address possible endogeneity problems.‎
69. Do Technological Improvements in the Manufacturing Sector Raise or Lower Employment?‎ ‎
American Economic Review, Chang, Yongsung and Jay H. Hong, 2006*
    Tags: Income, Global ‎
Abstract We find that technology's effect on employment varies greatly across manufacturing industries. Some industries exhibit a temporary reduction in employment in response to a permanent increase in TFP, whereas many more industries exhibit an employment increase in response to a permanent TFP shock. This raises serious questions about existing work that finds a labor productivity shock has a strong negative effect on employment. There are tantalizing and interesting differences between TFP and labor productivity. We argue that TFP is a more natural measure of technology because labor productivity reflects shifts in the input mix as well as in technology.
70. Duración del desempleo en el área urbana de Bolivia: Un análisis de los efectos de niveles de instrucción y características socioeconómicas
UDAPE, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Unemployment, Income‎
Abstract Este trabajo explora la duración del desempleo en Bolivia utilizando información proveniente de las encuestas de hogares MECOVI. El objetivo del documento es analizar las características de la duración del desempleo y sus determinantes, en este sentido se realiza un análisis exploratorio de la evolución y duración del desempleo así como la aplicación de dominancia estocástica y modelos de conteo Poisson y Binomial Negativo.  El análisis exploratorio y de dominancia estocástica muestra que la duración media del desempleo se redujo en el periodo 1999-2003. Existe evidencia clara de mejoras en el bienestar, en términos de duración del desempleo, especialmente entre 1999 y 2003. Además se muestra que existió un incremento en la duración del desempleo de corto plazo y la duración del desempleo de largo plazo se redujo.  De acuerdo a los modelos de conteo se logró establecer que la edad, el sexo y mayores niveles de instrucción incrementan la duración del desempleo en Bolivia, mientras que el ingreso del hogar tiene un efecto neutro. A diferencia de otros países, individuos con mayores niveles de instrucción presentan mayor duración de desempleo debido a las características del mercado laboral boliviano demandando trabajadores con salarios de reserva menores.‎
71. Earnings and Employment Dynamics of Manpower  trainees: an exploratory econometric analysis
Research in Labor Economics, Cooley, T., T. McGuire and E. Prescott, 1979**
    Tags: Training, Income, USA
Abstract MDTA (Manpower Development and Training Act) es un programa de entrenamiento ocupacional en los Estados Unidos. El programa primero identifica ocupaciones en donde se requieren trabajadores, luego asesora y testea a quienes son seleccionados para finalmente asignarlos al entrenamiento. Se encuentran impactos significativos y positivos en los salarios de los adultos y jóvenes económicamente desventajados, tanto para hombres como para mujeres. 
72. Economic Crisis and Fiscal Reforms in Latin America
Mark Hallerberg & Carlos Scartascini, 2011
    Tags: Policy, Latin America
Abstract The recent financial crisis has initiated pressures for not only policy reform but also fundamental institutional fiscal reforms. This paper explores the connection between economic crises and fiscal institutional reforms in a region that has experienced plenty of both in recent years, namely Latin America. For that purpose it reviews the literature and provides five hypotheses about why, and under what circumstances, crises would promote reforms. The empirical evidence shows that debt crises make reforms more likely but banking crises on their own, if anything, reduce the pressure for fiscal institutional reforms. Political institutions are also important. If the electoral system encourages the personal vote, the country is more likely to reform. This evidence may become useful for predicting the likelihood of reforms in the developed world.
73. Ecuador's rural nonfarm sector as a route out of poverty
Lanjouw, Peter, 1998
    Tags: Ecuador, Income, Gender&Diversity
Abstract The author analyzes a recent household survey for Ecuador to assess the role of the nonagricultural rural sector in reducing poverty. That sector accounts for roughly 40 percent of rural incomes in Ecuador, three-fourths of which comes from nonagricultural enterprises as opposed to wage labor. The sector provides employment to nearly 40 percent of men and 50 percent of economically active women. The nonagricultural rural sector represents a potentially important route out of poverty: Poverty declines as the share of income from nonagricultural sources arises. Nonagricultural employment and earnings are positively associated with higher education levels and better access to infrastructure services. Although women are more likely than men to be employed in this sector, their earnings for given education levels and other household characteristics are significantly lower. All other things equal, the greatest fall in poverty could be expected from expanding employment opportunities in transport, commerce-related activities, and such services as administration and the hotel and restaurant trade.
74.  Educational Reform and Labor Market Outcomes: the Case of Argentina's Ley Federal de Educación
    CEDLAS, María Laura Alzúa, Leonardo Gasparini y Francisco Haimovich‎
     Tags: Argentina, Education
Abstract  In the nineties Argentina implemented a large education reform (Ley Federal de Educación - LFE) that mainly implied the extension of compulsory education in two additional years.  The timing in the implementation substantially varied across provinces, providing a source of identification for unraveling the causal effect of the reform. The estimations from difference-in-difference models suggest that the LFE had an overall positive although mild impact on education and labor outcomes. The impact on the income-deprived youths was small for education outcomes and null for labor outcomes. / En los noventa Argentina implementó una reforma educativa (la Ley Federal de Educación - LFE) que implicó principalmente la extensión de la educación obligatoria en dos años adicionales. El timing en la implementación fue sustancialmente diferente entre provincias, lo cual provee una fuente de identificación del efecto causal de la reforma. Las estimaciones de modelos de diferencias dobles sugieren que la LFE tuvo un impacto global positivo pero moderado sobre los resultados educativos y laborales. El impacto sobre los jóvenes pobres fue pequeño en términos educativos y nulo en términos laborales.
75. Education and labour market outcomes: evidence from Brazil
Lancaster University Management School, Ricardo Freguglia, Gisele Spricigo, Geraint Johnes, Aradhna Aggarwal, 2011
     Tags: Brazil, Education
Abstract  The effect of education on labour market outcomes is analysed using both survey and administrative data from the Brazilian PNAD and RAIS-MIGRA series, respectively.  Occupational destination is examinesd using both multinomial logit analyses and structural dynamic discrete choice modelling.  The latter approach is particularly useful as a means of evaluating policy impacts over time.  We find that policy to expand educational provision leads initially to an increased take-up of education, and in the longer term leads to an increased propensity for workers to enter non-manual employment.
76. Effects of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Bolivian Economy: A CGE Approach 
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Martin Cicowiez, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, 2010
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Gender&Diversity
Abstract  This paper analyses the impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Bolivian economy. The PEP 1-1 Standard Model has been employed to analyze the effects of a reduction in (i) the world export prices of mining and agriculture, (ii) the world demand of textiles, and (iii) transfers to households (i.e., remittances) from abroad. The model has been calibrated to a new 2006 SAM for Bolivia. The households have been disaggregated according to their location (urban and rural) and ethnicity (indigenous and non-indigenous). The factors of production have been disaggregated into skilled and unskilled labor, capital, and natural resources. Not surprisingly, our results highlight the relevance of the decrease in the export price of natural gas in explaining the negative effects of the Global Financial Crisis.‎
77. El Actual Sistema Tributario en Bolivia
UDAPE, 1999
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy
Abstract Hasta la crisis del estaño en 1986, el sistema tributario aplicado al sector minero fue uno de los principales instrumentos de política económica, debido en gran parte a su importancia en la generación de recursos económicos para el Estado.  En este sentido, varios fueron los sistemas utilizados, desde impuestos sobre la cantidad producida hasta aquellos sobre la utilidad de la empresa.  En un contexto de predominancia de la minería estatal, los sistemas impositivos estaban diseñados para captar, casi la totalidad de las rentas y beneficios normales que generaba la minería. Sin embargo, a partir de 1985 la minería privada pasa a ser el principal sector de explotación, cambiando de manera explícita el objetivo que debe cumplir un sistema impositivo en el sector minero. En esta nueva óptica, se dio por sentado que un sistema impositivo adecuado es aquel que captura las rentas generadas por el sector minero y a su vez fomenta la inversión privada en el sector. En este sentido, se diseñaron impuestos cada vez más competitivos internacionalmente, entendiéndose competitividad como aquella situación en la que existe similar presión tributaria.‎
78. El servicio domestico: trabajo de la mayoria de las mujeres en America Latina
Artículo, Magdalena Leon ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Latin America, Income
Abstract El análisis y la discusión del servicio doméstico como trabajo que aglutina a la mayor parte de las mujeres de América Latina sirve para entender un aspecto básico de la situación de la mujer que surge al examinar la relación entre trabajo doméstico y servicio doméstico: su posición subordinada en la sociedad. Este análisis nos permite, además, entender aspectos del trabajo femenino en el sector rural y relacionarlo con el que se da en los sectores urbanos populares. También arroja luces sobre el empleo femenino en la región y permite asociarlo a los procesos de urbanización e industrialización. Al desglosar puntos claves de la oferta y las condiciones de trabajo, se puede entender la deteriorada forma de vida que experimentan los cientos de miles de mujeres que laboran como empleadas domésticas. Finalmente, es importante entender los aspectos de servidumbre que se dan en el tipo de relaciones personales que se establecen en este trabajo. 
79. El Empleo y la distribucion del ingreso durante la inflacion
Justo Espejo L., Universidad Catolica Boliviana
   Parte 2‎
   Parte 3‎
   Parte 4‎
   Bibilioteca Felipe Herrera:  BO HB 523 .E77 1990
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income, Productivity
Abstract Se estudia el empleo, la distribución del ingreso y, como nexo entre ambas, la productividad laboral en los años ochenta.  El empleo ha decrecido notablemente y muestra una fuerte tendencia a la informalización.  Por otra parte, aunque no se notan grandes modificaciones en la distribución del ingreso, en relación a la anterior década, el ingreso per cápita si muestra un decrecimiento preocupante, especialmente, el de los asalariados.  Por último, la productividad media descendió en relación a sus anteriores estándares y aun no se ha recuperado.  La mayor dificultad encontrada fue la falta de información fidedigna sobre estos variables debido, principalmente, a la dinamicidad de la situación de crisis.  En todo caso, con los datos disponibles se puede concluir que la población fue afectada negativamente, tanto por la inflación como por la posterior estabilidad con recesión.
80. El estudio de los intermediarios y la dimensión sociocultural en el mercado de trabajo agrícola
Dimension Antropologica, Kim Sanchez Saldana, 2009 ***
    Tags: Latin America
Abstract En este trabajo se sostiene que la presencia de los intermediarios laborales tradicionales en la estructuración y funcionamiento de determinados mercados de trabajo rural conforma campos de interacción marcados por procesos de mediación social, que favorecen su desempeño como intermediarios culturales en esos contextos.
81. El mercado laboral: el desempleo se reduce, pero la precariedad se mantiene
Nueva Economia, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Income, Bolivia‎
Abstract La tasa de desempleo en Bolivia descendió entre 2006 y 2010 de 8,0% a 5,7%, dice el Gobierno. Mientras, el CEDLA señala todo lo contrario.  Si bien la tasa de desempleo bajó en la pasada gestió n, gracias a la iniciativa privada, aún la calidad está en la mesa de debate. La mayo ría de las fuentes de trabajo generadas pertenecen a semiempresas y familiares, po cas a las grandes. Hace poco el Gobierno informó de que el desempleo bajó a 5,7% en 2010, de 7% que se registró en 2009. El Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario (CEDLA) señala que el porcentaje fue mayor, 8,8 %. El bajo nivel de industrialización del país ha llevado a que la creación de empleos se concentre en el sector informal urbano de tipo familiar y semiempresarial. La tendencia se mantuvo to da la década de 2000 y parece que la misma continuaráá.‎
82. El Mercado Laboral en Bolivia: Aprovechando la Ventana de Oportunidad que se está Abriendo
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Education ‎
83. El Problema del Empleo en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2009
    Tags: Bolivia, Informality
84. Empleo femenino y desarrollo económico : algunas evidencias
Recchini de Lattes, Z.; Wainerman, C.H., 1977 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Argentina, Income‎
Abstract En casi todas las sociedades se espera que los varones adultos permanezcan en el mercado de trabajo durante la totalidad de su vida potencialmente activa.
85. Empleo, Salarios, Pobreza y Desigualdad en el Ecuador
Observatorio de la Economia Latinoamericana, Galo Viteri Díaz, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Ecuador‎
Abstract El presente documento aborda un aspecto fundamental de la cuestión social, relativo a "Empleo, Salarios, Pobreza y Desigualdad en el Ecuador".  El documento se encuentra estructurado en cinco secciones.  La sección uno referida al "Empleo" trata de: ocupación adecuada, desocupación y subocupación total; estructura del empleo no agrícola; empleo no agrícola según rama de actividad económica; y, protección social del trabajador.  La sección dos trata sobre los "Salarios", en términos nominales y reales y el costo y restricción de las canastas familiar básica y vital.  La sección tres relativa a la "Pobreza" comprende: pobreza según necesidades básicas insatisfechas; pobreza y extrema pobreza según consumo; y, pobreza según tipología de Katzman.  La sección cuatro sobre "Desigualdad" analiza: relación entre el 10% más rico vs. 10% más pobre según consumo; y, coeficiente de Gini del consumo.  La sección cinco aborda un tema fundamental como es el documento "Agenda de Acción Social", que incluye: marco conceptual; objetivos; enfoques; y, pilares del desarrollo social.‎
86. Empleo‎ y capacitacion laboral de jovenes en Amreica Latina‎
OIT, Cinterfor, 2000 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Training, Latin America‎
Abstract Este artículo aborda el tema del empleo de los jóvenes en América Latina; tanto en sí mismo, como en su relación con otras dimensiones de la realidad social, como son la educación, la formación profesional y la legislación laboral.  El presente Boletín Técnico de Cinterfor está dedicado al tema del empleo y la capacitación laboral de jóvenes en América Latina y el Caribe. Pretende constituirse en un aporte para el conocimiento y la compresión de la situación laboral de la población joven de nuestra región, y de las herramientas que, desde una multiplicidad de actores sociales, se han desarrollado con el objetivo de combatir ese flagelo que constituye el desempleo juvenil. 
87. Emloyment and Labour Force in Latin America
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Bryan Roberts, 1981*
    Tags: Latin America, Income, Informality
88. Employment and hours over the business cycle
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Thomas F. Cooley, Jang-Ok Cho, 1989
    Tags: Global
Abstract Approximately one quarter of the adjustment in total hours of employment over the business cycle represents adjustments in hours, while the remainder is explained by changes in employment. Real business cycle models characterize agents as either continuously adjusting their hours or making only labor force participation decisions about jobs with indivisible hours, In this paper we extend the representative agent framework to allow for decisions on both participation and hours. We calibrate and simulate a dynamic version of the model and show that it is better able to mimic some features of the aggregate data.
89. Employment Generation, Firm Size and Innovation: Microeconometric Evidence from Argentina
IDB Technical Note, Ramiro de Elejalde, David Giulidori, Rodolfo Stucchi, 2011
     Tags: Argentina
Abstract This paper provides evidence about the relationship between innovation and employment in Argentina. In particular, it quantifies the impact of different types of innovations (process or product innovations) on employment growth and skill composition (skilled-unskilled labor) and the impact of different innovation strategies (buy or make) on employment growth, and analyzes whether these impacts depend on firm size or technology intensity. To answer these questions a model proposed in Harrison, Jaumandreu, Mairesse, and Peters (2008) was estimated using an IV approach with data from the Innovation Surveys for Argentina for the period 1998-2001. The results suggest that product innovations have a positive impact on employment growth while process innovations have no significant impact on employment growth. In addition, there is some evidence that product innovations are skill-biased, and that a mixed innovative strategy of make and buy has a larger impact on employment growth than a buy-only strategy. Finally, similar impacts for small firms but differential impacts for low-tech and high-tech sectors were found.  ‎
90. Employment-Poverty Linkages and Policies: The Case of Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio & Maria del Carmen Choque ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Income‎
Abstract This study focuses on analysing the linkages between output growth, employment and poverty, at both the macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the linkage between poverty and output growth is conceptualised in terms of the average productivity of the employed work force, which in turn gets reflected in low levels of real wages and low levels of earnings in self-employment. At the micro level of a household, the same linkage between poverty and employment operates through the type and productivity of economic activities in which the earning members of a household are engaged, the low level of human capital of the members of the workforce, the dependency burden that limits participation in the workforce, and the availability of remunerative employment.
91. Employment versus empowerment : a case study of the nature of women's work in Ecuador 
   Journal of Development Studies, Anne H Faulkner; Victoria A Lawson, 1991** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador, Income‎
92. El empleo en economías campesinas productoras para el mercado interno : el caso de la sierra ecuatoriana
   Luciano Martinez V., Revista europea de estudios latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 1992 **
    Tags: Ecuador, Income
93. El RC-IVA: Más costoso que beneficioso para la economía boliviana
   Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2011 Taxes‎
    Tags: Policy, Bolivia
‎94.  Enabling environment and microfinance institutions: Lessons from Latin America 
Journal of International Development, Volume 8, Issue 2, March 1996, Pages: 195-209, Carlos E. Cuevas*
    Tags: Latin America, Bolivia, Credit
Abstract Several examples of 'graduation' of microfinance institutions into the regulated financial system are found in Latin America. Although the best-known case is that of BancoSol in Bolivia, others have followed with less notoriety, either because they are too recent to allow an assessment of their regulated performance, or because the graduation process has been somehow stunted. Based on a few selected cases, the paper explores the 'environmental factors' that may have enabled, or hampered, the emergence of these specialized microfinance institutions in the regulated world. In addition to BancoSol, the analysis looks into the policy and regulatory elements surrounding the evolution of AMPES/Servicio Crediticio (a non-governmental organization) into Financiera Calpia (a regulated finance company) in El Salvador, and that of ADMIC (an NGO) into Finmicro in Mexico.
95. En busca de determinantes del crecimiento económico: instituciones y el rol de la distribución del poder político
Elizabeth Jiménez (CIDES-UMSA), Patricia Suarez (CIDES-UMSA), 2011
     Tags: Policy, Bolivia
Abstract "La distribución del poder político en una sociedad es endógena...Las sociedades transitan entre dictaduras y democracia y cambian sus constituciones para modificar las restricciones de los que ostentan el poder. Las instituciones políticas, como las instituciones económicas, representan preferencias colectivas y su evolución responde fundamentalmente a la distribución del poder político de una sociedad" (Acemoglu, 2004: 5).‎
96. Entre la formalidad y la informalidad: opciones e ingresos diferentes?
Rolando Morales (CIESS-Econometrica-Bolivia), 2011 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Informality, Income‎
Abstract En base a la clasificación de los trabajadores entre dependientes e independientes (pequeños empresarios y trabajadores por cuenta propia) y entre formales e informales, se plantea en este trabajo algunas importantes interrogantes: 1) ¿Es posible identificar las características de los trabajadores que los llevan a escoger preferentemente alguna de las categorías?, 2) ¿Existen grupos de trabajadores con características similares en las diferentes categorías?, ¿En qué magnitud? 3) ¿Existen diferencias en los ingresos provenientes del trabajo en las diferentes categorías entre trabajadores con características similares? - Las respuestas a estas interrogantes llevan a insertarse en el debate teórico sobre la existencia o no de segmentación en los diferentes mercados laborales. Las conclusiones son: 1) Diferentes características de los trabajadores los llevan a optar por una u otra categoría laboral, 2) Hay grupos de trabajadores con características similares entre las diferentes categorías, 3) En grupos similares, la formalización no lleva a mejorar los ingresos de los pequeños empresarios ni de los trabajadores por cuenta, pero sí de los trabajadores dependientes, 4) Algunos trabajadores se enfrentan a la segmentación por no reunir suficientes requisitos laborales, otros por la estrechez del mercado, pero muchos optan voluntariamente por su estatus laboral actual.‎
97. Espacio y desarrollo municipal en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Osvaldo Nina, 2011
     Tags: Bolivia, ‎
Abstract La economía regional ha sido hasta ahora considerada en la literatura sobre desarrollo económico e inversión en Bolivia, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los trabajos no se había tomado en cuenta la posibilidad de existencia de autocorrelación espacial; es decir, que el valor observado en un sitio depende de observaciones espacialmente cercanas. Tomando en cuenta estas consideraciones, el objetivo del trabajo es establecer qué factores están relacionados con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, incorporando la dimensión espacial en el análisis de sus determinantes. Las variables utilizadas fueron clasificadas en cuatro grupos: geográfica, socio-económicas, demográficas y servicios e infraestructura.  De acuerdo a los resultados, se evidencia que las variables geográficas y demográficas son importantes en el desarrollo socio-económico de los municipios. En relación a las variables económicas, solamente la variable de organizaciones económicas campesinas es significativa, mostrando la importancia de estas instituciones. Además, contrario a lo esperado, la variable de gasto social municipal per cápita no es significativa, sugiriendo que el gasto del gobierno central es más importante en el logro de mejores indicadores de salud y educación y, definitivamente, el proceso de descentralización no ha podido llegar a estos niveles.  Por otro lado, el alto grado de significancia para el coeficiente espacial es indicio de que existen efectos de difusión a nivel regional; es decir, la dimensión espacial tiene relevancia en el desarrollo humano a nivel municipal, mostrando que existe un proceso de difusión en el que los eventos en una ubicación predicen una mayor probabilidad de eventos similares en unidades geográficas vecinas. En ese sentido, los planes o proyectos de desarrollo de los municipios, deberían realizar de manera conjunta y no individualizada.‎
98. Estimando la distribucion del salario de reserva
Fundacion ARU, BID, Werner L. Hernari-Limarino, 2010
     Tags: Bolivia, Income, Unemployment
Abstract Este documento utiliza un sencillo modelo de oferta laboral para identifcar la distribucion de los salarios de reserva. La distribucion de los salarios de reserva de la poblacion no empleada (tanto desempleada como inactiva) es fundamental no solo para entender la naturaleza del no-empleo sino tambien para defnir los salarios que deberian ofrecer los programas de empleo para atraer a diferentes grupos de poblacion. El documento utiliza los datos de la Encuesta Trimestral de Empleo Urbano para ilustrar la metodologia propuesta. Las estimaciones revelan que la gran dependencia de los hogares del ingreso laboral determina que los niveles de salarios de reserva sean mucho menores a los salarios esperados. Tambien se observa que los salarios de reserva para la poblacion de inactivos domina estocasticamente la distribución para la poblacion de desempleados, y a su vez, esta ultima domina estocasticamente la distribucion para la poblacion ocupada. Esto implica que una buena parte de la poblacion empleada no puede cubir los costos de busqueda de mejores oportunidades de empleo mientras que los desempleados tienen un mayor margen de espera.‎
99. Estimating the direct costs of social conflicts: Road blockings in Bolivia
Journal of International Development, Bruno De Borger, Vicenzo Verardi, 2008*
    Tags: Bolivia, Income
Abstract Social conflicts are a serious obstacle to economic growth in many Latin American societies, affecting economic activity both in the short and the long run. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we develop a methodology to estimate the direct, short-run impact of frequently occurring exponents of local conflicts, such as road blockings, on economic activity. The methodology is based on using high frequency (daily) data to estimate the relation between a proxy for economic activity and the occurrence of road blockings. Careful analysis of impulse-response functions traces the effect of such local social conflicts on economic activity. This information is combined with the aggregate annual time series relation between gross domestic product (GDP) and the high frequency proxy for economic activity to estimate the direct cost of local social conflicts for the economy as a whole. Second, we apply the proposed methodology to analyse the direct economic costs of road blockings in Bolivia, using detailed daily information for the year 2003. The results show that these costs are large. Stronger institutions are a critical factor in reducing the prevalence of such conflicts and to avoid the huge economic costs that they imply.
100. Estimating the effect of training programs with non-random selection
Review of Economics and Statistics, Bassi, L., 1984** ‎
    Tags: Training, USA, Income, Gender&Diversity
Abstract Evaluación del programa CETA (The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act), en los Estados Unidos, desarrolla programas de capacitación para individuos de bajos ingresos. En cuanto al impacto del programa, los salarios para hombres blancos aumentan marginalmente, mientras que para las minorías caen. Los salarios de mujeres blancas y minorías aumentan. Los jóvenes hombres experimentan una caída en salarios mientras que los salarios de las mujeres aumentan levemente así como el de las minorías mujeres. 
This study reports on efforts to use the Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey to estimate the effect that manpower training programs have had on participants' earnings. Estimation techniques are developed to control for non-random selection into the program based on individual unobservables which are either constant and/or changing over time, as well as non-random selection because of "creaming" by program administrators. The study finds that, in general, fixed effects estimators are sufficient to eliminate the bias created by non-random selection. While women appear to benefit substantially from manpower training programs, no significant earnings effects were found for men participants. 
101. Ethnic and Gender Wage Gaps in Ecuador
Inter-American Development Bank, Lourdes Gallardo, Hugo Rolando Ñopo, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador, Income‎
Abstract Returns to labor for workers with similar endowments of productive characteristics in Ecuador are influenced by two characteristics that, arguably, should play no role on the determination of wages: gender and ethnicity. This paper analyzes wage gaps due to both characteristics in Ecuador for the period 2003-2007, applying a matching comparisons technique developed in Ñopo (2008). The results indicate ethnic wage gaps that are notably higher than gender wage gaps. Furthermore, ethnic wage gaps are higher among males than among females. Differences in human capital characteristics, however, explain almost one-half of the ethnic wage gaps but only a small fraction of the gender wage gaps. Both gender and ethnic wage gaps are more pronounced at the lower extremes of the earnings distribution.
102. Evolucion de la estructura de empleo e ingresos en Bolivia en el periodo 1999-2009
Fundacion ARU, BID, Werner L. Hernari-Limarino, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Bolivia‎
Abstract Este documento presenta la evolucion de la estructura de empleo e ingresos laborales observados en Bolivia durante el periodo 1999-2009. Para ello utilizamos la serie armonizada de Encuestas de Hogares - lo que explica por que nuestros resultados en ocasiones son contradictorios con los de otras investigaciones que tambien utilizan las Encuestas de Hogares. Nuestro analisis evidencia que, entre los años 1999 y 2009, existieron mejoras en la utilizacion y la remuneracion de la fuerza de trabajo. A pesar del aumento de los niveles de participacion se observaron aumentos en la tasa de empleo y remueracion media, asi como reducciones en las tasas de desempleo, subempleo y desanimo. Tambien se evidencia que, aunque no existieron grandes cambios en la estructura del empleo, la estructura salarial tanto del area urbana como del area rural se modifico sostensiblemente en beneficio de los segmentos con menor remuneracion.‎
103. Ex-Ante Simulations of Direct and Indirect Effects of Welfare Reforms
Review of Income and Wealth, Jose Cuesta, Juan Ponce, 2007*
     Tags: Policy, Ecuador, Income ‎
Abstract This paper estimates an ex-ante structural model that incorporates behavioral labor responses to analyze the distributive impacts of a long proposed reform in Ecuador: the shift from regressive consumer gas subsidies to the progressive Human Development Bonus (HDB). Even the most radical reform options may not have the expected sizeable distributive gains. This is the case even after the targeting instrument, SelBen, substantially corrects the current targeting deficiencies of the HDB. Poverty reduction is maximized (reduing poverty by about five percentage points) when the targeting instrument redirects resources to households close to the pre-reform poverty line. Most of this estimated impact accrues from direct effects with a minimal contribution from indirect effects effects. Labor-driven indirect effects are multiple and complex, tending to cancel out one another.‎
104. Eye disease and development
Pablo Selaya (University of Copenhagen), Carl-Johan Dalgaard (University of Copenhagen) and Thomas B. Andersen (University of Southern Denmark), 2011‎
     Tags: Global, Income
Abstract This research advances the hypothesis that cross-country variation in the historical incidence of eye disease has influenced the current global distribution of per capita income. The theory is that pervasive eye disease diminished the incentive to accumulate skills, thereby delaying the fertility transition and the take-off to sustained economic growth. In order to estimate the influence from eye disease incidence empirically, we draw on an important fact from the field of epidemiology: Exposure to solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVB-R) is an underlying determinant of several forms of eye disease; the most important being cataract, which is currently the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Using a satellite-based measure of UVB-R, we document that societies more exposed to UVB-R are poorer and underwent the fertility transition with a significant delay compared to the forerunners. These findings are robust to the inclusion of an extensive set of climate and geography controls. Moreover, using a global data set on economic activity for all terrestrial grid cells we show that the link between UVB-R and economic development survives the inclusion of country fixed effect.‎
105. Female Entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean: Characteristics, Drivers and Relationship to Economic Development
Siri Terjesen & José Ernesto Amorós, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Latin America, Bolivia, Income‎
Abstract This article explores female entrepreneurial activities in 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Specifically, we explore the following research questions: What percentage of the female and male Latin American populations is involved in opportunity- and necessity-based entrepreneurial activities? And what quality of institutions is associated with female entrepreneurial activity opportunity and necessity rates? We comment on the impact of female entrepreneurship on economic development and conclude with implications for policy, practice and future research.
106. Fighting youth unemployment: the effects of active labor market policies
Institute for the study of labor, Marco Caliendo, Steffen Kunn, Ricarda Schmil, 2011
     Tags: Youth, Unemployment, Policy, Global
Abstract A substantial number of young unemployed participate in active labor market programs (ALMP) in Germany each year. While the aims of these programs are clear - a fast re-integration into employment or enrollment in further education - a comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness has yet to be conducted. We fill this gap using administrative data on youth unemployment entries in 2002 and analyze the short- and long-term impacts for a variety of different programs. With informative data at hand we apply inverse probability weighting, thereby accounting for a dynamic treatment assignment and cyclical availability of programs. Our results indicate positive long-term employment effects for nearly all measures aimed at labor market integration. Measures aimed at integrating youths in apprenticeships are effective in terms of education participation, but fail to show any impact on employment outcomes until the end of our observation period. Public sector job creation is found to ! be harmful for the medium-term employment prospects and ineffective in the long-run. Our analysis further indicates that the targeting of German ALMP systematically ignores low-educated youths as neediest of labor market groups. While no employment program shows a positive impact on further education participation for any subgroup, the employment impact of participation is often significantly lower for low-educated youths.‎
107. Finance for all: integrating microfinance to credit information sharing in Bolivia
World Bank, Frederic Bustelo, 2010
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Credit‎
Abstract Over-indebted borrowers were angry in the summer of 2001 in Bolivia. They were so angry that in July 2001 they took hostages at the Superintendence of Banks and Financial Entities, Bolivia's financial regulator. Borrowers had taken out too many loans and could not pay them back. The economic crisis at the time made everything worse.  People were demanding that their debts be forgiven.
How did this happen? In the 1990's lending had grown exponentially. Individuals who had never before taken out formal loans became borrowers. Up to 50% of small-business entrepreneurs had credit lines in 2000-an unprecedented figure in the developing world.  But the problem was that some managed to obtain several loans at once via different institutions. Without an efficient credit bureau sharing information, lenders could not find out if borrowers were already over indebted.
Reynaldo Marconi had seen this crisis coming. As head of Finrural, an association of unregulated microfinance institutions (MFIs), he started creating a rudimentary credit bureau in 1995 in order to share a "black list" of MFIs' defaulters and late payers.  Finrural members had exclusive access to this list until 1998, when it was opened to other MFIs. But as more and more MFI's were created, broader reform was needed. 
Part of the solution was to establish a credit bureau to share information between regulated and unregulated lenders-such as smaller nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This would give lenders a much broader view of the credit profile of potential borrowers.‎
108. Finance for Development: Latin America in a Comparative Perspective
Economica, Vicente CuÑAT, Barbara Stallings, Rodgerio Studart, 2008*‎
    Tags: Latin America, Credit
109. Fiscal adjustment and labor market dynamics in an open economy
Journal of Development Economics, Pierre-Richard Agénor, 2005
    Tags: Policy, Global, Unemployment, Informality
Abstract This paper studies the labor market effects of fiscal adjustment in a two-sector, three-good intertemporal framework. Key features of the model are an informal sector, minimum wages, unionized labor in the formal economy, imperfect labor mobility, and public production of intermediate inputs. "Luxury" and wait unemployment prevail in equilibrium. It is shown that if unions care sufficiently about employment, and if the degree of openness is high, an increase in the price of government services may reduce unemployment in the steady state. A similar result would hold in an efficiency-wage setting if the "disciplinary effect" of unemployment is sufficiently strong.
110. Fiscal Policies and Increased Trade Openness: Poverty Impacts in Ecuador
Sara Wong & Ricardo Arguello & Ketty Rivera, 2008
    Tags: Policy, Ecuador, Income
Abstract This research quantifies the effects on poverty in Ecuador of bilateral trade liberalization with the U.S. and fiscal changes (value added tax and direct taxes) which seek to compensate tariff revenue losses, so that the government deficit remains constant. This is a very important issue for Ecuador because it adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency in 2000, forgoting the use of monetary and exchange rate policy instruments. This paper highlights labor market effects and fiscal policies as the main mechanisms through which trade impacts poverty. The paper combines a reduced-form micro household income and occupational choice model (using the 2005/6 Ecuadorian household survey) with a standard single-country computable general equilibrium model (employing a 2004 Social Accounting Matrix). A sequential approach that simulates the full income and distributional impact of trade and tax policies is followed. The impact of these policy changes on the economy is small. Indigence and income distribution effects are small but positive. There are mixed results on poverty. The best poverty reduction outcomes are attained when only direct taxes are used for making up tariff revenue losses and the worst when a flat VAT rate is employed, including the elimination of current VAT exemptions (mostly for agricultural goods). A key contribution of this research is to illustrate the significance for poverty of policy choices available to the government.
111.  Food Security, Gender and Occupational Choice among Urban Low-Income Households 
Maria Floro & Ranjula Bali Swain, Associate Professors at the Department of Economics, American University, Washington D.C and the Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Sweden. 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Global, Bolivia‎
Abstract Rising urban poverty and food insecurity are serious concerns in developing countries today.  Urban livelihoods and coping strategies remain poorly understood however. This paper examines the response of female and male household members in marginalized urban
(predominantly squatter) areas to the risk of food shortage in terms of occupational choice.
More specifically, we use probit analyses to investigate whether household vulnerability or the need to provide self-insurance for food security, alongside gender roles, influence a worker's choice of enterprise activity. We focus our investigation on self-employed women and men using a data set drawn from the 1496 individual sample in 14 urban squatter communities in Bolivia, Ecuador, Philippines and Thailand. Our findings show that selfemployed women in households facing higher risk of food insecurity are likely to engage in food-related enterprise activities and this is especially true in Philippines and Thailand. This suggests the role of occupational choice in helping urban squatter households in mitigating the risk of food shortage through the selection of an income-generating activity that allows the direct use of unsold inventories for food consumption.
112. Foreign aid -‎ a fillip for development or a fuel for corruption?‎
Keith Blackburn, Gonzalo Forgues-Puccio, 2011
     Tags: Policy, Global
Abstract We present an analysis of the effects of foreign aid on economic development when the quality of governance may be compromised by corruption.  The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which growth is driven by capital accumulation and public policy is administered by government-appointed bureaucrats.  Corruption may arise due to the opportunity for bureaucrats to embezzle public funds which are otherwise used to provide productive public goods and services.  Our main results may be summarized as follows: 1) corruption impedes economic development and compromises the effectiveness of aid programmes 2) the incidence of corruption may, itself, be affected by both the development process and the donation of aid; 3) foreign aid is good for both development when governance is good, but may be bad (perhaps very bad) for development when governance is bad; and 4) corruption and poverty may co-exist as permanent, rather than just transitory, fixtures of an economy.
113. Formación profesional, productividad y trabajo decente
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, Fernando Casanova, 2002
     Tags: Youth, Training, Latin America‎
Abstract El presente trabajo aborda los procesos de cambio que han tenido lugar en el campo de la formación profesional de América Latina y el Caribe en los últimos decenios, y el modo como las instituciones de formación de la región los han enfrentado. Se presta particular atención a los vínculos de la formación con aspectos vinculados al desarrollo económico y social de los países, como lo son la productividad, la competitividad y el objetivo del trabajo decente.‎
114. Formal and informal sector employment in urban areas of Bolivia
Labour Economics, Pradhan, Menno & van Soest, Arthur , Tilburg, Netherlands : Center for Economic Research, Tilburg University,1995* ‎
   Worldcat: Link 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Income, Bolivia‎
Abstract Earnings and labour market participation in urban areas of Bolivia are analyzed, using household level survey data from 1989. We distinguish between non-participation, formal sector work, and informal sector work, and estimate separate wage equations for informal and formal sector. Two types of models are analyzed: in the first, the informal sector is seen as a buffer zone between formal sector and non-participation, while in the second, there is no ordering among sectors. We find that accounting for selectivity substantially affects wage equation estimates. The direction of the selectivity effect is the same according to both models, but its magnitude varies, in particular for the informal sector. Other results are quite robust: wages are higher in larger local labour markets. In both sectors females of ethnic minorities are underpaid.‎
115. From Social Policy to an Open-Economy Social Contract in Latin America
Nancy Birdsall, Center for Global Development, 2002
    Tags: Latin America, Policy
Abstract After a decade of economic and political reforms that dramatically altered the structure of economies in Latin America, poverty and high inequality remain deeply entrenched. Integration into the global economy in the 1990s brought increased prosperity only to a small minority of households in most countries, primarily those in which adults had some university education. The reforms in themselves did not hurt the poor, but they left behind both the poor (using the international definition of those living on less than $2 a day), but the great majority of middle-income households who are, as I show, surprisingly poor by Western middle-class standards. 
What does this imply for future social policy in the region? I suggest in this paper the logic of going beyond the standard, poverty-targeted, elements of good social policy to a modern social contract adapted to the demands and the constraints of an open economy. A modern open-economy social contract would extend current social policy in two ways. First, it would be explicitly based on broad job-based growth. Second, it would be politically and economically directed not only at the currently poor but at the near-poor and economically insecure middle-income strata. I discuss critical elements of an open-economy social contract. These include unusually good fiscal policy; increasing effective taxation of the rich, making job mobility an explicit public policy goal, and a regional strategy for better access to rich country markets.‎
116. Gas Natural y Desigualdad en Bolivia Después de la Nacionalización
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, Johann Caro, Robert Faris, Mauricio Medinaceli, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Policy‎
Abstract Los precios altos del petróleo y el significativo incremento de los ingresos públicos provenientes de su explotación han implicado que el gas natural se vuelva muy importante para la economía boliviana. Este trabajo utiliza un modelo de Equilibrio General Computarizado (EGC) para evaluar los impactos de este boom sobre las variables macroeconómicas claves así como respecto de la distribución de ingresos en la sociedad. Desde una perspectiva macroeconómica, el boom del gas natural parece ser una bendición, pues podría elevar en cerca de un punto porcentual las tasas de crecimiento del PIB durante por lo menos una década, incrementando vigorosamente los ingresos del gobierno para realizar gastos e inversiones públicas. Sin embargo, los segmentos más pobres de la población (pequeños agricultores e informales urbanos) podrían verse seriamente afectados, sufriendo reducciones en sus ingresos reales en comparación  con el escenario opuesto, es decir, sin el boom del gas. Esto quiere decir que el boom del gas natural no sólo podría causar un aumento en la desigualdad sino también una expansión de la pobreza. Este trabajo termina con algunas recomendaciones en cuanto a políticas que sugieren cómo contrarestar los efectos secundarios negativos del boom de gas natural.‎
117. Inviting Husbands in Women-only Solidarity Groups: Evidencefrom Southern Mexico (Gender and empowerment in microfinance through the lens of a randomized experiment in the south of Mexico: What have we learned?)
Treb Allen, Beatriz Armendáriz, Dean Karlan, Sendhil Mullainathan, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Mexico, Credit‎
Abstract This paper sheds light on the notion of women empowerment in microfinance. Based on growing concerns by microfinance practitioners that women suffer from increased intrahousehold conflict as a result of their borrowing, we conducted an experiment allowing women to invite their husbands into their microfinance borrowing group. Only 4.4% of women agreed to invite their husbands. We construct a simple noncooperative bargaining model where intrahousehold frictions from women's participation in microfinance are perceived as a tax on women's income. Inviting husbands to join as borrowers entails a tradeoff between reducing household frictions on the one hand and a loss of autonomy over borrowing decisions on the other. The low take-up rates suggest that for the vast majority of women, the value of autonomy outweighed any reductions in conflict with the husband. Higher take-up rates in groups where women were allowed to invite their female friends and increase the size of their loan, respectively, reinforce the conclusion that including husbands in microfinance borrowing groups is not perceived as an attractive option for women borrowers.‎
118. Gender and ethnicity differentials in school attainment and labor market earnings in Ecuador
World Development, Adela Garcia-Aracil; Carolyn Winter, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador, Income, Education‎
Abstract Indigenous people in Ecuador are most likely to be disadvantaged and live in poverty. This paper reports on the findings of an econometric analysis which explores the extent to which lower educational attainment and labor market discrimination contribute to these disparities. The analysis utilizes a proportional hazard regression model to examine which factors raise the probability of early school departure. It also employs a classic regression model to explore the relationship between low educational attainment and earnings, together with an Oaxaca decomposition which parses out the extent to which earning differentials can be attributed to differences in human capital or to discrimination.
119. Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries
University of Vermont, Stephanie Seguino, 2010
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Global, Income‎
Abstract An unresolved debate in the development literature concerns the impact of gender equality on economic growth. Previous studies have found that the effect varies, depending on the measure of equality (wages or capabilities). This paper expands that discussion by considering both the short and long run, evaluating the effects of gender equality in two types of economies-semi-industrialized economies (SIEs) and lowincome agricultural economies (LIAEs). Further, it incorporates gender effects on the balance of payments constraint to growth. The results suggest that gender wage and capabilities equality work in opposite directions in SIEs and in the same (positive) direction in LIAEs. In the long-run analysis, government macroeconomic management policies are shown to be necessary in order to ratify movements towards gender equality.‎
120. Gender issues and women's participation in irrigated agriculture: the case of two private irrigation canals in Carchi, Ecuador
Bastidas, E. P., 1999 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador‎
Abstract In the past decades, research findings have made governments as well as international and local agencies realize the important role played by women in water management. However, there is a lack of research on specific roles, tasks, and functions of women in irrigated agriculture, especially in Latin America. By considering women as a heterogeneous group among the different water user groups, this report seeks to understand the factors that influence the involvement of mestizo women in irrigated agriculture in two private irrigation canals in the province of Carchi, Ecuador.After an introduction to the study area, this report describes the users, their needs, and the different water uses of the two irrigation systems. Further, the degree of women's involvement in irrigated agriculture is defined. Finally, factors that limit women's involvement in irrigated agriculture and their participation in water user associations are identified. A typology based on "household life stage" and household composition is used to explain women's involvement in irrigated agriculture.  Water user's relation to the resource and women's previous rural/urban background are analyzed for the different types of households.  Women's participation in agriculture was higher in female-headed households. In households where the couple had small children, women's participation in agriculture was limited by family obligations.  In households where an old couple lived by themselves, women were either too old or too sick to participate as they used to in agricultural activities. Finally, in households where the couple had no small children, women preferred to engage in other activities where they could control their income. It was also found that women with a rural background are more likely to participate in agricultural activities than those with an urban background.  The study suggests that it is only by taking a closer look at the intra-household dynamics and urban/rural background that affect women in each of the different types of households, that we can properly explain women's involvement in irrigated agriculture.
121. Gender, time use, and change : impacts of agricultural export employment in Ecuador‎ 
   Constance Newman, World Bank. Development Research Group, 2001 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador‎
Abstract This paper uses quasi-experimental data from Ecuador to understand the impacts of women's employment on household paid and unpaid labor allocation. The "treatment" area is in the area of the cut flower industry, which has a high demand for female labor. The "control" area is in a culturally similar, but economically more traditional valley. This approach addresses the problem of endogeneity that arises when measuring the impacts of contemporaneous household labor supply decisions. The analysis shows that with the advent of market labor opportunities for women, women's total time in labor remains constant while men's time in unpaid labor increases.
122. Genero, etnicidad y trabajo en Bolivia: Insumos conceptuales para el diseño de políticas de promoción del empleo en el parco de la equidad
Fernanda Wanderley, CIDES-UMSA, 2009 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia‎
Abstract El objetivo del presente documento es sistematizar los criterios que nos parecen centrales para el análisis de los obstáculos y oportunidades socio-laborales, en el marco de las relaciones de género, étnicas y de clase en la sociedad boliviana, en vista de su utilidad para la formulación de políticas públicas. La discusión está organizada en los siguientes ejes analíticos: (i) los estudios de género y las contribuciones feministas a la construcción del concepto de trabajo; (ii) la agenda del trabajo decente que constituyen un referente importante en las políticas nacionales de promoción del empleo digno; (iii) los regímenes laborales y de bienestar; (iv) la interrelación entre género, etnicidad y clase en la estructuración de las desigualdades sociales y, (v) las relaciones de género y etnicidad en el espacio laboral (producción, comercialización y servicios).‎
123. Globalization, Free Trade, and the Social Impact of the Decline of Informal Production: The Case of Artisans in Quito, Ecuador‎ 
World Development, Alan Middleton, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador, Policy‎
Abstract In the context of globalization and policies to promote free trade on an international scale, this paper discusses what has happened to artisans in Quito, Ecuador, over the past 30 years. The trends of conservation and decline have not been uniform over time and they have not affected all micro-firms in the same way. There has been a long-term process of restructuring and decline of these producers and they have clearly suffered from national and international free trade policies. This has resulted in levels of alienation, xenophobia and racism that are likely to have negative political consequences.
124. Good tidings from the south: social progress in Latin America
The Economist, 2011
     Tags: Latin America, Income
Abstract Poverty may be rising in Europe and the United States, places that thought they had conquered it, but in Latin America it continues to fall. In its annual estimate released this week, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) reckons that 30.4% of the region's population is living below national poverty lines. This not only maintains a steady fall (from a peak of 48.4% in 1990), but is the lowest figure since more or less reliable statistics began to be collected in the 1970s-and probably ever.‎
125. Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long Term Goals
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Duckworth, A., C. Peterson, M. Matthews & D. Kelly, 2007
    Tags: Global
Abstract Analizan el efecto sobre el desempeño laboral de responsabilidad y autocontrol pero poniendo énfasis en la búsqueda de objetivos de largo plazo. Para ello, los autores desarrollan una prueba de personalidad llamada Grit. El trabajo analiza distintos casos para documentar el poder predictivo de Grit, incluso luego de controlar por responsabilidad e inteligencia. La evidencia demuestra que Grit tiene un creciente poder predictivo del número de cambios de carreras laborales por sobre inteligencia, autocontrol, y los grandes cinco rasgos de personalidad.
126. Group dynamics, gender and microfinance in Bolivia 
   Journal of International Development, Carmen Velasco and Reynaldo Marconi, 2004* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Credit, Bolivia‎
Abstract This paper examines the wider impacts, or externalities, of microfinance in Bolivia, an environment in which the loss of confidence in the formal banking system and the proactive role of the Superintendencia de Bancos in converting NGOs into deposit-taking institutions have been positive factors. Our focus is on the group-lending technology of ProMujer, which practises a 'credit plus' technology in which training, health and advisory services for women only are linked with lending (and savings services through FIE). There is some preliminary evidence that such groups have achieved the externality of stimulating collective public action outside of the immediate microfinance context (for example by lobbying for better public services or changes in policy); such growth seems to happen most readily where the group has collective experience of adversity, and/or where intragroup equality is high. They also have exemplary repayment rates, which-unlike those of most other microfinance institutions-did not fall off during the recent recession. This creates a second externality for the economy as a whole-a contribution to macro-economic stability. We hypothesise that the chain of causation goes from ProMujer's 'credit plus' ancillary services, to client loyalty to the institution, to high repayment rates, to ability to expand lending and investment. ‎
127. Growing Business or Development Priority?
Center for Global Development, Guillermo Perry, 2011
    Tags: Global, Credit
Abstract There have been several studies on the multilateral development banks' (MDBs')role in support to poor and middle‐income countries. These studies have covered a variety of topics, such as: MDBs' actual contribution to development and the effectiveness of their operations; the adequacy of their policy prescriptions and their instruments; the rationale for official lending to middle income countries that have regular access to private capital markets; and the adequacy of their governance structures. However, most of these studies focus on MDBs' governance and lending operations and advice to governments; rarely have they examined what the MDBs, or their "private sector arms," actually do in directly supporting private firms, nor do they discuss the developmental rationale of these actions.
128. Help, risk and deceit: microentrepreneurs talk about microfinance 
Journal of International Development, Volume 15, Issue 2, March 2003, Pages: 179-188, Robyn Eversole*‎
    Tags: Credit, Bolivia
Abstract Microenterprise lending has emerged as an important development strategy internationally. Its goal is to support micro and small businesses as motors for impoverished local economies and to build sustainable microfinance organizations to serve these businesses. This article explores the experiences of microentrepreneurs in Sucre, Bolivia to probe the relationships underlying the microenterprise lending process. This study illustrates how these ostensibly commercial transactions were grounded in complex assumptions about social development, external assistance and power. The article illustrates the divide between 'developers' and the 'developed' in their shared quest to 'help businesses grow', and concludes that building strong lending institutions does not automatically translate into broad-based benefits for microentrepreneurs or their businesses.‎
129. Household Division of Labor: Generation, Gender, Age, Birth Order and Sibling Composition
Cambridge Journals, Work, Employment & Society, Samantha Punch, 2001* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income‎
Abstract Many studies have examined the household division of labour from a gender perspective, but comparatively few have considered age and the intergenerational distribution of household work. Using empirical evidence from my ethnographic study of rural households in Bolivia, I argue that whilst adult household labour is highly determined by gender roles, children's unpaid household work often cuts across gender stereotypes and does not merely mirror the adult division of labour. Furthermore, this paper argues that it is not sufficient to include only an intergenerational and gender analysis of household divisions of labour but that other intragenerational issues also need to be considered. Drawing on both children's and adults' perspectives, this paper discusses the nature of generation-specific tasks not only by gender but also by age, birth order and sibling composition. Whilst the paper is based on a case study of a rural community in a low-income country, it highlights the importance of the sibling order which has frequently been overlooked or ignored in household divisions of labour throughout the world. The findings show that the allocation of household labour in rural Bolivia is worked out according to generation, age, gender, birth order and sibling composition.
130. How Effective Are State Employment Agencies? Jobcentre Use and Job Matching in Britain
Gregg, P. and Wadsworth, J. 1996. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 58 (3): 443-467**
    Tags: Global, Employment Services, Policy
Abstract State sponsored employment agencies are an important source of job matching. This study tracks job centre use in Britain over the previous decade. Use of the service has followed a secular decline amongst employed job seekers and, as with aggregate search effort, is highly counter-cyclical amongst the unemployed. The unemployed pattern can be attributed to their changing composition over the period 1984-90, including counter-cyclical falls in duration of job search and likelihood of being laid off. The rise in job centre use after 1990 is only partially attributable to increased duration of search. This study reveals evidence of increasing returns of job search effort. The more search methods a job seeker utilises the greater the chance of securing employment. The results suggest that job centres do significantly increase the rate of job matching in Britain and that the greatest beneficial impact is amongst those, the low skilled and the long-term unemployed who are more disadvantaged in the labour market. State intervention to reduce the costs of search would encourage more widespread use of alternative methods of job search.‎
131. Impacto de las microfinanzas en la educación formal de los niños en hogares de Bolivia
   Desarrollo y Sociedad, Jorge Higinio Maldonado, Claudio González Vega, 2005
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit, Education
Abstract Los programas de microfinanzas, a la vez que estrategia para reducir la pobreza, pueden tener efecto en el desempeño escolar de los hijos de sus clientes. Este trabajo utiliza datos de tres encuestas realizadas a hogares clientes de organizaciones microfinancieras en Bolivia, para examinar diferentes canales mediante los cuales éstas pueden generar impacto en la escolaridad. Se identifican cinco canales o efectos: ingreso, manejo de riesgo, demanda por trabajo infantil, género e información. Los resultados desafían los supuestos usuales acerca de los programas de microfinanzas. En particular, para algunos hogares, el acceso a crédito tiene efectos conflictivos con la permanencia de los niños en el sistema educativo, ya que, aunque incrementa la demanda por educación como resultado de los efectos ingreso, manejo de riesgo, género e información, hogares que ganan acceso a microfinanzas descubren nuevas demandas por trabajo infantil. De estos resultados paradójicos se derivan significativas consecuencias de política.Si se parte de la premisa de que el trabajo es uno de los elementos fundamentales para el desarrollo económico de una sociedad, la solución del problema del desempleo se presenta como uno de los objetivos básicos de la política económica. Sobre todo, si se tiene en cuenta que la elevada tasa de desocupación es una de las mayores dificultades por las que atraviesa la economía boliviana.‎
132. Impacto de objetivos y metas de demanda final en el nivel de empleo
UDAPE Bolivia, 1986
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Unemployment
Abstract Si se parte de la premisa de que el trabajo es uno de los elementos fundamentales para el desarrollo económico de una sociedad, la solución del problema del desempleo se presenta como uno de los objetivos básicos de la política económica. Sobre todo, si se tiene en cuenta que la elevada tasa de desocupación es una de las mayores dificultades por las que atraviesa la economía boliviana.
133. Impact of Microfinance on Schooling: Evidence from Poor Rural Households in Bolivia‎ 
World Development, Jorge H. Maldonado, Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Credit, Bolivia, Education‎
Abstract Summary Channels for the influence of microfinance programs on a rural household's demand for schooling are identified: income growth, risk management, child-labor demand, gender empowerment, and parent information. Within a random-utility framework, a model of household consumption, investment in education, and borrowing suggests determinants at the individual, household and regional levels of the probability of schooling gaps. Using data from two surveys of households of clients of microfinance organizations in Bolivia, regression models examine determinants of schooling gaps. Inferences about otherwise positive microfinance impacts identify potential negative effects of increased child-labor demand, which challenge usual assumptions and pose dilemmas for policymakers.
134. Income distribution, technology and employment in developing countries: An application to Ecuador
Journal of Development Economics, Tokman, Victor E., 1975**
    Tags: Ecuador, Income, Policy
Abstract In this paper the relationships between the distribution of income, technology and employment are analyzed for the industrial sector of Ecuador. The main conclusion is that the effect of a redistribution of income in favour of the lower income groups on employment is positive but of little significance. However, if such redistribution is complemented by a technological policy which promotes the use of more labour intensive techniques where economically feasible, and by orientation of the increased demand for consumption goods, employment in the industrial sector can be increased by around 18 percent. An integrated model of the input-output type is used to analyzed the effects of different policies on the variables mentioned.‎
135. Income per Natural: Measuring development as if people mattered more than places
Center for Global Development, Michael Clemens and Lant Pritchett, 2008
    Tags: Global, Income
Abstract It is easy to learn the average income of a resident of El Salvador or Albania. But there is no systematic source of information on the average income of a Salvadoran or Albanian. We create a first estimate a new statistic: income per natural-the mean annual income of persons born in a given country, regardless of where that person now resides. If income per capita has any interpretation as a welfare measure, exclusive focus on the nationally resident population can lead to substantial errors of the income of the natural population for countries where emigration is an important path to greater welfare. The estimates differ substantially from traditional measures of GDP or GNI per resident, and not just for a handful of tiny countries. Almost 43 million people live in a group of countries whose income per natural collectively is 50% higher than GDP per resident. For 1.1 billion people the difference exceeds 10%. We also show that poverty estimates are very different for national residents and naturals; for example, 26 percent of Haitian naturals who are not poor by the two-dollar-a-day standard live in the United States. These estimates are simply descriptive statistics and do not depend on any assumptions about how much of observed income differences across naturals is selection and how much is a pure location effect. Our conservative, if rough, estimate is that three quarters of this difference represents the effect of international migration on income per natural. This means that departing one's country of birth is today one of the most important sources of poverty reduction for a large portion of the developing world. If economic development is defined as rising human well being, then a residence-neutral measure of well-being emphasizes that crossing international borders is not an alternative to economic development, it is economic development
136. Informal employment in Bolivia: A lost proposition?
Maria Tannuri-Pianto & Donald Pianto, 2004 (Maria Tannuri-Pianto is a professor at the University of Brasilia, Brazil, D. Pianto is a doctorate student at the University of Pernambuco, Brazil, and Omar Arias is a Senior Economist at the Latin America and Caribbean Department at the World Bank.) ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Bolivia‎
Abstract We study participation and relative earnings in the formal, informal, and self-employed sectors in Bolivia. We estimate quantile earnings equations corrected for self selectivity to address potential biases in the estimates of relative earnings gaps due to the endogeneity of sector participation. Selectivity is significant in all three sectors for all three years studied. The benefits of being more formal like at low quantiles of the informal sector vanish from 1997 to 2002 as the availability of formal jobs decreases. The human capital model is very well fit for 1993 and 1997. In 2002 it is best fit for the formal sector where education and experience explain much of a worker's earnings, and worst fit for the self-employed sector where education does not play a role and experience is only important at high quantiles. We exploit the semi-parametric nature of quantile regression to link the conditional returns to worker characteristics, obtained from the quantile regressions, with the poverty status of households to determine the extent to which unobserved earnings determinants interact with observed characteristics to penalize non-formal workers in poor households. We find that females in non-formal employment suffer the largest penalties. In unreported results (available from the authors upon request) we perform a counterfactual analysis of conditional earnings by sector, decomposing the earnings gaps into differences in endowments of skills and differences in returns to skills. The results suggest segmentation between the formal and informal sector at the lowest conditional quantiles, while higher productivity workers seem to have a choice of which sector to work in.‎
137. Informal employment in developing countries: Opportunity or last resort?‎  ‎
Journal of Development Economics, Isabel Günther, Andrey Launov, 2009‎
Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Global, Policy‎
Abstract There is an ongoing debate among researchers and policy makers, whether informal sector employment is a result of competitive market forces or labor market segmentation. More recently it has been argued that none of the two theories sufficiently explains informal employment, but that the informal sector shows a heterogenous structure. For some workers the informal sector is an attractive employment opportunity, whereas for others - rationed out of the formal sector - the informal sector is a strategy of last resort. To test the empirical relevance of this hypothesis we formulate an econometric model which allows for several unobserved segments within the informal sector and apply it to the urban labor market in Côte d'Ivoire.
138. Informe Especial: La Informalidad en el mercado laboral urbano
UDAPE Bolivia, 2007‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Informality‎
Abstract  La falta de oportunidades económicas suficientes para la población en edad de trabajar es uno de los problemas contemporáneos más importantes, siendo el empleo uno de los requisitos fundamentales para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población y reducir los niveles de pobreza. Si bien el desempleo es una de las variables más analizadas y la variable de política más afectada por el comportamiento de la actividad económica de un país, los elevados niveles de pobreza están relacionados no sólo con el nivel absoluto de empleo, sino también con la naturaleza del empleo.‎
139. Innovation, Employment and Skills in Advanced and Developing Courties: A Survey of the Literature
IDB Technical Note, Marco Vivarelli, 2011
     Tags: Global
Abstract This paper critically discusses the theoretical and empirical literature on the quantitative and qualitative employment impact of technological change, compares the relative explanatory power of the competing theories, and explains in detail the macro and micro evidence on the issue, with reference both to the advanced economies and the developing countries (DCs).‎
140. Innovation in Latin American Regionalism: The Andean Common Market 
   Cambridge Journals, International Organization, William P. Avery and James D. Cochrane, 1973*
    Tags: Latin America, Policy‎
Abstract The Andean Common Market, the most recent attempt at regional integration in Latin America, differs from the other Latin American efforts both in the factors that prompted its formation and in the support it had when it was established. More importantly, it differs in its terms and provisions, providing for a higher level of integration than any other Latin American effort. Several of its features-a common policy on foreign investment, regional planning and coordination in such fields as industry and agriculture, a quasi-supranational secretariat - make it an innovative approach to integration in Latin America. Numerous factors enhance the integrative potential of Andean integration. Among these are relatively favorable ratings on several of the neo-functional variables of regional integration. These indicators suggest that the effort may attain its objectives and perhaps even set an example to be followed by other economic groupings among Latin American countries. Still, projections about the future of the Andean Common Market must remain mixed. Some negative factors exist within the movement that could, if they triumph over the positive factors, lead to the same stagnation that now characterizes LAFTA and the CACM.‎
141. Innovation Policy and Employment: Evidence from an Impact Evaluation in Argentina
IDB Technical Note, Victoria Castillo, Alessandro Maffioli, Sofia Rojo, Rodolfo Stucchi, 2011
     Tags: Policy, Argentina
Abstract This paper presents the evaluation of the Enterprise Restructuring Support Program (PRE) in Argentina. The aim of the program was to increase the competitiveness of small and mediumsized enterprises (SME) by cofinancing technical assistance that can be classified as either support for process innovation or support for product innovation. Although these types of programs do not primarily aim to create jobs, they are implemented assuming that they do, or at least that they do not destroy jobs. This paper tests this assumption. It compares the impact of each type of support on employment and the type of employment measured by the wages paid by firms to their employees. To control for self-selection into the program, propensity score matching and difference in differences were combined. The study found that by supporting both process and product innovation-related activities, the program was able to create more and better jobs. The effect on wages was also found to be higher when supporting product innovation activities.‎
142. Innovation Strategies and Employment in Latin American Firms
IDB Technical Note, Gustavo Crespi, Pluvia Zuniga, 2012
     Tags: Latin America
Abstract This study examines the impact of innovation strategies on employment growth in four Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay) using micro-data for manufacturing firms from innovation surveys. Building on the model proposed by Harrison et al. (2008), we relate employment to three innovation strategies: make only (R&D), buy only (external R&D, licensing of patents and know-how, technical assistance, and other external innovation activities) and make and buy (mixed strategy). Firms that conduct in-house innovation activities ("make only") have the greatest impact on employment; the "make and buy" strategy comes in second. Similar results are found for small firms. These results highlight the importance of fostering in-house technological efforts not only for innovation per se, but also to promote growth in firm employment. The impact of "make only" strategies is greater in high-tech industries, whereas "make only" and "make and buy" have a similar impact on employment in low-tech industries. Finally, the study provides evidence of the mechanisms through which innovation strategies affect employment. The findings show that innovation strategies enhance technological innovation, but their impact differs between product and process innovation. Product innovation is mainly motivated by in-house technology investments, followed by mixed strategies, whereas process innovation is basically driven by "buy" strategies.‎
dffgThis paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off. for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity.
143. Is there a link between quality of employment and indebtedness? the case of urban low-income households in Ecuador
Maria Sagrario Floro & John Messier, 2011
    Tags: Ecuador, Income, Gender&Diversity
Abstract The paper explores the incidence of high indebtedness or financial stress among urban, poor households in Ecuador and demonstrates its relation with the quality of employment. We argue that informalisation of employment, and in particular job precariousness, have consequences on other dimensions of vulnerability such as high debt servicing and financial stress. The empirical analysis is based on a 2002 sample survey data of men and women workers in urban poor communities of Ecuador. By employing an index of job quality, we investigate and compare the job quality of women and men workers in these households and find gender-based patterns with women working in relatively low quality jobs compared to men. Moreover, there seems to be differentiated levels of debt servicing among women and men that suggests uneven debt burden sharing among household members. By means of regression analyses, the paper demonstrates that low quality jobs tend to lead to higher debt servicing. The results provide a nuanced and illuminating picture of the interconnectedness of employment, financial stress and vulnerability.
144. International Trade and Income Distribution
Xiaokai Yang and Dingsheng Zhang, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 18, June 1999
    Tags: Policy, Global, Policy, Income
Abstract This paper applies the inframarginal analysis, which is a combination of marginal and total cost-benefit analysis, to investigate the relationship between división of labor, the extent of the market, productivity, and inequality of income distribution. The model with transaction costs and exogenous and endogenous comparative advantages shows that as transaction conditions are improved, the general equilibrium discontinuously jumps from autarky to partial division of labor with a dual structure, then to the complete division of labor where dual structure disappears. In this process different groups of individuals with different transaction conditions get involved in a certain level of division of labor at different stages of development. As the leading group gets involved in a higher level of division of level, leaving others behind dual structure emerges and inequality increases. As latecomers catch up dual structure disappears and inequality declines. When the leader goes to an even higher level of specialization, dual structure occurs and inequality increases again. Inequality decreases again as the latecomers catch up. Hence, the equilibrium degree of inequality fluctuates in this development process. The relationship between inequality and productivity is neither monotonically positive nor monotonically negative. It might not be of inverted U-curve. The key driving force of economic development and trade is improvement in transaction conditions.
145. Job creation and labor reform in Latin America
Journal of Comparative Economics, David Kaplan, 2009
     Tags: Policy, Latin America
Abstract This paper studies the effects of labor-regulation reform using data for 10,396 firms from 14 Latin American countries. Firms are asked both how many permanent workers they would have hired and how many they would have terminated if labor regulations were made more flexible. I find that making labor regulations more flexible would lead to an average net increase of 2.08 percent in total employment. Firms with fewer than 20 employees would benefit the most, with average gains in net employment of 4.27 percent. Countries with more regulated labor markets would experience larger gains in total employment. These larger gains in total employment, however, would be achieved through higher rates of hiring and higher rates of termination. These results may explain why there is substantial opposition to labor reforms despite the predicted gains in efficiency and total employment.‎
146. Labor Contracts, Equal Treatment, and Wage-Unemployment Dynamics
American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Andy Snell and Jonathan P. Thomas, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Global‎
Abstract This paper analyses a model in which firms cannot pay discriminate based on year of entry. It is assumed that workers can costlessly quit at any time, while firms are committed to contracts. We solve for the dynamics of wages and unemployment, and show that real wages display a degree of downward rigidity and do not necessarily clear the labor market. Using sectoral productivity data from the post-war US economy, we assess the ability of the model to match the actual unemployment series. We also show that equal treatment follows from the assumption of at-will employment contracting in our model.‎
147. Labor Market Informalization and Social Policy: Distriubtional Links and the Case of Homebased Workers
Floro, Maria & Beneria, Lourdes, 2004 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Ecuador, Policy, Income‎
Abstract This paper is based on the notion that the nature of current labor market informalization requires rethinking in order to guide action and formulate social policies for eliminating poverty and reducing economic inequality and job insecurity. It explores conceptually and empirically the dynamics of informality and demonstrates the interconnectedness of job precariousness, vulnerability and gender relations.There are five related aspects to this process of informalization that are explored in the conceptual framework namely: 1) increasing labor market flexibilization; 2) the weakening (even absence) of the labor contract; 3) rising income inequality and worker differentiation; 4) institutional questions related to ownership and appropriation of production; and 5) gender-related socially ascribed positions in society and within the household. The empirical section is based on the 2002 sample survey data of poor urban households engaged in home-based work collected in Bolivia and Ecuador as part of a four-country research project that attempts to understand the roles of financial and labor resources in the coping strategies of urban poor households as their countries undergo rapid global market integration, financial crises and economic restructuring. Using employment and decisionmaking information on heads and spouses in the Bolivian and Ecuador sample data, the empirical investigation provides a gendered analysis of the informalization of employment among men and women respondents in couples (or dual adults) households to highlight the interconnectedness of job precariousness and gendered relations. Specifically, we adopt a gendered approach in examining the link between gender-based roles and relations with worker vulnerability. The findings in the study points to the importance of rethinking social protection program for workers laboring in informalized settings. It concludes with a discussion of lthe different possible avenues for action to dealing with poverty and redressing regressive tendencies in the distribution of income and resources in the informal economy.‎
148. Labor Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look at New Trends and Policies
IDB Technical Note, Jacqueline Mazza, Eleanor Sohnen, 2011
Tags: Gender&Diversity, Latin America, Policy‎
Abstract International headlines often focus on the drama of U.S.-Mexico border, but the borders of Latin America are becoming more active transit points as workers increasingly transit and migrate within the region. Today, migration officials are noting labor movements inconceivable as little as 15 years ago: Hondurans and Guatemalans crossing to El Salvador for agriculture and construction work; Bolivians and Paraguayans working in large numbers in Argentina; Mexicans from the state of Chiapas moving to the Yucatan for work, with Guatemalans replacing them to harvest local crops. While Caribbean migration to the United States and Canada is still large, Trinidad and Barbados are receiving more migrants from other islands. These new patterns are demonstrating a changing, more regionally connected labor market in line with a global marketplace. 
The data challenges are many in documenting and analyzing these new labor trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. Still today, the most current and complete migration data is in the receiving developed countries. Much of what we know about Latin America and the Caribbean relies on the 2000 round of national censuses, woefully out of date to document these new interregional flows that national migration authorities are observing. 
Adapting to these challenges, this technical note surveys and analyzes current knowledge about the changing flows of labor migration, but with particular emphasis on largely national information on the movements of workers between Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) nations, so-called intraregional migration. It examines both historic and more recent patterns, as well as the labor dimension of this migration, in order to better approximate new directions in migration. The upswing in intraregional migration appears to principally involve workers of lower skill levels but to a wider range of countries in the region than in the past; key intraregional corridors, however, continue to dominate. This work also appears highly concentrated in sectors such as construction, domestic service and agriculture. High rates of outmigration of skilled labor is particularly characteristic of the Caribbean, not only to traditional extra-regional markets such as Canada and the United States, but also now to higher income Caribbean countries.‎
149. Labor Mobility in Bolivia: On-the-job Search Behavior of Private and Public Sector Employees
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E.Andersen & Bent Jesper Christensen, 2006
   Español: Link
    Tags: Bolivia, Income
Abstract This paper estimates structural parameters of both a simple and an extended job separation model with the purpose of understanding constraints in the labor market in Bolivia. The results confirm the hypothesis that skilled labor is a scarce commodity in Bolivia, while unskilled labor is abundantly available. This implies that skilled employees shop around for alternative employment opportunities and quit their jobs when a better opportunity arises. The quit rate among skilled employees in the private sector is much higher than the quit rate among skilled employees in the public sector. The reverse is true for the lay-off rate, and together this suggests that the private sector has difficulties maintaining its skilled labor. The estimates of the wage sensitivity of job search effort parameters presented in this paper suggest that it would be difficult for the private sector to improve its capacity to retain skilled employees by increasing wages - skilled employees in the private sector do not seem to reduce their on-the-job search in response to higher wages. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the public sector in Bolivia, inflated by high levels of foreign aid (about 10% of GDP), may be detracting scarce human resources from local productive sectors, potentially jeopardizing the opportunity for sustainable development.
Varios estudios realizados en Bolivia sugieren que los trabajadores calificados son escasos y que los puestos de trabajo en el sector público son tan atractivos que el sector privado no puede captar ni mantener a los trabajadores calificados que necesita. Tal tendencia limita fuertemente el crecimiento económico y la reducción de la pobreza, puesto que el sector productivo tiene restricciones en la contratación eficaz de uno de sus factores de producción más importantes. El presente documento testea esta hipótesis a través de la estimación de modelos estructurales que permitan estudiar los patrones de comportamiento de búsqueda de trabajo de los empleados en Bolivia. Los resultados están consistentes con la hipótesis. 
150. Labour Unions and Political Socialisation: A case study of Bolivian Workers
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, John H. Magill, 1974*
    Tags: Policy, Bolivia
Abstract Between August and December 1968, Magill conducted a survey of the social and political attitudes of Bolivian workers, all of whom were sindicato members (one-third miners, the rest factory workers, petroleum workers, and peasants).
151. La desigualdad del ingreso laboral en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Bolivia‎
152. La informalidad en el mercado laboral urbano, 1996-2006
   UDAPE, Fernando Landa Casazola, Patricia Yañez Pagans, 2007‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Bolivia‎
Abstract La falta de oportunidades económicas suficientes para la población en edad de trabajar es uno de los problemas contemporáneos más importantes, siendo el empleo uno de los requisitos fundamentales para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población y reducir los niveles de pobreza. Si bien el desempleo es una de las variables más analizadas y la variable de política más afectada por el comportamiento de la actividad económica de un país, los elevados niveles de pobreza están relacionados no sólo con el nivel absoluto de empleo, sino también con la naturaleza del empleo.
Desde hace más de una década, el sector informal se ha convertido en uno de los sectores más importantes y dinámicos de la economía boliviana, abarcando prácticamente todas las ramas de actividad económica y proporcionando más empleo que cualquier otro sector. Si bien hubo una reducción de la informalidad en términos relativos (porcentajes) entre 1996 y 2006 de 63% a 58% respectivamente, en términos absolutos se tiene un incremento aproximadamente en 300 mil personas pasando de 1.2 millones a 1.5 millones de personas.‎
153. La  informalidad  laboral en Bolivia, ¿Marginalización o Preferencia?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2009
    Tags: Bolivia, Informality
154. La pobreza y las clases: Dinámicas y estrategias en Bolivia
Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Jorge Buzaglo,  Alvaro Calzadilla, 2010
    Tags: Bolivia, Income
Abstract Income distribution among social classes, a preferred topic by the classical economists, has not often been frequented by later scholars. Some recent studies show a new interest, and a generalized increase in income concentration in favor of the capitalist class, particularly in Latin America. This study uses a multisectoral dynamic simulation model to analize the effects of poverty reduction strategies on the different social classes. The model describes in detail the size income distribution by sector, and transforms it in a sectorial class distribution of incomes. A strategy includes two instruments: investment policy, and income distribution policy, influencing respectively output structure and personal income distribution. The study shows the effects on the different social classes of strategies aiming to achieve the Millennium objective of halving extreme poverty by 2015.
Los modelos económicos hoy corrientes ven a la sociedad como compuesta de individuos; la sociedad es un conjunto de individuos idénticos, intercambiando equivalentes en un permanente, estable equilibrio, en el cual en realidad nada sucede. El fin de la historia. Ya fue prefigurado por la teoría económica neoclásica. Sin embargo, una mirada incluso superficial a la realidad cotidiana de las sociedades, con sus conflictos económicos, sociales, étnicos y de (todo) género nos revela un permanente movimiento tectónico de conjuntos enfrentados. La evolución de las sociedades está marcada por la interacción entre clases sociales. La negación de esta realidad es sólo en detrimento de la posibilidad de comprensión de los conflictos, sus causas y orígenes, y de la posibilidad para los actores de avanzar y aprender con ellos. Una mejor comprensión de la dialéctica socioeconómica es una condición necesaria, no sólo del desarrollo de las ciencias sociales, sino del desarrollo económico, social y humano en general.
155. La profesión es todo, la profesión es nada? : los jóvenes benianos con relación al valor de su profesión e inserción laboral‎ 
Cynthia Vargas Melgar; Ana Karin Arias Navia; Jesús Edgley River, La Paz: Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia, 2003
    Tags: Bolivia, Education, Youth, Income
Abstract En la última década las universidades han empezado a reparar en los vínculos que deben mediar entre sus graduados/as y el mercado de trabajo. Hasta entonces se suponía que la oferta profesional, diseñada por académicos ilustrados, se impondría a una demanda siempre creciente. Las beneméritas instituciones no tenían porqué preocuparse por el destino de sus productos, que por escasos y apreciados encontrarían fácil colocación. En los años noventa del siglo XX estas convicciones cayeron por su propio peso. Las universidades se masificaron y el volumen de graduados/as creció a una tasa mayor que la demanda. Por otra parte, la globalización y la revolución tecnológica cambiaron las reglas del juego creando nuevas relaciones y jerarquías laborales. 
156. Las microfinanzas en la profundización del sistema financiero.  El caso de Bolivia
El Trimeste Económico, Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Marcelo Villafani-Ibargegaray, 2007*
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit
Abstract This article examines the role that regulated Micro Finance Organizations (MFO) has played in the Bolivian financial sector development. Using occasional references, the paper also acknowledges the contribution of non-regulated MFO in improving welfare of poor population sectors. Among policy lessons, the results suggest that microfinance is important in developing financial deepening in similar countries, such as those in the region.// El artículo examina el papel que el sector de las organizaciones de microfinanzas reguladas -conforme al marco prudencial- ha desempeñado en el desarrollo del sistema financiero boliviano. Con referencias ocasionales, reconoce las contribuciones de las microfinanzas no reguladas en propiciar aumentos del bienestar de hogares en estratos pobres de la población. Si bien Bolivia es un caso especialmente exitoso, las lecciones registradas apuntan a las contribuciones potenciales de las microfinanzas a la profundización financiera en países semejantes.
El artículo examina el papel que el sector de las organizaciones de microfinanzas reguladas -conforme al marco prudencial- ha desempeñado en el desarrollo del sistema financiero boliviano. Con referencias ocasionales, reconoce las contribuciones de las microfinanzas no reguladas en propiciar aumentos del bienestar de hogares en estratos pobres de la población. Si bien Bolivia es un caso particularmente exitoso, las lecciones registradas apuntan a las contribuciones potenciales de las microfinanzas a la profundización financiera en países semejantes.
157. Latin American Experience with  Crisis-Driven Labor Market Programs 
IDB Technical Note, Jacqueline Mazza, 2011
     Tags: Latin America, Employment Services, Policy
Abstract Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) labor markets are no strangers to economic shocks and financial crises. Although the region has confronted economic crises all too frequently, recoveries have tended to be rapid. One only needs to look at the rebounds from the 1994 crisis in Mexico, the 1997 Asian crisis, the 1998-99 currency crisis in Brazil and the 2001 Argentine crisis. The most recent financial crisis of 2008-10 showed an even more striking resilience in comparison with other developing regions who suffered much greater employment effects. Despite the region's experience with dramatic economic downturns, the region is still developing the labor market program and policy infrastructure to both better weather future crises and growth. 
In the most recent financial crisis, LAC pre-crisis conditions were more favorable than before the crisis of the 80s and 90s, including better fiscal positions, higher reserves and more flexible exchange rates. Many analysts noted this better macroeconomic framework as a key factor in the more reduced (relative) impact of the crisis compared to other nations.   The region's employment impact tended to be highly concentrated in those countries with greater integration with U.S. markets and within key sectors - tourism, automobiles, manufacturing, and agriculture. 
This paper examines key labor policy experiences of the Latin American and Caribbean region in response to economic crises, with a particular emphasis on the most recent crisis.  Much of the evidence of program results from the most recent crisis, however, is still more anecdotal than rigorous.  The paper argues for the need for a more systematic and rigorous set of program evaluations, examining the targeting, timing and outcomes of crisis-driven programs to support the region's responses to future crises.   It argues as well that the region's still developing labor market programs would be well served by utilizing crisis experiences to build long-term institutional capacity and a more permanent and productive set of active and passive labor market policies.‎
158. Latin American immigration in the United States: is there wage assimilation across wage distribution?
Inter-American Development Bank, Catalina Franco, 2011
    Tags: Migration, Latin America, Income
Abstract This paper estimates wage differentials between Latin American immigrant males and U.S. natives along the wage distribution using quantile regression and matching methodologies. The hypothesis of wage assimilation is tested by exploiting the differences by cohort of arrival. The main findings indicate that Latin Americans' wages do not assimilate to those of their native counterparts and that the gaps are wider for the lowest deciles of the distribution. For the cohorts of immigrants who arrived before 1979 the differential is explained almost completely by education, with a negligible effect that cannot be explained by observable characteristics.‎
159. Lending technologies, competition and consolidation in the market for microfinance in Bolivia 
Journal of International Development, Sergio Navajas, Jonathan Conning and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, 2003*
    Tags: Credit, Bolivia
Abstract Innovations in lending technologies and market saturation have made La Paz, Bolivia one of the most rapidly changing and competitive microfinance markets in the world. Two lenders stand out: the pioneer BancoSol, which first profitably expanded the loan market with group liability loans, and the later entrant Caja Los Andes, which offered individual liability loans using costlier screening. Using a simple model of credit market competition with moral hazard and adverse selection we analyse how the terms of loan contracts were adapted to changes in competition and how borrowers' incentive to remain diligent and repay loans was affected. Hypothesized behaviour derived from the model is tested and shown to be consistent with empirical evidence from loan records and a household survey.‎
160. Lineamientos para promover el trabajo decente de jóvenes extrabajadores infantiles en zonas urbano-marginadas ‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006
     Tags: Guatemala, Youth, Training, Health, Gender&Diversity
Abstract Esta propuesta de lineamientos para promover el acceso al trabajo decente de jóvenes ex-trabajadores infantiles de zonas urbano-marginadas se enmarca dentro del Proyecto "Prevención y Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil en los Basureros de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras", que desarrolló el Programa Internacional para la Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil, OIT-IPEC, con el apoyo económico de la Cooperación Italiana. 
161. Los retornos de la inversion en el capital humano en Bolivia
UDAPE, Scarlet Escalante Carrasco, 2005
    Tags: Bolivia, Education, Training, Gender&Diversity, Income
Abstract En este documento se presenta una aplicación del modelo de retornos de la inversión en capital humano para Bolivia. En base al modelo de Becker, Mincer y Schultz, se adicionan elementos estructurales específicos en la modelización de la demanda por educación.  Fundamentalmente se intenta evaluar la incidencia de los factores de discriminación por género, etnia y lugar de residencia, las diferencias entre los trabajadores cuenta propia y asalariados y la heterogeneidad existente entre los distintos grupos de ingreso. Los resultados evidencian que las variables socioeconómicas tienen mayor relevancia que la educación y la experiencia sobre los ingresos laborales, resaltando además la importancia de los sesgos de selección y endogeneidad en las estimaciones. De este modo se homologa, la importancia de los factores de discriminación. Por otra parte, la reducida oferta de mano de obra calificada promueve una situación atípica en la curva de ciclo de vida, confirmando el reducido impacto de la experiencia. Los trabajadores por cuenta propia mantienen retornos y niveles educativos comparativamente menores, hecho que contradice al modelo teórico de Lazear y Moore. Este resultado es destacable, pues la mayor parte de la población activa corresponde a este grupo. Mediante la estimación de un modelo de regresión cuantílica, se verifica que los retornos de la educación universitaria son considerablemente superiores en la cola alta de a distribución, confirmando nuevamente la incidencia de los factores socioeconómicos en la varianza de los retornos.‎
162. Low Social Mobility in Bolivia: Causes and Consequences for Development
Kiel Institute of World Development, Lykke E. Andersen, 2001
    Tags: Bolivia, Education, Policy
Abstract This paper investigates social mobility in Bolivia and discusses its implications for poverty reduction and long-run growth. Regressions based on household survey data show that social mobility is very low in Bolivia, even by Latin American standards. This is mainly caused by an inadequate public education system, a high degree of assortative mating, and insufficient rural-urban migration. As a consequence, poverty tends to be fairly persistent over time. Moreover, low social mobility implies an inefficient use of innate talent and poor incentives for work and study. This prevents the Bolivian economy from reaching its potential growth rates. The paper provides several recommendations for policies to increase social mobility, thereby reducing poverty and increasing long-run growth.
163. Market access in the western hemisphere: implications for the Andean Community
Perfil de Coyuntura Economica, Argüello C., Ricardo & Valenzuela, Ernesto, 2006
     Tags: Latin America, Policy
Abstract Este estudio busca contribuir a la evaluación del impacto económico que una mayor liberalización comercial en el Hemisferio Occidental, puede tener sobre los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina. Los escenarios de liberalización comercial más significativos se identifican y simulan, mediante el uso del modelo GTAP en su versión estándar de rendimientos constantes a escala. Los resultados básicos indican una muy baja coincidencia en la dirección de los cambios de bienestar esperables para los países andinos, bajo los cuatro escenarios analizados. De una forma muy simplificada, puede decirse que una mayor liberalización comercial implica pérdidas de bienestar para Colombia, Perú y Ecuador-Bolivia, en tanto que para Venezuela se encuentran ganancias bajo los escenarios que implementan el Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas y pérdidas bajo el que implementa el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio entre sus socios andinos y Estados Unidos. Los términos de intercambio juegan un papel determinante en estos resultados. En general se mueven en contra de estas economías, con la notoria excepción de Venezuela. Al parecer, los países andinos se han beneficiado en el pasado de la desviación de comercio que otras regiones han sufrido, como consecuencia de los acuerdos preferenciales de comercio en los cuales los primeros han participado. Con la erosión del acceso preferencial a otros mercados, implícita en los escenarios simulados, el aumento en la competencia tanto por el lado de las exportaciones como por el de las importaciones, tiende a ajustar la posición internacional de estos países, trayendo con ello nuevos retos para el manejo de sus economías.
164. Measuring the Quality of Employment in the Informal Sector
John Messier & Maria Floro, 2008
    Tags: Ecuador, Informality, Gender&Diversity
Abstract Our paper explores and measures the quality of employment among urban, low-income households in Ecuador. It hopes to contribute to the literature by raising attention to the diversity of job quality within the informal sector and by highlighting the importance of quality of employment in the context of poverty reduction and development strategies. Building on the previous work on decent work indicators, we propose a job quality index measure and apply this measure to men and women workers in urban poor communities of Ecuador using a 2002 sample survey. We also show that there are differentiated patterns on job quality among women and men in these households. In addressing the importance of employment quality, this paper hopes to provide a better understanding of the issue, especially as it relates to poverty alleviation and to illustrate a way of measuring employment quality.‎
165. Memoria inflacionaria e hysteresis en la econometría de la demanda de dinero para el caso boliviano 1970-2010
Ernesto Sheriff, 2011
     Tags: Bolivia, Policy
Abstract A new inflationary memory indicator was developed and applied here to deal the hysteresis viewed in the money demand data for the Bolivian economy. An econometric model was developed using quarterly data from 1970 to 2010 and it captures the hyperinflation period and its aftermath when a hysteresis phenomena was observed until 2005. The results show that the model has strong features as well a rare stability taking account the potential instability during the hyperinflationary process. Once more the inflationary memory indicator is useful to capture the hysteresis i.e. to explain the low velocity in the money demand growth during almost 20 years (1985 - 2005).
166. Mercado y legislacion laboral en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy
Abstract  El término del período de sustitución de importaciones y la crisis de la deuda en latinoamérica hizo manifiesta la necesidad de orientar las políticas de desarrollo hacia el fomento de las exportaciones y en general, del sector transable. A su vez, las ventajas comparativas iniciales de muchos de estos países están en los sectores que usan intensivamente el factor relativamente más abundante, el trabajo. Sin embargo, la efectividad de los programas de ajuste estructural iniciados con este propósito, depende en gran medida de la posibilidad que tenga la economía de movilizar sus recursos productivos entre sectores.
167. Microfinance and Development: Do the math
International Development Research Center, Lykke Andersen, 2011
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit
168. Microfinance and Poverty in Bolivia 
Paul Mosley, 2001, Journal of Development Studies*
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit
Abstract Both in its institutional range and in its penetration of financial markets, the microfinance sector in Bolivia rivals any in the world, and has played a major part in extracting the macro-economy from meltdown since the mid-1980s. We seek specifically to assess its impact on poverty, and do this through small-sample surveys on four microfinance institutions, two urban and two rural, using a range of poverty concepts: income (generated both through the borrower's enterprise and through the labour market), asset holdings and diversity, and various measures of vulnerability. All the institutions studied had, on balance, positive impacts on income and asset levels, with income impacts correlating negatively with income on account of poor households choosing to invest in low-risk, low-return assets. Microfinance may, however, augment vulnerability: average debt-service ratios of microfinance clients are disturbingly high, and if the coping mechanisms used by borrowers fail, borrowers may be forced out of the microfinance system, possibly resulting in decapitalisation and impoverishment. Poorer households are more restricted in their choice of coping strategy, and many as a consequence 'choose' coping strategies more likely to jeopardise their long-term income prospects, in particular asset sales and cuts in children's schooling. The more successful low-income borrowers are those who have voluntary savings deposits and do not rush into fixed capital purchases too early: collapse back into poverty is associated with multiple crises and the failure of one or more 'safety nets', in particular of one or more 'safety nets', in particular support from a member's solidarity group. The following actions appear to be promising for the further reduction of poverty in Bolivia: stronger efforts to mobilise rural savings, removal of lower limits on loan size, and the introduction of appropriate insurance mechanisms. In comparison with other anti-poverty measures, microfinance appears to be successful and relative cheap at reducing the poverty of those close to the poverty line, but ineffective, by comparison with labour-market and infrastructural measures, in reducing extreme poverty.
169.  Microfinance and the Poorest of the Poor: Theory and Evidence from Bolivia
Ohio State University, Sergio Navajas, Mark Schreiner, Richard L. Meyer, Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Jorge Rodriguez-Meza, 1998‎
    Tags: Bolivia, Credit, Income
Abstract We construct a theoretical framework that puts the social worth of a microfinance organization (MFO) in terms of the depth, worth to users, cost to users, breadth, length, and scope of its output. We then analyze evidence of depth of outreach for five MFOs in Bolivia. Most of the poor households reached by the MFOs were near the poverty line-they were the richest of the poor. Group lenders had more depth of outreach than individual lenders. The urban poorest were more likely to be borrowers, but rural borrowers were more likely to be among the poorest.
170. Microfinance's Impact on Education, Poverty, and Empowerment: A Case Study from the Bolivian Altiplano
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Sarah Gibb, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Credit, Education, Bolivia, Income‎
Abstract This study explores the impact of microcredit on economic, educational, and empowerment levels of women from the Bolivian high plains who had acquired microcredit for over three years. Primary research was carried out with the help of a major NGO dedicated solely to microcredit. 100 in-depth personal interviews were conducted by the author in La Paz and El Alto from February to May 2007. This region was chosen because of the wide extent to which microcredit have been implemented here since the 1980s. The author created a control group from women who had never taken out a microcredit. The study employs the use of an established poverty scorecard to measure poverty levels over time.  Using a comparative approach that allows a comparison between the independent control group and the loan group, the study finds that while the ownership of goods increased in the loan group, the benefits of microcredit on family educational attainment levels and empowerment are questionable. It is important to note that the vast majority of microcredit research does not use this type of independent control group. 
171. Microcredit and the Poorest of the Poor: Theory and Evidence from Bolivia
World Development, Sergio Navajas; Mark Schreiner; Richard L Meyer; Claudio Gonzalez-Vega; Jorge Rodriguez-Meza, 28, 2000‎
    Tags: Credit, Bolivia, Income
Abstract We construct a theoretical framework that describes the social worth of a microfinance organization in terms of the depth, worth to users, cost to users, breadth, length, and scope of its output. We then analyze evidence of depth of outreach for five microfinance organizations in Bolivia. Most of the poor households reached by the microfinance organizations were near the poverty line-they were the richest of the poor. Group lenders had more depth of outreach than individual lenders. The urban poorest were more likely to be borrowers, but rural borrowers were more likely to be among the poorest. ‎
172. Mining and Social Movements: Struggles Over Livelihood and Rural Territorial Development in the Andes‎ 
World Development, Bebbington A., Humphreys Bebbington D.; Bury J.; Lingan J.; Munoz J.P.; Scurrah M.
    Tags: Latin America, Policy
Abstract Social movements have been viewed as vehicles through which the concerns of poor and marginalized groups are given greater visibility within civil society, lauded for being the means to achieve local empowerment and citizen activism, and seen as essential in holding the state to account and constituting a grassroots mechanism for promoting democracy. However, within development studies little attention has been paid to understanding how social movements can affect trajectories of development and rural livelihood in given spaces, and how these effects are related to movements' internal dynamics and their interaction with the broader environment within which they operate. This paper addresses this theme for the case of social movements protesting contemporary forms of mining investment in Latin America. On the basis of cases from Peru and Ecuador, the paper argues that the presence and nature of social movements has significant influences both on forms taken by extractive industries (in this case mining) and on the effects of this extraction on rural livelihoods. In this sense, one can usefully talk about rural development as being co-produced by movements, mining companies, and other actors, in particular the state. The terms of this co-production, however, vary greatly among different locations, reflecting the distinct geographies of social mobilization and of mineral investment, as well as the varying power relationships among the different actors involved.
173. Monitoring the Diversity of the Poverty Outreach and Impact of Microfinance: A Comparison of Methods Using Data from Peru 
Development Policy Review, J. Copestake, P. Dawson, J.P. Fanning, A. McKay, K. Wright-Revolledo, 2005*
    Tags: Peru, Credit
Abstract Many microfinance institutions claim to be oriented to a double bottom line, but while methods of financial performance assessment are widely agreed the same cannot be said about social performance. Monitoring social performance is most useful when it reveals variation in both outreach and impact over time and between clients. Data from a village banking programme in Peru is used to compare two methods for assessing each. On poverty outreach, we favour monitoring of proxy indicators for clients against national household survey data, and on impact we recommend making more use of individual in-depth interviews.‎
174. Movilidad ocupacional y desempleo en el area urbana de Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 2003
    Tags: Bolivia, Unemployment, Informality ‎
Abstract ¿Por qué es importante examinar el grado y las características de la movilidad ocupacional en el mercado de trabajo? El estudio de la movilidad ocupacional ayuda a evaluar el grado de flexibilidad y/o rigidez del mercado de trabajo, vale decir su capacidad de respuesta frente a cambios en la oferta y demanda. La forma más popularizada de analizar la rigidez laboral es a través de un enfoque dualista que identifica y analiza la dinámica de dos sectores: un sector "formal" asociado a mejores y más estables oportunidades de empleo y un sector "informal" caracterizado por empleos de baja productividad, bajos ingresos y alta vulnerabilidad económica.
La literatura sobre el desempeño del mercado de trabajo supone que la rigidez provoca formas ineficientes de asignación del empleo. En un mercado laboral flexible, la movilidad interocupacional da lugar a una mejor asignación de mano de obra ("matching" entre empleos y trabajadores), una rápida readecuación de la oferta laboral a los cambios en la demanda, provee adecuados incentivos a la inversión en capital humano y garantiza un eficiente comportamiento del mercado de trabajo. En un mercado flexible, la movilidad ocupacional depende de las características productivas individuales de la mano de obra y los requerimientos específicos de capital humano asociados a cada sector ocupacional. Por el contrario, un mercado inflexible tiende a estar segmentado y restringe la movilidad y rotación ocupacional, desincentiva la apropiada inversión en capital humano y dificulta las posibilidades de adaptación a los cambios en la estructura productiva y ocupacional.
Estudios sobre la movilidad ocupacional en Bolivia son escasos, en parte debido a la escasa información disponible para abordar este tema. Algunos estudios recientes han identificado un incremento significativo de la participación femenina, reducción del desempleo y un incremento de las ocupaciones en el sector semi-empresarial durante la primera mitad de la década de los años noventa (World Bank, 1996). Estos cambios estuvieron propiciados por el incremento de actividades en sectores de comercio, servicios y la pequeña manufactura que se beneficiaron del crecimiento económico. Otros estudios confirman la tendencia al incremento de ocupaciones en el sector semiempresarial y empresarial asociados a ganancias de ingresos, mayores niveles de producción y productividad a lo largo de 1990 y 1997 (Lay, 2001; Morales, 2000). Estos estudios concuerdan en identificar el importante rol que desempeñan las pequeñas unidades familiares y la necesidad de reconsiderar el rol del sector informal en Bolivia. Sin embargo, y a pesar de identificar cambios significativos en la estructura del empleo en Bolivia, ninguno de los trabajos mencionados presenta evidencia empírica sobre el grado de flexibilidad del mercado laboral medido en términos de movilidad interocupacional.
175. Non-Agricultural Labor from Rural Farmers in Bolivia: Determinants and Effects
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, Beatriz Muriel, Horacio Valencia, 2009
   Español: Link
    Tags: Bolivia, Income, Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper analyses non-agricultural work supplied by rural households in Bolivia. It is shown that roughly 50% of all rural households complement their incomes through non-agricultural work, but that households in the lowlands are more likely to do so than households in the highlands. Since non-agricultural work pays several times better than agricultural work, access to this source of complementary income constitutes an important opportunity to escape rural poverty.
176. Non-Farm Rural Activities (NFRA) in a Peasant Economy: The Case of the North Peruvian Sierra
Velazco, Jackeline, University of Manchester, 2003
    Tags: Peru, Income, Gender&Diversity
Abstract Is it feasible to increase income and generate employment in the context of a traditional labour intensive rural industry with strong linkages to an agriculturally backward economy? In order to address this issue, primary data from four villages of Peruvian North Sierra was used. The case of the hat making activity, employing exclusively family labour, purchasing the main input (straw, paja de palma) from Ecuador, and with consumers concentrated on villages and small towns, was investigated. The analysis was made at the market level. Considering the context of a self-employment activity, a theoretical framework was developed to explain the determinants of labour demand, input demand, hat output and labour return. Demand and supply constraints to the expansion of hat making activity were found. Important differences in the value of labour marginal product across the sample were identified. These were mainly associated with the use of varied input quality. Growth based on local demand would not be viable given falls in consumer incomes - mainly farmers - and expected changes in consumer preferences; therefore the growth motor would rest more in market expansion and product diversification to urban consumers.‎
177. On defining and measuring the informal sector
World Bank, Henley, Andrew, Arabsheibani, G. Reza, Carneiro, Francisco G., 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Brazil‎
Abstract A range of alternative empirical definitions of informal activity have been employed in the literature. Choice of definition is often dictated by data availability. Different definitions may imply very different conceptual understandings of informality. In this paper the authors investigate the degree of congruence between three definitions of informality based on employment contract registration, social security protection, and the characteristics of the employer and employment using Brazilian household survey data for the period 1992 to 2001. The authors present evidence showing that 64 percent of the economically active population are informal according to at least one definition, but only 40 percent are informal according to all three. Steady compositional changes have been taking place among informal workers, conditional on definition. The econometric analysis reveals that the conditional impact of particular factors (demographic, educational attainment, and family circumstances) on the likelihood of informality varies considerably from one definition to another. The results suggest growing heterogeneity within the informal sector. Therefore, the authors argue that informal activity may be as much associated with entrepreneurial dynamism as with any desire to avoid costly contract registration and social protection. However, the authors confirm there is no a priori reason for entrepreneurial activity to be unprotected. Consequently definitions of informality based on occupation and employer size seem the most arbitrary in practice even if conceptually well-founded.
178. Panorama Laboral 2009: America Latina y el Caribe
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2009 
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Latin America, Bolivia, Global, Income, Unemployment, Youth‎
Abstract La economía mundial está enfrentando la peor desaceleración económica y el colapso más intenso del comercio internacional desde la llamada Gran Depresión en el siglo pasado. La actual crisis se originó en el segmento de hipotecas de alto riesgo de Estados Unidos y su impacto se diseminó por los sistemas financieros de todo el mundo, trasladándose rápidamente a las variables reales debido en especial a la contracción crediticia, el desmoronamiento de los precios de los activos financieros, con la consecuente destrucción de riqueza, la disminución del comercio mundial y el deterioro de las expectativas y la confianza de los consumidores y las empresas.‎
179. Performance Evaluation Of Public Sector Enterprises - The Case Of Mining In Bolivia And Indonesia‎ 
Malcom Gills, Glenn Jenkins, 1978
    Tags: Global, Bolivia
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to outline an approach to the evaluation of public sector enterprise performance that attempts to integrate aspects of the financial, economic and social objectives that these organizations often strive to attain. To provide an empirical basis for this discussion we will draw heavily on our experience of the mining sectors in Bolivia and Indonesia, which are dominated by public enterprises.
180. Personality Measures as predictors of job performance: A meta analysis review
Personnel Psychology, Tett, R., Jackson, D., & Rothstein, M, 1991
    Tags: Global, Training
Abstract Presentan un meta-análisis de estudios confirmando el rol de indicadores de personalidad sobre los resultados laborales. La correlación entre éxito laboral y responsabilidad en este estudio es 0.12.
The purpose of this study was to investigate conflicting findings in previous research on personality and job performance.  Meta-analysis was used to (a) assess the overall validity of personality measures as predictors of job performance, (b) investigate the moderating effects of several study characteristics on personality scale validity, and (c) appraise the predictability of job performance as a functionof eight distinct categories of personality content, includint the "Big Five" personality factors.  Based on review of 494 studies, unstable results were identified for 97 independent samples (total N-13,521).  Consistent with predictions, studies using confirmatory research strategies produced a corrected mean personality scale validity (.29) that was more than twice as high as that based on studies adopting exploratory strategies (.12).  An even higher mean validity (.38) was obtained based on studies using job analysis explicitly in the selection of personality measures.  Validities were also found to be higher in longer tenured samples and in published articles versus dissertations.  Corrected mean validities for the "Big Five" factors ranged from .16 for Extraversion to .33 for Agreeableness.  Weaknesses in the reporting of validation study characteristics are noted, and recommendations for future research in this area a re provided.  Contrary to conclusions of certain past reviews, the present findings provide some grounds for optimism conocerning the use of personality measures in employee selection. 
181. Perspectiva del crecimiento economico en los paises del Pacto Andino
Aguayo, Eva & Portillo, Saskia & Exposito, Pilar, 1999
    Tags: Latin America, Global
Abstract El objetivo de este trabajo es la realización de un análisis comparativo de la situación económica de los países miembros de la zona aduanera del Pacto Andino (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Venezuela), con especial referencia a sus relaciones económicas con la Unión Europea. Finalmente, presentamos un modelo econométrico que recoge el impacto positivo de las nuevas políticas de apertura económica sobre el crecimiento económico llevadas a cabo por la Comunidad Andina (CAN) en la década de los noventa.
182. Phases of Convergence in Latin America: The Technological Drivers
Journal of International Development, Germán Héctor González, Carlos Darío Dabús, Pablo Daniel Monterubbianesi, 2011*
    Tags: Latin America, Income, Policy
Abstract The paper analyses the convergence hypothesis in Latin America during 1960-2005. The evidence is not favourable to clear convergence or divergence trends and suggests the existence of transitory clubs of convergence. After 1990-1994, the lower income economies showed convergence to the richer countries but in a context of increasing dispersion of the per capita income. The development accounting and the decomposition of the total factor productivity indicate that those results are mainly explained by relative differences in technological capabilities. These are determined by structural and political factors. The efforts to integrate the economies were not enough to reduce the gap.
183. Pobreza En América Latina Y En El Ecuador
Galo Viteri Díaz, 2009
    Tags: Latin America, Ecuador, Poverty
Abstract América Latina es una región con altos niveles de pobreza, cuestión que resulta preocupante toda vez que la pobreza, según Trigo, es un fenómeno muy complejo y que tiene muchas dimensiones, pues no solamente afecta a la reducción del bienestar individual o colectivo, medido a través de la privación para comprar bienes o servicios, sino que incide en la capacidad de las personas para satisfacer sus necesidades más básicas en materia de vivienda, salud, educación, agua potable, electricidad, etc.   En este contexto, el presente documento sobre la pobreza y la pobreza extrema en América Latina y en el Ecuador, se estructura de la siguiente manera: 
I. Pobreza e indigencia en América Latina 
1. Pobreza en América Latina 1980-2008 
2. Indigencia en América Latina 1980-2008 
3. Pobreza total en América Latina 1980-2008 
II. Pobreza y pobreza extrema en el Ecuador 
1. Pobreza por ingreso en el Ecuador 2006-2008 
2. Pobreza extrema por ingreso en el Ecuador 2006-2008 
3. Pobreza nacional total en el Ecuador según ingreso 2006-2008 
III. Conclusiones 
IV. Perspectivas 
184. Politicas sociales y laborales para tiempos tumultuosos: como enfrentar la crisis global en America Latina y el Caribe
BID, 2010
     Tags: Policy, Global, Latin America, Credit
Abstract La región de América Latina y el Caribe (en lo sucesivo, "ALC" o simplemente, la "región") sabe muy bien lo que es una sacudida económica provocada por una crisis financiera. Aunque la región ha experimentado crisis económicas muy frecuentemente, las recuperaciones han tendido a ser rápidas. Los efectos de la crisis de 1994 en México, la de Asia en 1997, la crisis cambiaria de Brasil en 1998-1999 y la crisis de Argentina en 2001, por mencionar sólo algunas, se materializaron todos en el espacio de uno o dos años. Independientemente de la experiencia de la región con deterioros bruscos y considerables de la coyuntura económica, las características de la actual crisis económica mundial pueden representar una verdadera prueba para ALC sin paralelo en las últimas décadas. Según las estimaciones del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), 2009 será el primer año desde la II Guerra Mundial en que la economía mundial se contraerá en vez de crecer. Se proyecta que sólo en 2009 el número estimado de desempleados alcanzará 17 millones, cifra que supera la cantidad de 13,4 millones1 de personas sin trabajo en Estados Unidos. La crisis ya se está haciendo sentir con fuerza en ALC a través de varios canales. En el segundo semestre de 2008, el crédito disponible para los gobiernos, empresas y hogares de la región se redujo rápidamente. Con EE.UU. como epicentro de la crisis y un contagio que ya alcanza a Europa y Japón, el desplome de la demanda agregada de los principales socios comerciales de ALC apunta a una situación grave. Haciéndose eco de esta situación, los precios de productos de exportación tales como el petróleo, los metales y granos básicos también han caído. Para 2009 se anticipa una fuerte disminución de los movimientos netos de capitales privados y de inversión foránea, y también se proyecta una baja de las remesas.‎
185. Population and employment in selected countries bordering the Pacific. 
   Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, MB Concepcion, 1982** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Global, Latin America‎
Abstract This study is concerned with the dynamics of labor force composition in selected countries bordering the Pacific. The estimates presented are based on national definitions of urban and rural places and of the labor force and are derived primarily from published U.N. data. Variations in labor force composition and in urbanization levels by country are discussed. Countries considered include Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Nicaragua, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States.
186. Poverty Alleviation and Child Labor
NBER, Eric V. Edmonds & Norbert Schady, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Education, Ecuador, Income
Abstract How important are subsistence concerns in a family's decision to send a child to work? We consider this question in Ecuador, where poor families are selected at random to receive a cash transfer that is equivalent to 7 percent of monthly expenditures. Winning the cash transfer lottery is associated with a decline in work for pay away from the child's home. The cash transfer is greater than the rise in schooling costs that comes with the end of primary school, but it is less than 20 percent of the income paid to child laborers in the labor market. Despite being less than foregone earnings, poor families seem to use the lottery award to delay the child's entry into paid employment and protect the child's schooling status. Schooling expenditures rise with the lottery, but total expenditures in the household decline relative to the control population because of foregone child labor earnings.‎
187. Poverty and income distribution during adjustment : issues and evidence from the OECD project
Bourguignon, Francois & de Melo, Jaime & Morrisson, Christian, 1991
    Tags: Income, Global, Latin America, Policy
Abstract Drawing lessons from country studies, the authors examine the effects of adjustment policies on the distribution of income in Chile, Cote d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco. After analyzing the issues that must be confronted in designing adjustment programs with a focus on poverty, they synthesize the main conclusions of the different country studies. With simulation exercises they explore the effects of the design of the adjustment packages on poverty and on the sustainability of the measures undertaken in these countries. These exercises show considerable diversity in the evolution of income distribution during adjustment. They also expose the fatal flaws of narrowly designed adjustment programs. Adjustment programs - whether focused on efficiency or on welfare - will fail when they do not recognize the interdependence of the three criteria of efficiency, welfare, and political feasibility. Adjustment programs must be carefully packaged to fit country circumstances, taking into account both the political and economic environments.‎
188. Privatization in Developing Countries: A Summary Assessment
John Nellis, Center for Global Development, 2006
    Tags: Global, Latin America, Policy, Income
Abstract In the last 25 years many thousands of formerly state-owned and operated firms have been privatized in developing and transition countries, generating over $400 billion (US) in sales proceeds. In addition, thousands of firms have been transferred by privatization processes in which no money was raised (though a surprising number of state-owned firms remain in these regions). The vast majority of economic studies praise privatization's positive impact at the level of the firm, as well as its positive macroeconomic and welfare contributions. Moreover, contrary to popular conception, privatization has not contributed to maldistribution of income or increased poverty--at least in the best-studied Latin American cases. In sum, the technical picture is generally positive. Nonetheless, public opinion in the less developed world is generally suspicious of, and often hostile to, privatization. A good part of the problem is that privatization has proven harder to launch, and is more likely to produce errant results, in low-income, institutionally weak states, particularly in the most important infrastructure sectors. Privatization is hard to sell politically; it has become a lightning rod and handy scapegoat for all discontent related to liberalization and globalization. What is needed are reform mechanisms that give incentives and comfort to reputable private investors, that create and sustain the policy and regulatory institutions that make governments competent and honest partners with the private operators, while at the same time protecting consumers, particularly the most disadvantaged, from abuse.
189. Privatization in Latin America: the rapid rise, recent fall, and continuing puzzle of a contentious economic policy
Center for Global Development, John Nellis, Rachel Menezes, and Sarah Lucas, 2004
    Tags: Latin America, Policy
Abstract In Latin America, privatization started earlier and spread farther and more rapidly than in almost any other part of the world. More firms, and larger ones, were sold and more proceeds were raised than in almost any other part of the world. Despite positive microeconomic results, privatization is highly and increasingly unpopular in the region. The core social criticism is that privatization contributes to growing poverty and inequality levels in Latin America-and anecdotal evidence supports the claim. But recent and rigorous studies paint another picture, concluding that privatization has contributed only slightly to rising unemployment and inequality and that it either reduces poverty or has no effect on it. These studies have yet to change the mind of opponents; while privatization may be winning the economic battle, it is losing the political war: The benefits are spread widely, small for each affected consumer or taxpayer, and occur (or accrue) in the medium term. In contrast, the costs are large for those concerned, who tend to be visible, vocal, urban, and organized-a potent political combination.We argue that the right policies and strengthened institutions can go a long way toward balancing efficiency gains with concerns about equity. This policy brief is a preview to the analysis and recommendations on privatization in the second edition of Washington Contentious: Economic Policies for Social Equity in Latin America, to be published in 2004 by the Center for Global Development and Inter-American Dialogue.
190. Promover los principios y derechos fundamentales a través del diálogo social‎. ‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Argentina‎
Abstract Presenta una recopilación de los documentos sobre los métodos y medidas para hacer efectiva la Declaración de los Derechos Humanos presentados por la OIT durante el Congreso celebrado en Buenos Aires en el año 2004. Analiza los siguientes cuatro principios: la libertad sindical y de asociación y reconocimiento efectivo del derecho a la negociación colectiva, la eliminación de todas formas de trabajo forzoso u obligatorio, el trabajo infantil y la no discriminación en el empleo ocupación e igualdad de remuneración. Desarrolla una introducción general de cada principio, muestra un análisis a nivel nacional de cada uno y finaliza con un análisis de la ley y de la práctica en Argentina. Plantea una propuesta para cada principio en la Argentina. 
191. Promoviendo el desarrollo de la poblacion en situacion de pobreza extrema para la graduacion al acceso a servicios financieros - Peru
Institute for Poverty Action - Yale University, Adam Kemmis Betty, 2010‎
     Tags: Peru, Credit, Income, Education, Health
Abstract  Según los estudios del ENAHO - INEI censo del 2007, el Perú tiene una población de 27.4 millones, del cual 6.6 millones (24.1%) habitan en el ámbito rural. A pesar del progreso de la economía en general, según información oficial del año 2007, el 39.3% de la población todavía vive en pobreza y el 13.7% de la población vive en pobreza extrema. En el ámbito rural, un alarmante 64.6% de la población (3.8 millones) vive en pobreza y 32.9% de la población (2.2 millones) vive en pobreza extrema. ‎
Históricamente en Perú, la lucha contra la pobreza se ha diseñado con un enfoque político clientelista - partidario. A través de los años, se han invertido montos extraordinarios en programas de reducción de pobreza que han tenido pocos resultados. Las intervenciones más importantes para reducir la pobreza extrema han sido los programas PRONAMACHS y FONCODES, ambos más por el lado de mejorar capacidades productivas, y los programas Vaso de Leche, CRECER y JUNTOS, más por el lado de la alimentación, educación y salud. Pero actualmente no existe un programa que combine de manera concreta y holística estos dos enfoques.‎
192. Pro-Poor Macroeconomic Policies Require Poverty and Social Impact Analysis 
Development Policy Review, Rafael Gomes, Max Lawson, 2005*
    Tags: Policy, Global, Latin America, Credit
Abstract The IMF's PRGF is supposed to provide policy flexibility based on a PSIA of the targets it imposes. In practice, PRGF programmes have failed to incorporate this objective. Increasingly, this is leading to public embarrassment for the Fund such as that which followed revelations about limits on teacher recruitment and retention in Zambia and Honduras. This article argues that the IMF continues to use a rigid economic model that fails to recognise the existence of different macroeconomic policy options. Considerable work is going on outside the IMF on developing techniques for such analysis. Unless the IMF takes more concrete steps to ensure policy flexibility and adopt PSIAs, its commitment to poverty reduction will become rapidly discredited.
193. Public Enterprise in Less Developed Countries
Cambridge Journals, Leroy P. Jones, 1982*
     Tags: Policy, Global
Look Inside : Link
Worldcat : Link
194. Public Policies for the MDGs: The Case of the Dominican Republic
CEDLAS, Carolina Díaz-Bonilla, Hans Lofgren, Martín Cicowiez, 2007 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Dominican Republic, Latin America, Income‎
Abstract The Dominican Republic (DR) has committed itself to work towards reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Recent data indicate that the DR has made considerable progress on the MDGs but that an acceleration of efforts is needed for the country to reach all the goals.2 This chapter focuses on two key questions: Will the DR achieve all of the MDGs under current policies and trends? If not, what policy changes are needed to achieve the MDGs and at what cost? The second question incorporates alternative assumptions about the sources (domestic or foreign) of required additional government financing. We address these questions using MAMS (MAquette for MDG Simulations3), a dynamic-recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for country strategy analysis, and a micro-simulation model. Such an economywide approach is needed given that the simulated policy changes have strong effects throughout the economy.  Section 1 below provides background on the general economy and MDGs since 1990.  Section 2 presents our methods and database, and Section 3 the simulations and an analysis of their results. Section 4 concludes with a summary of our main findings.‎
195. Public-Private Wage Gap In Latin America (1999-2007): A Matching Approach
Universidad de Chile, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Alejandra Mizala & Pilar Romaguera & Sebastian Gallegos, 2010
    Tags: Latin America, Income
Abstract Using matching methods, we estimate the public-private wage gap for urban workers in eleven Latin American countries for the 1992- 2007 period.  These methods do not require any estimation of earnings equations and hence no validity-out-of-the-support assumptions; furthermore, this approach allows us to estimate not only the average wage gap but also its distribution. Our main findings indicate that the average public sector worker earns more than his/her private counterpart, and that this differential increased over the 1992-2007 period. Our results also show important differences along the wage distribution; in fact, public servants in the highest percentiles of the wage distribution generally earn less than their private sector equivalents.  Nonetheless, the percentile at which a positive wage gap becomes a wage penalty shifted over the period as the average wage gap experienced by most countries widened. Still, the most qualified public sector workers do face a wage penalty. Furthermore, the data shows no relationship between our country ranking according to the public-private wage gap, and indicators of government effectiveness.‎
196. Public Programs, Innovation, and Firm Performance in Chile
IDB Technical Note, Roberto Alvarez, Gustavo Crespi, Conrado Cuevas, 2012
     Tags: Training, Chile, Latin America‎
Abstract This paper evaluates the impact of two public programs, FONTEC and FONDEF, aimed at fostering innovation in Chilean firms. With the cooperation of several public agencies, participants and non-participants in these programs during the period 1995-2000 were identified from a large panel of firms in the manufacturing sector. From this information, the effect of the programs could be determined using propensity score matching (PSM) and differences in differences (DID) in a multiple treatment setting. Results show that these programs have generally been associated with increases in employment and productivity, but the impact is heterogeneous across programs and indicators of firm performance.‎
197. Que explica la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso en las areas urbanas de Bolivia: un análisis a partir de un modelo de microsimulacion
UDAPE, A. W. Ernesto Yáñez A., 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Latin America, Income‎
Abstract El trabajo analiza el proceso microeconómico que está detrás del cambio en la desigualdad durante el periodo 1999-2002. Para esto se utilizan técnicas de microsimulación que permiten una aproximación al comportamiento microeconómico que explica la desigualdad. Se estiman, modelos de participación en el mercado laboral, ecuaciones de ingresos laborales y modelos de determinantes para el logro educativo.  Estos resultados son utilizados como insumos para simular, en el año 1999, la participación laboral, el desempleo, la estructura educativa y los retornos al capital humano que se observa en el año 2002. Se concluye que la evolución de la desigualdad responde negativamente al desempeño del mercado laboral (participación, desempleo y precios) y positivamente a las modificaciones en la estructura educativa.Using matching methods, we estimate the public-private wage gap in seven Latin American countries-Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Paraguay and Uruguay-for the years 1999 and 2007. These methods do not require any estimation of earnings equations and hence no validity-out-of-the-support assumptions; furthermore, this approach allows us to estimate not only the average wage gap but also its distribution. Our main findings indicate that the average public sector worker earns more than his/her private counterpart. This differential has increased over the 1999-2007 period. Our results also show that there are important differences along the wage distribution. In particular, we find that the public sector wage premium declines as it moves up the conditional wage distribution, becoming a public sector wage penalty for the higher percentiles. Over the 1999-2007 period, the public-private wage gap changes from positive to negative at higher percentiles of the distribution, but still the most qualified public sector workers do face a wage penalty. Therefore, the profitability of public sector employment seems to be at its greatest at the lower end of the wage distribution.  ‎
‎198. ¿Qué y a Quién? Beneficios y Beneficiarios de los Programas de Transferencias Condicionadas de Ingresos
CEDLAS, Mariana Marchionni y Adriana Conconi, 2008 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Latin America, Argentina‎
Abstract En este trabajo se analizan dos elementos vinculados al diseño de los programas de transferencias condicionadas de ingresos: la definición de beneficios y beneficiarios.  Se discuten cuestiones como: por qué se transfiere dinero, qué rol desempeñan las condicionalidades y contraprestaciones, por qué se focalizan en hogares con hijos jóvenes, y otras consideraciones de tamaño familiar y género del receptor de la transferencia. Estos temas se analizan luego a la luz de algunos ejemplos de programas de transferencias condicionadas de ingresos implementados en América Latina, y de las posiciones en la opinión pública en la Argentina utilizando información de la Encuesta de Percepción sobre Programas Sociales (CEDLASMORI- BM, 2007).‎
199. Reflections on the Macro Foundations of the Middle Class in the Developing World
Center for Global Development, Nancy Birdsall, 2007
    Tags: Global, Policy
Abstract In this working paper I define inclusive growth as growth conducive to increasing the size and economic command of the middle class. I suggest a definition of the middle class based on absolute and relative measures of country-based income distributions, and present evidence of change in the size of the "middle class" for selected developing countries. I then review how macroeconomic policies shape the environment and incentives for inclusive growth, focusing on three areas: fiscal discipline, the more rule-based the better; a fair tax and redistribution system; and a business friendly exchange rate. The adoption of macro policies that favor the middle class lays the foundation for more economically and politically sustainable development. While on the whole sound macro policy that is good for the middle class is also likely to be pro-poor, tradeoffs may exist with respect to tax, expenditure and transfer programs and responses to economic shocks. Governments should consider the weighted welfare outcomes of alternative approaches to macro policy, rather than un-weighted growth or overly weighted poverty outcomes.‎
200. Reformas Estructurales y Empleo
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2009
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income
‎201.  Regional Integration Agreements in the Americas: The Labour Dimension
Version en Español: Link
ILO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2003‎
     Tags: Latin America, Global, Policy
Abstract All economic integration processes involve social aspects. Sometimes, these aspects may not be defined clearly when the processes begin. Nonetheless, the social effects that these processes precipitate means that sooner or later, the "social dimension" or "labour issues" inevitably appear in the analysis of regional and supra regional integration.
Without in any way denying the commercial and economic motivations which generate integration processes, there can be no doubt that the balance of forces necessary to guarantee an equitable distribution of its benefits among the members of a society requires the development of a number of fundamental factors originating in social development. All economic integration processes imply social aspects.
Today, it seems that a successful integration process is impossible unless a number of basic political and social pre-conditions are met. These are: a democratic regime; true rule of law; and strict and general compliance with human rights, including the fundamental rights at work. Compliance with these pre-conditions, while indispensable, is not sufficient to ensure success.
The link between integration processes and the social and labour development of the societies involved is evident, since any trade or economic regulation will very likely affect (positively one hopes) employment levels, the relations between social actors, and workers' rights.
That is why there can be no discussion of economic integration without addressing the labour aspects involved and without taking the economic actors into account. Integration may, particularly in the short term, change the internal structure of the labour market, the traditional composition and interrelation between the social actors -and the balance of these relations- either for the better or for the worse. Social dumping, understood as the attempt to base international competitiveness on cheapening the labour component by failing to respect fundamental rights at work, is a recurrent issue in every debate on this issue.‎
202. Regional Integration and Poverty: A case study of Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, Osvaldo Nina, 2004
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income‎
Abstract This paper investigates the impacts of regional integration processes on poverty in Bolivia. It first demonstrates that regional integration has stimulated a diversion of trade away from traditional US and EU markets towards countries of MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. At the same time, the composition of exports has changed from predominantly minerals towards slightly more elaborated goods, such as vegetable fats, food and beverages. The paper presents econometric analyses of the impact of imports, exports and FDI (by sector, and trade block) on individual labor incomes and household poverty status. The results show that higher exports generally tend to benefit the workers who work in the exporting sectors. However, this result only holds for export sectors that exploit some natural resource rents (mining, hydrocarbons, modern agriculture), and not for those which rely purely on low wages in order to be competitive (most manufacturing sectors). Imports typically have a negative effect on worker salaries, except the imports of capital goods, which do not compete with local production. This implies that the change towards more regional trade of goods with a smaller natural resource rent component is unlikely to contribute to a reduction in poverty. For exports and FDI to be helpful for reducing poverty, they would have to focus on sectors, which are labor intensive and at the same time exploit some natural resource rents. Sectors that might fulfill these criteria are modern agriculture and tourism.
203. Regulating against inequality and poverty in developing countries: lessons from the electricity regulation in Bolivia
UNDP, Degol Haily, Pauline Cazaubon, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Income, Policy‎
Abstract The regulation of utilities has strong wealth redistributive effects. Any State can use this indirect tool to lower poverty and inequality when utilities are privatized. In an independent regulatory system, the legislation goes through a double screen (the regulator and the regulated firms) before impacting the real economy. Before, the governance capacities of the government and the administration determine to what extent regulation will cater to the needs of population. This study examines the case of electricity regulation in Bolivia from 1992 to 2009, when an independent regulation agency was in place. The authors found that, even in presence of a strong regulatory arrangement, electricity regulation won't contribute to poverty and inequality reduction as far as it is not given an explicit pro-poor orientation. Actually, despite more than ten working years, the SIRESE regulatory system has not managed to adequately address the cream-skimming phenomenon of potential consumers. As a result, the poor will have the least access to electricity. In Bolivia, competition was introduced only on the main grid. A two-speed regulation has emerged, more developed in the case of the privatized market. Yet, in such a very unequal and poor country, inequalization of the service over the territory is threatening the weak socio-political equilibrium. Given that this evolution could potentially undermine the recent progress of Bolivia towards sustainable development, the authors propose a set of policy-recommendations to promote access to the basic service of electricity by the poor. In front of a growing demand, priority should be given to investment in supply capacity with fair connection targeting. Instead of suppressing the independent regulation as the government did in spring 2009, it shall be reinforced.‎
204. Regulation and the Informal Economy: Microenterprises in Chile, Ecuador, and Jamaica
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Alejandro Portes, 1995*
    Tags: Latin America, Informality, Credit, Policy
Abstract In this edited volume, two major figures in the study of Latin American informal economy present their latest findings on the characteristics of small entrepreneurs and the origins of behavior of the economic units that they create.  The study is comparative, involving surveys of micro-enterprises in four economic sectors in Chile, Ecuador, and Jamaica.  It is not altogether clear what were the reasons for selecting the sectors: garment production, food, and repairs, to which furniture making was later added in two of the countries.
205. Remembering to save: the timing of SMS reminders in Ecuador
Innovations for Poverty Action - Yale University, Dylan Ramshaw, 2011
    Tags: Ecuador, Credit ‎
Abstract The evaluation demonstrated that sending text messages can have positive impacts on behaviour, in terms of deposit frequency and amounts, however in this case the limited impacts tended to be in the short term and more effective as a reminderfor those clients that had most recently opened the account.  We see limited evidence that frequency, duration or urgency of messages impact deposit behaviour.  However, we would urge caution in interpreting these results because of limited sample size.  The results suggest that clients' underlying motivation may impact the effectiveness of reminders, we propose this as a useful area of future research.
206. Resource Booms, Inequality, and Poverty: The Case of Gas in Bolivia
   Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Jann Lay, Rainer Thiele and Manfred Wiebelt, 2006
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 5751 .L36 I58 1980
    Tags: Bolivia, Income, Informality ‎
Abstract This paper addresses the question of whether the Bolivian gas boom of the 1990s has bypassed large parts of the poor population, thereby leading to increasing inequalities in an already unequal society. Using a Computable General Equilibrium model that is sequentially linked to a microsimulation model, we examine the transmission channels through which the large resource inflows related to the gas boom, both initial foreign investment in the sector and the subsequent export earnings, as well as large public transfer programs affect the distribution of income. These transfers may well be interpreted as a means of redistributing resource rents. Our focus is on labour market impacts, in particular on shifts between formal and informal employment and changes in relative factor prices. Our simulation results suggest that the gas boom induces a combination of unequalising and equalising forces, which tend to offset each other. As net distributional change is limited, growth generated by the boom reduces poverty despite increasing informality.
207. Riesgos legales en los mercados comerciales y laborales que afectan e impactan en la generacion de empleo
Juan Gumucio Suárez, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2011
Anexos B y C
Anexo D
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Policy, Latin America
Abstract  La Legislación referente a los mercados laborales y comerciales se encuentra enlazada y es dependiente una de la otra, debido a que las modificaciones en alguna de las normas de carácter laboral van a repercutir en la comercial y viceversa. Este estudio trata de explicar la normativa conjunta aplicada y conexa entre los mercados comerciales y laborales, al mismo tiempo de identificar a los diferentes tipos de actores tanto formales como informales.‎
208. Roles of income and equality in poverty reduction: recent cross-country evidence 
Journal of International Development, Volume 19, Issue 7, October 2007, Pages: 919-926, Rati Ram* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Global‎
Abstract This paper uses a reasonable model and recent cross-country data to study empirically the effects of income and equality on poverty. Three main points are noted. First, the estimates show highly significant roles of income and equality in poverty reduction, and the effects of increased income and lower inequality are both substantial. Second, the elasticity of poverty with respect to inequality is substantially larger than that relative to income. Third, the estimates suggest a 'growth elasticity' of poverty that is much smaller than the values used in almost every study. Therefore, most of the well-known and influential recent research seems to have overstated the impact of income growth on poverty alleviation by de-emphasising the role of inequality, to which poverty is highly responsive, and by using an income (growth) elasticity of poverty that is much larger than what seems reasonable.‎
209. Roots of Resistance to Urban Water Privatization in Bolivia: the "New Working Class," the crisis of Neoliberalism, and Public Services 
Cambridge Journals, International Labor and Working-Class History, Susan Spronk, 2007*‎
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Informality
Abstract This paper analyzes the roots of resistance to the privatization of public services in the context of the changes to class formation in Bolivia. Based upon two case studies of urban water privatization, it seeks to explain why the social coalitions that have emerged to protest the privatization of public water services in Bolivia have been led by territorially-based organizations composed of rural-urban and multiclass alliances rather than public-sector unions. It argues that protest against the privatization of water utilities in Bolivia must be understood within the context of neoliberal economic restructuring and the emergence of what has been termed the "new working class," which is now primarily urban and engaged in informal forms of work.‎
210. Rural nonagriculture employment and poverty in Ecuador 
   Economic Development and Cultural Change, Peter Lanjouw, 1999**
    Tags: Ecuador, Income
211. Rural Poverty in Ecuador: Assessing Local Realities for the Development of Anti-poverty Programs 
World Development, J Hentschel; W F Waters, 2002** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador, Policy, Education‎
Abstract This paper examines how the inhabitants of four poor communities in the rural Ecuadorian highlands perceive poverty and conceive of strategies to overcome it. While seemingly similar with respect to location, market access, ethnicity, and access to health care and primary schools, the four communities are quite heterogeneous, particularly with respect to educational achievement, basic services, supply, and access to productive resources such as land. Nevertheless, perceptions of poverty vary relatively little, and coping strategies build uniformly on temporary migration, increased female and child labor, and decreased consumption. Practical solutions for poverty reduction include credit and training. Community characteristics are also important in determining individual preferences. Rural anti-poverty policies for Ecuador (and possibly other Andean countries), can build on such similarities among heterogeneous communities.
212. Rural poverty in Ecuador : a qualitative assessment
Hentschel, Jesko & Waters, William F. & Vandever Webb, Anna Kathryn, 1996
    Tags: Ecuador, Income, Policy
Abstract A complement to recent in-depth quantitative analyses of rural poverty in Ecuador, this is a report on the results of the Rural Qualitative Assessment in living conditions in rural communities in all three Ecuador's diverse regions. Using a variety of qualitative techniques, the research aimed to assess what poverty means to marginalized rural families, what kind of survival strategies families use in times of hardship, and what these families believe is needed to alleviate poverty. Several key messages emerge: 1) rural communities with the same characteristics (such as area, soil quality, and ethnic background) are actually very heterogeneous in their command of land resources, definition of well-being, range of economic activities, and recommendations for what is needed to overcome poverty; 2) in times of hardship, families have complemented income for traditional sources with earnings from new activities. In addition to migration, which plays a pivotal role in all communities, piecework and weaving are important to income generation in the Sierra, small businesses are important in the Costa, and increased production of cash crops is important in the Oriente. Families have also reduced expenditures on clothing, fiestas, and food. Spending less on food is alarming as malnutrition rates in rural Ecuador are already very high; and 3) poor rural families express very practical solutions to overcoming poverty. They don't demand sweeping changes. Overwhelmingly, they suggest measures that will make available land and human resources more productive. Almost half the suggestions from poor rural families have to do with infrastructure. Many families also want training courses (both agricultural and nonagricultural).
213. Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations
American Economic Review, Kimko, Dennis D. and Eric A. Hanushek* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Education, Global, Income, Productivity‎
Abstract Direct measures of labor-force quality from international mathematics and science test scores are strongly related to growth. Indirect specification tests are generally consistent with a causal link: direct spending on schools is unrelated to student performance differences; the estimated growth effects of improved labor-force quality hold when East Asian countries are excluded; and, finally, home-country quality differences of immigrants are directly related to U.S. earnings if the immigrants are educated in their own country but not in the United States. The last estimates of micro productivity effects, however, introduce uncertainty about the magnitude of the growth effects.
214. Sensibilidad de los retornos a la educación según la clasificación étnico lingüística de la población
UDAPE, Milenka B. Figueroa Cárdenas, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Education, Income ‎
Abstract En la actualidad, la temática indígena reviste mucha importancia, considerando la nueva visión contemplada en el Plan Nacional desde Desarrollo, donde se enfatizan principios de equidad y reversión de la exclusión histórica de los pueblos indígenas y originarios. En la medida en que se logre una adecuada identificación de la población indígena, la aplicación de políticas públicas dirigidas a reducir su vulnerabilidad, será más efectiva. Los estudios enfocados a esta temática aplicaron diferentes formas para clasificar a la población según su condición étnica lingüística, sin llegar a un consenso universal respecto a los criterios de clasificación.
Este trabajo muestra diferentes formas de clasificar a la población de acuerdo a su condición étnico lingüística. Asimismo, en base a los criterios de clasificación utilizados, se estiman tasas de retorno a la educación. Para ello, se utiliza la metodología sugerida por la CEPAL/CELADA y NNUU y, se combinan estos resultados con la metodología de estimación de retornos a la educación de Mincer. 
Los resultados encontrados muestran que no hubo una diferencia significativa en los retornos a la educación de la población indígena, cuando se aplican las distintas formas de clasificación.  Sin embargo, se confirmó que los retornos a la educación de la población no indígena son  significativamente superiores a los de la población no indígena, ratificando la incidencia condición étnico lingüística, tanto en la educación como en la conformación de ingresos de las personas.‎
215. Ser o no ser informal: Una simulacion estructural para Bolivia
Fundacion ARU, Jose P. Mauricio Vargas, 2011
     Tags: Informality, Bolivia, Policy
Abstract El documento presenta las estimaciones del tamaño de la economía informal en Bolivia a partir de un Modelo de Equilibrio General Dinámico. La estimación de los parámetros es realizada utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud que permite obtener, como resultado intermedio, una estimación de variable latente del tamaño de la economía informal. Este procedimiento es novedoso, ya que las estimación del tamaño de la economía informal mediante el uso de un modelo estructural dinámico representa un área de estudio alternativa a los modelos de variable latente que asumen relaciones sin un apoyo robusto en la teoría (modelos MIMIC).  La evidencia encontrada sugiere que el tamaño de la economía informal representa el 60% del PIB  en 2010 y que su tendencia fue decreciente en la última década. Además, se simularon cuatro políticas alternativas para disminuir el tamaño de la economía subterránea. Algunas de ellas permiten identicar mecanismos de respuesta sorpresivos.  La investigación, además de cuanti.car el tamaño de la economía informal, intenta brindar un instrumento y metodología alternativos para poder evaluar escenarios de política económica relacionados a la política .scal en un contexto de una economía con un sector informal amplio.‎
216. Servicio domestico y desigualdad
Gama Jimenez Toston, 2001 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Global‎
Abstract La investigación sobre el servicio doméstico es escasa. La mayoría de los estudios son descripciones del sector desde un punto de vista cuantitativo, las cuales se han llevado a cabo en contextos espacio-temporales determinados, cuando y donde las cifras oficiales revelaban que una gran mayoría de mujeres trabajan en el sector.  Hoy en día nos encontramos en el marco de un proceso de globalización socioeconómica, de la que no se libran sectores como el servicio doméstico. En todo el mundo se está produciendo una transformación de dicha actividad, haciéndose inevitable que se investigue a partir de análisis menos tradicionales de lo que hasta ahora se ha estudiado.‎
217. Servicios de Intermediacion Laboral: Un analisis para los paises de America Latina y el Caribe
BID, Jacqueline Mazza, 20
     Tags: Employment Services, Latin America
Abstract Los servicios de intermediación laboral se usan para mejorar la conexión existente entre la persona que busca empleo y la vacante. Se destinan no solamente a colocar a esas personas más rápidamente en nuevos empleos, sino también a hacer un ajuste de mejor calidad al colocar al trabajador más idóneo en el empleo correcto. Bien hecha, la intermediación laboral ayuda a reducir el desempleo a corto plazo, disminuir la rotación en el empleo, bajar el costo de las nuevas contrataciones, mejorar la productividad y el crecimiento de las empresas y-un asunto importante-disminuir la discriminación en el empleo.
Por muchos años, los servicios de intermediación laboral estuvieron incorporados en un solo servicio nacional público de empleo en que variaban la calidad y la inversión. Hoy en día, encontramos una amplia gama de servicios de intermediación públicos y privados y otra aún más extensa de productos y servicios, incluso los que vinculan a los trabajadores a los servicios sociales, de capacitación y de empleo autónomo. Alrededor del mundo, los países enfrentan mayores presiones por aumentar la competitividad internacional, promover el crecimiento y reducir la desigualdad por medio del uso más productivo de capital humano. Los países desarrollados y en desarrollo, por igual, se dedican a reformar y reestructurar los servicios de intermediación laboral para ofrecer vínculos más eficaces entre la demanda de empleo y la oferta de trabajo. En este breve informe de política se examinan primero las características de los servicios de intermediación laboral y luego las principales actividades de reforma en las economías desarrolladas y de los países de América Latina y el Caribe y se esbozan los principales modelos institucionales o configuraciones de servicios públicos y privados que pueden encontrarse en esos países. El informe termina con una serie de recomendaciones y consideraciones referentes a los países de América Latina y el Caribe con las que se busca revigorizar o reformar los servicios de intermediación laboral. En particular, aquí se ofrecen algunas consideraciones clave para adaptar los servicios de intermediación laboral a la realidad de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe. Entre esas recomendaciones y consideraciones cabe destacar las siguientes:
• Entre los muchos modelos institucionales disponibles, es preciso considerar los modelos de asociación de los sectores público, privado y sin fines de lucro y de administración del sector privado como los que ofrecen a la región la perspectiva de ampliar la cobertura, lograr un grado más sostenible de gasto público y mejorar la credibilidad y los vínculos con el empleo en el sector privado. Muchos países pueden dar un primer paso al vincular los servicios públicos existentes con los proveedores privados y sin fines de lucro en una red nacional de empleo.
• Incorporar el trabajo asalariado y el empleo autónomo en un servicio de intermediación laboral mediante el ofrecimiento de un centro de intercambio de información y envío a programas de empleo autónomo. Esto crearía centros de intermediación que fomentan y apoyan una definición más amplia del empleo de mayor pertinencia para la región, particularmente para los países con un extenso sector informal.
• Proporcionar dentro del servicio información sobre los programas de capacitación existentes y enviar a los candidatos a capacitación. De esa forma, los servicios de intermediación promueven un vínculo necesario entre la capacitación y el empleo en la región.
• Prestar particular atención a la incorporación de las poblaciones desfavorecidas (por ejemplo, las mujeres, las poblaciones de determinado origen étnico, las poblaciones latinas de origen africano y los discapacitados) por medio de servicios especializados y estrategias focalizadas para cubrir mejor a esas poblaciones. Esto incluiría centros de atención "sin cita previa" o centros comunitarios accesibles para esos grupos.
• A medida que evolucionen los sistemas de intermediación en la región, establecer sistemas subregionales de capacitación e intermediación laboral (por ejemplo, dentro de América Central) que complementen y apoyen la integración regional del mercado de trabajo.‎
218. Situacion del empleo en Bolivia
UDAPE, 2005
     Tags: Bolivia, Unemployment, Income
Abstract Entre 1999 y 2003, la economia boliviana sufrio ouna marcada desaseleracion del crecimiento, en especial fueron afectadas actividades como la manufactura y construcción que tienen alta contribución a la creación de empleos.  Según las cifrasoficiales, entre 1997 y 2003, la tasa de desempleo abierto se elevo de 4.4% a 8.7% (INE, 2004 y UDAPE, 2004).  Estimaciones para el 2004, sugieren que el desempleo abierto se habría mantenido en 8.7% y, debido al crecimiento de la economía en el primer semestre del 2005 en 3.97%,  la tasa de desempleo abierto correspondiente a la presente gestión podría disminuir hasta 8.65%.‎
219. Small business participation in the informal sector of an emerging economy
Journal of Development Studies, Sandra Sookram, Patrick Kent Watson, 2007‎
     Tags: Informality, Latin America
Abstract We investigate the characteristics of the owners of small businesses that participate in the informal sector of an emerging economy and their perception of the risk of detection by tax authorities while doing so. Data are gathered from a survey covering 1027 small businesses in Trinidad and Tobago. Results suggest that small-business owners are motivated to participate in the informal sector when they believe that the risk of detection by the tax authorities is low and that government regulations are burdensome, but there is no evidence that the tax rate itself is an issue. Their perception of the risk of detection by the tax authority is determined largely by the time they spend and the income they earn in the formal sector.‎
‎220.  Small-scale commerce in the city of La Paz, Bolivia
Women's Ventures, Silvia Escobar**
    Tags: Bolivia, Gender&Diversity, Income, Informality
221. Social Mobility in Bolivia is finally improving
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, L. E. Andersen, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Income, Education‎
Abstract This paper evaluates the degree of social mobility in Bolivia, both by comparing to other Latin American countries, and by comparing social mobility at different points in time. While Bolivia had one of the lowest levels of social mobility in the region in 1997, the last 10 years have seen spectacular improvements, especially for rural and female teenagers. This is very good news, as it suggests that Bolivia has finally escaped the low mobility - low growth equilibrium where it has been stuck for so long.
222. Soil erosion and labor shortages in the Andes with special reference to Bolivia: Implications for "conservation-with-development"
World Development, Karl S. Zimmerer**‎
    Tags: Bolivia, Latin America, Policy
Abstract Many claims in support of soil conservation policies have been flawed by excessively deterministic reasoning and unwarranted spatial overaggregation. A case study remedying these flaws demonstrates that soil erosion in the Bolivian Andes worsened during recent decades (1953-91) due to changes in production as peasants shifted labor from conservation techniques to nonfarm employment. These findings reflect in three policy issues concerning sustainable resource management oriented toward development ("conservation-with-development") are discussed: (a)environmental consequences and economic causes of increased nonfarm employment by part-time peasant farmers; (b) environment-related aspects of technology innovation and technique modifications in labor-scarce peasant production; and (c) the environmental perceptions of peasant farmers in participatory development planning.
223. Spatial Constrains on Women's Work in Tarija, Bolivia
Geographical Review, Kathleen Schroeder, 2000 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Policy‎
Abstract This geography of women's work in the less-developed world is set in Tarija, Bolivia, a small city that has been dramatically changed by economic crisis and structural-adjustment programs. Explored is the spatial component of women's economic activities in a low-income barrio following the imposition of structural-adjustment programs in the 1980s and 1990s. Women who pursue employment away from home must rely on other women. In particular, households that include more than one woman who is capable of handling important daily chores are more likely to have a woman engaged in income-generating activities away from the home and the neighborhood. Women at home make it possible for other women to extend their economic activity into the broader community. These findings are important because they draw attention to women's reliance on other women, how women use space, and how they are constrained by spatial factors as they negotiate their daily lives.
224. Stay Public or Go Private?: A Comparative Analysis of Water Services between Quito and Guayaquil
Paul Carrillo & Orazio Bellettini & Elizabeth Coombs, 2007
    Tags: Ecuador, Policy, Income
Abstract This paper computes several indicators of water coverage, quality, and prices in Ecuador's two largest cities: Quito and Guayaquil-both before and after the privatization of water services in Guayaquil. The type of data sources that are used make it possible to specifically control for income and, thus, to evaluate changes in water provision, particularly among the poor. These indicators provide useful information about how certain water-related services have changed over time and facilitate evaluating the performance of each company. It should be emphasized, however, that such estimates cannot be used to identify the causal effects of the privatization of water provision. In particular, differences in a) before-concession water-coverage trends, c) rural-to-urban migration patterns, and c) other idiosyncratic institutional characteristics between these two cities, suggest that Quito may not be a suitable control group for identifying the casual effects of privatization.‎
225. Superar la pobreza mediante el trabajo
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2003
     Tags: Income, Global, Policy
Abstract Sabemos que el trabajo es el mejor medio para escapar de la pobreza.  Pero nadie puede imponer por medio de la legislación que haya trabajo y que desaparezca la pobreza. Se trata de un proceso largo y complejo que exige la colaboración de todos los componentes de la sociedad. A los gobiernos, a los empleadores y a los trabajadores les incumbe un papel único y fundamental a la hora de concretar un consenso positivo. Les invito a que, cuando se marchen de esta reunión de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, lo hagan con un renovado compromiso tripartito para contribuir a que los pueblos y las sociedades se liberen del yugo de la pobreza global. El tripartismo es nuestra fuerza y nuestra contribución exclusiva. Demos juntos el siguiente paso que es necesario para recorrer el camino que nos alejará de la pobreza y nos conducirá al trabajo decente para todos.‎
226. Sustainable Livelihood Development in the Andes: Local Institutions and Regional Resource Use in Ecuador 
Development Policy Review, Athony Bebbington, 1993*
    Tags: Ecuador, Migration, Income
Abstract It does not need a hot-shot researcher to see that what has passed for rural development in the Andean region has failed to generate sustainable impacts on poverty alleviation.  Among other indicators, resource degradation, rural poverty and periodic and permanent migration to pursue frequently precarious urban livelihoods are all testimonies to a crisis that is both social and environmental.
227. Tailoring is a profession, seamstressing is work!: Resiting work and reworking gender identities among artisanal garment workers in Quito 
   Journal of Planning Literature, V Lawson, 1999** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Ecuador, Policy‎
Abstract Geographers have paid relatively little attention to the processes by which occupations and sites of work become gendered. This case study of Ecuador provides a template for examining how gender identities are constituted in the physical and discursive sites of paid work. Neoliberal restructuring in Ecuador has wrought dramatic changes on work and daily life in Quito. Specifically, economic restructuring is producing new spaces of work in garment production and this presents a moment for examining how existing gender divisions of garment work are being maintained or reworked. This study sets the context for an analysis of the social construct ion of occupational segmentation by examining how the political-economy of neoliberalism is producing new sites of work. Within this context, I examine how gendered discourses of skill are reproduced or transformed with changing demand for workers, and I examine how workers narrate their gender identities as revealed through in-depth discussions of their jobs and their households.
228. Teaching Entrepreneurship: Impact of Business Training on Microfinance Clients and Institutions
Dean Karlan, Martin Valdivia, 2006
     Tags: Credit, Training, Peru, Gender&Diversity
Abstract Can one teach basic entrepreneurship skills, or are they fixed personal characteristics? Most academic and development policy discussions about microentrepreneurs focus on their access to credit, and assume their human capital to be fixed. The self-employed poor rarely have any formal training in business skills. However, a growing number of microfinance organizations are attempting to build the human capital of micro-entrepreneurs in order to improve the livelihood of their clients and help further their mission of poverty alleviation. Using a randomized control trial, we measure the marginal impact of adding business training to a Peruvian group lending program for female microentrepreneurs. Treatment groups received thirty to sixty minute entrepreneurship training sessions during their normal weekly or monthly banking meeting over a period of one to two years. Control groups remained as they were before, meeting at the same frequency but solely for making loan and savings payments. We find that the treatment led to improved business knowledge, practices and revenues. The program also improved repayment and client retention rates for the microfinance institution. Larger effects found for those that expressed less interest in training in a baseline survey. This has important implications for implementing similar market-based interventions with a goal of recovering costs.‎
229. Tendencias mundiales de empleo juvenil 2010
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
Ingles: Link
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Youth, Global‎
Abstract El informe destaca que en el mundo del trabajo actual la juventud enfrenta importantes vulnerabilidades y alerta que la falta de trabajo decente, cuando ocurre a una edad temprana, puede comprometer en forma permanente las posibilidades de empleo futuras. Destaca que es urgente responder al llamado de la ONU para desarrollar estrategias que les den a los jóvenes la oportunidad de maximizar su potencial productivo a través de empleos dignos... "La juventud ociosa es costosa", dice el informe, y hace notar que la imposibilidad de encontrar un empleo genera una sensación de vulnerabilidad, inutilidad y de estar de más. Hay costos para la juventud, pero también para las economías y las sociedades, en términos de disminución de ahorros, pérdida de demanda agregada, disminución de inversiones, y costos sociales como los que se requieren para servicios de prevención del crimen o del uso de drogas. 
230. The academic effects of after-school paid and unpaid work among 14-year-old students in TIMSS countries
Journal of Comparative and International Education, David Post, Suet-ling Pong, 2009*
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Education, Training, Global‎
Abstract What it means to be a "student" varies within and between countries. Apart from the wide variety of school types and school quality that is experienced by young people, there also is, accompanying increased rates of school participation, a growing population of students who work part-time. The theoretical and actual consequences of student work have long been in dispute. This article reformulates the dispute as an empirical question that can be addressed using cross-national testing data and student background information from the Trends in International Math and Science Study (TIMSS). Drawing information from 20 countries with distinctive proportions of students who reported paid and unpaid work, this study first compares their academic achievement in each country. Next, regression analysis is used to control for students' home resources, and estimates are made of the effects of work and the differences in these effects cross-nationally. Finally, hierarchical linear models are estimated in each country so as to control for school effects, and to take into account the fact that working students may be clustered in lower-achieving schools. The results show that work after school, whether paid or unpaid, never positively affects academic achievement. However, after controlling for home resources and school effects, work negatively affects achievement only in certain countries. The article concludes with a discussion of the ways to interpret international differences in the effect of students' work.‎
231. The case of artisanal mining in Bolivia: Local participatory development and mining investment opportunities 
Natural Resources Forum, Eduardo R. Quiroga, 2002*
    Tags: Bolivia, Income
Abstract Despite the buoyant expansion of Latin America's mining sector, the small-scale mining sub-sector remains marginalized. For many countries with small-scale mining resources, the way forward to sustainable mining development is not clear. Activities, in far too many cases, have led to environmental damage, social inequity and political violence among mining communities. This article, through a case study of the Bolivian Altiplano, seeks to advance the understanding of the conditions that drive mining communities into the chain of events of impoverishment associated with environmental damage. It also examines the opportunities for sustainable human development among these communities. In Bolivia's mining sector, social inequity is pervasive and holds the mineral resources captive. This situation is further aggravated by the fact that solutions, in the short term, are uncertain. Unresolved social inequity compromises foreign direct investments since social considerations are becoming increasingly important to mining corporations when deciding whether to invest. This article outlines a preliminary strategy to move forward on social inequity. The strategy revolves mainly around implementing alternative sustainable livelihoods with the participation of the government (central and local), the private sector, NGOs and donors as facilitators and partners. Its aim is to reduce the number of families eking out a living from artisanal mining in order to enhance the viability of small-scale mining. It is hoped that, as social inequity decreases throughout the sector, the increased stability will enable stakeholders to consider foreign direct investments within the framework of the country's sustainable human development goals.
232. The cost of job security regulation: comments and evidence from Latin American labor markets
Economia, James Heckman, Carmen Pagés-Serra, 2000
    Tags: Latin America, Social Security
Abstract Governments introduce labor market regulations with the stated objective of improving workers' welfare. Mandated benefits and social security programs improve workers' income security in case of sickness, work accidents, and old age. Job security provisions are designed to reduce a worker's odds of losing her job and her means of living. But, as is often true in economics, benefits usually come at a cost: mandated benefits may reduce employment; job security provisions may protect some workers at the expense of others.‎
233. a) The Global Financial Crisis: Effects on Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, Osvaldo Nina, 2009
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income
Abstract The global financial crisis is expected to have a negative impact on the Bolivian economy. Effects will transmit into the economy through lower export prices and quantities, reduced amount of remittances and depressed foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. These shocks will bring about deficits in the current account and fiscal balances, foreign exchange reserves losses, sluggish economic growth and higher unemployment rates. The latest data available show that the economy is already experiencing the effects of the economic downturn, in the form of decreased exports revenues, sharp reductions in the rates of growth of foreign of exchange reserves and bank lending and a tendency towards a re-dollarisation of financial assets and liabilities. The Bolivian economy, however, is well prepared, at least in the short run, to cope with the negative effects of the crisis. The commodity export boom experienced between 2005 and 2008 has permitted the country to run sizable external and fiscal surpluses and accumulate foreign exchange reserves. The financial system has exhibited more prudent behaviour in recent years, by not expanding credit too much and increasing investments in highly liquid public bonds. Therefore, although banks are expected to be affected by the global financial crisis, they have high liquidity ratios and are not extremely exposed to risk. 
The capacity of the Bolivian economy to offset the negative effects of the global crisis will depend on several factors, such as the severity and duration of the crisis and, above all, the quality of the policies that policymakers will implement to cope with the crisis. The government faces several trade-offs in implementing policies in order to cope with the effects of the crisis. The central bank, for instance, is committed to maintaining a fixed exchange rate, in order to reduce inflationary pressures and to avoid a re-dollarisation of the financial system. However, a fixed exchange rate policy has already brought about an exchange rate appreciation, which is hurting competitiveness of tradable activities. 
Furthermore, the government has room to implement countercyclical fiscal policies, by resorting to the deposits accumulated in the central bank during the export boom years. During 2009, the government is planning to expand public investment and to increase direct transfers to the population. However, these policies are not likely to offset the negative effects that the crisis will have on growth and employment. More efforts should be made to improve the quality of public spending, in order to maximise its impact on economic growth, employment creation and poverty reduction.
b) The Global Financial Crisis: An Update on the Effects on Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, Osvaldo Nina, 2009
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy, Income
Abstract The global financial crisis (GFC) has had a negative effect on the Bolivian economy. The outbreak of the GFC has caused a drop in export commodity prices such as mining and hydrocarbons, and a reduction in remittances. Bolivia however, was in a relatively good position to deal with the negative effects of the GFC. The country has experienced in recent years an important commodity price boom, which significantly increased external revenues, public and private incomes and consumption levels. Although the GFC has had a mild effect on the Bolivian economy so far, there are important structural factors that could put at risk the long term sustainability of policies and of the macroeconomic equilibriums. Among these factors are: i) a low investment rates, which could risk growth prospects and employment creation; ii) a large dependency of Bolivia fiscal sector on the hydrocarbon rent, which makes the long term sustainability of macroeconomic policies and of the current economic situation questionable; iii) the lack of a favourable investment climate required to increase growth and employment, which depends among other factors of the rule of law, property rights, judicial security, clearer and more stable rules of the game, macroeconomic stability, etc. iv) lack of a clearer strategy in relation to the country external insertion is also necessary. Access to larger markets, with higher incomes and purchasing power, is necessary to promote sustainable growth and employment creation, and to reduce the vulnerability of the Bolivian economy to shocks. Trade agreements with the USA, European Union and other regions of the world are necessary to promote investment, growth and employment creation.
234. The Impact of Internet Use on Individual Earnings in Latin America
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lucas Navarro, 2010
    Tags: Latin America, Income
Abstract This paper uses matching techniques to examine the impact of internet use on individual earnings in six Latin American countries using recent household surveys data. Given their different internet use patterns and their implications, the analysis is done for salaried and self-employed workers separately. While salaried worker users mainly access the internet at work, self employed users access the internet mainly at other places. Therefore, the returns to internet use for salaried workers may be associated not only to individual but also to workplace characteristics. Results indicate a large effect of internet use on earnings for both groups of workers in most of the countries studied. These returns are high compared with estimates for industrialized countries. This could be explained by the much lower prevalence of internet use in the region for the international standards. Additionally, given that the estimations rely on cross-section data, they may not fully control for individuals' characteristics before internet adoption. This calls for the need of panel-data on new ICTs diffusion in the region.
235. The social impact of structural adjustment in Bolivia 
Journal of International Development, Rainer Thiele, Volume 15, Issue 3, April 2003, Pages: 299-319*
    Tags: Policy, Bolivia
Abstract This paper provides an account of the evolution of poverty and inequality during adjustment in Bolivia, covering the period 1985-99. It turns out that urban poverty declined somewhat after the initial stabilization phase that followed the hyperinflation in 1985. A similar evolution of per capita income suggests a positive impact of growth on urban poverty, although the correlation between the two variables is rather low in international perspective. Urban inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient does not exhibit a clear long-term trend upward or downward, but a rising premium for high-skilled workers indicates increasing disparities in the urban labour market. For rural areas, the scant evidence available points towards persistently high poverty levels and a widening rural-urban gap. 
236. The Triangle of microfinance: financial sustainability, outreach, and impact
Manfred Zeller, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: HG 178.3 .T75 2002  
    Tags: Credit, Global ‎
Abstract The initial success of microfinance programs in the 1970s led pioneers to think that many essential problems of the poor might be resolved by access to credit alone the ability to acquire assets, to start businesses, to finance emergency needs and to insure against illness and disaster. Part of that vision has certainly been realized. But much remains to be done. Most microfinance institutions (MFIs) are still small and vulnerable to constraints on their resources and to the risks inherent in single-issue portfolios. Most depend upon donors and governments to remain in operation. There is much waste and duplication, and some mature programs have declining loan recovery rates, even as competition for borrowers rises from conventional banks and finance companies.‎
237. Tendencias de Largo Plazo del Empleo en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio
    Tags: Bolivia, Informality
Abstract Uno de los principales cuellos de botella estructurales que ha confrontado la economía Boliviana a lo largo de su historia, ha sido la incapacidad de crear fuentes de trabajo de calidad, que permitan a la población mejorar sus estándares de vida y en última instancia derrotar a la extrema pobreza. Un 80% de la fuerza de trabajo del país está ocupada en trabajos de baja productividad e ingresos en el sector informal de la economía o en actividades agropecuarias de subsistencia.  
238. The Big Five Personality Dimensions of Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Personnel Psychology, Murray R. Barrick, Michael K. Mount, 1991
    Tags: Global, Training‎
Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between personality dimensions and job performance. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of 159 employees of a pharmaceutical company. The NEO-Personality Inventory - Revised and Performance Appraisal Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. The results showed that Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness were related to task performance and creativity. Three personality dimensions, namely Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness, explained 28% of the variance in participants' management performance.‎
Analisis Posterior: Big Five Personality: Moderation Effect on People Management and Organizational Citizenship Behavior‎
‎    Shih-Yung Chou, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Department of Management, 2008
    Tags: Global, Training‎
Abstract Quality management research has focused much on its impact on organizational outcomes such as financial performance. Although studies have identified the outcomes of implementing quality management at the employee's level, most of them have only addressed employee satisfaction and motivation. Despite existing contradictory findings, little attention has been paid to people management that is an important aspect of deriving quality improvement. Existing research has not fully addressed how quality management with respect to people management influences employee's actual behavior. More specifically, the question of what is the possible employee's actual behavior when they are satisfied or motivated by quality improvement through people management practices has not yet been answered? Thus, the present study intends to answer this particular question by applying organizational citizenship behavior that is one of the most discussed positive human behaviors. Since individual behavior is largely influenced by personality traits, the present study uses the most widely used personality traits, Big Five personality traits, to discuss how personality traits moderate the association between people management and organizational citizenship behavior.
The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between personality dimensions and job performance. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of 159 employees of a pharmaceutical company. The NEO-Personality Inventory - Revised and Performance Appraisal Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. The results showed that Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness were related to task performance and creativity. Three personality dimensions, namely Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness, explained 28% of the variance in participants' management performance.
239. The Dynamics Behind Income Inequality
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, L. E. Andersen, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Global, Latin America‎
Abstract By international comparisons, income inequality in Latin America is extremely high. Most Latin American countries have Gini coefficients in the 0.45 - 0.65 range, while most European countries fall in the 0.20 - 0.40 range together with China and India. United States fall in between the two groups with a Gini coefficient of 0.40 - 0.45, depending on the year.  However, inequality measures by themselves say little about fairness. Most often, however, income levels have little to do with effort and contributions to society. Income levels and living standards of most people in Latin America today were to a large extent determined even before they were born, by the socio-economic status of their parents. 
240. The Conundrum of Low Saving Rates in Latin America
Development Policy Review, Nola Reinhardt, 2008*
    Tags: Latin America, Income
Abstract Despite extensive economic reforms during the late 1980s/early 1990s, Latin America's saving rates remain low. This article examines the saving behaviour of 18 Latin American countries in the 1976-2000 period and compares it with that of 25 other developing countries. It finds that lower inflation, income growth and increased real interest rates on deposits have not had the expected effects on saving rates in Latin America. Instead, the determinants of saving behaviour appear to differ between the two groups of countries, and saving rates are affected by a degree of inertia. Although more research is needed, this indicates that the focus of the neoliberal economic reforms of the 1980s was misplaced.
241. The Economic Lives of the Poor
Journal of Economic Perspectives, Banerjee, Abhijit V., Esther Duflo, 2007
    Tags: Global, Latin America, Income
Abstract The 1990 World Development Report from the World Bank defined the "extremely poor" people of the world as those who are currently living on no more than $1 per day per person. But how actually does one live on less than $1 per day? This essay is about the economic lives of the extremely poor: the choices they face, the constraints they grapple with, and the challenges they meet. A number of recent data sets and a body of new research allow us to start building an image of the way the extremely poor live their lives. Our discussion builds on household surveys conducted in 13 countries: Cote d'Ivoire, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Tanzania, and Timor Leste (East Timor). These surveys provide detailed information on extremely poor households around the world, from Asia to Africa to Latin America, including information on what they consume, where they work, and how they save and borrow. We consider the extremely poor -- those living in households where the consumption per capita is less than $1.08 per person per day -- as well as the merely "poor" -- defined as those who live under $2.16 a day -- using 1993 purchasing power parity as benchmark. In keeping with convention, we call these the $1 and $2 dollar poverty lines, respectively.
242. The effectiveness of European active labor market programs
Labour Economics, Jochen Kluve, 2010
     Tags: Global, Policy, Employment Services, Training
Abstract Active Labor Market Programs are widely used in European countries, but despite many econometric evaluation studies analyzing particular programs no conclusive cross-country evidence exists regarding "what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional) circumstances?". This paper aims at answering this question using a meta-analysis based on a data set that comprises 137 program evaluations from 19 countries. The empirical results of the meta-analysis are surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that seems to matter for program effectiveness. While direct employment programs in the public sector frequently appear detrimental, wage subsidies and "Services and Sanctions" can be effective in increasing participants' employment probability. Training programs - the most commonly used type of active policy - show modestly positive effects.‎
243. The effect of CETA on the post-program earnings of participants
Journal of Human Resources, Bassi, L, 1983**
    Tags: Training, Income, Youth, Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper is a report of a study of efforts to use the Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey to estimate the effect that CETA has had on the posttraining earnings of participants. Particular attention is given to developing estimates that are free of selection bias-whether it results from nonrandom self-selection or selection by program administrators. The results indicate that CETA has had a positive and often significant effect on the earnings of participants, and that women benefit more from participation than do men. Among the various program activities that have been available under CETA, no one program is clearly more beneficial than the others.
244. The Effect of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Abilities in Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior
Journal of Labor Economics, Heckman, J., J. Stixrud, & S. Urzua, 2006
    Tags: Global, Training, Income, Gender&Diversity
Abstract Analizan el impacto de habilidades no-cognitivas asociadas a autoestima y autocontrol sobre resultados laborales, educacionales y sociales. Estos autores documentan un significativo efecto de estas habilidades sobre cada una de estas dimensiones, y en muchos casos, este impacto es incluso más importante que el estimado para las habilidades cognitivas.
This paper establishes that a low dimensional vector of cognitive and noncognitive skills explains a variety of labor market and behavioral outcomes. For many dimensions of social performance cognitive and noncognitive skills are equally important. Our analysis addresses the problems of measurement error, imperfect proxies, and reverse causality that plague conventional studies of cognitive and noncognitive skills that regress earnings (and other outcomes) on proxies for skills.
Noncognitive skills strongly influence schooling decisions, and also affect wages given schooling decisions. Schooling, employment, work experience and choice of occupation are affected by latent noncognitive and cognitive skills. We study a variety of correlated risky behaviors such as teenage pregnancy and marriage, smoking, marijuana use, and participation in illegal activities. The same low dimensional vector of abilities that explains schooling choices, wages, employment, work experience and choice of occupation explains these behavioral outcomes.
245. The Effect of Conditional Cash Transfers on Educational Opportunities: Experimental Evidence from Latin America
CEDLAS, Andres Ham, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Education, Latin America‎
Abstract Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) provide income to the poor in an effort to improve current welfare and promote investment in human and social capital to prevent future deprivation. So far, the impact evaluation literature has focused on estimating current effects on outcomes such as school attendance, consumption and labor supply. However, these studies overlook potential redistributive effects, mainly via the equalization of opportunities. The ensuing analysis draws from recent contributions in the literature on opportunities and incorporates these with impact evaluation methods. The main findings indicate a remarkable redistributive effect of CCTs and a positive initial impact on opportunities. However, while mean outcomes improve markedly, the evidence suggests that the distribution of opportunities readjusts to the positive gains, perhaps indicating deeply rooted inequities. These results are expected to encourage discussion on program impact beyond those evaluated and addressing the programs' long-term consequences.‎
246. The effect of temporary contracts on human capital accumulation in Chile
Inter-American Development Bank, 2011
    Tags: Chile, Policy, Training‎
Abstract This paper studies the probability of receiving employer-paid training and training independently of who finance it for permanent and temporary workers in Chile. We use data from the Social Protection Survey, EPS, which allow us to construct a panel of workers with information from 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2009. Our results suggest that having a temporary contract in Chile reduces the probability of receiving employer-paid training. We also find that this deficit is not compensated by other types of training. This finding is important for two reasons. First, the proportion of temporary workers that obtain an open-ended contract is low. Second, the productivity growth in Chile after 1997 is practically zero and human capital accumulation is one of the factors that might help to recover the path of productivity growth.
247. The formal sector wage premium and firm size
Journal of Development Economics, El Badaoui, Eliane & Strobl, Eric & Walsh, Frank, 2010
    Tags: Informality, Income, Ecuador
Abstract We show theoretically that when larger firms pay higher wages and are more likely to be caught defaulting on labor taxes, then large-high wage firms will be in the formal and small-low wage firms will be in the informal sector. The formal sector wage premium is thus just a firm size wage differential. Using data from Ecuador we illustrate that firm size is indeed the key variable determining whether a formal sector premium exists.
248. The heterogeneity of public financing systems: a study of the efficiency of national development banks in Latin America
Diego Landivar, Patrick Plane, Mohammed Chaffai
    Tags: Latin America
Abstract This article pursues the thought process concerning the heterogeneity of and the changes observed in the financial systems of developing countries by examining the issue of public policies in the financial systems. More precisely, we explore the question of the heterogeneous rationales underpinning public intervention in the financial systems based on an analysis of the national development banks. Long the subject of study, these banks have been paid very little interest since the 1980s as a focus of analysis in contemporary economic literature. We begin by reviewing the main historical debate concerning the efficiency of these institutions before updating the issue in light of the current economic and management context. This enables us to examine the efficiency of the 29 Latin American national development banks for which we have created a new database offering a conceptual framework analysed from the standpoint of the heterogeneous nature of these institutions (history, size, instruments, means of intervention, ownership structure, sectorial specialisation, etc.). This question will be examined using an empirical "data envelopment analysis" model (DEA) and a latent class stochastic frontier model which would appear to be pertinent in light of the complexity and diversity of the organizational objectives of this type of institution. Finally we will use a censored Tobit model to analyse the determinants of the technical efficiency of these national development banks (NDBs).‎
249. The home as factory floor : employment and remuneration of home-based workers
World Bank, Cunningham, Wendy V. & Gomez, Carlos Ramos, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Latin America, Education‎
Abstract Home-based work, defined as nonprofessionals who perform market work from their homes, is an increasingly recognized form of employment in Latin America. The majority of the research on this segment of the labor force relies on small sample, qualitative data, which find that home-based workers are women, children, and adults with disabilities with low skills who work long hours for low wages. The authors use a large random sample of control groups of non-home-based workers, including men, in their analysis and examine the home-based work sector in Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico in 1999. Their results show that in all three countries, women are overrepresented among home-based workers, particularly older women, those with low levels of education, and those with children or spouses, unlike men for whom these factors do not matter. Female home-based workers earn 25-60 percent less an hour than do non-home-based working women and they work one-third to one-half as many hours each week. Home-based working men, on the other hand, earn 0-17 percent less than do men who do not work from their homes, and they only work 10 percent fewer hours a week. The wage and work hour gaps for women are largely related to marital status, not the presence of children, suggesting that simply being the primary caregiver in the household, regardless of the actual time constraints (children) is the key factor to differences between home-based working women and those who work outside of their homes.
250. The impact of computer use on earnings in a developing country: Evidence from Ecuador
Labour Economics, Oosterbeek, Hessel & Ponce, Juan, 2011 *
    Tags: Ecuador, Income
Abstract This paper examines the earnings premium to computer use in a developing country: Ecuador. We use different approaches to examine whether the premium is causal. Controlling for an extensive set of observables, we find an earnings difference between users and non-users of around 20%. Using first differences, the premium drops and is no longer significant in a specification that includes proxies for workers' computer experience and knowledge. Estimates of the impact of the intensity of computer use are also small and in most cases insignificant. Estimates of the pencil premium are substantial in level specifications, but become insignificant in fixed effect specifications. Taken together, also in the setting of a developing country we do not find evidence in favour of the computer premium reflecting a causal impact.
251. The impact of formality on firm profitability: an heterogenous assessment
Darwin Ugarte, University of Namur (CRED), 2011
     Tags: Informality, Income, Bolivia
Abstract Recent evidence suggests that formality improves micro-firms profits in Bolivia. This gain is only for firms with 2 to 5 workers, while smaller and larger firms would lose out by formalizing (Mckenzie and Sakho, 2010). However, as much of the empirical literature on this topic, the estimations are based on strong assumptions about unobservables. If the returns to formality vary among firms and these variations inuence selection into formality, traditional estimators are biased (Heckman and Vytlacil, 2007). In this paper we consider these elements to estimate the heterogeneous effects of formality on firm profits in Bolivia. We find remarkable heterogeneity in the returns to formality, from -3% to 6%. The group of firms with positive marginal effects from formality corresponds to those which are most likely to register. We also approximate and characterize the firms that benefit from having a formal status. These correspond just to large firms which work at big scales. These results improve existing evidence in the sense that heterogeneity here is based on both observable and unobservable characteristics.  Further, the interpretation of the results cannot be just restrained to those firms which are affected by the instrument.‎
252. The Impact of Structural Reforms on Wages and Employment: The Case of Formal versus Informal Workers in Bolivia 
Kiel Institute for World Economics, Julius Spatz, 2003
    Tags: Informality, Bolivia, Income
Abstract This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing controversy on the distributional effects of structural reforms in developing countries. To this end, we set up a small-scale macroeconomic model of a dual economy to capture the transmission mechanisms through which the deregulation of product and factor markets, the liberalization of the trade and FDI regime, and the privatization of public companies impact on the distribution of employment and wages between the formal and the informal sector. We empirically test the implications of our theoretical model in a detailed case study on the structural reform process in Bolivia since 1985.
253. The Innovation and Entrepreneurship Latinamerican Scoreborard: The impact of University-Industry Cooperation in Ecuador
Massón-Guerra, José Luis, 2008
    Tags: Ecuador, Latin America
Abstract One of the structural problems in Latin-America has been the lower innovative capacity and lower generation of economically exploitable knowledge. This phenomenon has been produced by the absence of government's incentives and strategies in order to be competitive inside the Knowledge Based Economy. More concretely, political, institutional and social factors have contributed negatively within this reality. As a consequence, the knowledge generation in this region is insufficient not only to satisfy its necessities but also to be competitive in the global context. At difference, the developing regions have recognized the significance impact of R&D investment and Education in their sustainable growth. A clear example has been the collaboration agreements among government, university, and industry in order to share resources and capacities.
254. The Labor Market Effects of Payroll Taxes in a Middle-Income Country: Evidence from Colombia
IZA, Adriana Kugler, Maurice Kugler, 2003
Tags: Colombia, Policy, Income
Abstract We use a panel of manufacturing plants from Colombia to analyze how the rise in payroll tax rates over the 1980's and 1990's affected the labor market. Our estimates indicate that formal wages fall by between 1.4% and 2.3% as a result of a 10% rise in payroll taxes. This "less-than-full-shifting" is likely to be the result of weak linkages between benefits and taxes and the presence of downward wage rigidities induced by a binding minimum wage in Colombia. Because the costs of taxation are only partly shifted from employers to employees, employment should also fall. Our results indicate that a 10% increase in payroll taxes lowered formal employment by between 4% and 5%. In addition, we find less shifting and larger disemployment effects for production than non-production workers. These results suggest that policies aimed at boosting the relative demand of low-skill workers by reducing social security taxes on those with low earnings may be effective in a country like Colombia, especially if tax cuts are targeted to indirect benefits.‎
255. The Microfinance Promise‎ 
Journal of Economic Literature, Jonathan Morduch, 1999
    Tags: Credit, Income, Policy
Abstract About one billion people globally live in households with per capita incomes of under one dollar per day. The policymakers and practitioners who have been trying to improve the lives of that billion face an uphill battle. Reports of bureaucratic sprawl and unchecked corruption abound. And many now believe that government assistance to the poor often creates dependency and disincentives that make matters worse, not better.  Moreover, despite decades of aid, communities and families appear to be increasingly fractured, offering a fragile foundation on which to build.
256. The Rise of China: Implications for Latin American Development
Development Policy Review, Eva Paus, 2009*
    Tags: Global, Latin America, ‎
Abstract This article analyses the implications of the rapid economic rise of China for the development prospects of Latin America. Based on an analysis of the changing trade relations between China and 15 Latin American countries over the period 2000-6, it argues that these relations have significantly exacerbated the subcontinent's dilemma of being caught in the middle-income trap. At the same time, some of the key drivers behind China's economic success point to a possible solution, first and foremost the lessons provided by its proactive development strategy which has focused on developing domestic technological capabilities and diversifying the productive structure with a move up the value chain.
257. The role of social networks in employment outcomes of Bolivian women
Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Economia, Dante Contreras Guajardo & Diana Kruger & Marcelo Ochoa & Daniela Zapata, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Education
Abstract This paper explores the role of social networks in determining labor market participation and salaried employment of Bolivian women and men. We define social networks as the share of neighbors that have jobs, and find that networks encourage women's labor force participation and that they are effective channels through which women and men find salaried employment. Furthermore, men and urban women use same sex contacts to find salaried work. Our findings suggest that social networks have positive externalities that may reduce gender disparities in Bolivia's labor market: educating women, for instance, has a direct individual effect-labor market participation in better jobs-and an indirect effect by enlarging the female social network.
258. Toolkit for‎ mainstreaming employment and decent work‎
International Labor Office, 2007 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Global, Policy, ‎
Abstract Its multifaceted nature and emphasis on the centrality and universality of human productive activity means that the Decent Work Agenda connects, interacts and intersects with major areas of economic and social policy and also with the issues of human rights, poverty reduction, economic growth, social integration and cohesion, democracy, security, sustainable development and practically all sectoral policies which fall within or cut across the responsibilities and mandates of different parts of the multilateral system, including the Secretariat, funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations, the Bretton Woods institutions and the WTO.
The Toolkit for Mainstreaming Employment and Decent Work will be instrumental in fostering greater policy coherence and convergence across the broad range of interlinked actions of the multilateral system, in line with the international agenda agreed globally and subscribed to by all countries.
The Toolkit is designed to be a lens that agencies can look through to see how their policies, strategies, programmes and activities are interlinked with employment and decent work outcomes and how they can enhance these outcomes by taking full account of the implications of their policies, strategies, programmes and activities for employment and decent work during the design stage and while advising and assisting countries and constituents with regard to their adoption and implementation. The approach of the Toolkit is very similar to that adopted during the gender mainstreaming process in that it provides the user with a checklist of questions to raise awareness of the interlinkages between decent work and the different themes and policy domains of the respective agencies.
En julio de 2006, el Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas aprobó una Declaración Ministerial en la que se alentaba al sistema onusiano en su conjunto a dotarse de una guía práctica para la promoción del trabajo decente. Desde entonces, hemos procurado dar curso a esa orientación en estrecha cooperación con otros miembros del sistema y movilizando fuerzas en toda la Oficina. El producto final, la Guía práctica para la incorporación sistemática del empleo y el trabajo decente, ayudará a todas las organizaciones del sistema multilateral a evaluar y mejorar los aportes de sus respectivas políticas, programas y actividades al empleo y el trabajo decente. El 20 de abril, la Guía práctica fue presentada y aprobada sin reservas por la Junta de los Jefes Ejecutivos del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación (JJE), presidida por el Secretario General Ban Ki-moon. Agradecemos a todos los colegas que contribuyeron a este éxito. Ahora, la Guía práctica inicia su fase operativa, y los invito encarecidamente a consultarla sin demora. En las próximas semanas, entregaremos nuevas informaciones sobre las etapas futuras de este proceso. 
259. Toward a New Social Contract in Latin America
Center for Global Develoment, Nancy Birdsall and Rachel Mendezes, 2004
    Tags: Latin America, Policy, Income
Abstract The "lost decade" of the 1980s in Latin America was followed by low growth and financial crises in the 1990s. More than a decade of renewed democracy and open market economic reforms have failed to deliver much growth or social progress, causing a spiral of anxiety and deep frustration in the region- with the political process, with political leadership, and with the way democracy is working. Economic activity in the last five years grew by only 2 percent on average, barely keeping up with population growth, compared to 3.7 percent worldwide, and to 3 percent in the 1990s. The proportion of the poor, which had been declining, has increased since 2000, not only in Argentina, where poverty rates have doubled, but also in Bolivia, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Income inequality remains high. Public opinion polls show Latin Americans tired of fiscal austerity, record high unemployment, and stagnant wages, and resentful of privatization and other so-called Washington Consensus reforms. Around 55 percent of people surveyed say they would not mind a non-democratic government if it could solve economic problems. Ten years after the first Summit of the Americas, the hopes for broadbased prosperity and poverty-reducing growth based on a strengthened marriage of open market and renewed democratic politics seem far from realized.‎
‎260.  Towards a Dual Education System - A Labour Market Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Bolivia‎ 
Kiel Institute for World Economics, Jann Lay & Manfred Wiebelt, 2001 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Bolivia, Education, Informality‎
Abstract This paper addresses poverty reduction strategies from a labour market perspective. Structural features and constraints are emphasised using informality as a descriptive and segmentation as an analytical concept. Divergent demand-side developments combined with limited labour market mobility result in labour market segmentation. Vicious skill circles are identified that keep the poor trapped in jobs with low incomes. The analysis of the dimensions of informality in the Bolivian labour market shows that its characteristics do not correspond to the conventionally assumed informal-formal dichotomy. Empirical studies on the Bolivian case are reviewed that support the hypothesis of a segmented labour market with vicious poverty circles. The major policy conclusion for poverty reduction drawn from the analysis is that education should be more focused on employment.‎
261. Towards a More Employment-Intensive and Pro-Poor Economic Growth in Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, Maria del Carmen Choque, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Policy, Income, Informality‎
Abstract The reform program and growth pattern exhibited by the Bolivian economy in the last decade did not favour employment creation and consequently not an effective reduction of poverty. During the last decade, those sectors where the bulk of employment is concentrated, presented the lowest growth rates of GDP, labour productivity and real incomes. The present paper analyzes in detail the two sectors where the bulk of employment and poverty is concentrated (agriculture and the urban informal sector) in order to determine the critical constraints to improvements in productivity, employment generation, and reductions in poverty.
262. Towards a New Articulation of Alternative Development: Lessons from Coca Supply Reduction in Bolivia 
Development Policy Review, Noam Lupu, 2004*
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy
Abstract Once heralded as the success story of coca supply reduction, Bolivia is now witnessing an increase in coca cultivation. Even as coca fields in Bolivia were forcibly destroyed in the past decade, new fields were being planted elsewhere, leaving coca production in the Andean region at a roughly constant level. This begs a rethinking of alternative development programmes, the policies being rendered ineffectual by the increasing use of force. This article seeks renewed momentum for alternative development by gleaning lessons from its earlier failures. Moreover, it suggests a new articulation of alternative development that emphasises the socio-economic cause of coca cultivation - the demand by the rural poor of Bolivia for income and food security.
263. Towards a new consensus: poverty reduction strategies for Bolivia‎ 
Jorge Buzaglo & Alvaro Calzadilla (2009)
    Tags: Bolivia, Policy
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the viability for Bolivia of attaining the United Nations millennium development goal established in year 2000, of halving extreme poverty by 2015. Design/methodology/approach - The study is based in numerical simulation with a model of the Bolivian economy. The model pertains to the (widely defined) family of dynamic input-output models, and represents in detail income distribution, by size and socioeconomic class. Findings - The millennium development goal of halving extreme poverty by 2015 seems to be a difficult, but attainable goal for Bolivia. Given the expected debt reduction agreed with international creditors, the goal can be attained by a combination of investment and redistribution policies. Research limitations/implications - It is implied that a new approach to development strategy is adopted. A new policy consensus is assumed to supplant the Washington Consensus. The new consensus model is based on objectives such as policy autonomy, structural change, and distributive justice. Poverty reduction strategy is a combination of policies associated with these objectives, viz. foreign debt policy, investment policy, and income distribution policy. Practical implications - The study shows that capital account regulation, investment planning and redistributive policies might conform effective strategies for attaining the millennium development goals. Originality/value - The study represents a different approach to poverty reduction strategy, which explores the economy-wide effects of new policy instruments, particularly on growth capacity, output structure, and income distribution.‎
264. Trabajo decente y formacion para jovenes
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2002
     Tags: Youth, Latin America, Training
Abstract Un trabajo productivo y bien remunerado es lo que aspiran todas las personas. Esto es, trabajo donde se juntan personas con aspiraciones, no solamente por los ingresos, sino también porque brinda seguridad a ellos y su familia, sin discriminación, y equidad entre el hombre y la mujer. Para los jóvenes, esto es algo significativo cuando crecen. Con trabajo, las mujeres y los hombres, son independientes y libres de tomar sus propias decisiones en sus vidas. El déficit de trabajo decente en la región de América Latina y el Caribe encuentra una de sus más notorias manifestaciones en la desigualdad que enfrentan los jóvenes en sus oportunidades de acceso al mercado de trabajo. Ellos suelen tener empleos irregulares, ocasionales y de baja productividad, y su desempleo es mucho mayor que el de los adultos. Es pertinente recalcar que el trabajo decente se vincula fuertemente con la formación (también un derecho humano) abarcativa de la formación básica enriquecida por la formación continua, la actualización y la recalificación. 
265. Trabajo decente y formación profesional
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, Oscar Ermida Uriarte, 2001
     Tags: Training, Education, Latin America, Informality
Abstract  La noción de trabajo decente es un concepto en formación. En el presente trabajo, el autor realiza un sumario de los conceptos que se han ido sumando a la formulación primitiva lanzada por el Director General de la OIT, así como las relaciones ineludibles entre el trabajo decente y la formación profesional, proponiendo un enfoque en el que ésta no solo es un derecho humano fundamental, reconocido por las más importantes normas, sino también un instrumento económico indispensable para la modernización de las estructuras productivas y las sociedades integradas en un proceso irreversible de mundialización. Oscar Ermida Uriarte es Especialista de Cinterfor/OIT y Profesor de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social. Un trabajo productivo y bien remunerado es lo que aspiran todas las personas. Esto es, trabajo donde se juntan personas con aspiraciones, no solamente por los ingresos, sino también porque brinda seguridad a ellos y su familia, sin discriminación, y equidad entre el hombre y la mujer. Para los jóvenes, esto es algo significativo cuando crecen. Con trabajo, las mujeres y los hombres, son independientes y libres de tomar sus propias decisiones en sus vidas.‎
266. Trabajo digno: una meta común de la juventud y los sindicatos
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2002 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Youth, Income, Policy, Latin America‎
Abstract Un trabajo productivo y bien remunerado es lo que aspiran todas las personas. Esto es, trabajo donde se juntan personas con aspiraciones, no solamente por los ingresos, sino también porque brinda seguridad a ellos y su familia, sin discriminación, y equidad entre el hombre y la mujer. Para los jóvenes, esto es algo significativo cuando crecen. Con trabajo, las mujeres y los hombres, son independientes y libres de tomar sus propias decisiones en sus vidas. 
267. Trade Policy and Specialization
Christian Volpe Martincus & Antoni Estevadeordal, 2009
    Tags: Policy, Global, Latin America, Bolivia
Abstract This paper examines the impact of trade policy on production specialization patterns in ten Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) over the period 1990-2001, and explicitly assesses the potential implications of a trade agreement with the United States.
268. Una nota sobre el rol del Estado en la capacitación laboral en planta 
BID, David Kaplan, 2012
     Tags: Policy, Training
Abstract Esta nota plantea unos modelos teóricos de la capacitación laboral en la empresa para analizar el rol del Estado en subsidiar la capacitación. El propósito no es generar nuevos resultados teóricos sino resumir muchos de los resultados de una literatura establecida en un modelo sencillo. Además, la intención de esta nota es aterrizar los resultados de una literatura teórica para que sean útiles para la evaluación de las políticas públicas en el área de la capacitación laboral. 
269. Un nuevo enfoque para el análisis y calificación del Sistema Cooperativo Ecuatoriano
Freire González, Paulo Alejandro & Vivar Aguilar, Mayra Isabel & Maldonado, Diego, 2010
    Tags: Ecuador ‎
Abstract This document exposes a EWS that is based on two models, the first corresponds to a full econometric model such as the Logistics and the second is a financial model based on OVT for the KMV model. Both models are based on financial indicators CAMEL evaluation methodology for the Cooperative System of Ecuador, so that they become an easy tool for interpretation by the entities that comprise this system as well as the regulator and supervisor, giving rise to easily identify financial crisis phenomena. The models exposed are considered inside the MPT where CAMEL is a traditional finance valuation model and Logit & KMV are new tools like a EWS. Hence, the three models CAMEL, KMV and Logit, are placed to the Ecuadorian cooperative reality in order to establish a rating of each entity that labors in the Cooperative System headed for analyze its current financial situation and identify possible vulnerability of the system.
270. Vendedores de ilusiones: propuestas electorales frente a la demanda social
CEDLA, 2005
    Tags: Policy, Bolivia
Abstract Luego de 20 años de hegemonía neoliberal, Bolivia se halla en medio de una crisis política, cuyas bases estructurales se encuentran en su atraso económico, una inserción a la economía mundial basada en productos primarios y un Estado que responde de manera funcional al ordenamiento económico capitalista en su fase concentradora del excedente económico en manos de las corporaciones transnacionales. En este sentido, cuando se habla de crisis política, se refiere a que las bases materiales e ideológicas -el neoliberalismo- que dieron sustento económico y legitimidad política a este ordenamiento se agotaron y ya no pueden ocultar sus contradicciones.  Lo anterior plantea la necesidad de reparar en que el agotamiento de la legitimidad no sólo se da por negligencia o falta de liderazgo de la clase dominante, sino por un proceso social de insurgencia de sectores populares de la sociedad boliviana, expresado en conflictos sociales en los que obreros, campesinos e indígenas se han movilizado en contra de un Estado excluyente y de las empresas transnacionales. Fueron las luchas sociales, desde el año 2000, las que se han encargado de construir una agenda de transformación social respecto de temas centrales como el control sobre la propiedad y el uso del excedente generado por la explotación de recursos naturales como el gas, el (desigual) acceso a recursos productivos como la tierra, la privatización (mercantilización) de los servicios públicos, el cambio de las políticas neoliberales, la transformación del régimen político, entre otros.‎
271. Wage Risk and Employment Risk over the Life Cycle
American Economic Review, Hamish Low, Costas Meghir and Luigi Pistaferri, 2010*
    Tags: Global, Income, Productivity, Social Security, Unemployment
Abstract We specify a life-cycle model of consumption, labor supply and job mobility in an economy with search frictions. We distinguish different sources of risk, including shocks to productivity, job arrival, and job destruction. Allowing for job mobility has a large effect on the estimate of productivity risk. Increases in the latter impose a considerable welfare loss. Increases in employment risk have large effects on output and, primarily through this channel, affect welfare. The welfare value of programs such as Food Stamps, partially insuring productivity risk, is greater than the value of unemployment insurance which provides (partial) insurance against employment risk.‎
272. What's the Story on Gender and Informality?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Informality, Bolivia‎
273. What Makes Firm-based Vocational Training Schemes Successful?  The Role of Commitment
American Economic Journal, Christian Dustmann, Uta Schonberg, 2012
Tags: Training, Youth, Global ‎
Abstract This paper studies a possible market failure in the firm-based vocational training market: training may be too complex to be specified in a contract so that it is legally enforceable, resulting in the inability of firms to commit to training provision. We present a model of firm provided training and show that training is substantially lower in the no commitment than in the commitment case. Thus, firm-based vocational training schemes are more successful in countries where commitment to training provision is more widespread.‎
274. Which local factors determine the presence of microfinance institutions?  Evidence from Peru
Anabel Venroose, 2010
     Tags: Credit, Peru, Policy
Abstract This paper addresses the uneven spread of microfinance institutions across Peru. It identifies local factors that influence the probability for a district to have microfinance access. A specific focus is put on the relationship between bank and MFI presence. In order to test for more causal relationships, an event history analysis is performed and the probability for a district to get a microfinance institution (MFI) is estimated. To this end probit and logit analyses are performed on a self-constructed dataset that covers regional presence in the 1832 districts of Peru of 52 financial institutions and more than 2000 agencies over the years 2001 and 2008. The article finds that districts with higher levels of development have more probability of having an MFI and receiving one. Furthermore, districts that have banks also have higher probability of having MFIs. This points to the fact that the two kinds of institutions co-exist in a lot of districts. Furthermore, the paper finds evidence of competition between different types of microfinance institutions. Analyzing the data shows that MFIs have contributed in a significant way to amplify access to financial services in Peru and are in an increasing number of districts the sole financial providers. They also distribute an important amount of smaller loans compared to banks and are thus mainly attending another clientele.  However, overall access is still low. Additional policies, like the one discussed by Madalengoitia and Saldaña (2010), seem needed in order to further enhance financial provision in the entire country.‎
275. Women and labor market changes in the global economy: growth helps, inequalities hurt and public policy matters
World Bank, Zafiris Tzannatos, 1998
     Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Global, Education, Training, Policy
Abstract The paper examines the level and changes in female and male participation rates, employment segregation and female relative to male wages across world economy.  It finds sufficient evidence to support the view that labor markets in developing countries are transformed relatively quickly in the sense that gender differentials in employment and pay are narrowing much faster than they did in industrialized countries.  However, the paper evaluates the inefficiencies arising from persisting gender differentials in the labor market and finds them to be potentially significant.  The estimates also indicate that the resulting deadweight losses are borne primarily by women while men gain mainly in relative terms-there are no real winners from discrimination.  The paper concludes that growth benefits women at large, inequalities can have significantly adverse effects on welfare, and market-based development alone can be a weak instrument for reducing inequality between the sexes.  To break the vicious circle of women's low initial human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes compared to men's, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of women to training, enforceable equal pay and equal employment opportunities legislation, a taxation and benefits structure that treats reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within households, and a better accounting of women's work to include invisible production.‎
276. Workers' Rights in Open Economies: Global Production and Domestic Institutions in the Developing World
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Laura Mosley, 2008
     Tags: Policy, Costa Rica, Latin America
Abstract Previous large-N research suggests that globalization could have either positive or negative consequences for labor rights in developing nations. This article examines the ways in which domestic political institutions and interests conditions the effects of economic globalization. It develops several hypotheses regarding the impact of domestic factors on labor rights outcomes and uses the case of Costa Rica to assess these hypotheses. The result is that although segments of the Costa Rican economy and labor force have benefited from industrial upgrading in recent years, the enclave nature of the export-oriented economy and the historical repression of organized labor render difficult the achievement of some internationally recognized core labor rights. The article concludes by discussing some of the issues for future research that are highlighted by the Costa Rican case.‎
277. Work force fragmentation in Latin America and its empirical manifestations in Ecuador
Lawson, Victoria A., 1990 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Latin Amreica, Ecuador, Productivity‎
Abstract The social impacts of economic transformation are of central concern to this study of the nature of work and process of work force fragmentation in Ecuador. Workers are classified according to their social relations of production and the technical content of their work - thus directly evaluating relations of power and autonomy among various labor groups. The distribution of workers across labor groups in 1974 and 1982 indicates ongoing work force fragmentation with expansion in ownership, managerial, and highly skilled positions. Parallel analyses for agriculture, services, and manufacturing indicate the complexity of work force structure among and within these sectors.
278. Working within confines : occupational segregation by gender in three Latin American countries 
Ruthanne Deutsch, Inter-American Development Bank., Washington, DC, 2002 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity, Income, Latin America, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Uruguay‎
Abstract This paper assesses the evolution of occupational segregation by sex using comparable data sets for Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay over the 1989-1997 period. We estimate segregation indices using two-digit occupational categories for the entire employed labor force and also for sub-samples with different levels of educational attainment. Using a re-sampling technique, we estimate standard deviations for our point estimates and test for statistically significant changes over time and across schooling levels. Finally we conduct a random hiring experiment to compare actual changes in the Duncan index to potential changes had new hiring been random with regard to sex.‎



Productividad

1. ACCESS TO THE SEA FOR DEVELOPING LAND-LOCKED STATES. 
Cambridge Journals, International and Comparative Law, Amrit Sarup, The Hague, 1970*
    Tags: Global, Policy
2. Achieving Efficiency And Equity In Irrigation Management: An Optimization Model Of The El Angel Watershed, Carchi, Ecuador
Evans, Elizabeth M. & Lee, David R. & Boisvert, Richard N., 2002
    Tags: Ecuador
Abstract The objective of this paper is to address the problems of inefficiency and inequity in water allocation in the El Angel watershed, located in Ecuador's Sierra region. Water is captured in a high-altitude region of the watershed and distributed downstream to producers in four elevation-defined zones via a system of canals. Upstream and downstream producers face radically different conditions with respect to climate and terrain. A mathematical programming model was created to study the consequences of addressing chronic water scarcity problems in the watershed by shifting water resources between the four zones. The model captures the nature of water use by humans, crops and dual purpose cattle. Its objective function maximizes producer welfare as measured by aggregate gross margin, subject to limited supplies of land, labor and water. Five water allocation scenarios are evaluated with respect to efficiency in land and water use and equity in income distribution. Results reveal that although water is the primary constrained resource downstream, in the upstream zones, land is far more scarce. The current distribution of water rights does not consider these differences and therefore is neither efficient nor equitable. Improvements in efficiency (resource use) and equity (income distribution) are associated with (1) a shift of water to the lower zone, and (2) the use of lower levels of irrigation intensity upstream. Furthermore, the scenarios that result in the most efficient use of resources also bring the greatest degree of equity in income distribution, indicating that these may be complementary, not conflicting, goals.‎
3. Adjustment to Trade Reform in Ecuador
Journal of Policy Reform, Hugo Toledo, 2005
    Tags: Policy, Ecuador, Income
Abstract This paper simulates output adjustments and income redistribution in Ecuador with the emerging Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA). The Specific Factors (SF) model of production is used to develop comparative statistics elasticities of changing prices on factor prices and output as Ecuador adjusts to free trade. Skilled and unskilled labor stands to lose due to falling prices in the services and agricultural sectors.  Returns to capital and output fall in sectors exposed to import competition while they increase in sectors expected to enjoy higher export demand. The magnitude of the adjustment is large.
4. Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Technologies: A Case Study of Potato Farmers in Carchi, Ecuador
Barrera, Victor & Norton, George W. & Alwang, Jeffrey Roger & Mauceri, Maria, 2005
    Tags: Ecuador
Abstract Agricultural development is essential for improved well-being in rural Ecuador. As much as 40% of the population relies on agriculture as its primary source of income and agricultural exports account for a significant proportion of foreign exchange revenue. In the highlands, potatoes are a major staple, and more than 90,000 producers grow them on about 60,000 hectares of land. Potato production is associated with heavy use of chemical inputs--pesticides and fertilizers--to manage pests and optimize profits. Concerns have emerged about the sustainability of Ecuador's potato crop as rising input costs have created a cost squeeze and public health officials are increasingly concerned about health consequences of pesticide over use. Producers need alternative pest management approaches that are feasible, economically sustainable, and effective at controlling pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach that can help lower production costs, reduce exposure to pesticides, and improve long-term sustainability of the agricultural system. The national agricultural research institution in Ecuador (INIAP), supported in part by the IPM Collaborative Research Support Project (IPM CRSP) funded by USAID has developed technologies to manage potato pests. Information regarding these technologies reaches farmers through several diffusion mechanisms, including farmer field schools (FFS), field days, exposure to other farmers, and written media (e.g. pamphlets). Given only limited involvement of the public sector in technology transfer, decision makers need to understand the relative cost effectiveness of alternative dissemination methods. This understanding can help promote better technology transfer and, in so doing, effectively create a more sustainable potato production sector in Ecuador. This study had several objectives: 1) to analyze the extent of IPM use in Carchi and identify the determinants and constraints to IPM adoption, 2) to evaluate how IPM technologies are spread among potato farmers in Carchi, Ecuador, and 3) to compare the cost-effectiveness of the FFSs to other information dissemination methods. Carchi is of interest because it is Ecuador's primary potato production region, its potato producers suffer damage from the three major potato pests, and because it shares a border with Colombia.
5. Alternative Measurements for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth: with aplication to the case of Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2011
     Tags: Bolivia, Income
Abstract Climate change and increased resource scarcity provide a new context for effective natural resource management. Global incomes are increasing, technologies are spreading, poverty is decreasing and a new global middle class is emerging, but at the same time demand for natural resources is growing rapidly and carbon dioxide emissions and other levels of pollution are increasing.
The European Report on Development 2012 (ERD 2012) will examine appropriate roles for the public and private sectors, as well as the relationship between them, in seeking to ensure that these transitions occur with the best possible contribution towards inclusive and sustainable growth in developing countries so that natural resources are managed equitably and sustainably for a better future.‎
6. Análisis de la balanza comercial del Ecuador, 1994-2003
Velasteguí Martínez, Luis Ángel & Campos Núñez, Tito Antonio, 2004
    Tags: Ecuador, Policy
Abstract El presente estudio trata de explicar la evolución de la Balanza Comercial del Ecuador, durante el período 1994-2003, analizando el por qué de las variaciones en la misma, y sus consecuencias en la economía. Para este estudio se tomará en cuenta las exportaciones e importaciones a niveles FOB. 
En el Ecuador mucho se ha hablado de los constantes déficit que mantiene el gobierno ecuatoriano con respecto a este tema y lo perjudicial que ello implicaría en el  largo plazo. Lo cierto es que antes de que el Ecuador adoptara la dolarización de su economía el Banco Central de Ecuador podía manipular el Tipo de Cambio Real depreciando la moneda , ello implicaba que los productos ecuatorianos se tornaran más baratos con respecto a los productos importados. Esto hace que el ecuatoriano compre productos de firmas ecuatorianas -apoyando así la industria nacional-  pero con una estructura de producción ineficiente.‎
7. Analisis de la relación entre calidad institucional, recursos naturales y crecimiento económico
Carlos Andres Diaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Socio Economicas, 2010
     Tags: Policy, Bolivia, Latin America, Global
Abstract A lo largo de su historia, Bolivia ha sido un país tradicionalmente exportador de recursos naturales, principalmente de minerales e hidrocarburos. El recorrido histórico de Bolivia se podría trazar primeramente como una Bolivia exportadora de plata hasta principios del siglo XX. En una segunda etapa, una Bolivia exportadora de estaño hasta la década de 1980 y por último una Bolivia exportadora de hidrocarburos y minerales en la actualidad.
Al igual que Bolivia, existen muchos otros países en el mundo que siguen los mismos patrones extractivistas de crecimiento basados en la exportación de sus recursos naturales, como es el caso de Chile, Noruega, Nigeria, Yemen y muchos más. Sin embargo, aún cuando Bolivia tiene exportaciones excepcionales de recursos naturales, sus tasas de crecimiento y su desempeño económico han sido muy pobres a lo largo de su historia en comparación a otros países.‎
8. AN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF ARTISANAL, SMALL AND MEDIUM MINING IN BOLIVIA, CHILE, AND PERU
World Bank, Gary McMahon, Jose Luis Evia, Alberto Pasco-Font, Jose Miguel Sanchez, 1999
    Tags: Bolivia, Latin America, Chile, Peru, Policy
Abstract This paper synthesizes a study examining the environmental performance of artisanal, small, and medium mining in Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Summaries of each of the three country studies are also included. Significant emphasis is placed on the viability of artisanal, small, and medium mines if environmental costs are taken into account as well as policy actions to improve the environmental performance of viable mines. Given that indigenous groups, with their historic and close ties to the land, are often an important stakeholder when discussing mining and the environment, particular concern is also placed on the relationship between the mining sector and indigenous populations in Canada was included in order to disseminate lessons to the three Latin American countries from the Canadian experience. Some of the most important conclusions and recommendations are: 1) Distinguishing mines by size is not as important as age. 2) The management of tailings could be opened up to market mechanisms 3) Only artisanal and small mines that are economically viable should be encouraged; mining policy should not substitute for social policy. Cultural and social considerations are increasingly important in the decision-making process of the mining sector.
9. A resource demand model of indigenous production: The Jivaroan cultivation systems of Western Amazonia
Agricultural Systems, López, Santiago & Sierra, Rodrigo, 2011**
    Tags: Latin America
Abstract This study examines the demand for land resources and agricultural production in the lower Pastaza River Basin of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Specifically, we concentrate on two territories controlled by Jivaroan indigenous groups. First, the analysis compares the structural characteristics of riverine and interfluvial cultivation systems in the region. Second, the study investigates the connections between agricultural intensity, population pressure and composition, and terrain conditions at the household level through the integration of geographic information systems, remote sensing, socio-economic surveys, and regression analyses. The study shows that although cultivation practices and the proportion between consumers and producers at the household level are not significantly different among riverine and interfluvial groups, riverine cultivators produce more intensively than interfluvial landholders. In general, the demand for agricultural production at a household level is positively correlated with population pressure and soil quality. In this region, the extent of cultivation is significantly associated with the proportion between consumers and producers along the household's developmental cycle. These findings provide support for the view that land use intensification among indigenous peoples is similar to the dynamic among non-indigenous market-oriented producers.
10. A source-differentiated analysis of tropical fresh fruit imports
Nzaku, Kilungu & Houston, Jack E. & Fonsah, Esendugue Greg, 2010
    Tags: Global, Latin America
Abstract A source-differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System model is used to analyze U.S. demand for the major tropical fresh fruit imports from different countries of origin. The tropical fresh fruits chosen for analysis include fresh bananas, fresh pineapples, papayas, and mangoes/guavas. To address endogeneity problem, we utilized an iterative 3SLS estimation method. Results show that consumer incomes are a major determinant of tropical fresh fruit import demand and most of the tropical fresh fruit imports are luxury commodities. U.S. consumers have a preference for Guatemalan and Costa Rican bananas, Costa Rican and Honduras pineapples, and Ecuador and Mexican mangoes. A competitive relationship exists between bananas from Ecuador and Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica, Costa Rica, and Ecuador and bananas in general face competition from the other tropical fresh fruits, particularly from most pineapple and mango sources, and all the other fresh fruit imports. Based on the study findings, the countries of origin could determine how they could increase their products market share in the U.S. and likely impact of price changes of their commodity. For example, Mexico could utilize price competition strategies to retain and regain its declining U.S. mango market share.‎
11. Assessing protectionism and subsidies in agriculture-A gravity approach 
Journal of International Development, Carlo Maria Rossotto, Khalid Sekkat and Aristomene Varoudakis, 2008‎
    Tags: Policy, Global
Abstract This paper provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of agricultural trade using a gravity model. The data set covers bilateral trade in agricultural goods for 152 countries over the periods 1990-1993 and 1999-2002. The estimations support claims that protectionism and distortive subsidies to agriculture remain widespread among industrialised nations, which are shown to import fewer and export more agricultural products than expected given other economic, political and geographic determinants of trade. However, some developing regions which are often thought to be the main victims of industrial-country protectionism are also found to be relatively closed to agricultural trade.‎
12. Bolivia: Geography and Economic Development
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Rolando Morales, Erwing Galopo, Luis Carlos Jemio, Carmen María Choque, Natacha Morales, 2000
    Tags: Bolivia, Income, Employment
Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify the main relationship between economic development and geography at the province level in Bolivia. To achieve this, we study simultaneously the relationship between an index of basic needs insatisfaction (NBI), as a measure of human capital, and GDP per capita with geographical, demographical, institutional and structural economic variables. The estimation of GDP per capita for 112 provinces was carried out by estimating total wages based on employment surveys data and on GDP data available at the department level. The main findings of this study are: a) Geographical variables matter in the explanation of NBI, labor income and GDP per capita disparities among provinces, especially altitude, erosion, urbanization rate and the distance toward the main cities of the central axis of the country (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz). The main channels for this are the effects of geographical variables on land and labor productivity. The location of mine resources also explains provincial disparities, and transportation costs matter concerning economic activity of the private sector. The effects of geography on labor productivity are widely influenced by people`s choice of province to live in, and this choice is strongly correlated with their education level. Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America; its development problems are complex and difficult to solve. As far as those developed in this research are concerned, we find that appropriate policies for promoting human development, migration and increasing land productivity can help to attain higher development levels and reduce provincial disparities.
13. Bolivia: la tortuosa relacion entre el crecimiento y la inversion‎ 
Ciess-Econometrica, Dr. Rolando Morales Anaya, 2011
    Tags: Bolivia, Income, Policy
Abstract El telón de fondo de la presente reflexión es la dificultad de Bolivia de acelerar su crecimiento económico a lo largo de su historia. En la sección 2 se muestra los valores de la tasa de crecimiento y del coeficiente de inversión desde el año 1951 hasta el año 2009 poniendo de relieve que salvo periodos excepcionales, el crecimiento de Bolivia fue modesto independientemente del régimen político y económico adoptado en diferentes momentos.  Durante mucho tiempo se supuso en Bolivia, al igual que en otros países del mundo, que la principal restricción para crecer era el acceso limitado al capital y que habiendo una oferta excedentaria de mano de obra, ésta podía adecuarse naturalmente a la cantidad de capital disponible. Sin embargo, a comienzos del Siglo XXI, cuando se dio el auge de las materias primas trayendo capitales en abundancia, el coeficiente de inversión y el crecimiento de la economía siguieron siendo modestos, sugiriendo la existencia de otras restricciones.  En la sección 3, se desglosa la inversión por agentes económicos y se presenta dos modelos econométricos orientados a mostrar la débil incidencia de la inversión privada en el crecimiento. En la sección 4 se explora la relación entre la tasa de interés real y la inversión y entre ésta última y los ciclos políticos. En la sección 5 se plantea una hipótesis sobre la poca incidencia de la inversión en el crecimiento a partir del conocido modelo de Solow-Swan.
14. Booms and Collapses of the Hydro Carbons Sector in Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2008
    Tags: Bolivia, Markets
Abstract This paper analyses the performance of the hydrocarbons sector in Bolivia over the last 46 years. The analysis focuses on the factors that have determined the sector's behavior overtime. First, there is the institutional framework that regulates the sector's activities, which can play an important role in promoting investment flows, and thus endorse a much faster sector development. Second, favorable market conditions and the existence of export markets are also crucial factors in order to promote investment and the sector development. Third, the geology of Bolivia´s territory has demonstrated to have an important potential to produce hydrocarbons, thus it has historically been the focus of attention for potential investors. Fourth, domestic market conditions can also promote or discourage investment flows. Bolivia´s energy market however is relatively small, thus the main incentive for foreign oil companies to invest in the hydrocarbons sector in Bolivia has been the potential to access to foreign markets. This paper analyses the role played by these factors in determining Bolivia's hydrocarbons sector development overtime.
15. Brechas de infraestructura, crecimiento y desigualdad en los paises andinos
Inter-American Development Bank, Omar Zambrano, Gabriela Aguilera, 2011‎
     Tags: Latin America, Income
Abstract Por diversas razones y canales de transmisión, el stock y la calidad de la infraestructura de un país es un indicador fundamental de su nivel de desarrollo y del bienestar general que ofrece a sus habitantes. El presente calcula las brechas de infraestructura para la subregión andina, el costo de cerrar dichas brechas y, basado en un panel de 209 países desde 1960, estima los potenciales impactos de cerrar dichas brechas sobre el crecimiento y la desigualdad del ingreso. Los resultados indican que persisten en la subregión andina importantes brechas en infraestructura y que el costo de cerrar dichas brechas implica una movilización de recursos físicos y financieros de gran magnitud. Para los países andinos la inversión en aumento de la cantidad y calidad de la infraestructura puede producir ganancias positivas y significativas en crecimiento económico, estimadas hasta en 4,0 puntos adicionales en crecimiento promedio. Asimismo, se estima que la inversión en infraestructura generaría notables mejoras en la distribución del ingreso, ubicadas para los países de la subregión en un rango de hasta 15% del índice de Gini de 2009.‎
16. Ciclos economicos en Bolivia: fluctuaciones sectoriales y regionales
Luis Gonzáles (PUC Chile), Pablo Cuba (University of Maryland), 2011‎
     Tags: 
Abstract La dinamica de los ciclos economicos regionales y sectoriales en Bolivia y su interaccion on la actividad economica agregada no han sido explorados por falta de informacion adecuada. Aprovechando una metodologia reciente para la construcción de series trimestrales que no se producen con informacion primaria, damos un primer paso en caracterizar las regularidades empiricas de los ciclos departamentales para el periodo 1980:1 - 2009:4. Extendemos nuestro analisis al estudio de los ciclos económicos por actividad economica a nivel nacional y complementamos nuestros resultados con un modelo de ciclos reales con uctuaciones sectoriales. Encontramos que el ciclo departamental esta altamente sincronizado con el ciclo del producto nacional y que los choques que generan las uctuaciones regionales se transmiten de manera asimetrica entre departamentos. En cuanto al ciclo sectorial encontramos regularidades similares. Creemos que el mecanismo que esta detras de las diferencias en la volatilidad del ciclo departamental tiene que ver con la exibilidad de los mercados laborales y la composicion de la actividad sectorial.‎
17. Community based‎ forest management  as a determinant for development of indigenous people in northern La Paz-Bolivia‎
Carola Mejía, Embajada de Corea en Bolivia
     Tags: 
Abstract  Considering the current Bolivian context, in which indigenous communities are receiving more attention in the policy making process regarding land distribution, natural resource management and participation in development projects, the present research paper aims to analyze the effect of Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM), a development approach recently introduced by the New Bolivian Forest Regime, on Tacana communities' development, specifically in their structure and cultural identity. Based in two different methodologies I will identify the positive and negative results of CBFM and determine if forest sector policies, created to reduce poverty and preserve the environment, are achieving satisfactory outcomes. 
To support this analysis, I also pretend to: a) identify the main conflicts derived from the struggle of interests among the different stakeholders that are involved in CBFM, and b) show the potential that Tacanas communities still have regarding forest management to go further in their development process. ‎
The conclusions are mainly positive, showing that CBFM has a potential to bring development to indigenous communities, while preserving the environment, but there are still many obstacles and new aspects to be considered for future policy implementations, as well as a long way ahead for communities to obtain the expected benefit, without their culture and livelihoods being negatively affected.‎
18. Collective action for innovation and small farmer market access: The Papa Andina experience
Papa Andina Initiative, International Potato Center, André Devaux, Claudio Velasco, Gastón López, Thomas Bernet, Miguel Ordinola, 2007
     Tags: 
Abstract "The Andean highlands are home to some of the poorest rural households in South America. Native potato varieties and local knowledge for their cultivation and use are unique resources possessed by farmers in these areas. As the forces of globalization and market integration penetrate the Andes, they present both challenges and opportunities for farmers there. This paper reports on how the Papa Andina Regional Initiative is promoting the use of collective action to reduce poverty in the Andes, by developing market niches and adding value to potatoes, particularly the native potatoes grown by poor farmers. Since 1998, Papa Andina has worked with partners in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru to stimulate pro-poor innovation within market chains for potato-based products. Market chain actors (including small-scale potato producers, traders, and processors), researchers, and other service providers have engaged in innovation processes via two principal tools for facilitating collective action: the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) and Stakeholder Platforms. The PMCA fosters commercial, technological, and institutional innovation through a structured process that builds interest, trust, and collaboration among participants. Stakeholder Platforms provide a space for potato producers, other market chain actors, and service providers to come together to identify their common interests, share knowledge, and develop joint activities. The PMCA and Stakeholder Platforms have empowered Andean potato farmers by expanding their knowledge of markets, market agents, and business opportunities. Social networks built up among producers, market agents, and service providers have stimulated commercial innovation, which in turn has stimulated technical and institutional innovation. These innovations have allowed small farmers to market their potatoes on more favorable terms and other market chain actors to increase their incomes. This paper describes experiences with collective action in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, via the PMCA and Stakeholder Platforms. Based on these experiences, a number of lessons are formulated for using collective action to stimulate innovation, market access, and poverty reduction in other settings."‎
19. Conditional density estimation: an application to the Ecuadorian manufacturing sector
Kim Huynh & David Jacho-Chavez, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract This note documents some empirical facts for the manufacturing sector in Ecuador. Understanding the manufacturing sector in less developed countries (LDCs) is of first-order importance for economists and policymakers. Tybout (2000) provides an overview of the literature on manufacturing firms in developing countries. Our contribution is to apply conditional density estimation to a recently released firm-level manufacturing database from Ecuador. This approach is a nonparametric approach to empirically describing the data without making any structural assumptions.  Since it is descriptive in nature, potential problems with causality, endogeneity, functional forms, and sample selection do not need to be considered. We compare and contrast standard descriptive statistics with conditional density estimation. We illustrate the utility of conditional density estimation as a tool to explore relationships between a response and explanatory variables.  The rest of the note is as follows: Section 2 discusses the conditional density estimation approach. Section 3 describes the data and discusses the findings, while Section 4 concludes.
20. Constructing a social accounting matrix with a distributional focus-the case of Bolivia‎ 
Kiel Institute of World Economics, Rainer Thiele, Daniel Piazolo, 2002 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper describes the construction of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Bolivia for the year 1997. Three distinctive features render the SAM a useful starting point for distributional analyses. First, production in the agricultural and services sector is split up into formal and informal activities to account for the fact that poverty is largely confined to the latter. Second, factor and household accounts exhibit a high level of disaggregation, thus permitting the monitoring of the factorial and personal income distribution. Finally, the SAM contains a detailed system of accumulation balances which reveals the distribution of assets among household groups.‎
21. Continuing Obstacles to Agricultural Development in Latin America 
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, John Crossley, 1972*
     Tags: 
22. Contribucion del EPCP al Mercado de las papas nativas en los Andes
Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa, G Lopez, R Oros, F Rodriguez, J Lopez, K Manrique, 2009
     Tags: 
Abstract El Enfoque Participativo en Cadenas Productivas (EPCP) es una metodología que en los últimos nueve años ha contribuido de manera significativa al reposicionamiento de las papas nativas en los mercados urbanos de los países andinos. Mediante la convocatoria y articulación de los diferentes actores de la cadena productiva se han logrado introducir a ciudades como Lima, La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Riobamba, entre otras, las papas nativas, tanto frescas y seleccionadas como en hojuelas (chips), con nombres de marca y en diferentes presentaciones. En este sentido, podemos afirmar que la visibilidad que han tenido las papas nativas ha sido el resultado de un emprendimiento colectivo, entendiendo como tal a un conjunto de actores que actúan y colaboran en un ambiente de confianza y aprendizaje mutuo, alrededor de ―cosas‖ concretas (los productos, las marcas) que capitaliza el trabajo del grupo. Por otro lado, la experiencia ha demostrado que las aplicaciones del EPCP no se limitan solo a la realización de negocios o encadenamientos comerciales, sino que se prolonga mucho mas allá, constituyendo un espacio o plataforma donde los diferentes actores continúan realizando actividades en beneficio de la cadena, promoviendo el producto y beneficiando a los pequeños productores rurales.‎
23. Crecimiento, Empleo y Productividad
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2008
    Tags: 
24. Crecimiento y diversificación de exportaciones en economías emergentes
Revista de la CEPAL, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract En este artículo se desarrolla y se somete a prueba un modelo de crecimiento que se centra en la introducción de exportaciones nuevas como principal fuente de crecimiento de los países que se encuentran alejados de la frontera tecnológica mundial y que para crecer dependen de la adaptación de los productos existentes a su entorno económico. Se procura captar los hechos estilizados que subyacen tras el crecimiento de economías tan diferentes como las de República de Corea, la provincia china de Taiwán, Mauricio, Finlandia, China y Chile, que se han basado en la diversificación de las exportaciones. En consecuencia, se estima que el principal motor del crecimiento es la ampliación de las ventajas comparativas. La hipótesis de la diversificación de las exportaciones se prueba mediante un modelo empírico de crecimiento. Al controlar otras variables que afectan a este último, se observa que la diversificación de las exportaciones, por sí sola e interactuando con el aumento de volumen de las exportaciones per cápita, es de gran importancia para explicar el crecimiento del pib per cápita en el período 1980-2003.‎
25. Credit Constraints in Latin America: An Overview of Micro Evidence
IDB, Boston College, IZA, Arturo Galindo, Fabio Schiantarelli, 2002
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper summarizes and discusses new evidence on the nature, extent, evolution and consequences of financing constraints in Latin America. The countries covered are: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Uruguay. All the new contributions share the characteristics of being based on microdata. Most of the data sources are firm's balance sheets. For Argentina information on debt contracts and credit history is also available, while for Costa Rica personal information on entrepreneurs was also collected. Some of the papers investigate the determinants of firms' financing choices, and the consequences of access or debt composition on performance. Other papers attempt to assess the severity of financing constraints, by focusing on firms' investment choices. All the papers (but one) were part of the project "Determinants and Consequences of Financial Constraints Facing Firms in Latin America and the Caribbean," financed by the IADB. However, other recent micro-econometric contributions are discussed as well.
‎
‎ The results suggest that access to credit (and its cost) depends not only upon favorable balance sheet characteristics, but also upon the closeness of the relationship between firms and banks as well as credit history. Access to long-term loans and to loans denominated in foreign currency is positively related to the size and tangibility of firms' assets and negatively related to measures of country risk. Moreover, firms that have foreign participation appear to be less financially constrained in their investment decisions. The same is true for firms that are associated with business groups. On the whole, it appears that financial liberalization tends to relax financial constraints for firms that were previously constrained, while financial crises tighten them. However, firms that have more access to external sources of finance via, for instance, exports or ownership links, appear to suffer less in the post-crisis period. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these results.‎
26. Cumplimiento del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2011
    Tags: 
27. Desempeño económico y social
‎2005, UDAPE
    Tags: 
Abstract Durante la primera mitad de 2005, el desempeño de la economía estuvo influenciado por factores externos e internos. En el primer caso se debe destacar el impulso del contexto de precios internacionales favorables en la actividad económica y en las exportaciones, principalmente de los sectores de hidrocarburos y agropecuario. En el ámbito interno, las tres semanas de conflictos sociales que sucedieron entre mayo y junio afectaron negativamente los niveles de producción, especialmente en el occidente del país, así como el normal flujo de las exportaciones en esta región.   El volumen de intermediación financiera mantuvo la tendencia de recuperación iniciada en el segundo semestre de 2004, debido al retorno de los depósitos del público y al aumento en la otorgación de créditos. Si bien el sistema registró una disminución del índice de morosidad, sus utilidades fueron menores a las obtenidas en la gestión 2004. 
En este contexto, las políticas monetaria, fiscal y cambiaria se orientaron a mantener el equilibrio de las principales variables macroeconómicas. La política monetaria se concentró en proveer la liquidez necesaria para las transacciones, así como promover el uso de la moneda nacional. La política fiscal apuntó a consolidar el equilibrio de las finanzas públicas logrando un mayor incremento de los ingresos con respecto a la expansión de los gastos. La política cambiaria se caracterizó por la lenta desaceleración del ritmo de depreciación nominal del Boliviano, debido al entorno externo favorable. Sin embargo, la inflación se incrementó como resultado de los niveles de conflicto alcanzados durante mayo y junio. 
Las importaciones registraron un mayor crecimiento que las exportaciones, debido a las mayores compras de bienes intermedios y de capital, y al lento ritmo de depreciación del tipo de cambio nominal. Sin embargo, el resultado comercial continúa siendo positivo. Por su parte, el stock de deuda externa se redujo debido a la variación cambiaria favorable del dólar americano respecto a otras monedas. Las reservas internacionales netas alcanzaron su nivel más alto en los últimos 18 meses, garantizando 7 meses de importaciones. 
Los sectores sociales continuaron desarrollando programas de atención en salud, educación, servicios de agua potable y saneamiento, y protección social, a pesar de que los conflictos limitaron los niveles de inversión programados. Asimismo, los sectores han mantenido los esfuerzos para avanzar hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). 
La evolución de las principales variables económicas y el contexto externo aún favorable para las exportaciones del país, permitirían alcanzar una tasa de crecimiento en torno al 4.0% para la gestión 2005, manteniendo los equilibrios macroeconómicos.‎
28. Determinantes de la inversión privada en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract Desde las primeras etapas de formulación de la teoría económica, hasta los últimos avances tanto empíricos como teóricos, el estudio de la inversión ha despertado el interés de muchos investigadores económicos, quienes han desarrollado distintas interpretaciones acerca del comportamiento de esta variable y de sus determinantes.
Las actuales teorías de la inversión tienden, a su turno, a resaltar los aspectos que a su juicio determinan la inversión. En la tradición keynesiana, la tasa de inversión sería una función de los rendimientos de capital a una tasa que iguale su costo de uso. En cambio, la corriente neoclásica destaca el nivel de inversión como dependiente del crecimiento del producto y de la tasa de interés. Esta afirmación es válida en países en los que el mercado financiero cumple a cabalidad con el rol de asignador de bienes de capital, situación que no es la correspondiente a los países en desarrollo, en los que la intermediación financiera es deficiente, existen tasas de interés preferenciales y el sector financiero informal es de una apreciable magnitud.
El presente documento tiene como objetivo primordial definir los determinantes de la inversión privada en el caso de la economía boliviana, dentro de un proceso de ajuste estructural como el que se viene aplicando desde 1985. La importancia de esta tarea, radica en el supuesto de que una vez concluido el programa de estabilización, la inversión debe constituirse en el soporte de un proceso sostenido de crecimiento.
29. Determinantes del Crecimiento en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2007
    Tags: 
30. Developing capacity for agricultural market chain innovation: Experience with the 'PMCA' in Uganda 
Journal of International Development, Douglas Horton, Beatrice Akello, Lucy Aliguma, Thomas Bernet, Andre Devaux, Berga Lemaga, Damalie Magala, Sarah Mayanja, Immaculate Sekitto, Graham Thiele and Claudio Velasco, 2010‎
    Tags: 
Abstract The Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) was developed originally to foster pro-poor innovation in potato market chains in the Andean highlands of South America. After promising results in Peru and Bolivia, two questions emerged: (1) Could the PMCA be successfully used to stimulate innovation outside the Andes and in other commodity chains? (2) What would it take to successfully introduce and apply the PMCA in a new setting? The first test application of the approach outside of the Andes was in Uganda. This paper outlines how the PMCA was developed in the Andes and its main features. It then describes the strategies used to introduce the PMCA to Uganda and some of the results to date. The Ugandan experience indicates that the PMCA can, in fact, stimulate technological and institutional innovation in locally relevant agricultural commodity chains in Africa. Since the PMCA requires researchers and development professionals to work in new ways with diverse stakeholders, including not only small farmers but also market agents and policy makers, its successful introduction requires an intensive capacity-development process that fosters the development of social networks, changes in attitudes, and the acquisition of social as well as technical knowledge and skills.
31. Did export diversification soften the impact of the global financial crisis?
Inter-American Development Bank, Nelson Camanho da Costa, Rafael Romeu, 2011‎
    Tags: 
Abstract This study considers the role of export diversification in determining trade outcomes during the global financial crisis. The impact of export diversification (or concentration) is measured by assessing three different dimensions of specialization. First, concentration by geographic destination is considered; that is, whether the bulk of exports from a country go to many or few trading partners. Second, industry/sectoral concentration is considered; that is, whether a country's exports are scattered across many industries and sectors, or concentrated in just a few. Third, product concentration is considered; that is, whether countries produce many products within their export sectors or just a few. The workhorse gravity trade model is adapted with trade diversification as an additional trade cost, and the model solution is empirically tested on a dataset containing over 500 thousand observations for Latin America. Industry and product concentration are found to significantly affect the resilience of Latin American countries' trade during the global financial crisis - increasing the diversity of both export sectors and export products within sectors by one standard deviation reduces the quarterly decline in exports by approximately 4.7 percent. Diversifying exports across many different trading partners is not found to significantly affect outcomes.
32. Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Ecuador
World Bank, Valenzuela, Ernesto & Wong, Sara & Sandri, Damiano, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Ecuador is a lower-middle-income economy with about 45 percent of its export coming from primary and processed agricultural products. Until the 1970s agriculture was an even more important generator of foreign currency for the country, but the discovery of oil fields in 1967 transformed the country's export profile. Since 1973 oil exports have been the most important source of government revenue, and petroleum now accounts for about 45 percent of export earnings (Banco Central del Ecuador 2005).
Historically, agriculture in Ecuador had not only a major economic role but also a crucial socio-cultural one. One third of the country's population still lives in rural areas, and a quarter of the labor force is employed in agricultural activities (Table 1). No less than 60 percent of Ecuador's rural population is considered poor (Sanchez-Paramo 2005).  Protection of agricultural producers has always been a stated goal of governments, with the support of the general population. Interventions have been aimed at reducing the variability of domestic agricultural incomes, because the sector is subject to crop diseases, weather fluctuations and variable international prices.
33. Distributional Effects of FDI: How the Interaction of FDI and Economic Policy Affects Poor Households in Bolivia
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Peter Nunnenkamp, Rainer Schweickert, Manfred Wiebelt, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper provides a computable general equilibrium analysis of the medium to long-run impact of FDI inflows on poverty and income distribution in Bolivia. The CGE analysis addresses several important transmission channels which have been neglected in the empirical literature by (i) investigating the impact of FDI inflows on incomes of urban and rural households; (ii) taking into account informal activities; and (iii) differentiating between various segments of the urban workforce, whereas previous studies are typically confined to the dichotomy between white-collar and blue-collar workers in manufacturing industries. The simulation results suggest that FDI inflows add to Bolivia's investment ratio, enhance economic growth, and reduce poverty. However, the income distribution typically becomes more unequal. In particular, FDI widens income disparities between urban and rural areas Our results point to two levers through which the Bolivian government may promote growthenhancing and poverty-alleviating effects of FDI. First, it seems important to overcome labor market segmentation. Second, complementary public investment in infrastructure may help remove bottlenecks in the absorptive capacity of the economy that tend to limit productive employment of the poor. Yet, simulated policy reforms or alternative productivity scenarios are hardly effective in reducing the divide between urban and rural areas.
34. Does trade liberalization lead to productivity increases? A case study of Bolivian manufacturing† 
Journal of International Development, Volume 7, Issue 4, July/August 1995, Pages: 577-597, Rhys Jenkins*
    Tags: 
Abstract Earlier versions of this paper were presented to the XVIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association in Atlanta. Georgia. March 1994. and the Development Studies Association conference at the University of Lancaster, September 1994. 1 am grateful to the participants and to Chris Edwards and Rokiah Alavi for their comments. I am also particularly grateful to all those individuals and institutions in Bolivia who provided me with assistance and information during my fieldwork in 1993. particularly the Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica.
35. Do labor market regulations affect labor earnings in Ecuador?
The World Bank, Donna MacIsaac, Martin Rama, 1997
    Tags: 
Abstract The authors use the 1994 Living Standards Measurement Survey to show that the impact of labor market regulations, namely mandated benefits, is mitigated by reducing the base earnings on which they are calculated. Therefore, market regulation neither accounts for labor market segmentation nor for slow growth and increased inequality alone. Ecuador's regulations do raise take-home pay, but less than the vast number of benefits would suggest. The increase in labor costs induced by compliance is even smaller than the corresponding increase in take-home pay, because mandated benefits are not subject to social security contributions or payroll taxes. Despite mandated benefits, wage differentials between industries are comparable to those in Bolivia, a country otherwise similar to Ecuador, yet known to have"flexible"labor markets. Compliance with these regulations is associated with significantly higher take-home pay only in the public sector and where trade unions are active -and it is unclear that merely changing the labor code would bring wages down in those two areas. The most dramatic earnings gap, the one between jobs in agriculture and the rest of the economy, appearsto be largely independent of either unions or labor laws. The authors conclude, therefore, that drastically streamlining the cumbersome labor laws, although welcome, would only produce moderate change.
36. Domestic Support Policies for Agriculture in Ecuador and the U.S.-Andean Countries Free Trade Agreement: An Applied General Equilibrium Assessment
Ludena, Carlos E. & Wong, Sara, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract For the past two years the United States and Colombia, Peru and Ecuador have being negotiating a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). One of the main concerns of Ecuador's farmers is the asymmetry that exists between U.S. and Ecuador agricultural sectors. U.S. agriculture is highly subsidized in products such as rice, corn, and soybeans, products that represent an important export and subsistence products for Ecuadorian farmers. To reduce any negative effect that the FTA may have, Ecuador's government is studying land-based payments for rice, corn, soybeans and livestock producers. This program would offer direct initial support to farmers' income after the FTA enters in full effect. The objectives of this paper were twofold. First, estimate the effects on the Ecuadorian economy, and especially on Ecuador's agriculture of the FTA. And second, study the viability of the domestic support program for agriculture proposed by the Ecuadorian government, as well as some alternative domestic support policies. We use a modified version of the GTAP global general equilibrium model specific for agriculture support, called GTAP-AGR. The results show that trade liberalization will negatively affect all agricultural sectors in Ecuador, except for the exporting sectors (bananas, coffee, cocoa, and flowers). Government subsidies are estimated to disproportionally help rice and soybeans producers, but they will not be enough for corn and livestock producers. We conclude that government subsidies should be extended to other sector such as sugar cane and cotton.
37. Do unilateral trade preferences help export diversification?
Gamberoni, Elisa, Geneva: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract We analyze the impact of the EU unilateral trade preferences on both the intensive and the extensive margin of trade. Using a tobit and probit estimation we find that the impact of unilateral trade preferences on both margins is strictly linked to the sector under analysis and to the type of preferences a country benefits from. In particular, we find an anti-diversification effect along with a concentration of exports in agricultural products in the case of more stable preferential schemes, as represented by the African Caribbean and Pacific trade preferences. We also confirm that the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for least developing countries did not change the beneficiaries' export pattern, while the traditional GSP and the regime to combat drug production tend to promote diversification of exports.‎
38. Ecuador: comercio exterior y coeficiente de apertura de la economía 2000-2004
Ordóñez Iturralde, D, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract El Ecuador en la década del 70 ingresa a la era petrolera lo que otorga mayores ingresos que le permiten ser sustento de un desarrollo industrial que hasta ese momento no se había logrado. Para la década de los 80 y 90, se realizan ajustes estructurales y paralelamente la economía entra en default por esto se implementan medidas con el objetivo de liberalizar ciertos sectores de la economía, la crisis financiera del 98-99 hizo que el estado confisque los ahorros públicos, la balanza comercial sea negativa, se generan un sinnúmero de cambios como la dolarización y la adopción de medidas para liberalizar la economía, sobre todo el comercio exterior, era de esperar que dicha reforma facilitaría la estabilización de la economía nacional, vía reducción de la presión inflacionaria, lo cual se ha cumplido; pero no se imaginaron que, años después, los excesivos déficit de la balanza comercial y en cuenta corriente de la balanza de pagos serían los principales problemas que tendríamos que afrontar e inclusive, podrían ser los factores determinantes para el fracaso de la política económica y de la dolarización.
39. Elasticidades de Sustitución de Importaciones para Ecuador
González, Manuel & Wong, Sara, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper presents estimation of Armington Substitution Elasticities between imported and domestic goods in Ecuador at the input output level of goods classification. These estimations are intended to be used in applied general equilibrium models of the cuadorian economy that analyze the impacts of changes in trade policy on this economy. The study analyzes time series properties of the data that correspond to years 1975-2001. Estimations include dummy and trend variables. The estimates of Armington elasticities for Ecuador range between 0.317 and 2.383 for the long-run elasticities, and between 0.454 and 1.524 for the short-run ones. These values suggest that imported and domestic goods in Ecuador are far from perfect substitutes. This implies that changes in relative prices between imports and domestic goods -such as those due to trade opening or liberalization processes- would not have in some sectors dramatic impact effects in the relative composition of imports and domestic sales of domestic goods.
40. El Boom Exportador en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2008
    Tags: 
41. El comercio colombo-ecuatoriano: análisis de las medidas de salvaguardia impuestas por Ecuador
Ricardo Argüello, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract 
42. Elementos de análisis de vulnerabilidad y sostenibilidad fiscal de largo plazo en países ricos en hidrocarburos: el caso de Bolivia
Inter-American Development Bank, Omar Zambrano, Gabriela Aguilera, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract Tradicionalmente, las economías ricas en materias primas han enfrentado la alta volatilidad inherente a la formación de los precios internacionales de estos productos como un escollo, a veces insalvable, para la conducción de políticas económicas efectivas en promover la estabilidad y el crecimiento. Hasta el más reciente episodio de la crisis financiera internacional, donde la conducción de política económica mostró claros signos de mejora, la región, incluyendo Bolivia, presentaba una tendencia endémica a la insolvencia fiscal crónica y a la fuerte prociclicidad de sus resultados fiscales. En el caso de Bolivia, la fuerte dependencia de sus cuentas fiscales y externas a los ingresos por exportaciones de gas natural, la hacen particularmente vulnerable a subidas y bajadas abruptas del precio de los hidrocarburos como las observadas entre 2005 y 2009. El presente trabajo analiza el desempeño fiscal de Bolivia a la luz de la enorme expansión y posterior contracción de los precios internacionales de los hidrocarburos entre 2005 y 2009, haciendo una evaluación de dicho desempeño desde el punto de vista de la posición estructural de la economía, es decir, descontando los efectos transitorios que las desviaciones temporales del PIB potencial y del precio de equilibrio del petróleo infringieron sobre los resultados fiscales observados. Asimismo, este trabajo aporta elementos de discusión para el manejo de la vulnerabilidad y sostenibilidad fiscal a largo plazo en economías ricas en hidrocarburos, desde el ángulo de la utilización óptima de una riqueza petrolera cuantificable, finita y extinguible. En particular, este trabajo parte de la cuantificación de la riqueza hidrocarburífera boliviana, como indicador relevante de cómo la dotación inicial de recursos pueden afectar consideraciones de política de largo plazo, modelando posibles trayectorias para el déficit fiscal primario no petrolero, como medida de desempeño fiscal, bajo diferentes reglas de política. Finalmente, aplicando un enfoque probabilístico para la trayectoria de la deuda pública, que utiliza la información estocástica de la aplicación de un modelo de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) para las variables involucradas en la dinámica de la deuda, se evalúa la sostenibilidad fiscal comparativa del escenario base y cada una de las reglas de política fiscal modeladas.
43. El gobierno del MAS no es nacionalista ni revolucionario: un análisis del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo
Lorgio Orellana Aillon, CEDLA, 2006
     Tags: 
Abstract La estrategia mediática del gobierno, dirigida a reforzar el apoyo social del que goza, hace uso de varios calificativos con el fin de enfatizar el supuesto carácter transformador de la gestión de Evo Morales. En este sentido, ha introducido la referencia al carácter revolucionario del régimen actual, como si tal condición respondiera únicamente a ciertos atributos étnicos y sociales del líder del MAS, evitando eludir a otras categorías de análisis. Este supuesto carácter revolucionario, entonces, va tomando sentido en el imaginario popular, en contraposición y en lugar del discurso neoliberal dominante, desacreditado y en crisis desde las jornadas de octubre de 2003.‎
44. El mercado bancario boliviano
   UDAPE Bolivia, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract Luego de la introducción de la nueva política económica en 1985 casi todos los mercados y sectores de la economía han sido sujetos a modificaciones. El mercado del crédito también ha experimentado cambios, entre los que se pueden enumerar la liberación de las tasas de interés, la liberación de la cartera, la eliminación de la banca estatal, la subasta de créditos refinanciados, la creación de la Superintendencia de Bancos y otras medidas que se diseñaron para promover la eficiencia en la intermediación financiera.
Una de las últimas medidas tomadas en esta dirección ha sido la elaboración y aprobación de la Ley de Entidades Financieras, en sustitución de una legislación que regía desde 1928.  Luego de todas las reformas aplicadas a la industria bancaria, una de las características que persiste desde finales de 1985 son los altos niveles de las tasas de interés. Es cierto que el spread ha tendido a disminuir a través de los años, pero los niveles actuales todavía están por encima de aquellos internacionales.
La opinión de economistas, políticos y la población en general es que estos altos niveles de interés, y los altos requerimientos de colateral constituyen una restricción central para el crecimiento de la economía. En diversos foros y debates precedentes a la elaboración y aprobación de la Ley de Bancos se ha remarcado la necesidad de inducir competencia a la industria bancaria con el objeto de incrementar su eficiencia. Se ha sugerido que el carácter oligopólico de la banca debe ser eliminado mediante una mayor facilidad de ingreso a la industria. Para este fin, en el proyecto sustitutivo de la Ley se han reducido significativamente los requerimientos de capital mínimo y también se ha autorizado la creación de bancos departamentales para lograr mayor profundización financiera y competencia.
45. El negocio del gas natural y los impactos esperados en Bolivia
   UDAPE, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente documento realiza un análisis del negocio del Gas Natural en Bolivia y de sus posibles impactos en las recaudaciones, exportaciones y el Producto Interno Bruto. Las principales conclusiones sugieren que, el sector de hidrocarburos se perfila como uno de los pilares para el crecimiento de la economía llegando a contribuir con 1,5 puntos porcentuales al crecimiento del PIB hacia el año 2007 y, si se concretan nuevos proyectos energéticos, la contribución podría alcanzar a casi 2,5 puntos porcentuales. De la retrospectiva realizada del negocio del gas en Bolivia, se concluye que la normativa que acompañó al sector fue buena; sin embargo, se ve la necesidad de que ésta se actualice y considere ahora la nueva situación de Bolivia como país excedente de reservas para otorgarles un mejor aprovechamiento impulsando el desarrollo de nuevos proyectos y nuevos mercados. Asimismo, si bien la política de mediano y largo plazo hasta el momento habría sido enfocada a la exportación de este energético, se hace necesario desarrollar políticas que incentiven el uso doméstico del gas, en vista de las abundantes reservas y su bajo costo con relación a otros energéticos.‎
The effects on bilateral trade and production volume of the peso devaluation and safeguard measures imposed by the Ecuadorian government are analyzed by means of a computable general equilibrium model. Given the model is of the "real economy" type, an approximation is used to estimate the effects of the peso devaluation. Results indicate that the peso devaluation may have an important impact on trade flows and that the safeguard measures, as designed, can only partly compensate it. Moreover, the safeguards have uneven effects among sectors and generate further deterioration in Ecuadorian exports to Colombia. Effects on production tend to be ambiguous for Colombia and negative for Ecuador, even when devaluation is relatively modest. ** Mediante el uso de un modelo de equilibrio general se simulan los efectos de la acción simultánea de la devaluación del peso colombiano y de las medidas de salvaguardia impuestas por Ecuador, sobre el comercio bilateral y la producción. Dado que se usa un modelo "real", se utiliza una metodología ad hoc para estimar los efectos de la devaluación. Los resultados indican que la devaluaci´on puede tener un impacto importante sobre los flujos comerciales y que la implementación de las medidas de salvaguardia sólo lo compensa parcialmente. Adicionalmente, se encuentra que las salvaguardias generan efectos muy variados entre sectores y que producen un mayor impacto negativo sobre las exportaciones ecuatorianas hacia Colombia. Los efectos sobre la producción tienden a ser ambiguos para Colombia y negativos para Ecuador, aún en un escenario de devaluación relativamente moderada.
46. El modelo economico industrial en el Ecuador
Observatorio de la economía latinoamericana, Carlos Alfredo Uquillas,  2008*
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo, tiene como objetivo estudiar y analizar brevemente el desarrollo económico industrial del Ecuador; Los periodos Agroexportador y Desarrollista se revisarán en forma general, en tanto que el periodo de Ajuste Estructural (Neoliberalismo) se analizará en forma particularizada. Analizaremos el Producto Interno Bruto, la inversión, la industrialización y en conjunto el Fenómeno Político en relación con la economía. 
Además del análisis de los hechos, estadísticas y fenómenos económicos más relevantes, para caracterizar cada periodo en estudio se intentará dar un enfoque institucionalista de los paradigmas y concepciones dominantes, los cuales son conceptos mucho más explicativos de las transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas acaecidas en el país durante el siglo pasado. 
El pasado ha sido estudiado sobre todo como fuente de explicación de la realidad socio-económica contemporánea, principalmente la etapa Agroexportadora con herencia colonial profunda, en la que inicialmente se formó algunos núcleos incipientes de producción y de explotación de la fuerza de trabajo y la conformación de relaciones sociales de dominación.
47. El Outsourcing en el Ecuador
Carlos Alfredo Uquillas, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract  El modelo de outsourcing o tercerización surge como alternativa en los 80s y se ha establecido como un modelo de negocios que permite a una empresa concentrarse en lo que es su especialidad, con importantes ahorros en tiempo y dinero. La tercerización es un mecanismo para mejorar la competitividad empresarial contratando a empresas especializadas personal o desarrollo de funciones en las cuales no se tiene eficiencia o especialidad profesional. Todas las actividades de una empresa son tercerizables, a excepción de las que componen su "core business". Es decir, la norma básica y más importante es no dar en outsourcing ninguna de las funciones o áreas que se consideran como fundamentales en la empresa. ‎
En Ecuador la tercerización se ha convertido en un negocio rentable y de gran demanda en parte por la legislación laboral existente considerada por muchos patronos como poco favorable para la contratación de personal de planta y por la constante demanda de reducir el tamaño del Estado. Esta solución de tercerizar funciones, no ha sido debidamente normada en el País, y constantemente existen desproporciones entre los beneficios y normas laborales que rigen a los empleados de nomina y a los empleados tercerizados.  La tercerización en muchos casos se ha transformado en un mecanismo de presión para quienes se ven obligados a acogerse a esta modalidad de contratación, lo que perjudica a la hora de recibir beneficios.‎
Por ello los contratos de prestación de servicios temporales o personal tercerizado, deben establecer claramente que las empresas tercerizadoras tienen las mismas obligaciones que el patrono principal respecto de los profesionales que contrata y que el personal tercerizado debe contar con protecciones laborales y un plan de carrera que asegure su estabilidad laboral y promueva su crecimiento personal y profesional. La tercerización siendo un mecanismo adecuado para promover la competitividad empresarial, mal aplicada se transforma en un modo más de discriminación y explotación así como de despilfarro de los recursos que con su empleo se pretende ahorrar. 
48. El sector agrícola y los procesos de inserción internacional latinoamericanos
Revista Economica, Universidad Catolica del Peru, Gabriela Cuadra Carrasco & David Florián Hoyle, 2008
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of the liberalization and/or exclusion of the agricultural sector in the integration processes in which are immersed the Latin American Countries from the comparison of four different ways from liberalization. The central objective consists of determining if it is necessary that this sector receives a special treatment in comparison with the rest of economic sectors, or if the complete liberalization is more/less favorable than the exclusion of the agriculture in the integration processes. We used a static CGE model, multisectorial, multicountry of short and long term that has a predominantly agricultural aggregation. Between the main results we found that although the four types of liberalization generate positive results in the Latin American economies; for Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador-Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay the multilateral strategy that excludes the agricultural sector generates greater benefits than the net tariff liberalization. Despite if we compare the tariff liberalization versus the total liberalization (one that includes export subsidies elimination and band of prices), all the countries with exception of Peru and Venezuela register greater benefits with the total liberalization.‎
49. El Tratado de Libre Comercio (ATPA/ATPDEA)
El Tratado de Libre Comercio (segunda parte)‎
   Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2008
    Tags: 
50. Energy Sector in Ecuador: Current Status
Energy Policy, Pelaez-Samaniego, M.R. & Garcia-Perez, M. & Cortez, L.A.B. & Oscullo, J. & Olmedo, G., 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper describes the current energy sector in Ecuador, its present structure, the oil industry, subsidies, and renewable energy, focusing on the evolution and reform of the electricity sector. Currently, 86% of the primary energy originates from nonrenewable sources. In 2005, the gross electricity generation was 15 127GWh (45.5% hydropower, 43.11% thermal, and 11.39% imported). Ecuador is the fifth largest oil producer in South America but lacks sufficient oil refining capacity. Reserves of natural gas (NG) are small, and most of NG is produced from oil fields without energy recovery. Several projects are underway to increase the utilization of NG and renewable energies to meet Ecuador commitments to the Kyoto Protocol.
51. Enfermedad holandesa y coyuntura macroeconómica boliviana
Banco Central de Bolivia, Sergio Cerezo Aguirre, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract En los ultimos anos Bolivia ha experimentado una fuerte entrada de divisas debido en parte a un notable repunte en los precios de los recursos naturales que exporta, elemento que junto a la apreciacion real ha generado la inquietud sobre si la economia nacional esta experimentando la conocida Enfermedad Holandesa (EH). Este documento basado en condiciones de Oomes y Kalcheva (2007) para detectarla (apreciacion real, menor crecimiento de la manufactura, crecimiento acelerado de los servicios y mayores salarios), concluye que no existe evidencia empirica sobre este fenomeno. En particular, no se advierte una sobrevaluacion cambiaria ni un des-alineamiento persistente del tipo de cambio real, ni una desindustrialización manufacturera. La evolucion del sector de servicios y sus precios, asi como los salarios reales, no responden a la dinamica del sector en boom. Sin embargo, el documento considera que la presencia de este fenomeno merece una estrecha vigilancia.‎
52. Entorno empresarial, legislacion laboral y micro y pequeñas empresas
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente documento responde a la decisión adoptada por la Mesa de la Comisión de Empleo y Política Social (ESP) de incluir en el orden del día de su reunión de noviembre de 2006 un punto para discusión sobre la cuestión del entorno empresarial, la legislación laboral y las micro y pequeñas empresas. El documento se propone tratar el dilema de encontrar un equilibrio entre reducir al mínimo los costos de la carga reglamentaria de las micro y pequeñas empresas y aumentar así las perspectivas de competitividad y expansión, sin comprometer la protección de aquellos que trabajan en las MYPE. Esta es una cuestión que suscita un creciente interés en los debates internacionales y cada vez más se pide a la Oficina que proporcione orientación a los mandantes y a otros organismos. La Comisión ESP trató esta cuestión en la 289.ª reunión del Consejo de Administración, cuando se inscribió en el orden del día el elemento fundamental núm. 5 del Programa Global de Empleo. La cuestión también se trató en la 90.ª reunión de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo en 2002 en relación con el trabajo decente y la economía informal. En el presente documento se formulan algunas recomendaciones provisionales, y se solicita a la Comisión que proporcione orientación a la Oficina sobre cómo profundizar en esta esfera de actividad.‎
53. Export Discoveries, Diversification, and Barriers to Entry
World Bank, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract The literature on the relationship between economic diversification and development has grown rapidly in recent years, partly due to the surprising finding that diversification rises with gross domestic product per capita up to a certain point. Export diversification along the extensive margin is inextricable from the introduction of new export products. The authors test the hypothesis that the threat of imitation inhibits the introduction of new exports-export discoveries-under the assumption that the intensive and extensive margins of exports are correlated within broad country-industry groups. Econometric evidence from panel-data techniques that are appropriate for count data (the number of discoveries) suggests that discoveries within countries and industries rise with the growth of exports along the intensive margin (relative to the growth of non-export gross domestic product) but the magnitude of this partial correlation increases with domestic barriers to entry and with customs delays in exporting. However, the magnification effect of barriers to entry appears to be less significant as a determinant of total within-country export discoveries. This is consistent with inter-industry and within-country spillovers related to export discoveries, implying that barriers to entry enhance the effect of export growth on discoveries within country-industries but total discoveries might be unaffected by barriers to entry.‎
54. Factors Influencing the Success of Fishermen's Cooperatives in Ecuador
Poggie, John J., Jr. & Pollnac, Richard B. & Fierro, Miguel, 1988
    Tags: 
Abstract The fishermen's cooperative is viewed by many as the ideal type of organization for use in improving the welfare of fishermen in development projects (cf, Meynell 1984; Jentoft 1986). Major development agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Bank also advocate their use. For example, a review of World Bank fishery projects between 1976 and 1981 indicated that 53 percent involved fishermen's cooperatives (Pollnac 1985). Judging from the relatively high failure rate that appears to exist for this type of organization, however, it is clear that their development is a difficult matter The success of fishermen's cooperatives depends on a large number of factors as evidenced by the numerous variables identified in the literature for local organizations in general (Esman and Uphoff 1984) and fishermen's organizations in particular (Poggie 1980a; Meynell 1984; Pollnac 1988). Pollnac (1985) identified no fewer than 21 important determinants of success for fishermen's organizations, some of which are clusters of variables. It appears, however, that there may be several important dimensions that underlie the reported concomitants of the success and failure of fishermen's organizations. As a means of furthering our understanding of these basic dimensions, this study analyzes a number of items reported in the literature to be associated with the success and failure of this type of organization.
55. Fiber Crops Program Area Research Planning and Prioritization‎ 
Aragon, Corazon, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract The fiber crops industry is one of the country's major pillars in employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. However, recent trade developments and local production problems in the fiber crops industry might affect its long-term sustainability and viability. The reduction of trade barriers under the GATT-WTO implies that in order for the Philippines to be globally competitive, the country must exert all efforts to increase the productivity of Philippine fiber crops, lower the cost of production, and improve the quality of fiber and fiber products through technological developments. In recent years, the increasing share of Ecuador in the world market is threatening the Philippines' position as the top producer of abaca. Abaca farmers in Ecuador are mechanizing and producing consistent quality fibers. Unless the weaknesses and threats in the abaca industry are faced, the country's market share in the world market for abaca fiber will continue to diminish. This paper, therefore, aims to present an industry profile with focus on domestic production, consumption, external trade, problems/constraints, and market potentials; review past researches on fiber crops, technologies generated, and the extent of participation of the private and public sectors; identify research and technology gaps for the fiber crops industry; identify strengths and weaknesses in the institutional structure of research and extension interface, as well as research complementation efforts; and suggest recommendations and R & D agenda for the fiber crops industry.
56. Flores y flujos de materiales
Martha Moncada, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente artículo representa una lectura biofísica de uno de los sectores productivos más dinámicos de Ecuador desde la década de 1980, la producción de flores para exportación. Esta lectura se sustenta en la utilización de indicadores propuestos por el Análisis de Flujo de Materiales. La información empírica procesada permite concluir que para satisfacer un consumo externo, Ecuador debe movilizar grandes cantidades de materiales, que no se consideran en el precio de exportación y que abonan en el empobrecimiento ambiental y de las poblaciones que viven en áreas cercanas a las plantaciones. Las exportaciones de flores representan, apenas el 0,3% del total de materiales movilizado cuando en los cálculos se incorpora el agua y ascienden al 9,5% cuando en los cómputos no se registra este recurso.
57. Flujos De Comercio Intraindustrial De Las Exportaciones Representativas Entre Valle Del Cauca, Ecuador Y Venezuela 1980 - 2006
Revista Economia & Administracion, Aura María Muñoz Cardona & Lina Johanna Salinas Luna, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract En el presente trabajo se analiza el comportamiento del comercio intraindustrial (CII) de los subsectores representativos de la industria del Valle del Cauca con los países de Ecuador y Venezuela para el período 1980-2006 a través del índice Greenaway y Milner y el índice de Brülhart. De esta forma se corrige el problema de agregación presentado en mediciones anteriores y se describe cual ha sido la evolución de cada subsector en el marco del comercio intraindustrial.
58. From protest to productivity : the evolution of indigenous federations in Ecuador 
   Grassroots Development : Journal of the Inter-American Foundation, 1992**
    Tags: 
59. Further evidence on pesticides, productivity and farmer health: potato production in Ecuador
Antle, John M. & Cole, Donald C. & Crissman, Charles C., 1998**
    Tags: 
60. Gas Natural en el Cono Sur: A traves del mar y para la gente
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, C. Medinaceli, 2008
    Tags: 
61. Hechos Estilizados de la Economía Ecuatoriana: El Ciclo Económico 1965-2008‎
Gachet, Ivan & Maldonado, Diego & Oliva, Nicolas & Ramirez, Jose, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract Este trabajo documenta un conjunto de hechos estilizados a corto y largo plazo de la economıa Ecuatoriana, ası como una breve explicacion de las circunstancias bajo las cuales se desarrollan cada una de estas regularidades empıricas. Para ello, se analiza los agregados macroeconomicos del sector real y fiscal, y los precios en relacion al ciclo economico. Por la dificultad de contar con una serie trimestral en terminos reales de calidad homogenea, el analisis utilizo tanto series trimestrales y mensuales. En el caso de los datos mensuales, se utilizo al Indice de Actividad Economica (IDEAC) como una proxy del producto. El objetivo final de esta investigacion es identificar las interrelaciones de las principales variables macroeconomicas y sentar las bases empıricas para el desarrollo de modelos dinamicos mas consistentes en el comportamiento del sistema economico ecuatoriano.
62. Heterogenous fixed trade costs and firm-level exporting performance
Luis Castro (University of Colorado, Boulder), Ben Li (Boston College), Yiqing Xiez (University of Colorado, Boulder), 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract The recent literature on trade and firm heterogeneity has two de.ning notions: productivity and fixed trade costs. Compared to productivity, much less is known about the empirical relevance of fixed trade costs. Using a new dataset on Chilean firms, this paper constructs measures of fixed trade costs for each industry, region, and year and estimates the effects of fixed trade costs on firm-level exporting performance. This paper reaches four findings. First, fixed trade costs negatively aspect export propensity (firm extensive margin) but not export volume (firm intensive margin). Second, there is an interaction between fixed trade costs and productivity; specifically, the effect of fixed trade costs at the firm extensive margin is weakened by high productivity. Third, the presence of high-productivity nonexporters is associated with high fixed trade costs. Fourth, the interaction between productivity and fixed trade costs applies to firms that switch from not exporting to exporting.‎
63. High growth SMEs, innovation, entrepreneurship and intellectual assets: a study of high growth SMEs in Brazil, Chile and Mexico
Rudi Loossens, IDB, 2009
     Tags: ‎
Abstract In order to deepen the understanding and characterization of dynamic entrepreneurs in Latin America and the Caribbean and, in particular, the drivers of innovation and value creation in High Growth SMEs (HGSMEs), the Science and Technology Division of the Inter-American Development Bank in collaboration with the Multilateral Investment Fund launched a study on HGSMEs in Latin America with financing from the Spanish Innovation Support Program. This paper complements the first part of the study, which consisted of six case studies of HGSMEs in Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which were presented on the annual meeting of the OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship celebrated in the Kauffman Foundation in may 2008. The second part of the study consists of a survey of a larger number of HGSMEs in the region with the aim of identifying the drivers of high growth in order to be able to formulate adequate policies and actions to promote the development of this type of companies in the region. The research hypotheses are based as well on an extensive review of literature by the Inter-American Development Bank and other sources as on the results obtained in the case studies of the first phase, identifying the role of innovation, intellectual assets and entrepreneurial drive in the growth process of HGSMEs in Brazil, Chile and Mexico. From the six case studies emerged some significant factors, common to all 6 HGSMEs: the ambition and management capacity of the entrepreneurial team, relevant previous work and/or educational experience in the same sector as the present venture and very often in a foreign country, importance of contact networks, a symbiotic relationship between the venture and one or more large firms, innovation as a differential competitive factor, creation and leverage of intellectual capital and creative ways of financing. From all this follows that the accelerated growth process of a firm is clearly a multidimensional phenomenon.‎
64. How do Agricultural Programmes Alter Crop Production? Evidence from Ecuador
Blackwell Publishing, Romina Cavatassi & Lina Salazar & Mario González‐Flores & Paul Winters, 2011**
    Tags: 
65. How Endowments, Accumulations, and Choice Determine the Geography of Agricultural Productivity in Ecuador‎ 
The World Bank Economic Review, Oxford University Press, Donald F Larson; Mauricio León, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract Spatial disparity in incomes and productivity is apparent across and within countries. Most studies of the determinants of such differences focus on cross-country comparisons or location choice among firms. Less studied are the large differences in agricultural productivity within countries related to concentrations of rural poverty. For policy, understanding the determinants of this geography of agricultural productivity is important, because strategies to reduce poverty often feature components designed to boost regional agricultural incomes. Census and endowment data for Ecuador are used to estimate a model of endogenous technology choice to explain large regional differences in agricultural output and factor productivity. A composite-error estimation technique is used to separate systemic determinants from idiosyncratic differences. Simulations are employed to explore policy avenues. The findings suggest a differentiation between the types of policies that promote growth in agriculture generally and those that are more likely to assist the rural poor.
66. How to Explain a Building Boom in a Stagnant City
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2008
    Tags: 
67. How Productive is the Informal Sector?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract The informal sector is often perceived as a sector for excluded, un-educated, low productivity workers who cannot get a "real" job. According to last week's seminar on Informality in Bolivia organized by the Superintendencia de Empresas and CAF, this perception is quite misleading. 
68. GENDER IN BOLIVIAN PRODUCTION: REDUCING DIFFERENCES IN FORMALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FIRMS
World Bank, Yaye Sakho, Trine Lunde, Maria Arribas-Banos, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity 
Abstract Bolivia's informal economic sector is the largest in Latin America, and women-owned businesses tend to be overrepresented in the informal sector and to be less profitable than firms in the formal sector. This study seeks to better understand gender-based differences in firms' tendencies toward formality, the impact of formality on profits, and the productivity of small informal firms. Using data from firm surveys, national household surveys, and qualitative data from focus groups, the study conducts a gender analysis of formality and productivity in six different sectors in Bolivia. The findings shed new light on how gender-based differences contribute to a firm's decision to become formal and the consequences of this decision for profitability. The outcomes of the study suggest that policies should focus on increasing the productivity and scale of women-owned businesses. Two general priorities emerge: promoting women's access to productive assets to facilitate growth and productivity and providing an enabling environment for women's entrepreneurship by expanding women's choices and capacity to respond to market opportunities.
A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many definitions and measures. It also provides a rationale for promoting formality given the many negative effects of a high rate of informality. These negative effects include a lower growth potential as informal firms tend to be less productive owing to limited access to physical, financial, and human capital, and a smaller scale of operations; negative fiscal impacts as informal firms "free ride" on services provided with fiscal resources; and negative social externalities, including weaker rule of law and public institutions, increased corruption, and weakened ability to enforce contracts. A second goal of this study is to identify gender-based productivity constraints that hinder the growth of female-owned businesses. First, author's analysis of the impact of formality on profitability shows that the gains of formalization for most female-owned businesses increase as the firms grow. Second, author's find that the smaller scale of operation of female-owned firms is one of the main causes of gender-based differences in productivity and profitability. However, most of the differences between male and female-owned firms diminish or disappear as firms grow.
69. How Endowments, Factor Accumulation, and Technology Choice Determine Growth and Productivity in Agriculture
World Bank, Donald Larson, 2004*
    Tags: 
Abstract Because rural poverty and low agricultural productivity are closely related, governments often actively pursue policies designed to boost productivity and incomes in the poorest regions. This paper examines why such large variations in agricultural productivity occur and identifies policy instruments that can be used to boost productivity. The paper also identifies the limits that nature and natural risks place on policy. After selectively reviewing the recent literature on the determinants of agricultural productivity, the paper discusses productivity outcomes in the context of endogenous choices by farmers on farming techniques. The paper examines the implications of this endogenous choice for least-squares and stochastic frontier estimation techniques and reports on new results from farm-level studies in Ecuador and Nicaragua.
70. How to survive in a more volatile world food inflation?  Lessons from Bolivian 2007-2008 upsurge
Pablo Mendieta Ossorio, Martin Palmero Pantoja, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract Between late 2006 and mid 2008, the Bolivian economy experienced a strong rebound in inflation, mainly due to the upturn in external food. This paper discusses the importance of external inflation in the domestic inflation of the Bolivian economy, which is characterized by high dollarization and a crawling peg exchange rate regime For this purpose, we use two alternative methodologies: estimation of a vector autoregressive model (VAR) and a Small Structural Macroeconometric Model (SSMM), which also incorporates the effects on expectations and responses of economic policy, especially monetary and exchange rate policy. The results show that international food inflation played a significant role in the rise of inflation between 2007 and 2008, but it was mitigated through economic policy. Then, similar policy actions could be taken in order to mitigate 2010-2011 international food inflation reoccurrence.
71. Identifying supply-side constraints to export performance in Ecuador : an exercise with Investment Climate Survey data
Correa, Paulo & Dayoub, Mariam & Francisco, Manuela, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract The authors apply a Heckman selection model to the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) to investigate supply-side constraints to export performance at the firm level in Ecuador. To correct for the non-random truncation problems, they use the Heckman selection model to estimate the probability of exporting (export propensity) and the share of total sales that are exported (export intensity) by Ecuadorian firms. They develop a baseline model with 12 independent variables divided into three categories-idiosyncratic characteristics, technology, and business environment. The authors develop three other models with the addition of variables related to trade integration, business environment, and infrastructure. Results corroborate with the hypothesis implicit in the Heckman model, which considers both decisions made by a firm-whether to export, and how much of its sales to export-to be interdependent. In the Ecuadorian case, they find three important results for the firm's export performance: technology matters; infrastructure does not; and trade orientation is significant, with specialized firms tending to have smaller export intensity when their main trade partners are countries of the Andean Community, and the opposite happening if the United States is their main trade partner. The authors find a robust and stable relationship for export propensity and intensity with size, import of inputs, labor regulations, in-house research and development, quality certification, web-use, and foreign ownership. Also, capacity utilization and trade with the United States positively affect export intensity, while trade within the Andean Community has the opposite effect in the outcome variable. But they find no significant relationship for the infrastructure variables.
72. Implications Of Capital-Intensive Development Interventions For Communal Resource Owners: The Case Of Communal Farmers In Ecuador
Castillo, Maria Jose & Beilock, Richard, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract 
73. Indicadores de microfinanzas en America Latina: rentabilidad, riesgo y regulación‎ ‎
BID, Sergio Navajas, Enrique Navarrete, Lilian Simbaqueba, Mario Cuevas, Gehiner Salamanca, 2006
     Tags: 
Abstract Las microfinanzas en América Latina y el Caribe han tenido un desarrollo extraordinario. De acuerdo a estimaciones recientes, las instituciones de microfinanzas (IMF) de la región cuentan con cerca de seis millones de clientes y una cartera superior a los US$5.000 millones (Navajas y Tejerina, 2006). Éste es un logro notable si se toma en cuenta que los programas pioneros en microfinanzas-administrados por organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG)-datan de la década de los años setenta. La motivación principal de estos programas era atender a un segmento de mercado que normalmente no era atendido por la banca tradicional o por otras instituciones financieras formales.
Hoy en día, las microfinanzas ya no están al margen de los sistemas financieros formales. Es más, las IMF reguladas brindan servicios a la mayoría de los clientes de microfinanzas de la región. Esta integración a los sistemas financieros formales está ocurriendo mediante dos vías principales. La primera es la transformación de ONG en entidades financieras formales (upgrading), como es el caso de BancoSol en Bolivia o MiBanco en Perú. La segunda vía es la inclusión de servicios de microfinanzas por parte de entidades ya reguladas, como Bancolombia en Colombia o Banco del Trabajo en Perú (downscaling).‎
74. Indice del "Quantum" del sector agrícola
UDAPE Bolivia, 1986
    Tags: 
Abstract La agricultura es uno de los sectores más importantes en la economía nacional y por lo tanto, es imprescindible contar con información oportuna sobre el desempeño de esta rama de actividad.  Por este motivo, y con la finalidad de contar con un indicador global de comportamiento de la producción del sector, se ha elaborado el Indice de "Quantum" de Producción Agrícola.
El presente documento resume los objetivos, metodología, formulas utilizadas y resultados del índice, además de un breve análisis de los factores que incidieron en el comportamiento del sector basado en los datos obtenidos.  Los resultados publicados, que abarcan al período 80 - 85, están basados en los datos proporcionados por el MACA en el "Pronóstico Agrícola". Para 1986, se hizo una estimación recurriendo a distintas fuentes ya que para este año, el MACA no realizó el Pronóstico Agrícola.  Es por esta razón, que dicha estimación tiene la característica de ser preliminar y está sujeta a futuras revisiones.
75. The introduction in Ecuador of a primary irrigation infrastructure into a communal setting where land users did not fully control the land and had effectively no access to credit, produced a sell off of nearly all irrigable lands. The change in land reservation prices between buyers and sellers is analyzed.dIndigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development-a global perspective 
Journal of International Development, Rajasekaran, D. M. Warren and S. C. Babu, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract  Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural-resource management. This process exposes the earth's natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural-resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural-resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural-resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural-resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural-resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature's resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural-resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.
76. ddInformality and Productivity in Bolivia: A Gender Differentiated Empirical Analysis
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen & Beatriz Muriel, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract The urban labor market in Bolivia can be divided into 4 main sectors: 1) the public sector, 2) the formal private sector, 3) self-employed informals, and 4) informal workers. Although incomes are generally higher in the public sector and in the formal private sector, there is a strong preference in Bolivia for being informally self-employed. Two thirds of both men and women in urban areas respond that they would prefer to be self-employed rather than a salaried employee, and few see any advantage of becoming formal under the current institutional set-up.
Currently, half of all economically active women in urban areas are informally self-employed, while this is the case for only one third of men. This implies that women are actually closer to the desired state than men, according to their own preferences. The real problem for women is not that they are informally self-employed, but rather that the profitability of their informal enterprises is low. On average, monthly profits of female micro-entrepreneurs is about 40% lower than those of male micro-entrepreneurs. 
This report uses quantitative information from about 600 micro and small enterprises to break down and understand this gender gap in profitability, and the results show that almost the whole gap is due to the fact that women operate their businesses on a much smaller scale (with less productive capital and fewer employees) than men.
Why do female entrepreneurs operate on a smaller scale? One partial explanation is that they may not want to grow, because the business then would lose some of the features that make a micro-business particularly attractive for women (not to depend on others, to be able to care for children simultaneously, flexible working hours, and daily revenues). More important, however, is the lack of access to capital. Micro and small businesses operated by women have only a third of the operating capital of male operated businesses. There are two main reasons for this. First, women generally have fewer opportunities to accumulate capital, both because their household and reproductive work takes time away from paid work, and because they tend to earn less than men when they do work for money. Second, they do not have access to credit on reasonable terms. Access by itself is not the problem, as there is a very active micro-credit industry in Bolivia, but the terms are so unattractive that women try to avoid it if at all possible. The interest rates are high (20-40% per year); the group-lending practices increases the risk for the borrower, as they may end up paying other group members' debt also; and they are typically required to assist at compulsory training courses twice a month, which is demanding for busy women running both a business and a household. Banks offer loans at more reasonable terms, but the requirements are difficult for micro-entrepreneurs to comply with (especially proof of a monthly pay check) and the risk is large as an entire house is often put up as collateral for even a small loan.
77. Inflation and Development in Latin America: A Case History of Inflation and Stabilization in Bolivia
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Economic History, George Jackson, 1969*
    Tags: 
78. Insights from Bolivia's green national accounts
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, Lykke Andersen, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of Green National Accounting by drawing out some interesting insights from the Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts recently elaborated by the Institute for Advanced Development Studies for the case of Bolivia. The paper uses the Green National Accounts to show the importance of environmental inputs in 7 different productive sectors and compares the corresponding natural resource rents to the level of producer taxes in each sector. The paper also analyses the evolution of total productive capital, in order to judge whether Bolivia's current development model can be considered sustainable. The paper finished with recommendations about interesting extensions that can be made to the Green National Accounts.
79. Institutions and Agricultural Productivity in Mercosur‎ 
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Bharati, Preeti & Fulginiti, Lilyan, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract We revisit earlier estimates of agricultural productivity in original Mercosur member countries and later associates: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, for 1972-2002. We estimate a translog frontier production function and revise our earlier estimates as well as those of others that indicated declining agricultural productivity. We find that the average rate for the region was a strong 2.25 percent. All the member countries experienced positive agricultural productivity growth for the sample period with Brazil being the fastest gainer. Institutions such as investments in public health and in public agricultural R&D, as well as an economic environment conducive to trade with the rest of the world are associated to differential performance across countries.
80. Institutions and Productive Development Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean: Methodological Approach and Preliminary Results
IDB Technical Note, Martin Chrisney, Marco Kamiya, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract In the post-Washington Consensus era, there has been renewed discussion of the role of the State in encouraging productivity. This has led to a debate about the role of institutions and programs that form the basis for state interventions to enhance productivity. These interventions, in many instances, take the form of business development services, support for innovation, export promotion, and other programs that target specific sectors and activities. In general, these interventions are called Productive Development Programs (PDPs). Today, governments in Latin America and the Caribbean devote a great deal of resources to PDPs, supporting firms through official agencies and private intermediaries. Despite their economic justification, there is still no well-defined methodology for assessing their performance or for categorizing PDPs according to their type, size, target market, and delivery mechanisms.
This document aims to contribute to the development of a tool to analyze PDPs. The methodology for mapping and measuring of institutional performance (MIDI, from its acronym in Spanish) constitutes an effort to quantify and measure the organizational aspects that contribute to a better balance between the costs and benefits of PDPs. The objective of the MIDI is to measure the quality of the programs and the institutions that are behind them and assess their ability to achieve their stated goals. It is in this vein that the MIDI establishes metrics to analyze how these organizational arrangements are planned, implemented, and monitored.
The MIDI is based on a questionnaire that allows for benchmarking and comparative analysis at the level of countries and regions within countries. The methodology has been piloted with field surveys in four countries in Latin America and the Caribbean based on an initial questionnaire. From this pilot phase, performance metrics have been developed for the institutions and programs studied, certain common elements have been identified, and some preliminary conclusions drawn-both for improving the methodology and for suggesting new ways to analyze PDPs.
The MIDI identifies characteristics of an organizational and comparative nature. At the same time, it allows the formulation of ordinal metrics and the identification of policy recommendations based on variables that are both objective and qualitative. In particular, the MIDI offers guidelines for comparing similar PDPs and the institutions that offer them by measuring their strengths and weaknesses, identifying best practices for dissemination and wider application, and providing a method for mapping programs by type, beneficiary, cost, and other variables.
This technical note is divided into the following sections. Section 1 gives a general introduction to what PDPs offer and, in addition, describes the theoretical foundations for their different dimensions and implications for establishing metrics. Section 2 describes the MIDI and alternative analytical methods. Section 3 shows the criteria and subcriteria used for evaluating institutions and programs. Section 4 outlines the aggregate results of the pilot phase. Section 5 summarizes the lessons learned and the new tasks emerging from this work, and provides some conclusions.‎
81. Insumos para la construcción de una Visión Productiva de País
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Osvaldo Nina & Pablo von Vacano, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract En la actualidad, una variedad de países en desarrollo están evaluando las ventajas y desventajas de una economía de mercado, considerando que los resultados de las reformas estructurales fueron inferiores a las expectativas iniciales de los reformadores después de veinte años de experiencia. Este desempeño económico y social paupérrimo está contribuyendo al nacimiento de otras tendencias económicas como alternativas más factibles para los problemas de los países en desarrollo. En el caso de Bolivia, los cambios no están únicamente centrados en ámbito económico sino está buscando cambios en la Constitución Política del Estado (CPE). En ese sentido, la necesidad de impulsar un desarrollo económico sostenible, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo proporcionar una descripción y análisis técnico - tomando como base información primaria y, principalmente, secundaria- sobre las características y potencialidades del país en materia productiva que sirva como insumo para la "Construcción de la Visión Productiva de País".
82. Integración Eléctrica Regional Reflexiones Generales y Enseñanzas del nuevo Mercado Eléctrico Andino
Gustavo Husson, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract El 1° de marzo de 2003 comenzó a operar la primera interconexión de potencia entre los sistemas eléctricos de Colombia y Ecuador. Un año después el proceso ha sido tan beneficioso que se ha iniciado la construcción de un segundo vínculo entre los dos países y está en marcha la interconexión eléctrica entre Ecuador y Perú.  El proceso de integración eléctrica de esos tres países de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) ha conducido con notable eficacia y merece un análisis que permita extraer conclusiones y enseñanzas para transitar el proceso de integración eléctrica, al cual nos conduce la evolución de la electrificación y la búsqueda de eficiencia de las economías nacionales.
83. Inversion pública e inversion privada en Bolivia
Eva Aguayo, Patricia Coronado, Estudios Economicos de Desarrollo Internacional, 2002
     Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación existente entre la inversión privada y pública en Bolivia. Se analiza el impacto del gasto gubernamental destinado a inversión sobre la inversión privada y su impacto en el crecimiento económico de Bolivia, contrastando dos teorías, una sobre el efecto "tracción" (crowding in) y el efecto expulsión (crowding out). El gasto gubernamental destinado a la inversión y enfocado a sectores sociales y dotación de infraestructura básica, es complementario con la inversión privada en Bolivia produciendo un efecto "crowding in" e impulsando el crecimiento económico en Bolivia.‎
84. Is fiscal policy alone enough for growh?  A simulation analysis for Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, Paul Estrada, Ximena Flores, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract In the last years there has been a renewed interest in fiscal policy as a tool to promote economic growth, and this has increased the use of quantitative models to evaluate the macroeconomic effects of changing taxes, increasing government expenditures and/or public investment. This paper develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model for a small open economy with five sectors: Non-tradable or services, importable or manufacturing, hydrocarbons, mining and agriculture. The model is parameterized and solved for the Bolivian economy and several interesting scenarios are simulated by changing all the available fiscal policy instruments. In particular we analyze the sustainability of the Bolivian social policy based on transfers from the government to households and also the growth and welfare implications of the fiscal policy over time. We find that solely the fiscal policy is unable to generate the appropriate rates of growth to reduce poverty. It has to be accompanied by an efficient provision of public capital and productivity boosts in the economic sectors. This short-run and long-run analysis is relevant for the Bolivian economy, because the government is using fiscal policy as one of its main tools to attack poverty and aims to put public investment as the foremost instruments to promote growth and welfare.‎
85. It's not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models
William Easterly and Ross Levine, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract We document five stylized facts of economic growth. (1) The "residual" rather than factor accumulation accounts for most of the income and growth differences across nations. (2) Income diverges over the long run. (3) Factor accumulation is persistent while growth is not persistent and the growth path of countries exhibits remarkable variation across countries. (4) Economic activity is highly concentrated, with all factors of production flowing to the richest areas. (5) National policies closely associated with long-run economic growth rates. We argue that these facts do not support models with diminishing returns, constant returns to scale, some fixed factor of production, and that highlight the role of factor accumulation. Empirical work, however, does not yet decisively distinguish among the different theoretical conceptions of "total factor productivity growth." Economists should devote more effort towards modeling and quantifying total factor productivity.‎
86. Knowledge-based productivity in low-tech industries: evidence from firms in developing countries
Goedhuys, Micheline & Janz, Norbert & Mohnen, Pierre, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract Using firm level data from five countries - Brazil, Ecuador, South Africa, Tanzania and Bangladesh - this paper examines the knowledge-based determinants of productivity of firms active in food processing, textiles, and garments and leather products. In particular, it seeks to investigate the importance of various sources of knowledge in explaining productivity in the different industries. The knowledge sources driving productivity performance are very different across sectors. In food processing, firm productivity is most strongly affected by quality of management and foreign ownership linkages. In textiles, firms raise productivity levels by importing new machinery and through research and development. In garments and leather products, R&D and design activities, high quality management and licensing technology from foreign firms are significant productivity determinants. Firms' productivity levels are further depressed by regulatory and financial constraints.‎
87. Labour markets and productivity in developing countries
Mathan Satchi, Jonathan Temple, Review of Economic Dynamics, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 183-204
    Tags: 
Abstract In middle-income countries, the informal sector often accounts for a substantial fraction of the urban labor force. We develop a general equilibrium model with matching frictions in the urban labor market, the possibility of self-employment in the informal sector, and scope for rural-urban migration. We investigate the effects of labor market institutions, different types of growth, and company taxes on labor market outcomes and aggregate productivity. We quantify these effects by calibrating the model to data for Mexico, and show that matching frictions can lead to a large informal sector when formal sector workers have substantial bargaining power.
88. La capitalización en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract Durante la primera mitad de la década de los 80, la economía boliviana evidenció profundos desequilibrios macroeconómicos, que desembocaron en la hiperinflación de 1984 y 1985. En agosto de 1985 se inició un programa de ajuste y estabilización con el objetivo de detener la hiperinflación, restablecer los equilibrios macroeconómicos y generar un crecimiento sostenido a largo plazo, a partir de una mayor apertura de la economía y énfasis en los mecanismos del mercado. El programa estuvo basado en la reducción de la demanda agregada, a través de políticas monetarias y fiscales restrictivas, ajustes en los precios relativos, con la eliminación de la mayoría de los controles sobre los precios, tasas de interés y tipo de cambio, y finalmente medidas destinadas al cambio estructural, por medio de una mayor apertura de la economía y reestructuración del aparato productivo y administrativo del Estado.
89. La construccion del capitalismo en el agro
Enrique Ormachea, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Las transformaciones más relevantes acontecidas en la sociedad agraria, en los últimos veinte años, tienen relación con la cada vez mayor presencia de la producción agrícola, ganadera y forestal capitalista, asentada fundamentalmente en el oriente del país, y la cada vez menor importancia de la producción campesina del occidente del país. El propósito de este artículo es, por tanto, describir este proceso y señalar sus tendencias, en el marco de las políticas agrarias y de tierras en curso.
90. La Dinámica del Sector de Castaña y su Impacto sobre el Mercado Laboral y la Pobreza en el Norte Amazónico de Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Osvaldo Nina & Pablo Von Vacano, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract La dinámica económica y social del norte amazónico de Bolivia en gran medida fue configurada en la época del boom de la goma, casi 100 años atrás, desde entonces hasta hoy en día, las relaciones económico-sociales han variado muy poco. Luego del colapso de la industria de la goma al principio de los años 90, la castaña se convirtió en la principal fuente de generación de empleo y movimiento económico para la región. La pregunta básica sobre la que giró la investigación fue: ¿Puede la actividad exportadora de castaña influir positivamente en la generación de ingresos y la reducción de la pobreza en la región del norte amazónica?
91. La Efectividad de la Ayuda Externa en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen & José Luis Evia, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract This document investigates the effectiveness of foreign aid in Bolivia. When comparing accumulated aid in each sector during the period 1998-2002 with the progress in each sector during the same period, it becomes clear that the four sectors receiving by far the most aid (Institutional strengthening, Rural Development, Roads, and Budget support) have shown disappointingly little progress. When the impact of aid is analyzed in a computable general equilibrium model, it becomes clear that aid tends to have a positive effect on growth, but only in the short run, and it tends to have an adverse effect on the income distribution.
92. La función de producción de la industria nacional
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract La industria manufacturera es uno de los sectores más importantes de la economía, al extremo que se ha hecho común medir el nivel de desarrollo de un país por su grado de industrialización. A pesar de ello, la industria nacional no ha merecido la atención que debiera, lo cual se constata por la ausencia de una política industrial de largo plazo definida a partir de estudios pormenorizados de los distintos problemas a los que se enfrenta. 
Se ha enfocado el estudio de la industria manufacturera desde diferentes ángulos, ya sea privilegiando su potencial exportable, su capacidad de generación de empleo, sus encadenamientos con los restantes sectores e, inclusive, su estructuración según diferentes estratos, pero casi siempre "desde afuera", es decir dejando de lado sus relaciones internas y la racionalidad microeconómica que impera en las unidades productivas industriales.  
En esta investigación, se presenta una función de producción de la industria manufacturera nacional, en base a los insumos energéticos que utiliza. 
93. La integracion internacional de Bolivia. Grupo Andino-Mercosur
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract Los procesos de globalización en el mundo entero, en el plano del intercambio de productos, factores productivos y servicios financieros; las políticas nacionales de ajuste estructural inspiradas en el paradigma de la asignación de recursos sobre la base del mercado y las limitaciones del GATT, en su objetivo de establecer y garantizar el funcionamiento de un sistema de comercio liberalizado; generaron una nueva dinámica en los procesos de integración bilaterales y en bloque.
Las condiciones para la integración actual son distintas a las existentes en las décadas de los 60's a los 80's. Primero, las barreras protectoras actuales son mucho más bajas; además, pese a la persistencia de barreras no arancelarias, la economía mundial se ha vuelto mucho más integrada hoy que en el pasado. Segundo, en el pasado existían bloques comerciales cuyos programas de integración regional en general, impedían el proceso de liberalización multilateral del comercio. Tercero, los objetivos que ahora persiguen los modelos nacionales de desarrollo y los programas de integración son diferentes; los países en desarrollo ya no están siguiendo estrategias de desarrollo orientadas hacia el interior.  Con la formación de bloques comerciales y la persistencia de un proteccionismo no arancelario, estos países están cada vez más preocupados por el acceso al mercado de los países desarrollados.
Como resultado, actualmente muchas iniciativas comerciales se hacen entre países desarrollados y en desarrollo. A diferencia de las del pasado, estas iniciativas se centran en el principio de concesiones comerciales recíprocas. Los países en desarrollo están ocupándose simultáneamente en la liberalización unilateral del comercio y en el bilateralismo, no sólo para obtener acceso al mercado, sino también para consolidar reducciones en sus propias barreras comerciales, Melo (1992). 
94. Latin America's Growth and Equity Frustrations During Structural Reforms
Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jose Antonio Ocampo, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper argues that Latin America's market-oriented reforms, together with increased monetary and fiscal discipline, were successful in bringing down inflation, inducing export growth and diversification, and attracting foreign direct investment. Nonetheless, economic growth was frustratingly slow. Pro-cyclical macroeconomic policies generated, in turn, strong business cycles in the face of unstable access to international capital markets. Higher productivity in leading firms and sectors failed to spread throughout the economy and led to increasing productive sector dualism. Furthermore, despite the democratic dividend reflected in increased social spending and coverage of social services, weak economic performance and additional distributive tensions led to disappointing results in terms of employment generation and poverty reduction. Overcoming these frustrating outcomes would require counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies, open-economy productive development strategies and mainstreaming social objectives into economic policies.
95. Latin America Since the 1990s: Rising from the Sickbed?
Journal of Economic Perspectives, Arminio Fraga, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract The economic performance of Latin America was disastrous in the 1980s. In what is often called the "lost decade," the region's economy was disrupted by an international debt crisis and raging inflation. Per capita GDP declined at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent in the 1980s. Toward the end of the 1980s, the frustration with the performance led to a search for sound macro and structural policies. Thus, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, many countries in Latin America were receptive to a package of economic reforms that was dubbed the "Washington Consensus" (Williamson, 1990). The precise reforms varied from country to country, but in general they included some combination of fiscal and monetary tightness, greater openness to foreign trade (if not necessarily to foreign capital), privatization and deregulation. Yet the early 2000s have seen a disappointing economic performance in Latin America; for example, per capita GDP for the region contracted by 2.5 percent in 2002.
The long-time opponents of the Washington Consensus reforms are in full cry. Implicitly and explicitly, they make three broad claims. First, they argue that the economic performance of Latin America has not improved since the 1980s-and that on certain dimensions, like inequality, the economic performance of the region has worsened. Second, they claim that the application of the Washington Consensus reforms is the cause of this poor performance. Third, they hark back to the more rapid growth experienced by Latin America from the 1950s and 1970s, and they argue that economic policy in Latin America should return to government infrastructure investment and industrialization through protection and import substitution that were popular in some countries at that time.
The first section of this paper compares Latin America's economic performance in the 1990s with the 1980s and finds definite macroeconomic and social progress during the decade. The following section considers the policy performance of the region during the 1990s and finds that, on a country-by-country basis, the nations of Latin America that were more active in carrying out Washington Consensus reforms also experienced better economic performance. The final section will argue that rather than seeking to reverse the economic reforms that have been carried out, Latin American nations should be thinking about how to extend and complement the existing reforms.
96. Linking International Agricultural Research Knowledge with Action for Sustainable Poverty Alleviation: What Works?
Patti Kristjanson, Robin Reid, Nancy Dickson, William Clark, Prasad Vishnubhotla, Dannie Romney, Peter Bezkorowajnyj, Mohammed Said, Dickson Kaelo, Ogeli Makui, David Nkedianye, Julius Nyangaga, Paul Okwi, Ranjitha Puskur, Shirley Tarawali, Susan MacMillan, Delia Grace, Tom Randolph, Hippolyte Affognon, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 173, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper asks 'What kinds of approaches and institutions, under what sorts of conditions, are most effective for harnessing scientific knowledge in support of strategies for environmentally sustainable development and poverty alleviation?' In applying an innovative conceptual framework to a diverse set of sustainable poverty-focused projects undertaken in numerous African and Asian countries, we found that strategies key to closing gaps between knowledge and action include: combining different kinds of knowledge, learning and bridging approaches, strong and diverse partnerships that level the playing field, and building capacity to innovate and communicate.‎
97. Los acuerdos comerciales de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú con los Estados Unidos: efectos sobre el comercio, la producción y el bienestar
Revista CEPAL, Durán Lima, José Elías & De Miguel, Carlos J. & Schushny, Andrés, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract The Computable General Equilibrium model, based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, is used to evaluate the impact of separate bilateral free trade agreements by Colombia, Ecuador and Peru with the United States of America (USA). As the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) is to expire shortly, a number of different scenarios have been analyzed: full liberalization, liberalization excluding sensitive products and non-conclusion of agreements. Signature of the agreements would lead to a widespread increase in trade among the negotiating countries to the detriment of their Andean partners. While the effects on welfare would benefit only the United States and Peru, from the capital accumulation standpoint they are clearly positive for all countries. Research shows that, while these agreements would not be enough on their own to trigger a process of sustained development, an active economic and social policy could usefully tap their potential.
98. Lost Productivity and Defense Burden of the Southern Cone of Latin America: A Page from History
Kanta Marwah, Lawrence R. Klein, 2005*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract An attempt is made to measure the loss of productivity and growth due to excessive military expenditures of five countries in the Southern Cone of Latin America during the 1970's and 1980's. These countries are Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru. A transcendental production function that incorporates a ratio of military expenditures to GDP as a separate input factor is estimated for each country. The elasticity coefficients demonstrate a significant trade-off between military and nonmilitary spending from the supply side. For every one percentage aggregate growth point, growth of military share saps 0.048 in Argentina, 0.013 in Bolivia, 0.043 in Chile, 0.173 in Paraguay, and 0.071 in Peru. A counterfactual new scenario is simulated by reducing military shares of GDP to one percent. The results show that these five countries lost on an average 1.5 percent of growth due to excessive defense burden during 1971-1991.
99. Macroeconomic and Welfare Effects of Public Infrastructure Investment in Five Latin American Countries
   Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract It has been widely documented that investment in infrastructure is important for economic growth, but little work has been done in relation to the impact of infrastructure investment on other macroeconomic variables. This paper develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model of a small open economy to study the effects of public investment in infrastructure on output, consumption, private investment, trade balance and welfare. The model is parameterized and solved for five representative countries from The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA), which include: Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina. I also analyze the growth effects on GDP by increasing or decreasing the effectiveness index of infrastructure in each of these countries. Naturally output will grow at a larger rate, if infrastructure is handled with greater efficiency.
100. Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries: How Well Do They Do, and Why?
Journal of Economic Literature, Tybout, James, R.*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract The manufacturing sectors of developing countries have traditionally been relatively protected. They have also been subject to heavy regulation, much of which has favored large firms. Accordingly, it is often argued that in these countries: (1) markets tolerate inefficient firms, so cross-firm productivity dispersion is high; (2) small groups of entrenched oligopolists exploit monopoly power in product markets; and (3) many small firms are unable or unwilling to grow, so important scale economies go unexploited. Drawing on plant and firm level studies, I assess each of these conjectures and find none to be systematically.
101. Macroeconomic Policies to Increase Social Mobility and Growth in Bolivia‎ 
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, Alice Brooks Alejandro F. Mercado, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract Poverty in Bolivia continues to be among the highest in Latin America despite decades of concerted national and international efforts to reduce it. Bolivia has meticulously followed the recommendations of the Washington consensus at the same time as external aid has been generous and foreign direct investment has boomed. Nevertheless, average productivity and incomes remain at the same low level as they were 50 years ago. This paper suggests that the failure of previous development policies is due to a lack of social mobility in the country. Without social mobility, there is little incentive for people to invest in human and physical capital, and without investment there cannot be productivity growth. In addition, the lack of social mobility implies an inefficient use of human capital, and it hinders the construction of efficient social mechanisms for redistribution and consumption smoothing over the life-cycle.
102. Markets, Institutions, and Forestry: The Consequences of Timber Trade Liberalization in Ecuador
World Development, Southgate, Douglas & Salazar-Canelos, Pablo & Camacho-Saa, Carlos & Stewart, Rigoberto, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract Although barriers to international trade were removed during the 1990s, log prices remain inefficiently low in Ecuador. Oligopsonistic conditions, which prevailed in the forestry sector under protectionism, have not been relieved by increased competition. The problem is that new investment is discouraged by weak property rights, corruption, and dated legislation that hinders forest dwellers' participation in the market economy. Unless and until institutional reform is undertaken to stimulate investment and competition, the prospects for Ecuador's tropical forests, which are among the most biodiverse in the world, will continue to be bleak.
103. Material flow accounting in Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru (1980-2000)
Daniela Russi & Ana Citlalic González & José Carlos Silva-Macher & Stefan Giljium, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract In this paper we compare the resource flows of Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru between 1980 and 2000. In this time span, the domestic extraction of materials increased in the four countries, mainly due to the mining sector in Chile and Peru, biomass and oil in Ecuador and construction minerals in Mexico. Imports and exports increased too, due to the increasing integration in the international markets, prompted by the liberalization policies undertaken by the four countries between the late 1970s and the late 1990s. The four countries had a negative physical trade balance for most of the period analyzed, meaning that their exports exceeded their imports in terms of weight. However, the increase of imports reduced the physical deficit in Chile, Mexico and Peru. Ecuador's physical deficit was the highest and did not decrease in the period analyzed. Also, a diversification of exports away from bulk commodities could be observed in Chile and Mexico, and to a lesser extent in Peru, whereas in Ecuador the export sector remained mainly based on oil and biomass. More research is needed to explore the environmental effects of this phenomenon. Also, the indirect flows associated to the direct physical flows deserve to be subject to further analysis.
104. Medicion de la brecha del producto para la economia boliviana
Banco Central de Bolivia, Fabian Chahin, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract Se estima el producto potencial y la brecha del producto de la economía boliviana mediante diversas metodologías convencionales: filtros estadísticos, componentes no observados y función de producción. Esta última metodología resultó ser un desafío por la carencia de datos observados de capital y trabajo, por cuanto se realizaron estimaciones plausibles de las mismas. Adicionalmente se realizó una simulación de la brecha mediante un modelo teórico RBC calibrado para la economía boliviana. Los resultados deben tomarse con cautela ya que se trata de la estimación de una variable teórica no observable cuya interpretación requiere comparar la serie obtenida mediente diversas metodologías.  Usualmente la utilidad de este indicador tiene que ver más con que facilita una señal sobre la dirección de la actividad económica, en el que la magnitud puede variar según la metodología. Al respecto, todos los modelos utilizados aquí y en la literatura tienen pros y contras, y deben aplicarse tomando en cuenta las características particulares de la economía que se estudie.‎
105. Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in the Market Liberalization Period of Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, Juan Cristóbal Birbuet, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper analyzes productivity levels, dispersion and growth in the Bolivian Manufacturing Sector during the Market Liberalization Period: 1988-2001. These years are characterized first, by a period of macroeconomic stabilization and 1st Generation Reforms (1988-1993), second, by a period of privatization and 2nd Generation Reforms (1994-1997) and third, by a Post-reforms period (1998-2001). The 1st and 2nd Generation Reforms were framed in line with the Washington Consensus and their main objectives were to guarantee macroeconomic stability, to improve the efficiency and allocation of resources in the economy and to promote economic growth with fairness. We show that in contrast to what was expected, productivity in the manufacturing sector decreased steadily. We compute Total Factor Productivity (TFP), for the first time, using firm-level data and in addition we break down this measure in productivity per se and resource misallocation. We find that both issues contributed to the decline in productivity and if resource misallocation were eliminated, the gains in productivity would have been in the order of 60 percent, but the trend of productivity along time would have been the same, which means that there are also structural problems that affect productivity in Bolivia. In addition, we evaluate TFP considering exporting firms, size of firms, age of firms and geographical location.
106. "Modelo Dinámico para Análisis y Pronóstico del Producto Interno Bruto": Un Enfoque Fiscal Aplicando un Modelo SVAR
Carrillo, Paul A., 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Este documento muestra las relaciones dinámicas entre los componentes del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) y los impuestos directos e indirectos. Se utiliza un  modelo de vectores autoregresivos estructurales (SVAR) para analizar el efecto (temporal o permanente) de los impuestos sobre la producción nacional de Ecuador.  La calibración del modelo se realiza en base a la investigación de Gachet et al. (2010). Esta investigación es una de las primeras en incorporar restricciones empíricas a los VARs en Ecuador. Los principales resultados son: i) los impuestos tiene un efecto temporal sobre la economía ecuatoriana. ii) el aumento de los impuestos indirectos tiene un efecto negativo sobre el PIB, las importaciones y las exportaciones. iii) un shock positivo de los tributos directos solo tiene un efecto positivo sobre las exportaciones.‎
107. Monopolios naturales y regulacion: el caso de las telecomunicaciones
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract Las telecomunicaciones se constituyen en uno de los sectores más dinámicos de las economías. Si anteriormente eran apreciadas por su utilidad pública, al dotar de infraestructura a la economía y al desarrollo social, de forma que el mayor empeño estaba enfocado a expandir el servicio corriente, la edificación de redes y el mejoramiento en el desempeño de las entidades operativas; actualmente el acceso a la información es reconocido como factor fundamental de producción.
El avance acelerado en estos últimos años en innovación tecnológica, el incremento intensivo de la información de la actividad económica, el desarrollo de programas, la microelectrónica, y la fibra óptica, han reducido substancialmente los costos de transmisión y procesamiento de información, cambiando la estructura de costos de las telecomunicaciones y de muchas otras industrias y negocios. En este sentido, las telecomunicaciones son consideradas como inversiones estratégicas para mantener y desarrollar las ventajas competitivas, tanto a nivel nacional, regional, como de empresas.
108. More Food, Higher Incomes in the Andes‎ 
International Development Research Center
    Tags: 
Abstract Small landholders struggling to survive on the inhospitable plain straddling Peru and Bolivia - the Altiplano - now enjoy better nutrition and higher incomes. Those are some of the outcomes of decades of research by many agricultural research institutions, including local universities, the Centro de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y Medioambiente, the national research institute (INIA), and the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru, all funded by IDRC.
109. Move to markets? An empirical analysis of privatization in developing countries 
Journal of International Development, Volume 16, Issue 2, March 2004, Pages: 213-240, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Michael C. Munger*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Aspects of the privatization experience are analysed for a group of 35 low or middle-income developing countries, over the period 1982 through 1999. The theory turns on net political benefits, which in our model are the primary determinant of privatization policies. The decision to privatize is captured here in three related, but distinct, dependent variables: (i) timing; (ii) pace; and (iii) intensity. Our notion of the independent variable, 'net political benefits', is not measured directly, but is instead proxied by an array of macroeconomic, political, and institutional variables. Our key finding is that, though political benefits turn out to explain the timing, pace, and intensity of privatization, the effects are very different in each case. The timing hypothesis is tested using a Cox proportional hazard model, the pace hypothesis is tested using a random effects negative binomial model and the intensity hypothesis is tested using the random effects model. We find that the factors that improve timing delay intensity-early adopters are later implementers. Furthermore, we find that a privatization policy is much more likely to be a crisis-driven, last ditch effort to turn the economy around, rather than a carefully chosen policy with explicit, long-term goals. A related, and very important, finding in our analysis has to do with the 'lock-in' of institutions. The particular form of political institutions, foreign aid regimes, and level of development of property rights systems in the nation have significant conditioning influences on the extent of lock-in. These relationships may be important for informing policy decisions, and for understanding apparent 'failures' of privatization policies.‎
110. Multiplying Themselves: Women Cosmetics Sellers in Ecuador
Feminist Economics, Erynn Masi de Casanova, 2011**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract With the "feminization of labor," more women in developing countries are working for pay, but that work is precarious and often exists in the informal economy. This paper examines the situation of Ecuadorian women selling cosmetics through a multilevel direct sales organization in which earnings are dependent on the amount of product sold and the number of sellers recruited. This relatively new type of gendered, paid employment promises to help women achieve balance between paid work and family responsibilities. Using ethnographic methods to explore direct-selling mothers' identities, strategies, and struggles, this study finds that such a balance remains elusive for these women sellers, despite the purported flexibility of direct sales work. It discusses the finding that women think about their paid work and family roles as connected and examines the myth prevalent among direct sellers that successfully balancing paid work and family comes from "organizing yourself."
111. Negotiating a Trade Agreement with the EU: Estimated Poverty Impacts in Ecuador
IATRC Policy Brief, Wong, Sara, 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract As part of its policy to increase market access for Ecuadorian products, the government of Ecuador is negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union (EU). The EU is one of Ecuador's most important trading partners, accounting for an annual average of 14 percent of Ecuador's total exports between 2003 and 2007 and 10 percent of imports in the same period. Ecuador has complementary trade with the EU. That is, Ecuador exports mostly agricultural products to the EU, while the majority of its imports from the EU are manufactured goods. The EU is also the main market for Ecuador's biggest agricultural export: bananas. Banana exports represent 42 percent of Ecuador's total non-oil and non-manufacturing exports, and the EU accounts for about half of Ecuador's banana exports (49% in 2007).
112. Oil, agriculture, and the public sector: linking intersector dynamics in Ecuador
World Bank, Verner, Dorte & Fiess, Norbert M., 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract In a recent paper, Fiess and Verner (2000) analyse sectoral growth in Ecuador and find significant long-run and short-run relationships between the agricultural, industrial and service sectors. They take this as evidence against the dual economy model which rules out a long-run relationship between agricultural and industrial output and show further that a more detailed picture of the growth process can be discovered, once the agricultural, industrial and service sectors are disaggregated further into intrasector components. This paper extends their initial results and provides insight from a multivariate cointegration analysis of intrasector components. The authors are able to identify three cointegrating relationships, each of which has its own meaningful economic interpretation: Two cointegration relationships capture the direct and indirect effects of the"petrolization"of the Ecuadorian economy. A third relationship clearly indicates a link between agriculture and industrial activity. Since this third cointegrating relationship seems to coincide in time with the trade liberalisation at the end of the 1980s, promoting agriculture appears to be an important way to promote sustainable economic growth in Ecuador.‎
113. Open Regionalism in the Andean Community: a trade flow analysis
Cambridge Journals, World Trade Review, German Creamer, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract This article evaluates the extent to which the establishment of the Andean Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) has led to an improvement of intra-regional trade, as promised by open regionalism, without reducing extra-regional trade. Open regionalism is a dynamic process in which economic agreements serve as intermediate steps towards integration with the world economy. The calculations of ex post income elasticities of import demand show that the establishment of the AFTZ in 1993 led to an increase in Andean Community trade, and not to a contraction of extra-regional trade. The intensity of trade index and the propensity to export intra- and extra-regionally confirm this finding. The article discusses these results in the context of the multilateral trading system and the trade relations between the Andean Community and the rest of the world.
114. Open regionalism in the Andean countries: existing and divergent treaty arrangements and approaches and it's consequences for the trade in financial services
Mauricio Baquero Herrera, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract The Andean Countries i.e., Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela are immersed in an unprecedented environment of unilateral openness to foreign markets (including financial markets) and in simultaneous deeper sub-regional economic integration through the Andean Community as well as in the gradual implementation of a range of multilateral and bilateral, extra-sub-regional commitments and advancing negotiations with non-member countries as to a variety of trade/investment/economic integration schemes. This complex integration matrix, which affects the provision of financial services in the sub-region, has its roots in the original Andean integration process and it is based upon the policy of open regionalism. In this sense, this memo firstly studies the policy of open regionalism as it is understood in Latin America. Secondly, it introduces the main features of the Andean integration process underlying the strong political influence that marked the origin and development of the Andean Pact and its subsequent transformation into the Andean Community. Third, it focuses on the Andean Countries' different approaches towards liberalisation of financial services that are converging as their various obligations are being implemented. To that end, through a comprehensive view of the origins of the Andean integration as well as by differentiating the approaches, commitments and clauses of the several treaties and agreements actually in place, this memo tries to address some of the questions issued by the conference organisers. Readers and discussants have to bear in mind that the integration of financial services by means of treaties is a subject that has come to the international scene quiterecently. At the same time, developing countries have been extremely cautious when undertaking commitments at multilateral, regional and sub-regional levels related to the opening of their boundaries to the provision of financial services. In the Andean countries case, there is evidence of nesting institutions related to the provision of financial and banking services. However, due to the lack of regulation in the field of financial services provision at sub-regional level (the Andean Commission has not issued it yet) as well as in all NAFTA-like type of agreements individually signed by some of the Andean countries (no Protocols or Annexes found), the evidence of conflicting overlapping institutions and rules is still theoretical. This author foresees that the result of the negotiations undertaken by some Andean countries and USA towards the establishment of a NAFTA-like Free Trade Area will pave the way for the harmonisation of rules regarding the trade in banking and financial services intra sub-region and with the global economy. Such outcome is not the consequence of thoroughly designed economic, financial and external policies at Andean domestic and supranational levels. It almost happened by chance. Hopefully, this circumstance will help avoiding the complexity of the nesting evidenced.
115. Optimizacion dinamica: un modelo post-capitalizacion en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995 
    Tags: 
Abstract El proceso de capitalización en Bolivia ha abierto grandes expectativas en los agentes económicos del país. El principal objetivo de esta reforma estructural es atraer inversión y tecnología para que las empresas a capitalizar logren una mayor productividad, y de esta manera, alcanzar un mayor desarrollo. Los sectores a ser capitalizados son: hidrocarburos, electricidad, telefonía, ferrocarriles, fundiciones y aviación.
Para los inversionistas, el principal atractivo de este proceso es permitirles emplear el dinero pagado por la capitalización, directamente en la inversión de las empresas interesadas. De esta manera, se evita el doble costo que representa el proceso de privatización: el gasto por la compra de la empresa y posteriormente los gastos de inversión en modernización de equipos, compra de nuevas máquinas, etc.  Siendo esta una experiencia innovadora, existen algunas situaciones que aún no quedan claras: la diferencia a largo plazo entre capitalización y privatización, el efecto del proceso en toda la economía a mediano y largo plazo1, el nivel de participación "ideal" de los inversionistas en las empresas a capitalizar, etc.
Actualmente, la capitalización se encuentra en pleno proceso de realización, puesto que la licitación internacional para las empresas ENDE y ENTEL ya ha sido realizada. En este trabajo se analizan los diferentes escenarios que se podrían presentar una vez realizada la adjudicación de las empresas, cuando el nivel de participación de los inversionistas varíe alrededor de 50%2, mediante la aplicación de la teoría de optimización dinámica a una situación de teoría de juegos, donde dos tipos representativos de agentes económicos tienen por objetivo maximizar su consumo durante el período de análisis considerado. 
116. Performance Pay and Multidimensional Sorting: Productivity, Preferences, and Gender
American Economic Review, Thomas Dohmen and Armin Falk, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper studies the impact of incentives on worker self-selection in a controlled laboratory experiment. Subjects face the choice between a fixed and a variable payment scheme. Depending on the treatment, the variable payment is a piece rate, a tournament, or a revenue-sharing scheme. We find that output is higher in the variable-payment schemes compared to the fixed-payment scheme. This difference is largely driven by productivity sorting. In addition, different incentive schemes systematically attract individuals with different attitudes, such as willingness to take risks and relative self-assessment as well as gender, which underlines the importance of multidimensional sorting.
117. Persistencia: Una medida para el PIB boliviano
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract La noción de persistencia en una serie temporal se refiere al impacto a largo plazo que perdura en esta serie debido a un shock exógeno.  Existen diferentes maneras de calcular la persistencia. Por ejemplo, Campbell y Mankiw (1987) proponen una medida "natural" del camino aleatorio en una serie, la cual será explicada en la siguiente sección. Otra manera de medir la persistencia es mediante la descomposición de Beveridge y Nelson (1981), estimando la magnitud del componente camino aleatorio de la serie. John Cochrane (1988) propone una medida de la persistencia de las fluctuaciones del PNB basada en la varianza de sus diferencias a largo plazo. Estos trabajos no son concluyentes puesto que los resultados encontrados varían bastante, dependiendo del método utilizado. En efecto, Campbell y Mankiw encuentran una persistencia de 1 en el PNB americano, sin embargo Cochrane encuentra un resultado mucho más bajo (0,18) y concluye que si existe una componente de camino aleatorio en el PNB americano, este sería insignificante. Clark (1987) encuentra, por su parte, un resultado intermediario igual a 0,6.
118. Pobreza y Desigualdad Laboral en las Zonas Urbanas de Bolivia: Más allá de los Usuales Indicadores
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En resumen, en el caso de las zonas urbanas de Bolivia, las características productivas apuntan a ser los factores más importantes para explicar los problemas de desigualdad de los ingresos laborales así como los bajos ingresos de muchos trabajadores. En este sentido, las medidas que promuevan efectivamente el desarrollo productivo se tornan fundamentales y prioritarias como políticas laborales; a fin de dinamizar la productividad, la demanda por empleo y el crecimiento de las empresas y disminuir efectivamente la pobreza y desigualdad.
119. Policy-Driven Productivity in Chile and Mexico in the 1980s and 1990s
American Economic Review, Raphael Bergoeing, Patrick J. Kehoe, Timothy J. Kehoe and Raimundo Soto, 2002*
    Tags: 
120. Políticas y buenas prácticas de financiamiento para la pequeña empresa: Síntesis para divulgación
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, FOMIN, Luis Echarte & Francisco Barrera & Miguel Ringvald & Teresa Barreto & Justo Estévez, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract El estudio caracteriza el funcionamiento del mercado de crédito para la pequeña empresa en cinco países de América Latina y el Caribe: Ecuador y Perú (América del Sur), Guatemala (Centroamérica), México (América del Norte) y Trinidad y Tobago (Caribe). Entre agosto y diciembre de 2008, el equipo de investigación relevó información de 25 bancos y 13 intermediarios financieros diversos.‎
121. Political diversity in local governments: incentives and motivations for allocating resources
Gilmar Zambrana, Arjen van Witteloostuijn, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract The literature about allocation of resources in governments is broad and it can be divided in 2 big branches: The first one which asserts that demographic, economic and social features are key factors for allocation of resources whereas the second group pays more attention to the effect that political rights, institutions of government and the behavior of elected officials have on allocation of resources. In the first group Rodrik (1996) shows that an open economy leads to a larger government (i.e. larger expenditure) the reason is that economic and social shocks force governments to increase expenditure to absorb the negative effects of the shock (Shelton, 2007: 5). Besides, works by Alesina and Spolaore (1997) and Alesina and Wacziarg (1998) show that there is a trade-off between population size and cost of social heterogeneity in large populations. A big country has a lower per capita expenditure in the provision of public services because of economies of scale; however, dealing with the heterogeneity in larger populations means a higher per capita expenditure due to the complexity of satisfying different preferences and necessities. Social and cultural diversity has been introduced by Easterly and Levine (1997) and Alesina, Baqir and Easterly (1999) who argued that expenditure in some public goods are inversely related to ethnic fragmentation. More ethnic fragmentation encourages rent-seeking behaviours and it is difficult to reach a consensus for the provision of public goods due to the diversity of interests. 'When people persistently identify with a particular group, they form potential interest groups that can be manipulated by political leaders, who often choose to mobilize some coalition of ethnic groups to the exclusion of others' (Alesina, et al, 2003).  Furthermore, income inequality can harm the provision of public goods because in an environment with fragmentation it is difficult to reach agreements, especially during the definition of which public goods have to be prioritised (Alesina, Baqir and Easterly, 1999).‎
122. ‎¿Por qué no crecemos igual que China?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2007
    Tags: 
123. Precios de exportacion de gas natural para Bolivia: modelacioni y pooling de pronosticos
Banco Central de Bolivia, Daney Valdivia, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract A partir del boom de precios en materia de commodities como consecuencia de la última crisis acontecida en todas las economías del mundo, la proyección de éstos para economías pequeñas y en desarrollo se convierte en un factor importante dentro la estructura de sus ingresos. En este contexto, se plantea la aplicación de un poolling de distintos métodos de proyección para los precios de los fuelsque determinan los precios del gas exportado según contratos. Se aplica: i) un modelo Garch, ii) un modelo dinámico de corto plazo que considera los precios futuros del petróleo marcador (WTI), iii) un modelo dinámico de corto plazo que considera en la determinación endógena de los precios del WTI, una ecuación GARCH determinada por las proyecciones de oferta mundial de crudo y vi) un modelo ARIMA según componentes. Los resultados del pool de proyecciones junto a un modelo de exportación de volúmenes de gas natural al mercado brasilero, permiten evaluar los precios promedio ponderados ex post al observado.
124. Privatisation Results: Private Sector Participation in Water Services After 15 Years 
Development Policy Review, Naren Prasad, 2006*
    Tags: 
Abstract Privatisation of public infrastructure has been the mantra of many development agencies since the late 1980s. Water supply is no exception, and various forms of private sector participation (PSP) have been tried in the water and sanitation sector. This article examines the results of these experiments. It suggests that PSP has had mixed results and that in several important respects the private sector seems to be no more efficient in delivering services than the public sector. Despite growing evidence of failures and increasing public pressure against it, privatisation in water and sanitation is still alive, however. Increasingly, it is being repackaged in new forms such as that of public-private partnership.
125. Productivity and trade openness in Ecuador's manufacturing industries 
   Journal of Business Research, Wong SA, 2011**
   Contents: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract This study takes an empirical look at whether Ecuador's trade liberalization in the 1990s increased or decreased the productivity of Ecuadorian manufacturing establishments for the period 1997-2003. This research applies robust estimation procedures on micro-level data, controlling for a number of other economic events that may have affected productivity during the period under study. The study takes a particular look at how both exporters and import-competing sectors respond to trade openness. The results suggest evidence of a positive and significant effect of trade openness on the productivity of manufacturing industries in export-oriented industries in the years after the implementation of trade reforms, but decreasing productivity after 2000. Increased aggregate productivity might be a result of both the most productive establishments producing output, and slightly increased own-plant's productivity.
126. Producto, inversion y desarrollo económico
UDAPE Bolivia, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract Durante la década de los 70, el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) de los países en desarrollo mantuvo, en general, un gran dinamismo, siguiendo la tendencia de los años 60. A partir de 1980, sin embargo, las tasas de crecimiento de estos países cayeron considerablemente, de un promedio de 5.4 por ciento al año durante 1973-1980 a 3.9 por ciento en 1980-1987.1 Durante el período 1965-1973 estos promedios se situaban alrededor de 6.5 por ciento al año.
Esta caída se debió en parte, a cambios en la economía mundial que afectaron significativamente a los países en desarrollo. Entre estos cambios resaltan el deterioro de los términos de intercambio, con una reducción acentuada de los precios de los productos primarios y la disminución significativa en la disponibilidad del financiamiento externo, con incrementos sustanciales en su costo.
127. Proposiciones para una política de exportaciones en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract A partir de 1985, Bolivia adoptó un programa de estabilización y ajuste estructural basado en la restitución de los principios de una economía de mercado, con libertad de precios, mayor apertura al exterior, redefinición de los roles de los agentes público y privado y de orientación del aparato productivo hacia los sectores de bienes transables.
El antecedente por el cual se decidió cambiar el rumbo de la economía, estuvo determinado por los resultados obtenidos del anterior esquema, que se sustentaba en una estrategia de crecimiento hacia adentro, fomentando a las industrias que producían bienes para el mercado interno y por un rol preponderante del Estado en la actividad productiva.
128. Public Expenditure Policy in Bolivia: Growth and Welfare
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, Paul Estarada, Ximena Flores, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract It has been widely documented that fiscal policy can promote economic growth, when it is based on an efficient provision of pubic capital. But little work has been done, in Bolivia, in relation to the macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of increasing public investment in infrastructure. This paper develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model for a small open economy with five sectors: Non-tradable or services, importable or manufacturing, hydrocarbons, mining and agriculture. The model is parameterized and solved for the Bolivian economy and several interesting scenarios are simulated by changing government expenditures, taxes, country risk, Total Factor Productivity, effectiveness of public capital and terms of trade. This analysis is relevant for the Bolivian economy, because the government is using fiscal policy as one of its main tool to attack poverty and aims to put public investment as the foremost instruments to promote growth and welfare.
129. ¿Qué equitativa es la distribución del IDH?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2007
    Tags: 
130. Racial Ideologies and the Quest for National Development: Debating the Agrarian Problem in Ecuador (1930-50)
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Kim Clark, 2000 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract During an economic crisis in Ecuador, three models of and solutions to the agrarian problem were proposed. A peasant path of agricultural development was formulated by peasant leaders and socialist activists. A large-landholder model was promoted by modernising large landowners. A medium-landholder model was advanced by promoters of European immigration and urban mestizos seeking land through state colonisation projects. The adherents of each approach identified certain groups as the cause of low agricultural productivity and national crisis, articulating racial ideologies by defining those groups as inherently 'traditional', and thus debating the boundaries of inclusion to the national community.
131. Realmente los pobres consumen gas natural?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, C. Medinaceli, 2008
    Tags: 
132. Reforms and Counter-Reforms in Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, Fernando Candia & José Luis Evia, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract 
This paper analyzes the process of reforms and counter-reforms witnessed in Bolivia over the last two and a half decades, and the effects these processes have had on productivity. In addition, the paper discusses the changing nature of the policy- making processes underlying the reform and counter-reform processes, in terms of the actors who participated in the PMP, policy domains, and arenas where the PMP was shaped, and the currencies used by different actors in order to press for their demands. Moreover, the paper analyzes the factor underlying the changes which took place in the support given by the population to the reform process.
133. Resource windfall and corruption: evidence from a natural experiment in Peru
University of California, Berkeley, Stanislao Maldonado, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract The relationship between economic conditions and corruption has been subject of an intense discussion in the empirical literature due to the lack of good quality data on objective measures of corruption and the presence of omitted variables, measurement error and reverse causality problems. Using a rich and novel dataset that includes a complete set of bribery-related questions for the period 2002-2006, I exploit an exogenous variation in the economic conditions of a set of mineral-rich local governments in Peru which is due to an interaction between a fiscal rule that forces the central government to allocate 50% of the income taxes paid by mining companies to these governments and the extraordinary rise of the international prices of mineral resources observed since 2003. Using different empirical strategies, I find that, after the increase of prices of mineral resources, the predicted probability of being asked to pay a bribe by a local public official reduces by 1.5-1.8 percentage points in districts with access to this type of transfers, being the effect larger in mineral producer districts (2.7 percentage points). This represents a 52- 62% reduction on the average probability. However, when focusing in areas most benefited from the positive shock of mineral prices, I find a positive effect on corruption with an increase in the former predicted probability of 4.3 percentage points. Taken together, these results suggest that the increase of transfers due to positive shocks in mineral prices have differential effects on corruption depending on the magnitude of the shock in local government revenues.‎
134. RISK AND OPPORTUNITY IN THE COCA/COCAINE ECONOMY OF THE BOLIVIAN YUNGAS 
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Madeline Barbara Leons, 1993*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Bolivia is one of the poorest countries of the hemisphere and its rural people have among the lowest life expectancy, health-care standards and educational levels of all Latin Americans. It is the only country in South America with a ranking of 'low' on the Human Development Index for 1991 compiled by the United Nations, a measure combining the per capita product with such factors as longevity and access to education. At the same time, the most valuable export of the country, cocaine, depends on the coca supplied by peasant cultivators in the regions where it grows. The explosion of the international cocaine trade has had profound repercussions, both positive and negative, on the lives of the campesinos of the Bolivian Yungas, who happened to supply, since colonial times and before, the coca destined for traditional consumption within the country; it was their most reliable cash crop. The conversion of their ancient crop to an illicit commodity of high, concentrated value has created the opportunity for some to experience a marginally enhanced standard of living (at a time when other rural Bolivians were seeing their own abysmal standard depressed even further), but at the same time has increased the risks they would run if they entered the lucrative but illegal cocaine trade.
135. Salary versus Productivity
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Economists usually make the simplifying assumption that salary is roughly equal to productivity, but that is at most acceptable for informal and self-employed people who are not exploited by an employer, not subsidized by tax-payer money, do not exploit non-renewable natural resources, and do not pay significant taxes.
136. Schools and Skills in Developing Countries: Education Policies and Socioeconomic Outcomes 
Journal of Economic Literature, Paul Glewwe, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper reviews recent research on the determinants of educational outcomes, and the impact of those outcomes on other socioeconomic phenomena. It addresses three questions: 1) What school policies are most cost-effective in producing students with particular cognitive skills, such as literacy and numeracy? 2) What is the relationship between schooling, particularly cognitive skills acquired in school, and labor productivity? 3) What impact does schooling, especially cognitive skills, have on other socioeconomic outcomes? While recent research has made some progress, these are difficult questions and much more work is needed. The paper provides suggestions for future research on these questions.
137. Sectores desfavorecidos en 2011
El Dia, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract Los sectores manufactureros y agropecuarios tuvieron un menor rendimiento en el 2011, en comparación con las áreas de hidrocarburos y minería, según el balance periódico que realiza el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE).‎
‎138. ¿Será la quinua una opción para disminuir la pobreza rural en Bolivia?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2010
    Tags: 
139. Sharecropping and the capitalist transition in agriculture : Some evidence from the highlands of Ecuador
Lehmann, David, 1986**
    Tags: 
140. Shrimp Mariculture Development In‎ Ecuador: Some Resource Policy Issues‎
Southgate, Douglas, 1992
    Tags: 
Abstract During the past 15 years, Ecuador has become the Western Hemisphere's leading producer and exporter of shrimp. Growth has come about largely through mariculture development. About 8,000 metric tons (MT) of shrimp have been captured off the Ecuadorian coast each year since the late 1970s. Meanwhile, pond output has increased several-fold, from less than 5,000 MT in 1979 to over 100,000 MT 12 years later (Table 1). Mariculture has expanded largely at the expense of renewable natural resources. Mangrove swamps, characterized by extremely high biological productivity and, therefore, a critical element of coastal ecosystems, have been displaced. In addition, shrimp postlarvae (PL) collection has at times been excessive and wastewater emissions from some enterprises harm the environment. Mariculture also suffers from water pollution from agricultural, urban, and industrial sources. This paper first describes the extent and consequences of coastal ecosystem disturbance; then presents a causal analysis of environmental problems. Policies contributing to depletive management of wetlands and related resources are similar to policies stimulating tropical deforestation. The tenurial regime rewards those who convert coastal ecosystems into shrimp ponds, just as frontier property arrangements encourage agricultural colonists to convert natural ecosystems into farmland (Southgate 1990). In addition, mariculture's geographic expansion, like agriculture's, has been accelerated by inadequate spending on education, research, and extension (Southgate 1991). If this policy regime remains unchanged, continued deterioration of Ecuador's coastal ecosystems is inevitable.
141. Simulating Income Distribution Changes in Bolivia: a Microeconometric Approach
CEDLAS, Leonardo Gasparini, Mariana Marchionni, Federico Gutierrez, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper uses microeconometric simulations to characterize the distributional changes occurred in the Bolivian economy in the period 1993-2002, and to assess the potential distributional impact of various alternative economic scenarios for the next decade. Wage equations for urban and rural areas estimated by both OLS and quantile regression are the main inputs for the microsimulations. A sizeable increase in the dispersion in worker unobserved wage determinants is the main factor behind the significant increase in household income inequality in the 90s. The results of the microsimulations suggest a small poverty-reducing effect of several potential scenarios, including education upgrading, sectoral transformations, labor informality reduction, gender and race wage gap closing, and changes in the structure of the returns to education. Sustainable and vigorous productivity growth seems to be a necessary condition for Bolivia to meet the poverty Millennium Development Goal by 2015.
142. Small-Business Participation in the Informal Sector of an Emerging Economy
University of the West Indies, Sandra Sookram, Patrick Kent Watson, 2008‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract We investigate the characteristics of the owners of small businesses that participate in the informal sector of an emerging economy and their perception of the risk of detection by tax authorities while doing so. Data are gathered from a survey covering 1027 small businesses in Trinidad and Tobago. Results suggest that small-business owners are motivated to participate in the informal sector when they believe that the risk of detection by the tax authorities is low and that government regulations are burdensome, but there is no evidence that the tax rate itself is an issue. Their perception of the risk of detection by the tax authority is determined largely by the time they spend and the income they earn in the formal sector.‎
143. Social Welfare And Environmental Degradation In Agriculture: The Case Of Ecuador
Segarra, Eduardo & Ugarte, Daniel G. De La Torre & Malaga, Jaime E. & Williams, Gary W., 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract A non-linear optimization model which maximizes total Ecuadorian social welfare, defined as the sum of consumers' and producers' surpluses for the four major crops (corn, bananas, rice and African palm) is developed to evaluate the tradeoff between welfare and environmental degradation in Ecuador. It was found that a total welfare loss of US$122 million (a 11 percent reduction - from US$ 1.112 billion to US$ 989.66 million) would be expected from a 30 percent reduction in the total pesticide load on the environment in the production of the four major crops. The distributional impacts of the welfare loss were found, however, to be significantly skewed toward the loss of consumers' surplus. Specifically, a 30 percent reduction of total pesticide load on the environment would result in a reduction of 3.86 percent of producers' total surplus while consumers would be expected to loose 19.46 percent of their total surplus.
144. South-South regional integration and industrial growth : the case of the Andean Pact
Madani, Dorsati H., 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract Has the revival of the Andean Pact affected the industrial growth of Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador? Has this regional agreement had greater effects tha unilateral liberalization? The author explores two potential channels for industrial growth: scale effects and variety of imported intermediate inputs. She analyzes data from 2 countries (classified at the three-digit level of ISIC) across three countries. The results show that: 10 The variety of intermediate inputs originating from nonregional partners has a significant positive impact on growth in a handful of industries. 2) The effect of regional variety is at best mixed. This lends preliminary support to the argument that unilateral liberalization will have a positive impact on output growth through the channel of imported intermediate inputs. There is significant homogeneity in industry-level returns to scale. Moreover, in the three Andean countries studied, cross-country scale effects were small and negative. Therefore, the three countries should not expect large or across-the-board gains through scale effects from their regional arrangement.
145.  Technological Progress and Productivity in the Quinoa Sector 
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Juan Cristóbal Birbuet & Carlos Gustavo Machicado, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract The main objective of this case study is to analyze the effect that a significant technological innovation in quinoa processing has had on the productivity of companies devoted to this activity and the impact of such an innovation on the growth and organization of the quinoa cluster in Bolivia, and its possible effects on the future. The study will explain how the boost engendered by technological innovation in quinoa processing has triggered a series of events that have allowed the establishment of an ambitious development program. The sector's main companies and producer associations are part of this program, which is called the "Quinoa Alliance." The program has become a unique opportunity for agro-industrial development in the Bolivian Altiplano, so far characterized by subsistence agriculture.
146. Teoria de organizacion industrial y las reformas en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract Existe una variedad de temas relacionados con estructuras de mercado, especialmente monopólicas, sus consecuencias y efectos sobre la economía. En este trabajo, se desarrollan brevemente temas que son los más relevantes en términos de regulación y estructuras de mercado.
En concreto, este documento tiene como propósito presentar algunos conceptos teóricos importantes relacionados con la organización industrial; asimismo, una vez definidos los principios teóricos se muestran aplicaciones prácticas en el contexto de las reformas que se plantean en la economía boliviana.
A continuación se presentan aspectos como: integración vertical, descreme de mercados, doble marginalización, precios depredatorios, "exclusive dealing", subinversión defensiva y sobreinversión. Se estudian además los siguientes ejemplos para la economía nacional: integración vertical, donde para el caso del sector telecomunicaciones se combina el análisis con el concepto de la doble marginalización; el descreme de mercados, precios depredatorios y el "exclusive dealing".‎
147. Terminos de intercambio y estructura de comercio
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract El limitado crecimiento económico de Latinoamérica durante la década de los años ochenta, llevó a considerar a ésta como una "década perdida". En efecto, CEPAL1 - entre las diferentes instituciones que cuantificaron las limitaciones de este crecimiento - estimó que el producto por habitante cayó en 9% entre 1980 y 1985. 
La evolución del producto por habitante en las economías de la región - fuera de ser insuficiente para superar las condiciones de pobreza de la mayoría de la población - no alcanzó a compensar la tasa de crecimiento poblacional2.
Esta limitación en el crecimiento tuvo mucho que ver - entre otros factores - con la aplicación persistente de inadecuadas políticas de gasto y de asignación de recursos. Sin embargo, fuera de los efectos atribuibles a políticas internas erróneas, existen también otros causados por impactos externos a partir del servicio creciente de la deuda externa y del deterioro de los términos de intercambio.
148. The changing structure of petty production in Ecuador
World Development, Middleton, Alan, 1989**
    Tags: 
Abstract This article deals with the extent to which the economic activities of the urban poor in Third World cities will disappear, stagnate or increase as capitalism develops. First, it seeks to develop a theoretical framework which allows us to make sense of the economic changes which are taking place in the cities of the developing world. This is followed by an empirical analysis which shows that while the number of petty manufacturing workshops in key areas of Quito remained remarkably constant over a seven-year period of rapid economic growth, this stagnation was the net result of gross changes in the structure of production whereby production of the means of subsistence declined and production of the means of production increased. In addition, the nature of the latter was modified in terms of the type of work undertaken. The changes which took place varied across the city and were inadvertently affected by government housing policy.
149. The development of Renewable Energy industries in emerging economies: the role of economic, institutional, and socio-cultural cultural contexts in Latin America
Juan Leonardo Espinoza & Harrie Vredenburg, 2010*
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper is based on a comparative case study that analyses the development of the wind power industry in two Latin American countries. This study helps us understand the influence of the different economic, institutional, and socio-cultural contexts over the start-up of Renewable Energy (RE) businesses. This research identifies the key role that 'informal' institutional factors play. The paper also explains why supporting networks are local/regional. The paper concludes with implications for potential investors in RE projects in emerging economies. Opportunities for further research are identified.‎
150. The Economic Consequences of Cocaine Production in Bolivia: Historical, Local, and Macroeconomic Perspectives
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Mario de Franco and Ricardo Godoy, Harvard Journals, 1992*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Cocoa, coca, cotton, and sugar are of great interest. The development of any one of the four crops would bring about great relief to people's present miseries and would not hurt nearby provinces... The development of one province need not occur at the expense of another.‎
151. The effect of rainwater harvesting on reducing poverty
Christian Lehmann, Raquel Tsukada, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper explores the potential of rainwater harvesting as an instrument to reduce poverty in areas without immediate access to an improved water source. Using a unique Brazilian dataset, we find that building rainwater harvesting infrastructure at the homestead does reduce household poverty through three channels: a time allocation effect, an agricultural production effect, and a livestock production effect. Households spend less time on fetching water from distant sources, and savings in time are also allocated to other productive activities. An increase in the households' water supply allows them to scale-up agriculture and livestock production, thus increasing wealth and alleviating income poverty.‎
152. The Empire Builders: A History of the Bolivian Rubber Boom and the Rise of the House of Suarez
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, J. Valerie Fifer*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Fascination with the history of the South American rubber boom never wanes. Its innate dramatic quality, the extraordinary touches of the bizarre which spice its narrative, and the ironic blend of climax and catastrophe which distinguish almost every aspect of its development have all proved sufficient guarantee against oblivion. Drawn by the curiosity of circumstances such as these, travellers have since penetrated the region to see for themselves the remains of former prosperity, and to marvel upon the strangely assorted flotsam of that great economic bonanza still left littered along the banks by the boom's swiftly retreating tide. A journey along the South American 'rubber rivers' is likely to tempt even the most phlegmatic observer to philosophize upon the vagaries of fortune in general-and upon Amazonia's experiences in particular.
153. The Impact of Access to Credit on the Saving Behavior of Microentrepreneurs: Evidence from 3 Latin American Countries
Christian S. Rogg, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper aims to shed light on changes in the saving behavior of microentrepreneurs in response to improved access to credit. This paper argues that it is necessary to extend the analysis to the shifting of assets between different forms of savings. The econometric analysis in this paper, which is based on data from IDB evaluations of its Micro and Small Enterprise Global Programs in Ecuador, El Salvador and Paraguay, concludes that increased access to credit induces borrowers to shift their savings from livestock, jewelry and other assets with low or negative returns into deposit accounts with positive returns. This shift takes place as microentrepreneurs develop an understanding of, and confidence in, the various operations and services of the financial sector. As a result of this shift, borrowers tend to achieve a better return on their savings.‎
‎154.  The Impact of Microfinance Loans on the Clients' Enterprises: Caja Los Andes, Bolivia‎ 
University of Mannheim, Ulrike Vogelgesang, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of microfinance loans on productivity and growth of micro-enterprises using a unique client database from Caja Los Andes, one of the leading microfinance providers in Bolivia. Our results show that the clients put the additional funds to good use: Clients with a higher number and a higher average size of prior loans are found to have higher growth rates than other clients. The effects on productivity depend on the size of the business. Surprisingly, clients with larger businesses benefit more from prior loans than others.
155. The Influence of the Agency for International Development (AID) on Ecuador's Agrarian Development Policy
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, M.R. Redclift, 1979*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Since the Alliance for Progress was first established over fifteen years ago, a number of interpretations have been offered for United States agrarian development policy in Latin America. This paper examines two of these interpretations in the light of a detailed study of peasant organization and agrarian reform in Ecuador, a country which received considerable attention from AID from the early 1960s. It has been suggested that AID staff in Latin America are often confused about the role the Agency should play. Indeed, the former Peruvian President, Belaunde, is said to have remarked that 'AID is very feminine: it never says "no", but it always says "maybe"'. It might be added that such prevarication does not seem to have prevented AID from curtailing its more ambitious proposals so as to make them '...acceptable to prevailing elites' However, neither the undoubted conservatism of the Agency, nor its lack of decisiveness are its only notable features. A more penetrating analysis of AID's role in Latin America must begin with the context in which AID operated in specific cases, and consider the legacy of its involvement in particular countries. In this paper it is suggested that AID was instrumental in establishing the outlines of the agrarian development strategy currently being pursued by the Ecuadorian State. As such, its role cannot be considered in inflated conspiratorial terms, nor can AID's activities be interpreted as of only marginal significance in the continent as a whole.
156. The office furniture market in Latin America
Aurelio Volpe, 2001*
    Tags: 
Abstract The value of the office furniture market in Latin America is estimated to be about one third of the European one. Brazil is by far the largest office furniture producer and consumer in the area, followed by Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela and Colombia. This report analyses trends in office furniture production and consumption in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela). It also covers office furniture imports, exports, and commercial distribution. For each country the office furniture basic data are provided (office furniture production and consumption, office furniture imports and exports - by country and geographic area, when available), as well as data on the supply structure (companies and concentration). Product trends and opportunities on local markets are examined. For some of the considered countries short profiles of the most representative office furniture companies are available with turnover, employees, product mix. For Mexico an analysis of the Maquiladora industry is provided. The analysis of office furniture distribution channels considers both recent trends and expectations, providing for some countries data on the main customer firms (turnover, employees), distribution channels and office furniture distributors. A list of addresses of targeted dealers, potential customers and leading players in the office furniture market in Latin America is provided on floppy disk upon request.‎
157. The Relevance of Productivity: From Macro to Micro
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Carlos Gustavo Machicado and Juan Cristobal Birbuett, 2009
    Tags: 
158. The role of agricultural productivity in Latin American development
Carlos Gustavo Machicado, Felix Rioja, Antonio Saravia, 2008
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper shows that differences in agricultural productivity can explain differences in output per capita among Latin American countries. We calibrate a neoclassical model of structural transformation for Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Costa Rica. Using Chile as a benchmark, we show that countries with lower agricultural TFP begin the process of industrialization later, but have faster growth and reach convergence sooner. We also compute the rate of increase of TFP in the nonagricultural sector needed to reduce the output gap with Chile.‎
159. The role of social capital on improved cooking stoves usage decisions in the Northern Peruvian Andes
Marcos Agurto Adrianzen, Department of Economics, University of British Columbia and Universidad de Piura, 2010‎
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper explores how village social capital and village technology usage patterns mutually influence the individual decision to effectively use a new stove technology as the main cooking device. It exploits first hand data generated during an "improved cookstove" dissemination program in the rural communities of the Chalaco District, in the Northern Peruvian Andes. The results indicate that the effect of village usage patterns on the household's usage decision is significantly higher in villages with stronger social capital, and that the marginal impact of social capital may be negative if village usage success levels are relatively low. It is also shown that only the proportion of users that did not experience problems with their own stoves positively impacts the individual usage decision through its interaction with social capital, while the reverse is true for the proportion of users experiencing problems with the new technology. Interestingly, the marginal network effect of village usage levels with problems is considerable higher than the network effect of village usage levels without problems; which suggests that bad news about a new technology can have disastrous effects in terms of the adoption process. In addition, it is empirically demonstrated that only bonding (within village) social capital influences the effect within village usage patterns have on individual decisions; while bridging (across villages) social capital only influences the effect usage patterns in neighbour villages have on household's decisions. The social capital indicators used in this study were collected prior to the intervention; therefore, reverse causality should not be a critical issue for identification purposes. Village unobservables are not likely to drive the patterns in the data; it is also shown that village usage success has a negative effect on the decision to uninstall the stove among beneficiary non users and that this effect is increasing in village social capital.‎
160. The Transportation Costs of Fresh Flowers: A Comparison between Ecuador and Major Exporting Countries
Henry Vega, Inter-American Development Bank, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract Using a case study approach of Ecuador's supply chain, complemented by an empirical analysis of microdata on exports from major fresh flower exporting countries to the United States, this study confirms producers' claims that time and transportation costs vary widely across countries. The findings of this study indicate that in the Ecuadorian case, time reliability of the supply chain is not the norm.‎
161. To aid or not to aid: Foreign aid and productivity in cross-country regressions
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Pablo A. Selaya , 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract The paper reexamines empirically the robustness of competing theories of foreign aid effectiveness. By shifting the focus from the effects of aid on income to effects of aid on productivity, it is possible to put to test 3 existing theories of foreign aid effectiveness. The results provide support for the hypotheses that (i) aid has a positive effect in fostering growth of average productivity, (ii) aid doesn't operate with diminishing returns, and (iii) the magnitude of the total effect depends on climate-related circumstances. The results support the policy recommendation previously made in the literature to seriously reconsider the conditionality rule for foreign aid disbursements.
162. Trade and growth in Ecuador : a partial equilibrium view
World Bank, Hentschel, Jesko, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract When the outbreak of the debt crisis in 1982 halted private international capital flows to most developing countries, it was not easy for Ecuador to cope with the changed international circumstances. Investments were largely in imported machinery as domestic capital goods production was in its infancy. Exports were concentrated in petroleum and several agricultural products and could not be counted on to increase foreign exchange in the short run. The trade balance was improved in the first half of the 1980s by reducing imports. The author examines the behavior of the Ecuadoran economy in a period of scarce foreign exchange. He uses a small, econometrically specified "trade and growth" model of the Ecuadoran economy to illustrate the importance of trade elasticities. He estimates trade elasticities for Ecuador and integrates them into a small simulation model of Ecuador's supply side. He uses a nested constant-elasticity-of-substitution production function to derive factor input demands for two types of imported goods important in Ecuador: imported intermediate goods and imported machinery. Elasticity estimates of imported factor of production are very low. They characterize both types of imports as complements to domestic factors. The author uses the econometrically specified model to examine the connection between imported factors of production and output capacity. He analyzed trade balance responses to a terms-of-trade shock, a devaluation, and an increase in world demand. Low trade elasticities on the import side make the economy vulnerable to external shocks. The low elasticities necessitate large relative price shifts (through devaluation) to improve the trade balance if growth-reducing policies are to be avoided in times of scarce foreign exchange. A deterioration in terms of trade has a pronounced negative impact on the trade balance. To the extent that trade elasticities remain low in the 1990s, events such as a commodity price decline, a renewed credit squeeze, or increased protectionism against Ecuadoran exports - like the recent European Union quotas on banana imports - can translate into renewed domestic supply disturbances. Policies that lead to diversification of exports and higher price responsiveness for both imports and exports would reduce the vulnerability of Ecuador's economy to external shocks.
163. Trade, FDI, Growth and Poverty in Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, Osvaldo Nina, Dirk Willem te Velde, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract After several decades of "state-capitalism" characterized by import substitution policies, Bolivia implemented in 1985 a New Economic Policy (NEP) following neo-liberal ideas of free trade, privatization, and liberalization of capital flows. It was hoped that the opening up of the economy would attract foreign direct investment (FDI) which in turn would help modernize Bolivian industry, improve productivity, increase exports, stimulate growth, and reduce poverty. This paper investigates to what extent this actually happened.
164. Trade liberalization and 'export response': Whither complementary reforms?
Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Paulo Correa & Mariam Dayoub & Manuela Francisco, 2011**
    Tags: 
Abstract What enables Ecuadorian manufacturing firms to start exporting? And what are the determinants of the share of total sales exported by a firm, once the decision of becoming an exporter has been made? We apply a Heckman selection model to the Ecuador's Investment Climate Survey (ICS) to investigate supply-side constraints to export performance at the firm level. We estimate export propensity (the probability of exporting) and export intensity (the share of total sales that are exported). The application of the Heckman selection model to a rich dataset as the ICS is a major contribution as previous applications of the Heckman selection model used much limited datasets, limiting the range of hypotheses to be tested. Furthermore, other studies on export performance based on ICS data use either Tobit or Probit models, incurring important methodological limitations. We find robust and stable relationships for export propensity and intensity with firm size, import of inputs, labor regulations, in-house R&D, quality certification, Web use, and foreign ownership. Capacity utilization and trade with the US positively affect export intensity, while trade within the Andean Community has the opposite effect in our outcome variable. No significant relationship was found with the infrastructure variables.
165. Trimestralizacion del Producto Interno Bruto
UDAPE Bolivia, 1986
    Tags: 
Abstract Los serios desequilibrios macroeconómicos (inflación, restricción externa, desequilibrio del mercado del trabajo) que enfrentaban varios países de América Latina, a principios de la década de los ochenta, impulsaron a que sus respectivos gobiernos se vieran en la necesidad de estabilizar sus economías y corregir así los desequilibrios básicos que experimentaban.
Las prioridades y secuencias de las políticas variaron según la percepción de sus gobiernos de cuales eran los objetivos más urgentes y de que instrumentos se disponían. Es así que Argentina, Bolivia, Perú y Brasil, entre 1985 y 1986, llevaron a cabo políticas orientadas a superar sus graves desequilibrios macroeconómicos, bajo el desafío de reactivar y expandir sus economías en un marco externo extremadamente restrictivo.
El propósito de este trabajo es el de caracterizar la Nueva Política Económica (NPE) en el momento actual, a doce meses de su implementación, a partir de la naturaleza de los indicadores que distinguen la fase de transición entre la estabilización de facto y la estabilización consolidada en el marco de un proceso de estabilización. Asimismo, se resalta la importancia que reviste la reactivación de la economía y el crecimiento económico, como objetivo último de todo proceso de estabilización, sobre las bases de la utilización complementaria de otros instrumentos que posibiliten el control del desequilibrio externo y de la inflación.
Para tal efecto, previamente se examinan los elementos estructurales y coyunturales que explican el desencadenamiento del proceso hiperinflacionario. Posteriormente, se estudia el marco teórico de un proceso de estabilización y la NPE en ese contexto. Finalmente, a partir de este marco teórico y de los resultados y alcances de la NPE, es que se caracteriza el momento actual de la Nueva Política Económica.‎
166. Turbulencia Económica
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, C. Machicado, 2008
    Tags: 
167. Una aproximacion de los depterminantes de crecimiento económico en Bolivia
UDAPE, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una aproximación de los determinantes del crecimiento económico en Bolivia con datos para el periodo 1960-2004, utilizando tres enfoques complementarios: análisis de contabilidad del crecimiento, modelos de series temporales y datos de panel. En el análisis de la contabilidad del crecimiento se encontró que la principal fuente de crecimiento económico fue el factor capital, con una modesta contribución del factor trabajo desde mediados de los noventa. Los resultados del modelo de Vectores Autorregresivos evidencian una alta persistencia del producto ante shocks en la inversión, llevando a la conclusión que el modelo endógeno de crecimiento es una aproximación razonable al actual proceso de crecimiento de la economía boliviana. Finalmente, la regresión con series temporales y con datos de panel, evidencian que las variables que inciden positivamente en el crecimiento económico son: tasa de inversión, tasa de crecimiento del consumo de gobierno, exportaciones, déficit fiscal, tasa de crecimiento de la población económicamente activa, esperanza de vida al nacer, escolaridad masculina, y acceso a servicios básicos, mientras que los términos de intercambio, la tasa de fertilidad, y la falta de acceso a la propiedad de vivienda, tienen efectos negativos en el crecimiento.‎
168. Una Nota Sobre Las Relaciones Economicas Entre Ecuador Y Colombia
Armando Montenegro Trujillo, 1988
    Tags: 
Abstract Tradicionalmente las decisiones de política en el Ecuador han afectado la actividad productiva y comercial en el departamento de Nariño. Especialmente las devaluaciones masivas en el Ecuador han generado importantes flujos de bienes a través de la frontera. En esta nota se sostiene que dado el tamaño relativo de la economía ecuatoriana con respecto a la de Colombia, las decisiones de política afectan en el ecuador especialmente en las variables nominales. Lo anterior, debido a que el arbitraje de mercancías hace que los precios relativos mantengan los niveles de largo plazo vía cambios de precios en el vecino país.
169. Una Visión Productiva
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel, 2007
    Tags: 
170. Understanding Productivity: Lessons from Longitudinal Microdata
Journal of Economic Literature, Eric Bartelsman, Mark Doms, 2000
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper reviews research that uses longitudinal microdata to document productivity movements and to examine factors behind productivity growth. The research explores the dispersion of productivity across firms and establishments, the persistence of productivity differentials, the consequences of entry and exit, and the contribution of resource reallocation across firms to aggregate productivity growth. The research also reveals important factors correlated with productivity growth, such as managerial ability, technology use, human capital, and regulation. The more advanced literature in the field has begun to address the more difficult questions of the causality between these factors and productivity growth.‎
171. Understanding Productivity Levels,‎ Dispersion and Growth in the Leather Shoe Industry: Effects of Size and Informality‎
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Juan Cristóbal Birbuet & Carlos Gustavo Machicado, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract In this case study performed on the industrial sub-sector of manufacture of leather shoes in Bolivia, we use the Hsieh and Klenow model (2008) to determine the differences between productivity of larger and formal companies and productivity of smaller and informal companies. Our results reveal that there are not many differences in terms of productivity among these types of companies. We think that informality is indeed the most important factor that contributes to this phenomenon. Apparently, the decrease in costs associated with informality compensates to some extend the economies of scale of formal companies with bigger dimensions and better technology. A notable fact in the shoe manufacturing industry is that it had experienced an atomization process in the last years. This trend is the consequence of a progressive creation of many small informal companies instead of the consolidation of this industry in medium and large formal companies. In a way, informality has contributed to this process. First, because it allows the survival of less productive companies that if they were not informal, they would have to bear costs that would not allow them to continue in business. Second, because informality creates strong incentives for employees to start their own business. In the other hand, many costs associated to formality discourage legally operating companies to employ more people, raise capital and growth.
172. Under what conditions is central bank financing inflationary?  The effects of public investment on growth and inflation
Central Bank of Bolivia, Fabian Chahin, Pablo Mendieta, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract This paper analyzes the conditions under which central bank financing is (not) inationary.  We find that instead, it promotes growth and public capital accumulation. Using a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model (DSGE), we confirm that monetary expansion devoted to public investment, implies that ination remains low and steady state growth increases.‎
173. Un metodo simple para proyecciones de la actividad economica: una aproximacion mediante la utilizacion de ARIMA
Lilian Loayza, Daney Valdivia, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract Este paper busca utilizar un método simple y eficiente para la proyección del IGAE a 11 actividades de la economía boliviana, con el propósito de que constituya una herramienta útil para la evaluación, seguimiento de la coyuntura económica. Mediante la aplicación de modelos ARIMA (p,d,q) se proyecta el IGAE a once actividades en sus componentes en niveles, estructural e irregular. Los resultados muestran que el crecimiento que la economía boliviana alcanzaría a fin de periodo del 2010 es 3.67% y estructuralmente crecería 3.97%. Finalmente se compara la proyección realizada para el año 2010 con los datos reportados por el INE del IGAE a junio, la diferencia promedio del proyecto y ejecutado es 0.14%, confirmando la validez de la utilización de modelos ARIMA para realizar proyecciones de corto plazo.
174. Update on the Ecuadorian Economy
Mark Weisbrot & Luis Sandoval, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper provides an overview of major macroeconomic and social indicators and policy changes in Ecuador over the two and a half years since President Rafael Correa took office in January 2007, including economic growth, social spending, fiscal policy, inflation, foreign debt, the trade balance, and various policy changes as well as the recent impacts of the world recession.
175. Water nationalization: network access, quality, and health outcomes
Nicolás González (Universidad de Montevideo)*, Fernando Borraz (Banco Central del Uruguay & Deparmento de Economía FCS-UDELAR), Marcelo Olarreaga (University of Geneva and CEPR), 2011‎
     Tags: 
Abstract In the case of natural monopolies there tends to be a trade-o¤ between a higher quality of output provided by private .rms, and a better access for poor consumers provided by public .rms. This is partly the re.ection of di¤erences in objectives by private and public .rms. The former tend to be pro.t-driven, whereas the latter tend to base decisions on political agendas (Chong and Lopez de Silanes, 2005). The objective of this paper is to explore the impact on network access, water quality, and health outcomes of Uruguay.s nationalization of water services. An important advantage of focusing on nationalization rather than privatization is that it avoids selection bias due to cherry-picking by .rms or governments at the time of privatization.  Indeed, nationalization in Uruguay a¤ected all previously privatized .rms, as water was declared .part of the public domain.. Results suggest that the change in ownership led to an increase in the sanitation rate, as well as improvements in water quality. It was also accompanied by a decline in water-related child mortality, although this latter effect tends not to be statistically signi.cant across speci.cations.‎
176. Weak links between exports‎ and economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean‎
Santiago de Chile: CEPAL, Nanno Mulder, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract Export growth in Latin America and the Caribbean over the past 20 years (9% per year in volume terms) has enabled the region to regain part of the share of global trade that it had lost during the three preceding decades. This reversal in trend is due mainly to developments in Mexico, although in the last few years Brazil and several South American countries on the Pacific have been the most dynamic. However, this more dynamic performance does not seem to have had much effect on the pace of overall economic growth. This is in contrast to the experience of other countries -especially those of East Asia-, where exports played a major role in boosting economic growth.
This paper analyses the characteristics of the region's export development over the past two decades and the reasons why spillovers to structural change and economic growth have remained limited. In particular, exports have had few externalities because of their small - albeit growing - aggregate contribution to economic growth, a process of product diversification largely based on export processing with little value added, few generated knowledge and technological externalities from trade and foreign direct investment, and weak competition in several countries. 
177. What Determines Productivity?
Journal of Economic Literature, Chad Syverson, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract Economists have shown that large and persistent differences in productivity levels across businesses are ubiquitous. This finding has shaped research agendas in a number of fields, including (but not limited to) macroeconomics, industrial organization, labor, and trade. This paper surveys and evaluates recent empirical work addressing the question of why businesses differ in their measured productivity levels. The causes are manifold, and differ depending on the particular setting. They include elements sourced in production practices -- and therefore over which producers have some direct control, at least in theory -- as well as from producers' external operating environments. After evaluating the current state of knowledge, I lay out what I see are the major questions that research in the area should address going forward.
178. What Makes a Difference in Achieving Higher Labor Productivity?: The Case of Low-Income Countries in Latin America
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Osvaldo Nina, 2005
   Español: Link 
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper uses firm level surveys from Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua to estimate the determinants of labor productivity. This study started out with the hypothesis that the adverse external business conditions that firms in poor Latin American countries face, may be an important explication of the generally low levels of productivity. However, the empirical results, based on the survey of more than 1300 businesses, do not confirm this hypothesis. Compared to all the variables that are under the firm's control, such as capital intensity, energy use, and worker skills, the external business environment (macroeconomic instability and labor regulations) has very little impact on productivity.
179. What You Export Matters‎ 
Ricardo Hausmann, Jason Hwang, and Dani Rodrik, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 123, December 2005 (Revised March 2006)
    Tags: 
Abstract When local cost discovery generates knowledge spillovers, specialization patterns become partly indeterminate and the mix of goods that a country produces may have important implications for economic growth. We demonstrate this proposition formally and adduce some empirical support for it. We construct an index of the "income level of a country's exports," document its properties, and show that it predicts subsequent economic growth.
180. Why do Firms in Developing Countries Have Low Productivity?
American Economic Review, Bloom, Nicholas, Aprajit Mahajan, David McKenzie and John Roberts, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract The productivity of firms in developing countries appears to be extremely low. This is shown by GDP per capita and average firm-level sales per employee in manufacturing-commonly known as labor revenue productivity-across a sample of countries from a new international firm database (ORBIS). While there are some data comparability issues, the broad message seems clear: developing-country firms have lower levels of labor productivity.
181. Zona de libre comercio boliviano-chileno y deficiencias productivas
UDAPE, 1996
    Tags: 
Abstract La política boliviana de integración se desarrolla bajo un marco de apertura comercial y de liberalización económica. En este sentido, uno de sus principales objetivos es la búsqueda de mercados externos para la producción transable. Para ello, actualmente, se plantea la implementación de una zona de libre comercio boliviano-chilena, que sería útil para la reversión del déficit comercial persistente que se viene dando entre el país y Chile.
En las relaciones comerciales de carácter bilateral (boliviano - chilenas) vigentes, se constata la existencia de algunas condiciones de mercado tanto económicas, como institucionales, favorables para la realización de la producción transable nacional en Chile. Entre las condiciones económicas favorables, se encuentra la depreciación del tipo de cambio real boliviano - chileno, y entre las institucionales, las de liberalización de una parte significativa de la oferta exportable nacional, mediante el Acuerdo de Complementación Económica, vigente desde 1993.  
Además de estas condiciones favorables, Bolivia tiene aranceles efectivos, bajos y uniformes, que estimulan la internación de bienes producidos en Chile hacia el país, y que en el caso de los bienes importables intermedios y de capital, permiten a su vez, abaratar nuestra producción transable y estimular la competitividad de las exportaciones.
Constatando esas condiciones de mercado favorables, este documento se introduce en el análisis del déficit comercial que presenta la economía nacional con Chile y en el impacto concreto del ACE, sobre las exportaciones.
Así, en la primera parte del trabajo se describen brevemente los modelos económicos vigentes en Bolivia y en Chile, el grado comparativo de desarrollo, y las respectivas políticas comerciales y de integración. Después, se analizan las condiciones institucionales y las relaciones comerciales recíprocas. En la cuarta sección se revisa la evolución de la relación cambiaria bilateral.  Seguidamente, se formulan algunos ejercicios de carácter econométrico. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones generales del trabajo.‎



Seguridad Social

1. A Boom or a Boomerang: Reflections on Social Policy in Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Natasha Morales, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
2. A matter of life and death: Health care change in an Andean community
Finerman, Ruthbeth D., 1984**
    Tags: 
Abstract Saraguro Indians in Ecuador employ optimizing techniques to select from several available health care resources. Ideational needs, rather than physical access, appear to impose the greatest influence on therapeutic choice. The influence of felt needs on health care is particularly apparent at birth and death. The community's new hospital provided free health care, but doctors failed to consider indigenous attitudes toward birth and death. The ideational cost of hospital care has made it an unacceptable alternative for residents. (author's).‎
Los indios saraguro de Ecuador emplean técnicas de optimización para optar entre los diversos recursos de atención sanitaria disponibles. Aparentemente, el factor que ejerce mayor influencia en la elección terapéutica no es el acceso físico sino, más bien, su concepto de las necesidades. La influencia de estas necesidades percibidas sobre la atención sanitaria se evidencia especialmente en el nacimiento y en la muerte. El nuevo hospital de la comunidad ofrecía atención sanitaria gratuita, pero los médicos no tenían en cuenta las actitudes indígenas respecto de estos dos hitos de la vida. La percepción del costo de la atención hospitalaria la ha convertido en una alternativa inaceptable para los residentes.
3. A positive theory of social security based on reputation
Journal of Political Economy, Thomas F. Cooley, Jorge Soares, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract We construct a general equilibrium model in which pay-as-you-go social security can be adopted and sustained as a political and economic equilibrium.  We analyze the welfare implications of this system and compare general equilibrium welfare measures to the commonly used notion of actuarial fairness.
4. Are there positive incentives from privatizing social security? A panel analysis of pension reform in Latin America
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Pensions Economics & Finance, Truma G. Packard, 2002*
    Tags: 
Abstract The paper estimates the impact of social security reform - specifically, the transition from a purely public pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) system to one with private individual retirement accounts - on the share of the workforce that contributes to formal retirement security systems. Using a simple model of a segmented labor market, the paper exploits variation in data from a panel of eighteen Latin American countries, observed from 1980 to 1999. Results show a positive incentive effect after the introduction of individual retirement accounts that, ceteris paribus, increases the share of the economically active population who contribute to the reformed system. However, this takes place only gradually as employers and workers become familiar with the set of new social security institutions that reforms put in place.
5. Between reform and inertia : Bolivia's employment and social protection policies over the past 20 years. [Special topic :] Latin America's neo-liberal experiment 
International Labor Review, Fernanda Wanderley, 2009 ** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Toward Socialism, Bolivia entered a new stage in its history: a period of ambitious political and economic reform aiming to transcend the neo-liberal development model in place since 1985 and to renew the State on the basis of its new Constitution, drawn up in 2008. Against this background, this article examines changes in labour law and social protection during the 1980s and 1990s and takes stock of the challenges of implementing a development strategy focusing on full employment and equity.
6. Codigo de Trabajo o Arbol de Navidad?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Antonio Saravia, 2010
    Tags: 
7. Choques externos y políticas de protección social en América Latina
CEDLAS, Martín Cicowiez, Marco V. Sánchez, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Las crisis recientes han demostrado que América Latina sigue siendo altamente vulnerable a los choques externos. A pesar de la recuperación económica que desde fines del año 2009, la vulnerabilidad externa prevalece debido a la alta volatilidad de los mercados mundiales. Las opciones de un crecimiento sostenible y de reducción de la pobreza dependerán en alto grado de las capacidades de los países para mitigar esa volatilidad y su impacto sobre el bienestar de la población.  Diversas simulaciones generadas para siete países de la región mediante el modelo de equilibrio general computable denominado MACEPES, demuestran que choques externos típicos de un contexto de crisis mundial (deterioro en los términos de intercambio, salida de capitales y reducción de las remesas) contraen la demanda agregada y el empleo, generando "desproteccion" social y mas pobreza en ausencia de políticas anti-cíclicas. Ante la eventualidad de choques externos, las transferencias directas a los hogares son altamente efectivas en términos de reducir la pobreza, incluso una vez considerado el impacto contractivo de su financiamiento sobre la inversión. Este instrumento podría implementarse en el marco de programas de transferencias condicionadas a la educación o de pensiones no contributivas, pero se plantea como reto la movilización de recursos para su financiamiento.‎
8. Diseño de la Red Internacional de Protección Social en Bolivia
UDAPE, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente documento plantea un nuevo enfoque ante situaciones de crisis económica donde los mecanismos tradicionales de seguro y protección social resultaron inadecuados o débiles. En este planteamiento la Red de Protección Social se enmarca dentro de la Política de Protección, entendida como intervenciones del Estado para prevenir, mitigar y enfrentar los riesgos sociales. El diseño de esta Red Integral, considera los avances teóricos y la experiencia latinoamericana relativa a la nueva tendencia de Política de Protección Social, cuyo instrumento de intervención son las Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas (como es el caso de los Bonos Escolares). Por otro lado, el documento presenta una descripción analítica de los grupos más vulnerables de la población boliviana, la situación nacional en materia de programas asistenciales y la situación de las transferencias público-privadas. Con base en los aspectos conceptuales y la experiencia nacional se proponen los principios de una Red Integral de Protección Social en Bolivia.
9. Diseño institucional e incentivos implicitos en la descentralizacion boliviana
PIEB-Universidad Catolica Boliviana, Grover Barja Daza, Sergio G. Villarroel, David Savaleta, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract Se utiliza el enfoque de Segunda Generación de Descentralización Fiscal para establecer las características del diseño de la institucionalidad de la descentralización Boliviana. Luego se aplica el enfoque a los datos y contexto de las finanzas públicas subnacionales, estimándose modelos de panel que permiten identificar los incentivos implícitos contenidos en dicha institucionalidad, con el objeto de comprender el comportamiento de los gobiernos subnacionales y los resultados a los que dan lugar.
La principal conclusión es que el diseño de la política de transferencias fiscales contiene incentivos implícitos que generaron comportamientos distorsionantes en el ámbito municipal referidos a: desalineamiento con los intereses locales por dominancia de los ingresos no propios (transferencias) sobre los propios; incentivo a gastar ingresos no propios más rápidamente que los propios, efecto conocido como "flypaper"; mayor contribución marginal de ingresos propios a saldos positivos que de ingresos no propios, generándose así la semilla de presupuesto flexible (soft budget problem) aunque la misma todavía se encuentra oculta por la existencia de superávit fiscal; y falta de estímulo a la generación de ingresos propios a causa de mayores transferencias (desincentivo a la cultura de pago de impuestos locales).
Paralelamente, existieron también incentivos implícitos que generaron comportamientos distorsionantes en el ámbito prefectural, como ser: desalineamiento con los intereses regionales por predominancia de los ingresos no propios (transferencias) al no existir acceso a impuestos propios; tendencia potencial al problema de presupuesto flexible y salvataje fiscal (bail out) también oculto por superávit fiscal; desincentivo a pagar el impuesto nacional IVA a causa de mayores transferencias por regalías, efecto no extendido a otros impuestos nacionales; dependencia y riesgo fiscal frente a la disminución de precios y volumen de producción de hidrocarburos debido a la volatilidad de precios del petróleo.
En conjunto estos son obstáculos institucionales de peso que afectan seriamente el desarrollo económico boliviano. La recomendación básica para corregirlos es que los gobiernos subnacionales deben internalizar los costos ex ante y ex post de los ingresos recibidos por concepto de transferencias. Recomendación que se desarrolla en el estudio mediante el análisis de ventajas y desventajas de propuestas concretas.‎
10. Does Money Matter? The Effects of Cash Transfers on Child Development in Rural Ecuador
Christina Paxson & Norbert Schady, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract A large body of research indicates that child development is sensitive to early-life environments, so that poor children are at higher risk for poor cognitive and behavioral outcomes. These developmental outcomes are important determinants of success in adulthood. Yet, remarkably little is known about whether poverty-alleviation programs improve children's developmental outcomes. We examine how a government-run cash transfer program for poor mothers in rural Ecuador influenced the development of young children. Random assignment at the parish level is used to identify program effects. Our data include a set of measures of cognitive ability that are not typically included in experimental or quasi-experimental studies of the impact of cash transfers on child well-being, as well as a set of physical health measures that may be related to developmental outcomes. The cash transfer program had positive, although modest, effects on the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development of the poorest children in our sample.‎
11. Ecuador - Social security reform poised for implementation 
Business Latin America, 2001**
    Tags: 
12. Efectos micro y macroeconómicos del Bonosol
Fundacion Milenio, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2006
     Tags: 
Abstract La Reforma del Sistema de Pensiones de 1997, remplazo el sistema de reparto existente hasta ese momento por un nuevo sistema de capitalizacion individual. La reforma ademas creo un beneficio previsional universal no contributivo para todos los bolivianos mayores a 21 anos al 31 de diciembre de 1995. Este beneficio (BONOSOL) seria financiado con el Fondo de Capitalizacion Colectiva (FCC) constituido sobre la base de las acciones de las empresas publicas capitalizadas. El BONOSOL se constituia en el nexo entre la reforma de pensiones y la capitalizacion de las empresas publicas, otorgandole a esta ultima reforma la dimension social, por la que todo este proceso de reforma paso a ser conocido como el de la "Capitalizacion Social".  El objetivo de este documento es el de realizar una evaluacion sobre el impacto del Bono Solidario (BONOSOL) en terminos economicos y sociales, ademas de evaluar su sostenebilidad a la luz de los cambios que se proyectan introducir a las reformas en el futuro, como es el caso de la refundacion de YPFB sobre la base da la re-estatizacion de las acciones de las empresas capitalizadas en el sector de hidrocarburos. 
13. Efficiency in local public investment: proof of tiebout hypothesis in Bolivian country
Mónica Meneses (IESE-Universidad Mayor de San Simón), Fernando Ayala and Carlos Meneses, Discussant: David Zavaleta (MpD-UCB), 2008
     Tags: 
Abstract Decentralization has become an increasingly familiar theme in development theory and practice over the past two decades. There is a worldwide trend toward increasing transfer of power, resources and responsibilities to the sub national levels of government. Both federal and unitary countries, whether industrialized or developing are moving toward more fiscal decentralization. This trend towards greater fiscal decentralization that began in 1980's with many developing countries embarking on the path to devolve more functions to the local jurisdictions, gained momentum during 90's. Paul Smoke (2001) asserts that during the 1990s, fiscal decentralization and local government reform have become among the most widespread trends in development (Sharma 2005).‎
14. Efficient Delivery of Cash Transfers to the Poor: Improving the Design of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Ecuador
Institute for International Economic Policy, Paul Carrillo, Juan Ponce Jarrin, 2007
     Tags: 
Abstract Many governments provide monetary transfers to low-income families. The mechanism through which these subsidies are distributed may contain several inefficiencies that diminish the net-value obtained by the recipients. In this paper, we build and estimate a behavioral dynamic model that allows us to evaluate the efficiency of current and alternative distribution mechanisms. The proposed model is simple and resembles the individual's decision to collect the transfer. To estimate it, we use data from a cash transfer program in Ecuador where recipients incur high transaction costs each time they collect their benefits. Despite its simplicity, our model is able to replicate the observed data remarkably well. We use it to simulate alternative payment mechanisms and show that an adequate design of the delivery of payments can substantially increase the value of cash transfer programs.‎
15. El impacto social del bono Juancito Pinto: un analisis a partir de microsimulaciones
FOCAL, Ernesto Yañez Aguilar, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El trabajo presenta una evaluacion ex ante del Bono Juancito Pinto a partir del uso de tecnicas de microsimulacion.  Específicamente, evalua el impacto sobre la asistencia escolar, la pobreza y la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso.  Los resultados sugieren que el BJP ha tenido un impacto positivo en la reducción de la inasistencia escolar en el ciclo primario, ha colaborado en la reducción de los niveles de indigencia además de haber mejorado la distribución del ingreso - sobre todo en el sector rural del país.  Posibles mejoras del BJP estarían vinculadas a diferenciar el monto transferido en función de la zona de residencia lo que traería consigo beneficios adicionales a los logrados hasta ahora sin modificar significativamente los costos administrativos del programa.
16. Envelhecimento, Pobreza e Proteção Social na América Latina
Instituto de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada, Ana Amélia Camarano & Maria Tereza Pasinato, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Latin America elderly population is expected to keep quickly growing in the next 40 years given to the high fertility rates in the past and the continuous reduction of mortality of the elderly population. This perspective is followed by some incertainty about capability of income generation by old people. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the process of income generation by this people and speculate about their future perspectives. Six countries of the region were selected: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Peru. It is assumed that the main sources of income of elderly population are the Social Security System and the labor market. The importance of the social security benefits on elderly and their families income was described. Perspectives of income generation for future elderly are not promising. Transformations in labour market have resulted in a strong reduction of the proportion of the population active that contributes for social security. It seems, therefore, that the traditional ways to finance the system will not be enough to take care of an increasing demand for social benefits in this context of reduction of contributors.
17. Equidad en la prestacion de servicios en Bolivia: Tarifa dignidad en electricidad
Lourdes Espinoza Vasquez, Wilson Jimenez Pozo
     Tags: 
Abstract La Tarifa Dignidad en Bolivia, vigente desde 2006, tiene el propósito de incrementar la cobertura del consumo de electricidad en los hogares de menores ingresos del área urbana y rural. El presente documento realiza una evaluación de dicha Tarifa con relación a los beneficios que se otorga a la población boliviana concentrándose especialmente en los criterios de focalización y la estimación de los errores de exclusión e inclusión. Los resultados sugieren mayores beneficios en la aplicación de esta tarifa si se adoptan medidas para mejorar las fuentes de financiamiento actuales y aplicar mejores criterios para identificar los beneficiarios de la Tarifa.‎
18. Evaluacion de la sostenibilidad del pago del Bonosol
UDAPE, 2006
     Tags: 
Abstract El año 1996, la Ley de Pensiones asoció los beneficios del proceso de capitalización con el proceso de reforma del sistema de seguridad social de largo plazo, disponiendo que los recursos provenientes de las acciones de propiedad del Estado en las empresas capitalizadas
sean destinados al pago de una anualidad vitalicia denominada Bono Solidario (Bonosol) y al pago de Gastos Funerarios. Su pago se hizo efectivo el año 1997, el valor del beneficio ascendió a $us248.  Han pasado ocho años de aquella primera experiencia, y el beneficio ha sufrido modificaciones y despertado polémicas discusiones. El presente trabajo hace una evaluación de la sostenibilidad de su pago en el futuro, bajo la perspectiva que su  cobertura alcance a todos los beneficiarios de la capitalización, es decir a todos los bolivianos que hoy cuentan al menos con 31 años de edad. Los resultados señalan que el monto actual del Bonosol de Bs1.800 es sostenible solo si las empresas capitalizadas duplican la rentabilidad que históricamente han estado registrando, de lo contrario, muchos beneficiarios no llegarían a hacer efectivo el cobro del beneficio.‎
19. Factores Determinantes de la Probabilidad de Afiliación al Sistema de Pensiones en Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Oscar Molina & Fabián Soria, 2006 GD‎
    Tags: 
Abstract La reforma del sistema de pensiones boliviano transformó el esquema público de reparto, en un sistema de capitalización individual, sin embargo no planteó los incentivos para generar un proceso sostenible de afiliación, lo que generó que en la actualidad únicamente 4% de los afiliados al sistema de pensiones pertenezcan a la población independiente. En este trabajo se determinan las variables que condicionan el que un trabajador se afilie en forma activa en el sistema previsional divididas por género, etnia y zona donde vive. Los resultados concuerdan parcialmente con trabajos previos en el área donde las diferencias por género son menores en países en desarrollo (Barrientos, 1998 y Benavente y Molina, 2002) comparadas con aquellas encontradas para países desarrollados (Even and Macpherson 1994, Ginn and Harber, 1993). La explicación de las diferencias encontradas para el caso boliviano podrían responder a aspectos centrales de la actual coyuntura que vive el país, mostrando que la probabilidad de afiliación se encuentra alrededor del 2.4 %. En este trabajo se proponen técnicas que eliminan los sesgos de autoselección las que corrigen los problemas derivados de los supuestos normalmente utilizados en estudios similares.
20. Financial Inclusion Through the Bono de Desarrollo Humano in Ecuador: Exploring Options and Beneficiary Readiness
Pablo Samaniego & Luis Tejerina, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract The objective of the document is to asses the level of interaction of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano benficiaries in Quito with the financial sector. Specifically the study tries to understand different aspects related to the use of electronic cards to pay the BDH transfers and the wellbeing on beneficiaries.
21. Gasto Publico y Metas del Milenio
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
22. Governments Giving Gifts - Populations Acquiring Rights
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2007
    Tags: 
23. Guaranteeing Individual Accounts
American Economic Review, Marie-Eve Lachance, Olivia S. Mitchell, 2003*
    Tags: 
Abstract Global aging is prompting workers and taxpayers everywhere to recognize their vulnerability to the inherent uncertainty of unfunded social-security systems. This has generated an international wave of social-security reforms over the last two decades, prompting more than 20 countries to establish Individual Account (IA) plans. In the United States, the idea of Individual Accounts has attracted recent interest with the release of the Final Report of the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security (CSSS): here, voluntary individual accounts were proposed as a key element of a reformed national old-age system (see Commission to Strengthen Social Security, 2001; John F. Cogan and Mitchell, 2003). Strengths of IA's include the fact that participants gain ownership in their accounts and diversify their pension investments; nevertheless, IA participants also must bear capital-market risk. Recent market volatility has reminded investors of the importance of capital-market fluctuations and their potential impact on retirement income. In response, some policymakers have suggested that "guarantees" be designed to help protect IA investments. Abroad, such guarantees have been adopted in several Latin American countries undergoing reform, and most recently, in Japan and Germany (Mitchell and Kent Smetters, 2003). Sensible public policy recommending the adoption of guarantees must identify their costs and who will pay for them. In this paper, we discuss how to evaluate such costs in the context of a social-security reform that includes IA's, along with ways to finance them.
24. Individual Accounts as Social Insurance: a World Bank Perspective
Holzmann, Robert & Palacios, Robert, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract The trend toward including individual accounts as part of the mandatory pension system continues unabated. Nine Latin American countries have introduced individual accounts (Chile, Peru, Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Mexico, El Salvador and Nicaragua) and several more are preparing to do so (Ecuador, Dominican Republic) . A similar trend has emerged in Europe where the former socialist countries are taking the lead: Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Poland have already passed reform legislation and many others including Croatia, Estonia, Macedonia, Romania and the Ukraine are preparing their own versions. There is also movement in this direction in Western Europe, even in countries with large, state defined benefit plans like Sweden. Several Asian versions of the individual accounts strategy are also emerging, ranging from the gradually liberalization of Singapore's Central Provident Fund to Hong Kong's new, employer based, defined contribution scheme. In fact, reforms that assign an important role to individual accounts are being discussed in dozens of countries in every region of the world. This brief note states the broad arguments for individual accounts. More detailed discussion of specific reforms and issues can be found at www.worldbank.org/pensions. The structure of the paper is as follows: Section II provides some needed clarification on "individual accounts," Section III outlines the main arguments for individual accounts while Section IV concludes.
25. Matriculacion, trabajo infantile y asistencia escolar en Bolivia: una evaluacion al Bono Juancito Pinto
Universidad de Chile, Diego Alejandro Vera Cossio, Dante Contreras, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract El presente documento intenta realizar una evaluacion de impacto ex-post al programa de transferencias condicionales Bono Juancito Pinto en las escuelas públicas de Bolivia. Con el fin de identificar correctamente a los potenciales beneficiarios y evitar problemas de endogeneidad y sesgo de seleccion, se evalua el efecto del anuncio del bono sobre matriculacion, asistencia y trabajo infantil a traves de un quasi experimento usando datos de las encuestas de hogares.  Mediante la estimacion de modelos probit bivariados se encuentra que el anuncio de dicho bono de manera general ha tenido un efecto nulo en cuanto a matriculacion, teniendo efectos desagregados solo para los niños menores. Al mismo tiempo, se encontro efectos significativos sobre la asistencia a la escuela. No se encontro impacto cuando se analizo trabajo infantil de manera general, sin embargo se encontro heterogeneidad en el efecto, siendo los niños de zonas rurales y de bajos ingresos aquellos que pueden ser mas beneficiados por el programa. Estos resultados cierran una brecha en la literatura en cuanto a la evaluacion de dicho Bono y marcan posibles debates en pos de una mejor focalizacion.‎
26. Measuring the impact of health insurance with a correction for selection bias-a case study of Ecuador
Health Economics, Hugh R. Waters, 1999**
    Tags: 
Abstract This article develops and uses methodologies to evaluate the impact of publicly-financed health insurance programmes on the use of health care. Using univariate and bivariate probit estimation techniques, the study tests and corrects for endogeneity resulting from selection bias. Potential endogeneity arises from the choice to be insured, eligibility for insurance, and differences in individuals' health status. The setting for the study is the country of Ecuador. The General Health Insurance (GHI) programme, which primarily covers workers in the formal sector of the economy, is found to have a strong positive association with the use of curative health care after correcting for selection bias, but no significant effect on the use of preventive care. Individuals with severe illnesses who are eligible for GHI have a preference for private health care, and self-select out of the GHI programme. The Seguro Campesino Social (SSC) programme, directed at farming populations, has positive but insignificant associations with both curative and preventive care.
27. Micro-level estimation of welfare
World Bank, Elbers, Chris & Lanjouw, Jean O. & Lanjouw, Peter, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract The authors construct and derive the properties of estimators of welfare that take advantage of the detailed information about living standards available in small household surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a census or large sample. By combining the strengths of each, the estimators can be used at a remarkably disaggregated level. They have a clear interpretation, are mutually comparable, and can be assessed for reliability using standard statistical theory. Using data from Ecuador, the authors obtain estimates of welfare measures, some of which are quite reliable for populations as small as 15,000 households--a"town."They provide simple illustrations of their use. Such estimates open up the possibility of testing, at a more convincing intra-country level, the many recent models relating welfare distributions to growth and a variety of socioeconomic and political outcomes.
28. More worker benefits of doubtful benefit
Institute for Advance Development Studies, Carlos Gustavo Machicado, 2009
    Tags: 
29. Now we are citizens: Indigenous politics in postmulticultural Bolivia
Cambridge Journals, Nancy Grey Postero, Stanford University Press, 2006* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
30. La nueva reforma de la seguridad social en Bolivia
Nancy Turino Rivera
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Anivel global, los cambios en las políticas de seguridad social se han iniciado en los años ochenta.  Siguiendo esta tendencia, Bolivia ha sufrido, en noviembre de 1996, una de las reformas más radicales de la seguridad social al pasar del sistema de reparto al de capitalización individual. Muchos autores, que la han entendido como la reforma más drástica de la historia de la seguridad social del país, la han denominado "Bolivia: la reforma extrema".
31. Pension Reform in Bolivia: A Review of Approach and Experience‎ 
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Federico Escobar & Osvaldo Nina, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract The Bolivian pension reform eliminated the old publicly managed pay-as-you-go system and introduced a fully-funded system. The pension reform was highly influenced by the Chilean reform, adopting a second pension component pillar, based on contributions to individual accounts in pension funds, which are managed by decentralized pension-fund management companies and regulated and supervised by the government. Moreover, the new system has followed the substitutive model, where all contributors to the old system, with no exceptions, were automatically transferred to the new one, while those already retired under the old system continued to receive their pensions from the government.‎
32. Pension reform in Bolivia : innovative solutions to common problems‎ 
    Hermann von Gersdorff; World Bank, 1997
    Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, W.B. PRWP No.1832
    Tags: 
Abstract Bolivia's bold program of pension reform involved the immediate closing down of the old pay-as-you-go system and its replacement by a defined-contribution system based on individual capitalization accounts and managed by the private sector. The pensions of the old system will be covered by the Bolivian Treasury. Workers will receive compensatory pensions for their contributions to the old system. These will be calculated on the basis of a simple formula that could be improved to reduce the cost of transition. To avoid high marketing costs, Bolivia has entrusted management of the system to two groups selected through international competitive bidding (to minimize fees). Individual accounts have been preallocated to those two groups on a regional basis or, in large cities, on the basis of the birthdays of affiliated workers. Competition for individual accounts will be allowed in the year 2000 and the market will be opened to other private pension-fund administrators (AFPs) in 2002. Proceeds from the capitalization program will be used to pay an annuity to all Bolivians 65 and older. Funds from the capitalization program will also be managed by the two selected AFPs. Custodianship has been entrusted to a multinational group offering global custodial services. AFP investments are only subject to upper limits, including relatively high limits for foreign assets. However, they must initially purchase a certain quantity of treasury bonds to help finance the cost of transition. Bolivian pension reform faces major challenges: a) To create a competitive market for management of pension fund resources and hence achieve competitive returns on investment and higher pensions; b) To eliminate the requirement of investment in treasury bonds; and c) To insulate the system from attempts to use AFP funds and capitalization proceeds for public projects. (One way to achieve this would be to transfer ownership of the capitalization proceeds to individual Bolivians).‎
‎33. ¡Por favor, no cambiar el Sistema de Pensiones en Bolivia!
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Luis Carlos Jemio, 2007
    Tags: 
34. Poverty in Latin America : sources of welfare disparities in Ecuador
Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys & Tinajero, Monica, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper contributes to the analysis of spatial poverty in Ecuador by deepening the understanding of the constraints faced by the poor in the country through an investigation of the role of portable characteristics (human capital) and geography in explaining welfare.  At the national level, the results indicate that these characteristics explain 72 percent of the differences in welfare level between urban and rural areas, while returns to these characteristics account for 28 percent of the difference. Comparing a leading and a lagging region, such as the coast versus the Amazon, the characteristics explain about 90 percent of the welfare differential in urban areas, while the returns explain about 30 percent of the welfare differential in rural areas. Among the characteristics analyzed, education is the most important variable for explaining differences in living conditions between urban and rural areas in Ecuador.
35. Primary health services in Ecuador: Comparative costs, quality, and equity of care in ministry of health and rural social security facilities
Social Science & Medicine, Robertson, Robert L. & Castro, Carlos E. & Gomez, Luis Carlos & Gwynne, Gretchen & Tinajero Baca, Ciro Luis, Zschok, Dieter, 1991**
    Tags: 
Abstract This study of the costs, quality and financial equity of primary health services in Ecuador, based on 1985 data, examines three assumptions, common in international health, concerning Ministry of Health (MOH) and Social Security (SS) programs. The assumptions are that MOH services are less costly than SS services, that they are of lower quality than SS services, and that MOH programs are more equitable in terms of the distribution of funds available for PHC among different population groups. Full costs of a range of primary health services were estimated by standard accounting techniques for 15 typical health care establishments, 8 operated by the MOH and 7 by the rural SS program (RSSP), serving rural and peri-urban populations in the two major geographical regions of Ecuador. Consistent with the conventional premise, MOH average costs were much lower than RSSP costs for several important types of services, especially those provided by physicians. Little difference was found for dental care. The lower MOH physician service costs appeared to be attributable primarily to lower personnel compensation (only partially offset by lesser productivity) and to greater economies of scope. Several measures of the quality of care were applied, with varying results. Based on staff differences and patterns of expenditures on resource inputs, notably drugs, RSSP quality appeared higher, as assumed. However, contrary to expectation, a questionnaire assessment of staff knowledge and procedures favored the MOH for quality. Program equity was judged in terms of per capita budgeted expenditures (additional measures, such as the likelihood of receiving necessary care, would have required household survey data beyond the scope of this program-based study). The results support the assumption of greater MOH financial equity, as its program reveals less variation in budgeted expenditures between different population groups covered. Additional evidence of equity, using other indicators, would be helpful in future research. The paper's findings have policy implications not only for Ecuador's health sector but also for policy-makers in other countries at similar levels of socioeconomic development. These implications are spelled out in order to guide officials wrestling with issues of efficiency, quality, and equity as they search for the best use of scarce resources to promote health.
36. Privatizing Social Security
Review of Economic Dynamics, Thomas F. Cooley, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper studies the political sustainability of the existing pay-as-you-go Social Security system in the face of recent demographic patterns. We analyze different approaches to privatizing the system and consider what it would require for them to be politically implementable. The analysis is based on an overlapping-generations economy where an initial generation would choose to implement a pay-as-you- go social insurance system. We study the sustainability of this system in each subsequent period. We describe some transition policies that make the current generations of agents at least as well off as the maintenance of the Social Security system. All feasible transition policies use debt to finance the benefits during the transition period, shifting at least some of the cost to unborn generations.
37. Protección Social y Empleo en América Latina: Estudio sobre la Base de Encuestas de Hogares
Leonardo Gasparini, CEDLAS, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La protección social está usualmente ligada a las condiciones de empleo. En este trabajo se caracteriza a los niveles, tendencias y estructura de la protección social de los trabajadores en América Latina, con especial énfasis en la relación entre protección y condición de empleo. Para ello se trabaja sobre una muestra de encuestas de hogares de varios países de la región: Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Nicaragua y Perú. El trabajo presenta un conjunto de estadísticas sobre cobertura de contratos, duración del vínculo laboral, derechos de jubilación, indemnizaciones, seguro de desempleo, seguro de salud, sindicalización y programas de asistencia social para distintos grupos laborales, para cada país y cada año. Se enfatiza la utilidad de las encuestas de hogares como fuentes de información para estudios representativos sobre protección social y empleo, pese a que se destacan las deficiencias que todavía tienen estas encuestas en términos de cobertura y comparabilidad.‎
38. Reforma de pensiones y valoracion del seguro social de largo plazo en Bolivia
Instituto de Investigaciones Socio Economicas, José Luis Evia Vizcarra, Migule Fernández Moscoso, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En 1996 el sistema de reparto estaba quebrado. La reforma de pensiones de ese año cambió el sistema de manera importante. En el presente trabajo se analiza las razones por las cuales el antiguo sistema estaba en quiebra a mediados de los años noventa; así como las características del nuevo sistema de pensiones, los incentivos que incluye para aumentar la cobertura del Sistema de Seguridad Social Obligatorio (SSO) y los riesgos a los que está expuesto, con particular hincapié en el de insolvencia fiscal. La cobertura del seguro social obligatorio de largo plazo ha sido reducida y si bien el nuevo sistema aumenta dicha cobertura, ésta ha permanecido en un porcentaje muy bajo de ocupados. Se estima una función probit para identificar los determinantes de la probabilidad de estar asegurado antes y después de la reforma, en la que se encontró que algunas variables como las horas trabajadas por día, la antigüedad en el empleo y el género de la persona dejan de ser relevantes para determinar la probabilidad de estar asegurado después de la introducción de la reforma.
39. Risk preferences and demand for insurance in Peru: a field experiment
Francisco Galarza, Michael Carter, 2011
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper reports the results of behavioral economic experiments conducted in Peru to examine the relationship amongst risk preferences, loan take-up, and insurance purchase decisions. This area-based yield insurance can help reduce people's vulnerability to large scale covariate shocks, and can also lower the loan default probability under extreme negative covariate shocks. In a context of collateralized formal credit markets, we provide suggestive evidence that insurance may help reduce the fear of losing collateral that prevents potential borrowers from taking loans. Framing these experiments to recreate a real life situation, we started with a Baseline Game where subjects had to choose between a fallback production project and an uninsured loan. We then introduced a third project choice, loan with yield insurance (Insurance Game), which allows us to measure the effect of introducing insurance on the demand for loans. Overall, more than 50 percent of the subjects are willing to buy insurance in this insurance game. Further, controlling for the number of peers in the agricultural network, wealth, and choices made in the baseline game, we find that the project choice decision is predicted by a judgment bias known as hot-hand effect, and risk aversion. In the latter case, the shape of the relationship is quadratic, meaning that highly risk averse subjects will prefer switching to the risky, uninsured loan project, while those showing a low and moderate risk aversion will stick to the safer (fallback or insured loan) projects.‎
40. Seguridad social. 
Quito, Instituto Nacional de Previsión, Departamento de Información, Reclamaciones e Investigación Social, 1943*‎
    Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
41. Social capital and institutional trust, are these concepts related?  Evidence from Bolivia's decentralization reforms
Martín Mendoza-Botelho (Tulane University), 2011‎
     Tags: 
Abstract This article explores the elusive correlation between interpersonal and institutional trust, corroborating the notion that basic social interaction and more complex institutional settings are strongly co-related, such as the trust that individuals place in their governments and institutions. The notion of social capital is present throughout the analysis as this type of capital allows observing and measuring changes in social structures that affect more complex institutional arrangements. Using evidence from Bolivia's emblematic process of decentralisation (Popular Participation), it is argued that although decentralisation did not alter social structures in the magnitude that it was expected, this reform has succeeded enhancing institutional trust but mainly at the local/municipal level.‎
42. Social Security and the Global Socio-economic Floor: Towards a Human Rights-based Approach
Global Social Policy, Wouter Van Ginneken, 2009*
     Tags: 
Abstract This article shows that the commitment towards economic and social human rights, including the right to social security, will provide a strong force towards realizing the global socio-economic floor. The right to social security has become realizable in a growing number of countries that have focused on the extension of social security coverage. This article shows that a global social security floor is affordable, including in low-income countries, with the initial support from the international community. The article then explores how a global socio-economic floor could be better implemented through a human rights-based approach, and it reviews some of the recent initiatives undertaken by the UN Human Rights Council. It suggests a number of steps to improve the effective implementation of the human rights-based approach. It concludes that such an approach can help achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and provide the framework for global policies for development and poverty eradication beyond 2015.‎
43. Social Security in Latin America: Evolution and Prospects 
International Social Security Review, Volume 25, Issue 4, October 1972, Pages: 305-356, by the Social Security Branch of the International Labour Office
    Tags: 
Abstract This document consists essentially of two parts.  The first one presents certain information regarding the social security situation in the Latin American countries during the thirty years which have elapsed since the creation of the Inter-American Conference, and an attempt is made to point to trends through certain selected aspects.  The difficulty involved in finding the pertinent statistical data and other relevant information has made it impossible to describe all of the features of social security schemes in all countries.  The second part of the document examines the prospects for social security in Latin America.
44. The Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from Urban Areas in Bolivia
World Bank, Masak Ii, 1996 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This research analyzes the determinants of demand for medical services in urban areas of Bolivia. It also examines the possible trade-offs between cost recovery and the use of health services for different age, sex, ethnic, and income groups. The data used are from the third year of the Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (EIH), a multipurpose household survey conducted by the statistical office in Bolivia and the World Bank.  The above data are used to estimate a multinomial logit model, and a nested multinomial logit model (choice of medical facilities by patients). The main empirical result of this research is that the demand for medical care is responsive to changes in price, but price elasticities are, in general, very low. This finding is comparable to that of research for other countries.  Moreover, the price elasticity of demand falls as income rises. For children, the price elasticities are lower than for adults.  Price elasticities do not vary much by ethnic group or gender, but estimation results show that Aymara speakers (an Indian group) are more likely to care for themselves. Probably there are cultural barriers that prevent Aymara speakers from seeking formal care.  Our results also show that income and education are also important determinants of demand for medical care. For children, mother's education is far more influential than father's.  Since price elasticities are so low, it suggests that there is potential for the Bolivian government to raise revenues by charging user fees. If additional revenues are not used to expand primary health care or to improve quality, imposing user charges on services may not substantially reduce inefficiency and/or inequity in the health sector.‎
‎45.  The Economics of Employment Protection
IZA, John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira, 2001
     Tags: 
Abstract Empirical investigation of the labor market consequences of employment protection has mushroomed since Lazear's (1990) pioneering study. Having sketched the theoretical background, we chart the course of the modern empirical literature. We focus mainly on dismissals protection, distinguishing between the themes of employment and unemployment development and labor market dynamics proper. Our discussion of employment and unemployment largely deals with the effect of employment protection on levels of these outcome indicators. We distinguish between overall and compositional effects (e.g., by demographic group and type of contract), between developing and industrialized nations, and identify some key control variables. Our discussion of labor market dynamics focuses on the speed of adjustment issue and on gross flows. It also formalizes the link between analyses of levels and changes in variables. At all times potential offsets to the adverse effects of employment protection receive consideration.‎
46. The Economy of the Possible: Pensions and Informality in Latin America
OECD Development Centre, Rita Da Costa, Juan Ramón de Laiglesia, Emmanuelle Martínez and Ángel Melguizo, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Social protection coverage is quite low in Latin America. This situation, irrespective of the type of pension scheme, represents a challenge for public policy since these low levels of affiliation and irregular contribution histories indicate that pensions will be insufficient in the coming decades. This paper describes the relationship between pension protection and labour informality in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Mexico by income level, using several rounds of national household surveys. Our analysis highlights that labour formality is limited, even among the middle and the high income groups. Correspondingly, coverage rates (measured by contributors or affiliates over workers) range between 10% of the labour force in Bolivia to up to 62% in Chile. 76% of formal workers are covered on average, while coverage among the self-employed in agriculture is below 7%. Based on this prognosis, we discuss some alternative pension reforms.
47. The impact of improving access to justice on conflict resolution: evidence from Peru
Inter-American Development Bank, Micaela Sviatschi, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract During the 1990s Peru greatly expanded the access of formal judicial services in underserved districts through the construction and staffing of justice modules-physical structures which housed courts, prosecutors and public defenders. The intervention was designed to improve judicial coverage for populations located far from important urban centers where most of the courts are located. Using a specialized survey and matching techniques, we find that improving the access to formal justice significantly shifts the resolution of conflicts away from informal mechanisms and toward the newly provided formal mechanisms, increases the use of complementary services, such as the use of lawyers, improves the perception of residents regarding social mores and the law, and ultimately marginally reduces the incidence of self-reported conflicts. We find evidence that the treatment also improves outcomes for residents in the area of child support conflicts, although in other types of conflicts we find no impact on outcomes. Finally, we find no evidence that increasing the supply of formal justice resources impacted the time required to solve conflicts.‎
48. The Politics of Pension Reform in Latin America
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Carmelo Mesa-Lago and Katharina Muller, 2002*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Latin America has been a world pioneer of neoliberal, structural reform of social security pensions ('privatisation'). This article focuses on the diverse political economy circumstances that enabled such reform, analysing why policy makers have chosen such a costly strategy and how they have managed to implement it. First, in nine countries with diverse regimes (authoritarian and democratic) it examines the internal political process that led to the adoption of reform. There tends to be an inverse relationship between the degree of democratisation and that of privatisation, but the political regime alone cannot fully explain the reform outcomes in all cases. To expand the search for explanatory variables, other key factors that might have influenced the reform design are studied, among them relevant political actors (driving and opposing forces), existing institutional arrangements, legal constraints, internal and external economics and policy legacy.
49. Toward better regulation of private pension funds
The World Bank, Hemant Shah, 1997
    Tags: 
Abstract The author analyzes the typical model for regulating investments in private pension funds. Pension reforms like those pioneered by Chile are being initiated or considered in Argentina, Bolivia, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and elsewhere. Such reforms greatly improve fiscal discipline, make social security benefits and burdens equitable, and deepen financial markets. But they are also typically accompanied by: tight restrictions on the investments in pension fund portfolios; restrictions on the management of mandated retirement savings (to newly created legal entities called pension administrators, to the exclusion of such financial intermediaries as banks and mutual funds); minimum-return guarantees from the state and/or pension funds; and commissions based on salary rather than on the volume of assets managed. Illustrating his conclusions with case studies from Chile and Peru, the author shows that these restrictions, though well-meant, are poorly justified by financial theory, distort incentives for competition based on product choice and efficiency, increase administrative costs, and seriously reduce the affiliates'appropriate risk-return choices and returns. And the resulting potential losses in retirement income are great. The author recommends a significant departure from the Chilean-style model of a private pension fund system. He briefly describes implementation and transition issues for the alternative system that he proposes, which would: permit diverse intermediaries -including banks and mutual funds that meet appropriate prudential standards- to manage retirement savings; allow a greater choice between investment products; require that returns be reported on a net basis; and charge commissions as a fraction of assets managed.
50. Transfer payments, mothers' income and child health in Ecuador
Journal of Development Studies, Mauricio Leon & Stephen Younger, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract We evaluate the impact of the Bono Solidario, a transfer payment scheme in Ecuador, on children's nutritional status. In addition to testing for pure income effects, because the programme transferred money to mothers of young children, we test whether mother's income has a stronger effect on children's heights and weights than ordinary household income. We draw two main conclusions: that the Bono Solidario transfer payment scheme has had a statistically significant but quite modest impact on children's nutritional status, and that this impact is no different than any other income effect on height and weight. In particular, the fact that the Bono is transferred to mothers has not made it more efficacious at reducing malnutrition than other household income.
51. Welfare programs and labor supply in developing countries: Experimental evidence from Latin America
CEDLAS, María Laura Alzúa, Guillermo Cruces y Laura Ripani, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper studies the effect of welfare programs on work incentives and the labor supply of adults in developing countries. The document builds on the experimental evaluations of three programs implemented in rural areas: Mexico's PROGRESA, Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social (RPS) and Honduras' Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF). The impact of welfare on labor supply has been widely studied in developed countries, where most recent initiatives attempt to mitigate negative effects on work incentives. The programs under study are conditional cash transfers (CCT), which combine monetary benefits with incentives for curbing child labor and fostering the accumulation of human capital. Unlike their counterparts in developed economies, however, they do not account for potential impacts on the labor supply of adults, and there is little systematic evidence on this aspect despite a wealth of empirical studies on their intended outcomes. Comparable results for the three countries indicate mostly negative but small and non-significant effects of the programs on the employment of adults, no reallocation of labor between agricultural and other sectors, and a reduction in hours worked by adults in eligible households in RPS. Moreover, PROGRESA had a positive effect on beneficiaries' wages. The programs did not imply major disincentives to work, despite substantial transfers, but they had some effects on local labor markets. This mechanism is related to recent findings on the indirect impact of CCTs on ineligible households, and implies that future evaluation studies and designs should account for the equilibrium effects of the interventions.‎
52. Why may government transfers to the poor have modest effects in reducing rural inequality?
Paris School of Economics, Christian Lehmann, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract High levels of inequality are a persistent feature of many rural areas in the developing world. Rural inequality is correlated with major impediments of rural development, such as crime, elite-capture, and lack of collective action.  Government transfer programs, such as conditional cash transfer, unemployment insurance, old-age pension or similar programs that target the lower tail of a village's cumulative welfare distribution function have become a very popular public policy to tackle poverty and inequality in rural areas. While the poverty impacts of those programs are well documented in the literature less attention has been given to the redistributive capacity of such policies at the village level. Among the main reasons for the neglect is a common belief that monetary transfers to the lower tail of the village welfare distribution (i.e. 'the poor'), while excluding the upper tail (i.e. 'the rich') from the program, must lead to a reduction in inequality. In this paper we show that the impact of such programs on reducing rural inequality may be lower than previously thought. This is because program-eligible lower and program-ineligible upper tail do not behave in isolation from each other. They are linked via interactions in credit & insurance, as well as factor & commodity markets. If, consequently, a government transfer triggers the lower tail to shift then the upper tail follows, leading to modest reductions in local inequality.‎
53. Workers' Benefits from Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund
The World Bank, JohnNewman, Steen Jorgensen, Meno Pradhan, 1991
    Tags: 
Abstract Bolivia's emergency social fund (ESF) was established to cushion the adverse effects of its economic crisis and subsequent stabilization program on the poor and to facilitate transition through the phases of structural adjustment. The ESF was established explicitly as a temporary financial institution outside of the normal bureaucratic structure of the government. While its primary emphasis was to provide temporary employment opportunities, it differed from more typical government works projects in being demand-driven. This paper is concerned with measuring the effect of the ESF program on employment and income of workers in the ESF projects. The analysis is based on the results of a survey administered to workers in ESF infrastructure projects and to the population at large by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE) of Bolivia. The paper identifies the characteristics of the workers in the ESF infrastructure projects and compares them with the population in general, and workers in the construction sector in particular. The authors perform a counterfactual simulation, asking what would have been the position of the workers in the absence of the ESF program. Based on the simulation, they infer what the employment and income effect of the ESF program has been on its beneficiaries.
54.  Work, retirement and vulnerability of older persons in Latin America: what are the lessons for pension design? 
Journal of International Development, Volume 12, Issue 4, May 2000, Pages: 495-506, Armando Barrientos ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity 
Abstract The work and retirement behaviour of older groups, and their vulnerability to economic conditions ought to be key parameters for pension reform, especially as regards the design of pension schemes and pension benefits. In practice, very little attention has been paid to these issues in Latin America. This paper examines the economic status and incomes of older groups and their households in Chile. It considers the extent to which older groups are vulnerable to changes in economic conditions, and the impact that pension and health reform will have on their vulnerability. It concludes that current social security reforms in the region will contribute to increased vulnerability among older groups.‎



Migración

1. A Case Study of Human Migration and the Sea Cucumber Crisis in the Galapagos Islands
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Jason Bremner and Jaime Perez, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract The sea cucumber fishing crisis in Galapagos is an example of the potential consequences of rapid migration, growing economic competition, and weak regulatory mechanisms.  In a short period of time sea cucumber fishing has become the most inflammatory issue in the Galapagos.  The key factors that allowed for the efficient exploitation of the new resource were not the fishermen themselves but rather the new fishing techniques and access to credit and markets. This suggests that the annual sea cucumber crisis is due to factors more complex than simply more fishermen generating greater sea cucumber catches. This paper examines census data and fisher registries to analyze population growth in the islands. A public opinion survey is used to determine the population's attitudes toward sea cucumber fishing and regulations. Qualitative interviews explore the history of the sea cucumber boom.  Information from the sea cucumber monitoring program provides estimates for the annual sea cucumber catches.‎
2. After the labor migrants leave: The search for sustainable development in a sending region of the Ecuadorian Amazon 
World Development, T K Rudel*
    Tags: 
Abstract Many sustainable development projects take place in rural communities experiencing economic decline and out-migration. What kind of sustainable development projects succeed in these economically troubled settings? To answer this question, I examine two sustainable development projects initiated by women in a portion of the Ecuadorian Amazon experiencing economic decline and out-migration. The first project failed, and the second one succeeded. The differing outcomes suggest that, in the absence of larger public interventions to "turn a region around," small scale projects that focus on the needs of the most socially cohesive groups, which are often networks of women, offer the best chance for success.
3. Analysis of International Migration and Its Impacts on Developing Countries
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Paola Barrientos, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper provides a review of the literature on the reasons and consequences of international migration. The principal determinants of migration are analyzed and it is seen that educated people from developing countries are more likely to migrate for several reasons (i.e. network determinants, costs of moving, pull factors and push factors). Looking into the empirical data, the global trend is that emigration of educated people (usually called "brain drain") has increased a lot. This trend implies that industrialized countries are importing highly skilled people from developing countries and this will certainly have important consequences for developing countries in the long run. Some researchers argue that developing countries will lose, since the most qualified people leave and stop contributing to their country. Others say that the global trend can be beneficial because positive spillovers will be created; in the sense that developing countries will experience higher investments in human capital ("brain gain"). Empirical findings show that these spillovers depend on the probability to migrate and the stock of human capital that a country has. Finally another group of researchers argues that this process is inevitable, and barriers to migration should be abolished in order to reap the benefits for both sending and receiving countries as well as the migrants themselves.
4. And What About the Family Back Home? International Migration and Happiness
Borraz, Fernando & Pozo, Susan & Rossi, Máximo, 2008
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In this study we use data on subjective well being and migration in Cuenca, one of the Ecuador's largest cities. We examine the impact of migration on the happiness of the family left behind. We use the propensity score matching estimator to take into account the endogeneity of migration. Our results indicate that migration reduces the happiness of those left behind. We also find that the monetary inflows (remittances) that accompany migration do not increase happiness levels among recipients. These results suggest that the family left behind cannot be compensated, for the increase in unhappiness that it sustains on account of the emigration of loved ones, with remittances from abroad.
5. A Note on Remittances in El Salvador and Ecuador: An Analysis of Household Survey Data
Scientific Series, Jessica Audrey Clayton & Thierry Warin, 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This study analyzes the impact of remittances as seen in household survey data from three small rural communities. OLS and multivariate anova regressions were used to analyze household survey data collected in Cumbe and Gualaceo (Ecuador) and in Ciudad Romero (El Salvador). The results contradict the findings of some studies concluding that in many countries remittances acted as "compensation for poor economic performance" rather than capital promoting economic development.
6. Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating?
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 191, December 2009
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract While most observers appear to believe that Third World emigration pressure is on the rise, history suggests that migration typically follows a bell shape, in which case it might not be. This paper estimates the economic and demographic fundamentals driving emigration from the developing world to the United States since 1970. The results suggest that emigration pressure, determined largely by source country demographics, education, poverty and migrant stock dynamics, has been abating. Projections into the future suggest that it may even decline, and that its composition will be much more African and much less Hispanic.
7. Assessing the Impact of Remittances on Child Education in Ecuador: The role of educational supply constraints
Benedictis, Geovana & Calfat, Germán & Jara, Karina, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract We analyse the links between remittances and child education in Ecuador with special emphasis on the influences in supply conditions at the regional level. Our results point out to the favourable role of remittances on education, suggesting at the same time, the importance of an efficient basic infrastructure in the educational system, as a key element in fostering positive outcomes. The positive effect of remittances on child education is better understood within the context of public policies designed to improve and equalize educational supply conditions among the population.
8. Billions in Motion: Latino Immigrants, Remittances and Banking
Pew Hispanic Center, IDB, 2002
Tags: 
Abstract Until recently, the money management practices of Latino immigrants in the United States aroused little attention outside their own communities. That changed as the remittance flow doubled in size during the second half of the 1990s. Although the size of the average remittance transfer is miniscule-$200 to $300-in the world of international finance, the cumulative sums have now captured the attention of government policymakers and bankers in the United States and Latin America. Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean totaled $23 billion in 2001, according to estimates by the Multilateral Investment Fund.  Not long ago this was a cottage industry in which cash was often hand carried across borders. In the 1990s it evolved into a traffic dominated by wire-transfer services such as Western Union, and now it is becoming increasingly formalized as more credit unions offer remittance services and with the introduction of electronic banking products that allow a remittance deposited in an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in the United States to be retrieved almost instantly from an ATM in Latin America.
Central banks across the region are tracking remittance income more carefully which has somewhat boosted the numbers they report. Nonetheless, there seems little doubt that the remittance flow has continued to increase over the past two years even as the U.S. economy dropped from its boom time peaks. In 2000 remittances to Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua-nations that receive almost all their money transfers from the United States-totaled some $10.2 billion. This year that figure could reach $14.2 billion or more, a flow of $39 million a day. By 2005 the sum, which does not capture all remittances to Latin America, will go beyond $18 billion, according to projections by the Pew Hispanic Center.
These figures are evidence of a kind of economic activity that is resistant to the U.S. business cycle. They also reflect the needs pressed by economic hard times in Latin America and efforts by governments in those receiving countries to smooth the flows. Moreover, they are indicators of an international financial activity that has grown markedly not only in size but also in the levels of competition and efficiency in the last few years. And, those sums are also the monetary expression of a profound human bond between people who come to the United States to work for long hours at low wages and the families they left behind.
Over the past two years Wells Fargo, Bank of America, and Harris Bank, as well as many other financial institutions, have launched initiatives to capture a larger share of the Latino immigrant market. Some U.S. banks have acquired stakes in Mexican banks or established cooperative arrangements to facilitate remittance flows. Many of the nation's credit unions have also created such programs and have entered the international money transfer arena. What has not changed is the population of remittance senders-except that it continually grows larger. They are, as they long have been, mostly recent immigrants with little education and low earnings and not much familiarity with banking systems either in the United States or in their home countries. Because they are both the generators of wealth in this industry and the prime consumers, their decisions about how to manage their money will largely determine how the remittance flow evolves.‎
9. Central America: Remittances and the Macroeconomic Variable
IDB, Manuel Orozco, 2007
     Tags: 
Abstract This report provides an analysis of the relationship between remittances and the local economies in Central America, with special attention to Nicaragua and Guatemala. Based on time series quarterly data and nationwide surveys, the report looks at the impact of remittances on growth, exchange rates and savings in Central America. The report also provides some policy recommendations to leverage and mitigate the impact of remittances. 
The study finds that the impact of remittances on growth is positive and finds no correlation with the exchange rate with the exception of Nicaragua. The study also shows other factors influencing domestic currency appreciation. More importantly the study shows the relevance of remittances when compared to other important sources of foreign earnings. In looking at the Nicaraguan case, remittances are estimated to reach US$900 million in 2006. Based on two nationwide surveys in Guatemala and Nicaragua the study shows that remittances increase savings among households receiving money, but owning bank accounts is not influenced by remittances, a factor that may be associated to other constraints in the banking system. ‎
The study offers a number of recommendations dealing with reducing cash to cash transfers to deal with any potential effects on exchange rate appreciation, while increasing savings, by supporting technologies that modernize payments in low income areas. Other recommendations include greater intervention of financial intermediation to expand financial access and thus mobilize savings to promote local investment.‎
10. Class Formation in Latin America: One Family's Enduring Journey between Country an City
Cambridge Journals, International Labour and Working-Class History, Steve Striffler, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract In contrast to the US, scholars of Latin America have not been shy about viewing agrarian life through a class lens. To the contrary, Latin Americanists have often seen class formation as a primarily rural process. This paper examines the uneven nature of and relationship between class formation, "industrialization," and "urbanization" by tracing the history of a single family: the Alvaros. It is a narrative that provides an interesting window into the central processes, forces, struggles, and events that have defined Ecuadorian as well as much of Latin American history during the twentieth century. It is, at the same time, a history that highlights the problematic nature of any analysis of class formation that (a) focuses solely on urban or rural life, (b) posits a smooth transition from one to the other (i.e. rural to urban), or (c) privileges the solitary male worker so familiar to labor studies. It is not simply the fact that members of the Alvaro family moved back and forth between city and country, a trait they share with many of their counterparts in the non-Western world. The reproduction of the family has, and continues to be, dependent on the relationships between family members living in small rural towns, regional centers, and Guayaquil, Ecuador's largest and most industrialized city-port. The family as a whole has always been-and needed to be in order to survive-simultaneously rural and urban. Like the Alvaro family, those of us interested in understanding class formation need to inhabit these multiple worlds simultaneously.
11. Commuting Times: Is There Any Penalty for Immigrants?
Maite Blazquez & Carlos Llano & Julian Moral, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract The assimilation of immigrants and their impact on the labour market of the host country have become a growing subject of study in recent literature. This is a topic of particular interest in countries like Spain, where immigration has become one of the main challenges of government policy in recent years. The Madrid region has experienced one of the highest increases in the number of foreign residents between 1996 and 2007. The intensity of this inflow in such a short period of time has led to restrictions on the ability of the residential and labour market to absorb all these newcomers, limiting their choice set of available dwellings and jobs. In this paper the spatial mismatch hypothesis for the Madrid region is tested by exploring the relationship between immigrants' residential location and employment accessibility as measured by commuting times. The findings reveal that immigrants from eastern Europe, Africa, Ecuador and Colombia are significantly more likely to experience higher commuting times when compared with natives. These differences in commuting times can be attributed to different preferences regarding dwelling and employment optimal decisions. However, they could also be seen as symptoms of residential segregation and the difficulties in employment accessibility experienced by immigrant groups.
12. Complementary perspectives as a means of understanding regional change: frontier settlement in the Ecuador Amazon
L A Brown & R Sierra & D Southgate & L Labao, 1992**
    Tags: 
Abstract Illustrated in this paper is a research protocol wherein regional change in the Ecuador Amazon, measured in terms of changing settlement patterns, is explored from three distinct but complementary vantage points -- idiographic, context-dependent generalizations, and universally applicable frameworks. All analyses are anchored to the study area itself; the region's ground-level reality plays a prominent role throughout; and the Amazon as a place is the object of study. The more universal the explanation, the less information it provides about the Ecuador Amazon per se; but each conceptualization illuminates a distinct aspect of the Amazon experience. A comprehensive understanding is the end result. The research protocol is situated within current concerns over place, the new regional geography, and related research strategies.
13. El destino de las remesas en Ecuador: Un análisis microeconómico sobre los factores que determinan su utilización en actividades de inversión
Guido Gabriel González Casares & Marlon Andrés Viera Mendoza & Xavier Ordeñana Rodríguez, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract In the present work, the topic of remittances was analyzed from a microeconomic point of view. After the important role of the remittances in the national economy had already emphasized, we proceeded to investigate what are the main determinants that explain their investment degree at a national level; this mean, those factors that influence in the remittances recipient agent decision for consume or invest such income. The period of analysis cover the years 2007, 2008 and 2009. During the fieldwork, we found evidence that the majority of the remittances goes to current consume expenditures (75%) and only a 21% is destined to investment. Through an econometric model, it was possible to conclude that seven factors cause in a positive and direct form the investment percentage that a common remittances recipient agent can achieve in Ecuador. Taking in account the results of the model, the Ecuadorian representative recipient agent could invest until the 10% of the remittances received from rest of the world. En este trabajo se analizó el tema de las remesas desde un punto de vista microeconómico. Luego de destacar el importante papel que cumplen las remesas en la economía nacional, se procedió a investigar cuáles son los determinantes que explican su grado de inversión a nivel nacional; es decir, aquellos factores que influyen en la decisión del agente receptor de remesas para consumir o invertir dicho ingreso. El periodo de análisis comprende los años 2007, 2008 y 2009. Durante la investigación de campo se encontró evidencia de que la mayor parte de las remesas se destina a gastos de consumo corriente (75%) y apenas un 21% a la inversión. A través de un modelo econométrico se pudo concluir que son 7 los factores que afectan positiva y directamente el porcentaje de inversión que puede alcanzar un agente receptor de remesas en Ecuador. Tomando en cuenta los resultados del modelo, el agente receptor representativo de Ecuador puede llegar a invertir hasta el 10% de las remesas que recibe del exterior.
14. Empleadas domésticas: Migración y condiciones de trabajo
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, A. Suxo, 2008
    Tags: 
15. Environment, Land, and Rural Out-migration in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes
World Development, Gray C.L., 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract Out-migration, environmental degradation, and changes in land distribution are all key processes of rural transformation in the developing world, but few quantitative studies have investigated their interactions in migrant origin areas. This study uses survey data from the southern Ecuadorian Andes and an event history model to investigate the effects of land ownership and environmental conditions on out-migration to local, internal, and international destinations. The results indicate that the effects of land ownership and other factors differ strongly across migration streams. Also, negative environmental conditions and landlessness do not consistently increase out-migration as commonly assumed in the literature.‎
16. Focus on Ecuador's peasants, a population bled by migration. 
Tags: 
* Article**
17. Gender-specific out-migration, deforestation and urbanization in the Ecuadorian Amazon‎ 
   Alisson F Barbieri; David L Carr, Ph. D., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversisty
Abstract The Ecuadorian Amazon, one of the richest reserves of biodiversity in the world, has faced one of the highest rates of deforestation of any Amazonian nation. Most of this forest elimination has been caused by agricultural colonization that followed the discovery of oil fields in 1967. Since the 1990s, an increasing process of urbanization has also engendered new patterns of population mobility within the Amazon, along with traditional ways by which rural settlers make their living. However, while very significant in its effects on deforestation, urbanization and regional development, population mobility within the Amazon has hardly been studied at all, as well as the distinct migration patterns between men and women. This paper uses a longitudinal dataset of 250 farm households in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon to understand differentials between men and women migrants to urban and rural destinations and between men and women non-migrants. First, we use hazard analysis based on the Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimator to obtain the cumulative probability that an individual living in the study area in 1990 or at time t, will out-migrated at some time, t+n, before 1999. Results indicate that out-migration to other rural areas in the Amazon, especially pristine areas is considerably greater than out-migration to the growing, but still incipient, Amazonian urban areas. Furthermore, men are more likely to out-migrate to rural areas than women, while the reverse occurs for urban areas. Difference-of-means tests were employed to examine potential factors accounting for differentials between male and female out-migration to urban and rural areas. Among the key results, relative to men younger women are more likely to out-migrate to urban areas; more difficult access from farms to towns and roads constrains women's migration; and access to new lands in the Amazon-an important cause of further deforestation-is more associated with male out-migration. Economic factors such as engagement in on-farm work, increasing resource scarcity-measured by higher population density at the farm and reduction in farm land on forest and crops-and increase in pasture land are more associated with male out-migration to rural areas. On the other hand, increasing resource scarcity, higher population density and weaker migration networks are more associated with female out-migration to urban areas. Thus, a "vicious cycle" is created: Pressure over land leads to deforestation in most or all farm forest areas and reduces the possibilities for further agricultural extensification (deforestation); out-migration, especially male out-migration, occurs to other rural or forest areas in the Amazon (with women being more likely to choose urban destinations); and, giving continuing population growth and pressures in the new settled areas, new pressures promote further out-migration to rural destinations and unabated deforestation.
18.  Geographical Constraints to Growth in Bolivia
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen & Osvaldo Nina, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper seeks to test to which extent geographical constraints can be blamed for Bolivia's poor growth performance during the last three decades. Although geographical characteristics are too stable to explain the dramatic fluctuations in growth rates over time in Bolivia, there are at least four factors that contribute to changing the importance of those characteristics over time: 1) internal migration, 2) infrastructure investments, 3) change in export partners, and 4) change in export products. The results show that Bolivia is indeed adjusting in all 4 dimensions in order to reduce the importance of geographical constraints, but not nearly fast enough.
19. Geography and Development in Bolivia: Migration, Urban and Industrial Concentration, and‎ Welfare Convergence: 1950-1992‎
Inter-American Development Bank Research Network, Universidad Catolica Boliviana, Jose Luis Evia, Osvaldo Nina, Miguel Urquiola, Lykke Andersen, Eduardo Antelo, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper argues that considering the impact of geographical variables within Bolivia makes feasible a considerably richer analysis. The picture that emerges is occasionally not entirely consistent with the international evidence, but nonethelesspoints toward a systematic and significant impact of geography on development.
20. Globalization and Migration: the Impact of Family Remittances in Latin America
Manuel Orozco, project director of Central America for the Inter-American Dialogue, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract One of the major changes in contemporary international affairs is the intensification of social relations in scope and intensity, or the development of what has commonly been termed as globalization. Most analyses have paid attention to its economic dynamic, and specifically to the role of finance and commerce in stretching ties. However, even in the economic context, globalization has been more than trade and finance. Migration, for example, represents a very important dimension of globalization, and family remittances specifically constitute a major factor in integrating societies into the global context, economically and socially. This article contributes to the analysis of the relationship between migration and globalization by understanding the dynamics of worker remittances to Latin America. It specifically shows the growing salience of remittances in countries' national economies, and interaction of a number of actors participating in the remittance process. The article suggests that incorporating migrant labor dynamics as a category of economic integration will show distinct landscape of the economies of Latin America.‎
21. Immigration Policies and the Ecuadorian Exodus
World Bank, Simone Bertoli & Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga & Francesc Ortega, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract Ecuador recently experienced an unprecedented wave of emigration following the severe economic crisis of the late 1990s. Individual-level data for Ecuador and its two main migration destinations, Spain and the United States, are used to examine the size and skill composition of these migration flows and the role of wage differences in accounting for these features. Estimations of earnings regressions for Ecuadorians in all three countries show substantially larger income gains following migration to the United States than to Spain, with the wage differential increasing with migrants' education level. While this finding can account for the pattern of positive sorting in education toward the United States, it fails to explain why most Ecuadorians opted for Spain. The explanation for this preference appears to lie in Spain's visa waiver program for Ecuadorians. When the program was abruptly terminated, monthly inflows of Ecuadorians to Spain declined immediately.
22. Is International Migration Increasing?
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2007
    Tags: 
23. Labor market assimilation of immigrants in Spain: employment at the expense of bad job matches?
FEDEA, Cristina Fernandez, Carolina Ortega, 2006
     Tags: 
Abstract Spain has traditionally been known as a country of emigrants. However, in the last decade, Spain has experienced an unprecedented boom of immigration from three localized areas: Latin America, Africa and East Europe. In this paper, we study the behaviour of recent immigrants in the Spanish labour market identifying the major differences with the native population and tracking whether these differences fade away as their years of residence in Spain increase. With this objective, we focus on four labour market outcomes: labour supply, unemployment, incidence of overeducation and incidence of temporary contracts. Results show that, compared to natives, immigrants face initially higher participation rates, higher unemployment rates, higher incidence of overeducation and higher incidence of temporary contracts. However, five years after their arrival we could broadly say that participation rates start to converge to native rates, unemployment rates decrease to levels even lower than those of natives, and the incidence of temporary contracts and overeducation remains constant: no reduction of the gap with Spanish workers is observed. Therefore, we conclude that the Spanish labour market is managing to absorb the immigration boom but at the expense of allocating immigrants in bad job-matches.‎
24. La inmigracion latinoamericana en España
Trinidad L. Vicente Torrado, Naciones Unidas, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract La inmigración internacional es, sin duda, un fenómeno que viene caracterizando el desarrollo social, económico, político y cultural de las sociedades europeas durante las últimas décadas, no tanto por su novedad sino por las crecientes dimensiones que está alcanzando. Además, este aumento de la presencia de población de origen extranjero en los distintos países de la Unión Europea se ha visto acompañado, por otra parte, de un reducido -cuando no negativo- crecimiento vegetativo de las distintas poblaciones nacionales, lo que se ha traducido en un incremento de su peso relativo en el conjunto de la población. Así, ya en el año 2002, el saldo migratorio anual medio en el conjunto de la Europa Comunitaria se acercaba al millón de personas; ascendiendo a más de 13 millones el número de personas extranjeras nacionales de terceros países que residían en este territorio, quienes venían a representar aproximadamente el 3,4% de la población de la UE. A esta cifra se sumaban, además, otros 6 millones de personas que, siendo ciudadanas de un estado miembro, residían en otro dentro de la Unión, elevando el total de residentes no nacionales hasta más del 5% de la población de la Unión Europea en ese año (Consejo Económico y Social, 2004).
25. Latin American urban Development into the 21st century: towards a renewed perspective on the city
Dennis Rodgers, Jo Beall, Ravi Kanbur, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract According to UN-Habitat (2007: 337), Latin America is the most urbanized region in the world. Over three quarters of its population resided in cities at the turn of the 21st century, a proportion that is estimated will rise to almost 85 percent by 2030. By comparison, just over 36 and 37 percent of the populations of Africa and Asia were urban dwellers in 2000. In many ways, this state of affairs is not surprising. Urbanization and urban culture have long been features of the Latin American panorama, with the Mayas, Incas, and Aztec - to name but the best-known Pre-Columbian societies - all associated with the construction of large urban centres (see Hardoy, 1973),while Iberian colonialism - which held sway over the region for over three hundred years - was administered by means of a widespread network of cities from which power and control were projected, both materially and symbolically (see Hoberman and Socolow, 1986). At the same time, however, the region's contemporary urban condition is very much a consequence of 20th century developments: "in 1900, most Latin Americans lived in the countryside and only three cities had more than half a million inhabitants" (Gilbert, 1994: 25). Industrialization and the introduction of capitalist modes of production in rural areas from the 1930s onwards triggered a process of concentrated urbanization that seventy years later had led to a majority of the societies in the region crossing the urban threshold (Valladares and Prates Coelho, 1995), as well as the emergence of over forty cities with more than one million inhabitants (Angotti, 1995: 14).‎
26. Los vínculos económicos y familiares transnacionales: Los inmigrantes ecuatorianos y peruanos de España
Carlota Sole Puig, Sonia Parella, Leonardo Cavalcanti, Fundacion BBVA, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Esta obra analiza los resultados de la investigación, dirigida por Carlota Solé y financiada por la Fundación BBVA, sobre los flujos migratorios andinos hacia España, en concreto, procedentes de Ecuador y Perú, desde el punto de vista conceptual de las migraciones como un proceso social transnacional, subjetivo, familiar, económico y estructural a un mismo tiempo. El texto aborda el alcance y la importancia de la perspectiva transnacional en el estudio de las actuales migraciones internacionales. Para ello, se exploran los vínculos económicos y familiares del proceso migratorio, como principales dimensiones que estructuran los hogares transnacionales transformados o generados a través de la migración. A fin de obtener un campo de observación a la vez transnacional y longitudinal, se ha optado por una metodología cualitativa. Por un lado, la aproximación, a través de la entrevista en profundidad como técnica de recogida de datos, a los familiares residentes en Ecuador y Perú que tienen parientes emigrados a España. Por otro, a los emigrantes de preferencia residentes en España, pertenecientes a las mismas familias.
27. Migration as development strategy? The new political economy of dispossession an dinequality in the Americas
Review of International Political Economy, Nicola Phillips, 2009*‎
     Tags: 
Abstract In the context of a severe contraction of 'development space' for Latin American and Caribbean economies in the global political economy, we are witnessing a novel and increasingly explicit articulation of migration as a national development strategy by governments in the region. This is particularly pronounced in the Caribbean basin (defined to include Mexico). In response to the shifting shape of the transnational division of labor, the core development strategy that is being articulated is one of insertion into transnational supply chains on the basis of the provision of labor, in the sense both of populating the new transnational professional workforce and of ensuring a continual supply of cheap, low- or unskilled, often undocumented workers to a huge range of sectors in cities and outside them. This article contends that what is thereby put in place is a new political economy of inequality in the Americas, through which a dominant, transnationalized form of 'accumulation by dispossession' can be reinforced and deepened. This transnationalized form of accumulation by dispossession combines, in highly contingent ways, with the distinctively 'nationalized' governance of migration to constitute a contemporary political economy of migration in the Americas in which the developmental potential of labor mobility is subject to profound constraints.
‎
28. Migracion: Aspectos Sociales y Economicos
Estudio de la Camara de Industria y Comercio (CAINCO) y el Centro Boliviano de Economia (CEBEC), 2007
     Tags: 
Abstract Durante el último cuarto de siglo, la migración internacional ha aumentado a un ritmo cuatro veces mayor en relación al crecimiento de la población mundial. Cada año, millones de personas dejan sus pueblos y ciudades en países en desarrollo en busca de trabajo y un mejor nivel de vida para ellos y su familia. Hoy en día, el número de emigrantes, aproximadamente 193 millones, sería equivalente a la población del quinto país más poblado del mundo. 
La ecuación económica básica sigue siendo bastante simple: los países más desarrollados necesitan la mano de obra de los inmigrantes y las familias que permanecen en el país de origen necesitan las remesas derivadas de sus ingresos. Por tanto, millones de personas se desplazan hacia "el Norte" y miles de millones de dólares hacia "el Sur" (Terry, 2006). 
Las diferentes investigaciones analizadas en este estudio diferencian de manera teórica y práctica el proceso migratorio y los efectos económicos de las remesas. La migración en el mundo ha sido marcada por la globalización, es decir, por la interacción cada vez mayor de los mercados locales con los internacionales, esto ha derivado en mayores grados de especialización e incrementos en las brechas salariales tanto de trabajadores calificados como no calificados. 
Definitivamente todos los países se benefician de la globalización y de sus procesos inherentes, lo aconsejable es crear grados de institucionalidad al interior de los mismos de tal manera que los beneficios lleguen a todos. En este aspecto las remesas es un producto del mayor flujo de migración, no sólo en Bolivia sino en todo el mundo. 
Tal y como se plantea en esta investigación, en nuestro país como en cualquier otro, tanto el emigrante como su familia conocen muy bien sus necesidades y racionalmente destinan los fondos en función de sus preferencias. El papel de tanto las instituciones públicas y privadas es crear las oportunidades para que esos recursos sean destinados a usos productivos y desarrollo económico de largo plazo. Los emprendimientos llevados a cabo por instituciones financieras hacia la construcción de vivienda es un ejemplo. 
El fenómeno migratorio tiene dos componentes, uno social, donde el análisis del mercado laboral y la inversión en capital humano del emigrante y los hogares receptores de remesas son determinantes. El otro componente es el económico, donde el estudio de la posible relación entre mayores grados de desarrollo y el flujo de remesas, es importante. Esta investigación plantea una aproximación de las posibles causas y efectos de la migración, así como una cuantificación e impactos de las remesas en base a la compilación de varios estudios acerca de esta temática. 
El documento se organiza la siguiente manera. En la segunda parte se realiza una revisión teórica del fenómeno migratorio, así como sus causas y sus posibles efectos tanto económicos como sociales. Luego se realiza una cuantificación de la migración, primero en el mundo, luego en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y luego en Bolivia. 
En el punto cuatro, se aproxima, más en términos teóricos que prácticos, las posibles consideraciones de la migración sobre el mercado laboral y sus efectos sobre la inversión en capital humano. En el punto cinco se realiza una esquematización del flujo de remesas, primero se comenta sobre sus implicancias y luego a través de estimaciones de investigaciones relacionadas se presenta algunos datos a nivel mundial, ALC y Bolivia. El punto seis concluye el documento reforzando algunos resultados interesantes, así como, en base a los datos presentados, el sector productivo y empresarial propone lineamientos de políticas públicas y privadas acerca de este tema.
29. Migración Municipal en Bolivia: Un Enfoque Espacial
University Library of Munich, Martin Vargas, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo estudia los flujos de migración reciente en Bolivia a nivel municipal, utilizando la información obtenida en el Censo Nacional 2001, son utilizados dos tipos de análisis de los flujos de migración: el análisis convencional de regresión y el modelo de expansión espacial, ellos son utilizados para entender el fenómeno migratorio en Bolivia.
30. Migración Y Desarrollo: El Caso Ecuador-España
José Luis Cagigal García, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Las migraciones han brindado tanto a los países de origen como a los de destino, singulares ventajas económicas por su contribución al aumento de la producción y del consumo. El aporte de la migración incrementa el ingreso global y su impacto puede ser un medio, tan importante como la apertura en el comercio internacional, para impulsar el desarrollo. La ponderación de las ventajas de los procesos migratorios y su adecuada regulación, junto con la implementación de políticas económicas y sociales de apoyo al desarrollo es un reto importante para hacer del flujo de las remesas y de la mano de obra entre países un importante multiplicador del ingreso y del desarrollo social de las naciones.
31. Migrants and cities in the global south: transnational migrants and marginal city space in Buenos Aires
Global Urban Research Centre Working Paper #4, Tanja Bastia
    Tags: 
Abstract Internal migrants have always sat awkwardly with city authorities. They were often seen as 'peasants in cities', their presence in cities of the then 'Third World' related to negative characteristics such as high illiteracy rates or the rising percentage of population living in unsanitary conditions. However, internal migrants are generally the nation's citizens, albeit treated as second class, but they were able to claim their citizenship of the nation-state as a right of belonging. When the migrants concerned are foreigners, transnational migrants who also maintain ties with their places of origin, these negative perceptions are exacerbated. As non-citizens, they have fewer legal rights as well as symbolic grounding on which to claim their space and belonging to the city.
Buenos Aires is a city built on migration but throughout the twentieth century migrants have often been associated with shanty towns. This was particularly the case during the 1990s when many of the recently arrived migrants from the neighbouring countries of Paraguay and Bolivia settled in the shanty towns. This paper reviews internal and international migration to Argentina to analyse how different waves of migrants were differently integrated into national discourses of belonging. It also reviews the development of shanty towns with the aim of identifying the intersections of multiple forms of exclusion, those based on migration status and those based on place of residence.
32. Migration and agricultural change: the case of smallholder agriculture in highland Ecuador
   Human Ecology, Brad D. Jokisch, 2002**
    Tags: 
Abstract A large and growing number of agricultural households in less developed countries are also engaged in international migration. Thousands of farmers from the highland provinces of Cañar and Azuay, Ecuador, have immigrated to metropolitan New York, where they work in menial jobs and remit, as a group, millions of dollars annually. This paper examines the effects of international migration on agricultural production and land-use in two regions of Cañar Province. An agricultural survey was administered in two communities to determine land-use and agricultural production of migrant and nonmigrant households. Contrary to most reports on the subject, migration has neither led to agricultural abandonment nor have remittances been dedicated to agricultural improvements. Semisubsistence agriculture remains an important risk averse economic and cultural activity, but cultivation is a poor investment. A large investment in housing and land has converted much of the region into a peri-urban landscape of cultivated real estate.
33.  Migration and Resource Access: View from a Quechua Barrio
Centre for Regional and Rural Development, Robyn Eversole, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract A study of migration patterns among residents of an urban Bolivian neighbourhood sheds light on how households ac-cess resources, and the impact of ethnic identity markers on their ability to do so. The study shows how, in an ethnically divided society, households of rural, indigenous Andean background use migration as part of a complex range of strategies to access resources through space and across social and ethnic divides. The study demonstrates the limitations that these migrant households face, and their implications for social and economic development in Bolivia.
34. Migration and the 80/20 rule
Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2007
    Tags: 
35. Migration as protest? Negotiating gender, class, and ethnicity in urban Bolivia
Environment and Planning, Tanja Bastia, 2011 *
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Feminist geographies of migration are often based on the assumption that migration brings about social change, potentially disrupting patriarchal structures and bringing about new spaces where gender relations can be renegotiated and reconfigured. On the basis of multisited research conducted with migrants from the same community of origin in Bolivia, I analyse how gender, class, and ethnicity are renegotiated through internal and cross-border migration. A transnational, multiscalar, multisited, and intersectional approach is applied to the study of social change through migration, with the aim of investigating whether labour migration provides avenues for greater gender equality. At the individual level there are certainly indications that women achieve greater independence through migration. However, the multiscalar and intersectional analysis suggests that women trade 'gender gains' for upward social mobility in the class hierarchy. By doing so, they also contribute to the reproduction of patriarchal social relations.
36. Migration, Development and a New Rurality in the Valle Alto, Bolivia 
   Journal of Latin American Geography, Kaitlin Yarnall; Marie Price, 2010**
    Tags: 
37. Migration, remittances and the rural sector in Latin America
IDB, Manuel Orozco, 2003‎
Tags: 
Abstract Although development economics has long considered foreign savings as key to increasing a country's capital-output ratio, it has neglected one very important source: migration, and worker remittances in particular.2 This article argues that migration has had an important role within globalization by integrating developing countries into the global economy. Specifically, through remittances, migration has brought new opportunities for social and economic change in rural areas. 
Historically, four factors of foreign savings were considered: foreign direct investment, official development assistance, foreign trade and the transfer of technology. However, in the past thirty years, significant changes in the global economy spurring migration flows have influenced economic growth and development thought. This chapter argues that the relationship between development and migration or the movement of people, and the resulting effects of economic ties between diasporas and home country economies (household and business sectors) are becoming more relevant for development and social change.
The article addresses the effects and opportunities that remittances bring to rural areas where migration has taken place. The first and second parts address the relationship between migration and remittances in global and Latin American scales. The third part looks at rural Latin America as it relates to poverty and inequality. The fourth section examines the intersection between remittances and the rural sector in the developing world, specifically in the cases of Mexico, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. The last part analyzes the role of hometown associations and their effect in the rural sector and development.‎
38. Networks, Sorting and Self-selection of Ecuadorian Migrants
Simone Bertoli, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper provides new empirical evidence about the influence exerted by migration networks upon migrants‟ self-selection in education from the analysis of the recent process of Ecuadorian migration. The severe economic crisis that hit Ecuador in the late 1990s induced a massive wave of migration, from a country which was characterized by a substantial geographical variability in the size of migration networks. As Ecuadorian migrants opted for a variety of destination countries in the aftermath of the crisis, we estimate a multinomial logistic model to assess the impact of migration networks on both migrants‟ sorting and self-selection. The estimates are in line with the theoretical arguments which predict that migration networks increase the likelihood or the extent of a negative self-selection of the migrants with respect to education.
39. Poverty and prosperity among migrant settlers in the Amazon rainforest frontier of Ecuador 
   Journal of Development Studies, Laura Murphy, 1997**
    Tags: 
40. Remesas y Migración Internacional en América Latina: Simulación de los Efectos en la Pobreza y la Desigualdad
Diego Battistón, 2010 GD‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Este trabajo realiza un estudio comparativo del impacto de las remesas y la migración internacional sobre la pobreza y la desigualdad en cuatro países latinoamericanos con importantes procesos migratorios (Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras y Nicaragua). A partir de encuestas de hogares se estiman los cambios producidos sobre estas dos dimensiones utilizando diferentes microsimulaciones. La metodología utilizada también permite descomponer los cambios totales en efectos directos e indirectos. Los cambios directos están relacionados con la salida del migrante del hogar y la sustitución de ingresos laborales por remesas. Los efectos indirectos (no observables) operan sobre el resto de los miembros del hogar y entre ellos se incluyen restricciones a la liquidez o cambios en las decisiones laborales. La incorporación de un doble mecanismo de selección muestral permite tener en cuenta arreglos intra-hogar que usualmente son excluidos del análisis empírico pero que han recibido fuerte soporte teórico en la literatura. Los resultados indican que en los cuatro países el proceso de migraciones y remesas reduce la desigualdad y en Ecuador, El Salvador y Honduras también se reducen significativamente las tasas de pobreza. La importancia relativa de los canales directos e indirectos depende entre otros factores de las características de los hogares involucrados en el proceso y el tipo de selección que opera sobre los mismos. En términos generales, la sustitución directa de ingreso laboral por remesas tiende a ser más importante cuando los hogares son más pobres mientras que los efectos indirectos se concentran en los hogares con ingresos medios.
41. Remittances, Liquidity Constraints and Human Capital Investments in Ecuador‎ 
World Development, Carla Calero, Arjun S Bedi, Robert Sparrow, 2008 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Over the last decade Ecuador has experienced a strong increase in financial transfers from migrated workers, amounting to 6.4 percent of GDP and 31.5 percent of total exports of goods and services in 2005. This paper investigates how remittances via trans-national networks affect human capital investments through relaxing resource constraints and facilitate households in consumption smoothing by reducing vulnerability to economic shocks. In particular, we explore the effects of remittances on school enrolment and child work in Ecuador. Identification relies on instrumental variables, exploiting information on source countries of remittances and regional variation in the availability of bank offices that function as formal channels for sending remittances. Our results show that remittances increase school enrolment and decrease incidence of child work, especially for girls and in rural areas. Furthermore, we find that aggregate shocks are associated with increased work activities, while remittances are used to finance education when households are faced with these shocks. This suggests that liquidity constraints and vulnerability to covariate risk are especially relevant in rural areas, as it affects household's investments in human capital of school age children. In this context both child labour supply and transnational remittances serve as coping mechanisms.
42. Remittance Recipients in Ecuador: a Market Research Study
Pew Hispanic Center, IDB, 2003
43. Respuesta del desempleo a variaciones del producto: cuantificaciones para Ecuador a partir de la Ley de Okun
Marco Baquero Latorre, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract A partir del método formulado por Okun para cuantificar el PIB potencial, se presentan estimaciones de la magnitud de la variación del desempleo ante cambios en el producto para el Ecuador. Las estimaciones obtenidas, evidencian la relación negativa entre ambas variables; así, un crecimiento del PIB de 1%, por encima de su crecimiento "normal" reduce la tasa de desempleo entre 0.25 y 0.32%.
44. Rural migration and urbanization : a women's initiative in Ecuador 
   Ideas and Action, Paola del Gallo, 1982** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
45. Rural origin as a risk factor for maternal and child health in periurban Bolivia
Social Science & Medicine, Bender, Deborah E. & Rivera, Tirsa & Madonna, Donna, 1993* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Rapid migration in Latin America is settling rural women and their families next to those of urban origin in sprawling urban settings. Those born and reared in rural areas bring with them knowledge and skills learned and adapted to rural areas; those same skills may be maladaptive in urban areas. Hypothesized is that urban women of rural origin are more likely to have poorer health outcomes for themselves and their children than lifelong urban counterparts. Identification of specific risk factors affecting child and/or maternal health status in peri-urban barrios can assist health workers to target limited resources to those least likely to access available services. ‎
46. Rural-Urban Migration in Bolivia: An Escape Boat?
Maria Tannuri-Pianto, Donald Pianto, Omar Arias, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper studies rural-urban migration in Bolivia. Domestic migration usually works as an equalization mechanism, in which regions with fewer economic opportunities send migrants to more dynamic regions. We model the migration decision and take into account the possibility of self-selection for computing the returns to migration. We present selectivity corrected quantile regression models for earnings of both migrants and non-migrants in urban and metropolitan areas. We find that migrants receive a premium at low and median quantiles of the urban/metro conditional earnings distribution. This premium is somewhat diminished by a negative selectivity correction for migrants with lower probabilities of migration.
47.  Should I stay or should I go? Return migration in times of crises 
Journal of International Development, Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2011, Pages: 583-595, Tanja Bastia*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract The current economic downturn has a significant impact on migrants' lives, including their considerations of return. Massive returns have potentially disastrous consequences for migrants' countries of origin, especially those countries that have become dependent on remittances. Yet, return is the least understood part of the migration process. Based on comparative observations of the same group of migrants following the Argentinean crisis in 2001 and the current economic downturn in Spain, this paper sheds light on how migrants decide about returning to their country of origin during times of crises.‎
48. The crisis of care, international migration, and public policy
Feminist Economics, Lourdes Beneria, 2008** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Focusing on Europe's reconciliation policies, aimed to balance family and labor market work, this paper explores whether some of the legislative efforts introduced in Europe during the past decade could be applied to Latin American countries with important migrant populations, such as Bolivia and Ecuador. This paper argues that there are differences between Northern and Southern countries that would influence the effectiveness of these kinds of policies in the South. Three differences in particular - the availability of domestic service, the extent of the informal economy, and international migration - are taken into consideration. Using the capabilities approach framework, this paper outlines other lines of public policy action that can be useful in designing reconciliation policies for the South. Finally, the paper argues that there is an urgent need for re-thinking gender equity within the emerging gender order across countries.‎
‎49.  The Impact of Migration on Foreign Trade: A Developing Country Approach
Instituto de investigaciones socioeconómicas, Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza, Laura Ehrlich, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract While the causal relationship between migration and trade has not been studied thoroughly, estimation results of gravity model approach suggest that important aspects determining trade volumes can be missed if additional factors, including migration, are not considered. The current paper aims at testing the impact of migration on foreign trade in a relatively closed small economy. We use the data of Bolivia, for the years 1990-2003. We apply gravity model, adding a migration variable to the explanatory variables. We test the impact of both, immigration and emigration on exports and imports and also on intra-industry trade. We use panel estimation including data of 30 trade partners (selected according to higher trade intensity with Bolivia). We control for the economic size and geographical location of trade partners, and for changes in terms of trade. Previous studies show an increasing effect of immigration on both exports and imports elasticities. Some studies find larger exports elasticity compared to imports elasticity, some vice versa. We could not find any studies on emigration impact on trade. Our results show relatively similar impact of both immigration and emigration on foreign trade. Positive significant effect of immigration on exports and imports is confirmed also in Bolivia, even when the migration flows in Bolivia are not as high as in the case of most countries analyzed previously. We can conclude positive effect of migration flows also on intra-industry trade. In the following analysis, we intend to control for the impact of trade agreements and openness of trade partners. We will also try to broaden the sample of trade partners used in the current estimation and to test the hypotheses on other developing countries.
50. The impact of origin community characteristics on rural-urban out-migration in a developing country
Richard E. Bilsborrow, Thomas M. McDevitt, Sherrie Kossoudji, Richard Fuller**
    Tags: 
Abstract It is widely believed that structural variables such as inequitable land distribution, lack of rural employment opportunities, and rural-urban wage and amenity gaps influence population movements in developing countries. Yet quantitative evidence is scant. In this paper a multilevel model is used to investigate the effects of individual-, household-, and areal-level factors on rural-urban out-migration in the Ecuadorian Sierra. Data from a detailed survey carried out in 1977-1978 and from government macro-areal statistics are used to investigate factors affecting the out-migration of youths aged 12-25. Preliminary conclusions are presented on the usefulness of multilevel models in studying migration and policy implications for Ecuador.
51. The Moving Middle: Migration, Place Premiums and Human Development in Bolivia
United Nations Development Program, George Gray Molina and Ernesto Yañez, 2009
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Over half of Bolivian heads of household are lifetime migrants. This paper looks at the long term impact of internal migration over human development in Bolivia. Three issues frame these effects. First, twenty five years of rural to urban migration have transformed the demographic profile of Bolivian society. The new middle third is younger, more bilingual and better educated, with more access to social services than in the past. The poorest of the poor, however, did not migrate to the extent of the non-poor. Second, urban workers make approximately four times as much in wages as identical workers in rural areas, controlling for age, ethnicity, and years of schooling. Two caveats dampen this place premium effect: schooling quality and informal insurance mechanisms that make migration more costly. Third, increases in human development can be associated to an "urbanization dividend" that made social services more accessible to first and second generation migrants over a twenty-five year period. Future increases in human development, however, are likely to depend on providing quality services and expanding socials services to the rural poor, rather on gains from urbanization. The key policy challenges of the future include both an expansion of services to the poorest of the poor in rural areas and breaking down discrimination barriers against women and indigenous people in urban labor markets.
52. The Wage Effects of Immigration and Emigration
World Bank, Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract Immigrants in Rome or Paris are more visible to the public eye than the Italian or French engineers in Silicon Valley, especially when it comes to the debate on the effects of immigration on the employment and wages of natives in high-income countries. This paper argues that such public fears, especially in European countries are misplaced; instead, more concern should be directed towards emigration. Using a new dataset on migration flows by education levels for the period 1990-2000, the results show the following: First, immigration had zero to small positive long-run effect on the average wages of natives, ranging from zero in Italy to +1.7 percent in Australia. Second, emigration had a mild to significant negative long-run effect ranging from zero for the US to −0.8 percent in the UK. Third, over the period 1990-2000, immigration generally improved the income distribution of European countries while emigration worsened it by increasing the wage gap between the high and low skilled natives. These patterns hold true using a range of parameters for the simulations, accounting for the estimates of undocumented immigrants, and correcting for the quality of schooling and/or labormarket downgrading of skills. All results go counter to the popular beliefs about migration, but they are due to the higher skill intensity of both emigration and immigration relative to non-migrants.‎
53. Todos Somos Migrantes (We are All Migrants): The Paradoxes of Innovative State-led Transnationalism in Ecuador
International Political Sociology, Ana Margheritis, 2011*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract This study explores when, why, and how the Ecuadorian state has implemented programs and policies aimed at reaching out to its nationals living abroad. The evidence shows an increasing activism on the part of the state that has intensified under Rafael Correa's administration and acquired some innovative traits; it has also translated into foreign policy actions that have placed Ecuador in a leadership role in the Andean region. The timing, motivation, and nature of those transnational policies do not exactly fit the assumptions and typologies of existing literature on the subject. The characteristics of this case, as well as some contradictions and tensions in policy content and implementation, are better explained by domestic political factors such as the nature and internal dynamics of the coalition in government, the political discourse that helped to sell and give shape to Correa's political project, and the serious institutional instability and fragility in which an ambitious new reform of the state has been launched.‎
54. Treat Your Migrants Better!
Institute for Advance Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2007
    Tags: 
55. Urbanization, roads, and rural population change in the Ecuadorian Andes 
   Studies in Comparative International Development, Thomas K Rudel, fall 1990**
    Tags: 
56. Urbanization is a Blessing - Why Fight it?
Institute for Advance Development Studies, Lykke E. Andersen, 2006
    Tags: 
57. What Emigration Leaves Behind: The Situation of Emigrants and their Families in Ecuador
Ximena Soruco & Giorgina Piani & Máximo Rossi, 2008
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This study seeks to identify measure and analyze possible discriminatory behaviors in southern Ecuador. There are three main findings. First, emigration is perceived as a social problem. Second, emigrant families are seen as economically "irrational" because they are not perceived to be investing remittances in productive and sustainable activities; emigrants are additionally portrayed as "irresponsible" because they leave their families in search of better living conditions. Third, emigrants' children are perceived as doing worse in school than their peers and as living outside the society at large. Observed discrimination follows a cultural pattern: persons closer to the dominant culture are proportionately more to discriminate against emigrants and their families, and women show more discriminatory attitudes than men.
58. Women's work in areas of high male out-migration 
Development Anthropology Network, María Elena Gisbert; Michael Painter; Mery Quitón, 1992** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
59. Worker Remittances: the human face of globalization
IDB, Manuel Orozco, 2002
Tags: 
Abstract Migration and remittances are important signifiers of the human face of globalization. Millions of migrant workers and their families maintain their bonds and continue their obligations to each other using numerous means, including by sending remittances-money and goods-to their families and communities of origin. On a worldwide annual basis remittances may amount to more than one hundred billion dollars, primarily sent from the industrial to the developing world. In turn, the individuals sending portions of their income back to their relatives use a variety of means to ensure that their money is transferred and delivered. 
This report is a comparative study of worldwide transfer costs to nine countries. It also compares these international trends with costs and trends of sending money to Latin America. The report is based on interviews with experts and businesses, a review of the literature on remittances, and data gathering and analysis of pricing, sending methods, and technologies employed by more than fifty money transfer businesses including banks, ethnic stores, and international money transfer corporations. The study looked at the impact of remittances on the nine countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and specifically at costs for immigrants to send money from major sending countries including from the United States. 
One of the study's major findings is that transfer costs incurred by an immigrant are lower when remittances are sent through banking institutions. Significantly, when banks offer these services to immigrants, they also sell other important products that benefit these customers, their home country relatives, and their home country economy. Another notable finding is that costs to send remittances to the countries studied here are higher from the United States than from Europe and Arab oil exporting countries, and southern Africa. Moreover, when the data is compared to Latin America it was found that average costs of remitting by money transfer businesses to Latin America is more expensive than the other transfers. In contrast, costs using international money transfer institutions and ethnic stores to send to Latin America are cheaper than money transfer agencies between other countries in the world.‎
60. Worker Remittances, Transnationalism and Development
Inter-American Development Bank, Manuel Orozco, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Within the framework of globalization, transnational networks have emerged from many factors, including the consolidation of migration ties. These networks are now contributing significantly to the integration of countries into the global economy. There are various levels of economic interconnectedness, most of which have been largely neglected by policymakers and scholars. These connections include immigrant-based donations, small and large investments, trade, tourism and unilateral transfers.‎

Libros y Publicaciones


Empleo

‎1. 2006 Labour Overview: Latin Ameirca and the Caribbean
International Labour Office, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract At the end of 2006, Latin America and the Caribbean will have experienced economic growth for the fourth consecutive year. Forecasts for 2007 indicate that this trend will continue, although at a more moderate pace, yielding five consecutive years of growth. As expected, the stability of economic growth over several years has produced a positive impact on the labour market in the countries of the region, as the pages of the 2006 Labour Overview confirm: the unemployment rate declined and real wages increased during the first three quarters of 2006, as compared with the same period of 2005.
Despite this positive trend, important gaps persist in key labour market indicators by sex and age, whereas informal sector employment remains high and workers' health insurance and pension coverage in the region remains deficient.  With a projected GDP growth rate of 5.1% for the region in 2006, the economy will have expanded by an average of 4.4% annually between 2003 and 2006. Three factors explain this performance, which is unprecedented in previous years characterized by volatile growth and cyclical crises. First, it was due to the growth in foreign demand - especially from China and the United States -, which also yielded better prices for regional export commodities. Second, it reflected stronger domestic economic activity in Latin America and the Caribbean, driven by low interest rates and increased public spending. Finally, growth occurred because of the macroeconomic balances - particularly in fiscal and price terms - the countries of the region have been able to achieve within a favourable international context.
2. 6to informe  objetivos de desarrollo del milenio
UDAPE, 2010 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El Sexto informe de progreso de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) presenta el estado de situación de nuestro país de cara al cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos en la Declaración del Milenio. Este nuevo documento actualiza con datos al 2009 la información de los indicadores presentados en el informe anterior e incorpora además dos nuevas metas: la primera está relacionada con el empleo productivo y la segunda con el acceso universal a la salud reproductiva. El presente informe describe la evolución de un conjunto de 43 indicadores asociados a 16 metas de los 8 ODM, e identifica las brechas que hay para alcanzar las metas planteadas para el año 2015; asimismo, presenta las principales acciones que estarían coadyuvando a los resultados alcanzados hasta el momento. 
A nivel nacional, la pobreza extrema se redujo en 16,6 puntos porcentuales entre los años
1996 al 2009, y presentó los mayores avances en los últimos dos años; pero las desigualdades
aún persisten en el ámbito geográfico.  La productividad laboral ha crecido en 1,1% en promedio cada año, lo que implica un incremento en el valor agregado que genera la economía boliviana por persona ocupada.  En el año 2009, seis de cada diez personas estaban ocupadas; sin embargo, se observan diferencias significativas cuando se desagrega este indicador según sexo: un 55% de las mujeres en edad de trabajar se encontraba ocupado a diferencia del 72% de los hombres que estaban ocupados.
3. Accelerating action against child labour
International Labour Office, 2010 ‎
   Español: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In its quadrennial Global Report on child labour, the ILO said that the global number of child labourers had declined from 222 million to 215 million, or 3 per cent, over the period 2004 to 2008, representing a "slowing down of the global pace of reduction." The report also expressed concern that the global economic crisis could "further brake" progress toward the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016.
4. Acciones sindicales para la promoción de un trabajo decente para las mujeres
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2004 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La presente publicación, es un producto obtenido del trabajo realizado, la cual presenta una propuesta para acciones sindicales, en el marco de los objetivos estratégicos de la OIT, que plantea una agenda documentada, que incorpora los diagnósticos elaborados en cada país y plantea tareas que pueden realizarse desde las organizaciones sindicales para alcanzar el paradigma del trabajo decente para las mujeres, a través del seguimiento a la Declaración de la OIT relativa a los principios y derechos fundamentales en el trabajo, la promoción del empleo y la generación de ingresos para las mujeres, la protección social, y la salud y seguridad ocupacional APRA todas las mujeres, así como el fortalecimientos de las Secretarias de la Mujer y sus estructuras internas a través de una mayor participación de las mujeres. 
5. Achieving Export-Led Growth in Colombia
Ricardo Hausmann and Bailey Klinger, Harvard CID Working Paper, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze Colombia's experiences with and opportunities for export led growth. We first review Colombia's growth and export performance over the past 30 years and find that the country is indeed facing an export challenge. We then go on to develop new metrics and apply them to Colombia's export challenge. First, we consider the opportunities for upgrading quality within existing exports, and find that Colombia has very little opportunity for growth in this dimension. Second, we consider the level of sophistication of the current export basket, and find that it is low and commensurate with the lack of export dynamism. Although not a significant drag on growth, the current export basket will not be sufficient to fuel future output growth. Finally, we develop the concept distances between products, open forest, and the option value of exports to examine the possibility that Colombia's current structure of production is itself a barrier to future structural transformation. While improvements in the export package have been slow in the past, this evidence suggests that Colombia does now enjoy more options for future structural transformation. As there are attractive options for structural transformation nearby, a parsimonious approach to industrial strategy, rather than a risky strategic bet to move to a new part of the product space, seems appropriate. In order to inform such a strategy, we use the metrics developed in the diagnostic to evaluate new export activities in terms of their proximity to current activities, their sophistication, and their strategic value. We identify the sectors representing the best tradeoffs between these aims for Colombia as a whole, as well as its regions. We also devote separate attention to the topic of Agricultural exports, and to exports of services. Finally, we use these metrics to analyze the list of 'high-potential' sectors in the United States, developed by another firm, as well as the sectors prioritized in Colombia's Agenda Interna. These external lists of high-potential sectors are found to be sensible, but could be further rationalized using these metrics. This identification of nearby, high-potential, and strategically valuable sectors is not meant to be a definitive list for targeted subsidies and 'picking winners'. Rather, it provides a robust data-driven approach to inform the next steps in achieving export-led growth in Colombia: which private sector actors should be consulted first? What sector-specific reforms should be stressed? How should public spending on infrastructure and training, which are also sector-specific, be prioritized? What foreign firms should be targeted by FDI promotion agencies? These decisions can be informed by our analysis and the accompanying data.
6. Actas del Seminario Tripartito Ajuste Económico, Empleo y Diálogo Social en Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela (Bogotá, Colombia, 24 al 26 de noviembre de 1999)‎ ‎
Empleo y Diálogo Social en Colombia Seminario Tripartito Ajuste Económico 
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ILO DT NO.125
    Tags: 
Abstract En este informe se presentan las exposiciones y discusiones del "Seminario Tripartito sobre Ajuste Económico, Empleo y Diálogo Social" que se llevó a cabo en Bogotá, Colombia, los días 24 y 25 de noviembre de 1999 y que congregó a aproximadamente cuarenta representantes de los Ministerios de Trabajo y Finanzas, de las organizaciones de empleadores y de trabajadores de Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela; así como a destacados profesionales de esos mismos países. Dicho seminario se enmarcó dentro del programa de acción de la OIT sobre ajuste estructural, empleo y diálogo social cuyo objetivo es promover mayor participación de los actores sociales en el diseño y monitoreo de los programas de ajuste estructural; participación que se concibe como condición para facilitar la mayor inclusión de objetivos sociales en dichos programas y propiciar resultados más positivos en cuestión de empleo, protección social, relaciones laborales y condiciones de trabajo. Estos grandes objetivos sociales están considerados en las conclusiones de la XIV Reunión de los Estados Miembros de la OIT en las Américas (Lima, agosto de 1999) en los siguientes términos: "Es necesario el fortalecimiento de los interlocutores sociales para alcanzar soluciones compartidas que den legitimidad a las políticas y que propicien una equitativa distribución de los beneficios del crecimiento."
7. Actualizacion del estudio de Mercado Laboral en Bolivia
Universidad Privada Boliviana, Fundacion para la Produccion, 2011
Abstract En el año 2005, FundaPro contrató a la Universidad Privada Boliviana para realizar el estudio del mercado laboral en Bolivia considerando los siguientes elementos: Identificación de las necesidades de la demanda del mercado laboral boliviano, en relación a: cantidad de profesionales, técnicos superiores y medios de las distintas especialidades requeridas; nivel de conocimientos que estos deben poseer; habilidades y destrezas que deben desarrollar, para desempeñar los puestos de trabajo con eficiencia y productividad. Los resultados del estudio demostraron una brecha entre la oferta y la demanda de profesionales y técnicos en el país. Cinco años más tarde, era de vital importancia para las instituciones de formación superior, y para los diversos sectores que demandan profesionales y técnicos conocer si la brecha persiste y analizar los factores que inciden en ella.
8. A history of mining in Latin America : from the colonial era to the present 
   Kendall W Brown, University of New Mexico Press, 2012**
    Tags: 
9. A history of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848-1971
Cambridge Journals, Guillermo Lora, Laurence Whitehead, Christine Whitehead, 1977*
    Tags: 
Abstract This book is an abridgement and translation of Guillermo Lora's five-volume history. It deals with the strengthening and radicalisation of Bolivia's organised labour movement, which culminated in the drastic revolutionary changes of the 1950s. The first half offers a reinterpretation of Bolivian history in the century preceding the revolution, viewed from the perspective of the working class. The second half discusses in more detail the major political events and doctrinal issues of a period in which the author, as secretary of the Trotskyist Partido Obrero Revolucionario, himself frequently played an active part. Despite the radical upheaval that occurred in the fifties and the mobilisation of broad sectors of the population around such radical objectives as direct property seizures, union-nominated ministers and union, military and worker control, the labour movement was unable to maintain its conquests in the 1960s. The concluding chapters describe the period of renewed military repression and the continuing efforts of the labour movement to resist.‎
   Book 7 - The rise and fall of the Central Obrera Boliviana
    Tags: 
Abstract Both in terms of organisation and of ideology the Central Obrera Boliviana (COB) is the highest achievement so-far of the Bolivian labour movement. If the workers ever really had a revolutionary leadership, it was the COB. Many people have regarded the formation of the COB as unanticipated, as merely a product of the 1952 revolution or a creation of the MNR. But in fact it was the culmination of the whole history of the labour movement, an expression of its rich experience and of the level of development of its class consciousness. Equally there can be no doubt that the COB was the product of intense and persistent campaigning within the labour organisations by political parties. Following the revolution of 9 April 1952, the COB became the most important political force in the country, and the struggle for the control of the country centred around it. This fact confirms the importance of the proletariat, especially the miners, in the revolutionary process.
From the 1920s onwards, the main preoccupation of the unions had been to set up a national labour organisation. Various attempts to do this had failed but, as we have seen, the various national workers' congresses did adopt truly revolutionary programmes which were intended to provide a basis for labour unity.
10. Aglomeraciones Mineras y Desarrollo Local en America Latina
Rudolf A. Buitelaar, International Development Research Center
    Tags: 
Abstract This book is particular in the sense that it applies the concepts of the theory of mining clusters to the analysis of Latin America's mining industry. The research shows that ultimately the industry's competitive advantages, like those of any other industry, lie in its capacity to generate knowledge and to innovate. In this view, the book's case studies have the particularity to deal with knowledge creation and dissemination in the region's mining clusters. Latin America is home to the least advanced clusters insofar as most if not all of its clusters are lagging behind. The approach used in this book brings to the conclusion that the region's mining sector will only foster sustainable development if the institutions responsible for local learning are effectively reinforced.
11. Agricultura andina : propuesta de investigación 
Leonard Field; Manuel Chiriboga Vega; Centro Andino de Acción Popular, Quito, Ecuador : Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 1984**
    Tags: 
12. Agroindustrial ICU : un modelo de empresa de gestion campesina - indigena
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Cabrera, C.N.; Naranjo, C.V., Quito, Ecuador, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract El Programa de Cultivos Andinos del INIAP, ha investigado y encontrado alternativas de producción, poscosecha, industrialización y usos para varias especies alimenticias nativas, conocidas como Cultivos Andinos.  Desde 1980, cuando se iniciaron los trabajos de investigación, se tuvo como meta principal, favorecer a los pequeños productores, especialmente indígenas, que son los que han mantenido la variabilidad genética de los cultivos andinos, a lo largo de los siglos, impidiendo que desaparezcan de los campos cultivados. La investigación, se priorizó en quinua, aunque también se trabajó en varias otras especies nativas.
Luego de por lo menos 10 años de actividades, se disponían de variedades mejoradas, de alternativas tecnológicas para la producción, de recomendaciones y prototipos para la poscosecha e industrialización y de varias alternativas modernas e innovadoras para el consumo, pero no se había logrado que los beneficiarios de esta tecnología, (pequeños productores), hicieran uso de la misma, en los niveles que se esperaba.  
Por eso, nació la idea de preparar un proyecto integral que incluya: investigación, producción, procesamiento, comercialización y utilización de varios cultivos alto andinos y que permita probar la tecnología disponible, en condiciones de campo, es decir, se trataba de validar la tecnología y que mejor oportunidad, si se hacía con pequeños productores. 
13. Ajuste del mercado de trabajo y políticas laborales en Ecuador bajo el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos : informe final presentado al gobierno de Ecuador, Junio 2005 
Jorge Jatobá; Quito : Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo : Secretaría Técnica del Frente Social : Banco Mundial, 2007**
    Tags: 
14. Ajuste estructural y su impacto en el trabajo de las mujeres en Bolivia 
   María del Carmen Sánchez García, La Paz : Red Mujeres y Economía, 2001** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity La estructura de los mercados adquiere importancia particularmente cuando se trata de estudiar las limitantes que impiden una mayor competencia en los mismos. El interés común apunta justamente a una mayor competencia que se refleje en mayores niveles de bienestar para el conjunto de la sociedad; en este propósito el gobierno tiene su rol como agente regulador de aquellos mercados imperfectos. Las empresas deben asumir que el mejoramiento de los grados de productividad y eficiencia son los mejores argumentos para competir y el consumidor confronta precios y calidad de los bienes y servicios ofertados en los distintos mercados antes de tomar una decisión.‎
15. Analysis of the effects of microfinance on poverty reduction
NYU School of Public Service, Working Paper, Jonathan Morduch and Barbara Haley, 2001
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The poorest and poverty reduction have become the object of unprecedented attention at international summits in the 1990's. Canada, through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), has committed to the targets set by both the OECD International Development Goals and, most recently, the Millennium Goals which focus on poverty reduction for those living on less than a dollar a day.  Microfinance has proven to be an effective and powerful tool for poverty reduction. Like many other development tools, however, it has insufficiently penetrated the poorer strata of society.  The poorest form the vast majority of those without access to primary health care and basic education; similarly, they are the majority of those without access to microfinance.  While there is no question that the poorest can benefit from primary health care and from basic education, it is not as intuitive that they can also benefit from microfinance, or that microfinance is an appropriate tool by which to reach the Millennium goals. Microfinance has been extensively examined over the past 10 to 15 years, and the resulting literature is now very large. A focused review of the literature was conducted to evaluate recent publications regarding the impact of microfinance on poverty reduction.‎
16. An Evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labour Training Program- PROJOVEN‎ 
Diaz, J. J. and M. Jaramillo, IDB, Office of Evaluation and Oversight, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract Díaz and Jaramillo (2006) report suggest that there are positive and statistically significant impacts of job training on paid jobs and formal employment probabilities, and on monthly earnings for all the cohorts analyzed. In terms of heterogeneity, the authors find that female youngsters and 16-20 year old males and females seem to benefit more from the job training.
This paper summarizes the findings of an impact evaluation of the Mexican training programs PROBECAT_SICAT for the period 1999-2004. It is a study commissioned by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight of the Inter-American Development Bank in accordance to the Bank's policy of ex-post evaluation of operations.
17. Applying exact aggregation conditions to build an integrated macro-micro simulation model for Bolivia (modeling the impact of economic  policies on poverty and inequality: the case of Bolivia)‎
David Zavaleta, Universidad Catolica Boliviana, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract In this paper we develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Bolivia, integrating in it a microsimulation model. The integration of both models is based on the exact aggregation hypothesis at the household consumption level.  We apply this integrated macro-micro model to analyze the effects of an in-crease on natural resources output on poverty and inequality, and to compare different redistributive policies.  Our experience shows that this model behaves very well for this kind of exercise, and shows results about poverty and inequality that are unobservable when using only a CGE model, with few representative households. The considered simulations show also some interesting results about the effects of a natural resource boom on poverty and inequality.‎
18. A Review of Interventions to Support Young Workers: Findings of the Youth Employment Inventory
Betcherman, G., Godfrey, M., Puerto, S., Rotheran, F., Stavreska, World Bank, 2007 GD‎
    Tags: 
Abstract The Youth Employment Inventory has been compiled to improve the evidence base for making decisions about how to address the problem of youth employment. As policymakers consider measures to help young people make the transition into the labor market and obtain decent work, they are hampered by a lack of information on what their options are, what works in different situations, and what has been tried and failed. To respond to this situation, the World Bank has compiled a world-wide inventory of the interventions that are designed to integrate young people into the labor market. This Youth Employment Inventory (YEI) is based on available documentation of current and past programs and includes evidence from 289 studies of interventions from 84 countries in all regions of the world. The interventions included in the YEI have been analyzed in order to (i) document the types of programs that have been implemented to support young workers to find work; and (ii) identify what appears to work in terms of improving employment outcomes for youth. This synthesis report pulls together the information from this inventory and a set of background reports to document the global experience with youth employment programs.
19. Anuario estadístico minero. 
   La Paz, Bolivia, Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia, 1979*
    Tags: 
20. Archivo de datos sobre Bolivia 
   Santiago, Chile : PREALC, 1979*
    Tags: 
21. Assets, livelihoods, and social policy ‎ 
   Washington, DC : World Bank, 2008* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Given the lack of adequate universal social welfare for those unable to find jobs in the salaried formal sector, the livelihoods and well-being of most poor people depends heavily on their asset base. This includes their ability to access and accumulate assets, obtain decent returns from these assets, and use their asset base to manage risks. Assets, Livelihoods, and Social Policy discusse the diverse strategies adopted by people in different contexts to accumulate assets through migration, housing investments, natural resources management, and informal businesses. An asset-based social policy can strengthen asset accumulation strategies as well as help the poor overcome the constraints of unfavorable institutional environments. 
To a considerable extent, asset accumulation strategies depend on the agency exercised by people themselves through individual or collective action. At the same time, the status of policies and institutions can enable or hinder these strategies and affect livelihood outcomes. In synthesis, the case studies lead to the differentiation among three different types of policies: policies that affect outcomes by directly influencing access to assets by the poor-such as land, housing, natural resources, or credit policies and public investments that change the nature of returns on assets - such as investments in rural roads, agricultural inputs, and market development policies that transform the value of assets held by the poor by virtue of administrative decisions that increase or reduce value-such as re-classification of land from arable or pasture to protected lands, land use regulations affecting resource use, or modification in regulations governing labor rights or migration. ‎
22. A Social Accounting Matrix for Bolivia Featuring Formal and Informal Activities
Rainer Thiele, Daniel Piazolo, 1997‎
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper describes the construction of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Bolivia for the year 1997. Three distinctive features render the SAM a useful starting point for distributional analyses. First, production in the agricultural and services sector is split up into formal and informal activities to account for the fact that poverty is largely confined to the latter. Second, factor and household accounts exhibit a high level of disaggregation, thus permitting the monitoring of the factorial and personal income distribution. Finally, the SAM contains a detailed system of accumulation balances which reveals the distribution of assets among household groups. 
23. Assisting Unemployment Insurance Claimants: The Long-Term Impacts of the Job Search Assistance Demonstration
Mathematica Policy Research, Decker, P., Robert Olsen and Lance Freeman. 2000 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Este programa se aplica en Washington DC y Florida, y provee técnicas y apoyo en la búsqueda de trabajo.  La asistencia en la búsqueda de empleo tiene 3 estrategias de servicio: i) structured Job Search Assistance (SJSA): orientación, prueba, taller, entrevista evaluada; ii) Individualized Job Search Assistance(IJSA): asignar a los demandantes en servicios basados en sus necesidades, iii) Individualized Job Search Assistance: Idéntico al segundo más la inclusión de capacitación. Entre los resultados obtenidos, destaca: resultados positivos en la obtención de mayores ingresos en DC, mas no en Florida. La tasa de retorno desde una perspectiva de la sociedad en Washington DC es positiva, mientras que en Florida esta resulta negativa.
The Emergency Unemployment Compensation Act of 1991 authorized the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) to conduct the Job Search Assistance (JSA) demonstration to test the feasibility of implementing job search assistance programs and measure their effectiveness in promoting rapid re-employment and reduced UI spells among Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants. The demonstration was designed to identify UI claimants, at an early point of contact with the UI system, who were likely to face lengthy UI spells and to provide them with assistance in finding a new job. Three different assistance strategies, which are described below, were tested in the demonstration. In each case, assistance was provided in the demonstration by the local Job Service (JS) agencies, while the UI agencies monitored participation in the demonstration and sanctioned claimants who failed to comply with the demonstration's participation requirements.
The demonstration was conducted in the District of Columbia (D.C.) and Florida, which were chosen based on plans submitted to DOL. The D.C. demonstration operated in a single office and served a targeted sample of claimants from the full D.C. claimant population. Claimant selection occurred between June 1995 and June 1996, and a total of 8,071 claimants were assigned to the demonstration. The Florida demonstration operated in 10 local Jobs and Benefits offices scattered throughout the state. Each local office served a targeted sample of claimants from the local UI claimant population. Claimant selection occurred between March 1995 and March 1996, and a total of 12,042 claimants were assigned to the demonstration.‎
24. A strategy for women in Ecuador 
   Mayra Buvinic; International Center for Research on Women, Washington, D.C., 1981** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
25. Auto-desarrollo  de poblaciones de montaña:  Género, Migraciones, Etnicidad, Recursos Naturales, Microempresas, Turismo, Gobierno Local, Educación y Cooperación
Fernando Rosero Garcés, María Clara Eguiguren, Alain Dubly, Pierre Gondard, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El Segundo Encuentro de Poblaciones de Montaña del Mundo, realizado en Quito, Ecuador, del 17 al 22 de septiembre de 2002, congregó 478 personas de 48 países. Los participantes provinieron del Himalaya, de las montañas de África del Este, de Madagascar, de Camerún, del Atlas, de los Alpes, de los Cárpatos, de los Pirineos y de los Andes.
Desde el Primer Encuentro Mundial en Chambéry, Francia, y los encuentros regionales de Yuksam, India, y de Achocalla, Bolivia, la Asociación de Poblaciones de Montaña del Mundo, APMM, y sus miembros promueven una dinámica sustentada en los siguientes principios inscritos en su Carta de Fundación :
• Creemos en el futuro de la montaña: tenemos el deber de no dejar que nuestros territorios se degraden, que nuestro patrimonio se dilapide, que nuestra cultura se convierta en algo banal.
• Reivindicamos el lugar que nos corresponde en la sociedad: las poblaciones de montaña no piden la igualdad de las situaciones, sino la equidad, para corregir de forma duradera sus desventajas y las injusticias.
• Queremos ampliar el campo de las posibilidades para la montaña: tenemos ambiciones y queremos hacer valer nuestras ventajas. 
• Queremos recuperar el control de nuestro desarrollo: queremos "habitar" de nuevo nuestra tierra.
• Queremos actuar a través de comunidades fuertes y unidas: nuestro compromiso ciudadano también es la clave del éxito colectivo.
• Queremos organizarnos para que se nos tengan en cuenta en las decisiones que nos afectan; por tanto, debemos estar presentes allí donde, a nivel local o internacional, se elaboran las decisiones que impliquen a nuestros territorios.
• Queremos construir una comunidad de mujeres y hombres de la montaña: debemos unirnos para responder a los retos particulares que enfrentamos, ayudándonos unos a otros y movilizando nuestros medios en beneficio de toda la colectividad de poblaciones de montaña.
Los montañeses son portadores de valiosas experiencias de vida en un medio difícil, sin embargo tienen pocas ocasiones de compartirlas tan ampliamente como en el caso del Encuentro de Quito. Por ello, a fin de aprovechar la concentración de cientos de personas con una gran práctica en gestión de los recursos naturales, en auto desarrollo, y en liderazgo, oriundos del campo y de las ciudades de todos los continentes, el Instituto de Estudios Ecuatorianos, IEE, y la Fundación Charles Léopold Mayer para el Progreso del Hombre, FPH, propusieron a los organizadores del Segundo Encuentro de Poblaciones de Montaña del Mundo una recopilación de las experiencias.  En esta perspectiva se entrevistó a los delegados de los diferentes países sobre sus prácticas de conservación del medio ambiente y de desarrollo económico y social. Las grabaciones de las entrevistas sirvieron para elaborar fichas en las que se recogieron, de manera sintética, los elementos más destacados de las vivencias de los actores participantes.‎
26. Balance preliminar y de las economias de America Latina y el Caribe
CEPAL, Alicia Bárcena, Antonio Prado, Osvaldo Kacef, Susana Malchik, 2011 ***‎
Informe 2010: Link
     Tags: 
Abstract Después del fuerte repunte que alcanzó la economía de América Latina y el Caribe en 2010, al superar el impacto de la crisis económica y financiera de 2008-2009, la CEPAL estima que en 2011 la región volvió a crecer, pero a una tasa menor (4,3%), lo que implica una mejora de un 3,2% del PIB per cápita. A ello contribuyeron principalmente dos factores, a saber, el debilitamiento de la recuperación de la economía mundial y el enfriamiento de la demanda interna en el Brasil, la economía más grande de la región, propugnado por las autoridades para evitar un sobrecalentamiento a partir del fuerte crecimiento de 2010.
Aun así, en la primera parte del año el entorno externo siguió relativamente favorable para la región, lo que se expresó en una elevada demanda de sus principales productos de exportación, mejoras de los términos de intercambio y el acceso en condiciones favorables a los mercados financieros internacionales. En este contexto, varios países lograron mejorar su desempeño con respecto a 2010, entre ellos algunos países exportadores de petróleo que se vieron beneficiados por altos precios internacionales o varios países centroamericanos y del Caribe que fueron favorecidos por un aumento de las exportaciones hacia los Estados Unidos y de las remesas enviadas por los trabajadores emigrados. En conjunto, los países sudamericanos crecieron un 4,6%, levemente más que los centroamericanos (4,1%), mientras el Caribe se expandió solo un 0,7%, debido principalmente a la contracción de Trinidad y Tabago, la mayor economía de la subregión.
En la primera parte del año, la política macroeconómica enfrentó varios desafíos relacionados en parte con la evolución de los mercados internacionales. Los países reaccionaron a estos desafíos de diferente manera, según sus características estructurales, la gravedad del impacto que sufrieron, los instrumentos disponibles y sus prioridades políticas. Así, las expectativas optimistas en cuanto a la evolución de la economía regional y los diferenciales de las tasas de interés respecto de las prevalecientes en los mercados financieros globales estimularon entradas de capital que contribuyeron a mantener los procesos de apreciación real de las monedas de la región. En algunos casos estos diferenciales de tasas aumentaron gracias a las políticas monetarias aplicadas para contener el impacto inflacionario del incremento de los precios internacionales, sobre todo de alimentos y combustibles. En este contexto algunos países también redujeron el estímulo fiscal, tratando al mismo tiempo de recuperar el espacio fiscal que se había contraído por las medidas implementadas para enfrentar la crisis de 2008-2009. Sin embargo, en el promedio regional, el resultado global de los gobiernos centrales mejoró 0,4 puntos porcentuales debido a los aumentos de los ingresos fiscales. Por otra parte, frente a las tendencias de desaceleración tanto de la economía mundial como la regional, a lo largo del año las preocupaciones por mantener un adecuado ritmo de crecimiento se hicieron cada vez más prioritarias para las políticas económicas, en especial dados el deterioro de la situación y las perspectivas de la zona del euro.
En el año en su conjunto, a nivel regional se desaceleró el crecimiento de todos los componentes de la demanda agregada, tras la recuperación en 2010 respecto de los bajos niveles observados a causa de la crisis financiera mundial. No obstante, el consumo de los hogares continuó creciendo a tasas por encima del PIB. Esto fue posible por una dinámica generación de empleo que redujo la tasa de desempleo regional de un 7,3% a un 6,8% y por aumentos de los salarios reales. Además, el crédito siguió expandiéndose a tasas elevadas. La disponibilidad de crédito, a tasas de interés que en muchos países descendieron en términos reales, también facilitó un nuevo incremento de la formación bruta de capital fijo, con lo que el coeficiente de inversión alcanzó un nuevo máximo para las últimas décadas, aunque su nivel no alcanzó para sostener las tasas de crecimiento económico requeridas para satisfacer las múltiples necesidades de desarrollo económico y social de la región. La expansión de las importaciones reflejó el dinamismo de la fuerte demanda interna, mientras el aumento de las exportaciones obedeció más a los altos precios que a un incremento del volumen de las ventas externas. En este contexto, el déficit de la cuenta corriente de la balanza de pagos registró un aumento moderado, al alcanzar un 1,4% del PIB. Este déficit se financió holgadamente con un elevado flujo de inversión extranjera directa y, en menor medida, por inversión de cartera, lo que permitió nuevos aumentos de las reservas monetarias internacionales.
Debido, principalmente, a los altos precios internacionales de alimentos y combustibles, la inflación aumentó en la primera parte del año, pero más tarde empezó a ceder y terminó en una cifra cercana al 7%, solo levemente mayor que a fines de 2010.
En la segunda mitad del año se profundizó la desaceleración del crecimiento regional. A ello contribuyeron menores tasas de crecimiento de las exportaciones, una caída de los precios de los principales bienes básicos de exportación de la región -que, sin embargo, se mantuvieron en niveles históricamente elevados- y un enfriamiento de la demanda interna. Sobre todo en el cuarto trimestre empeoraron las expectativas sobre la evolución de la economía regional, ante la creciente incertidumbre respecto del futuro de la economía mundial por las dudas en torno al logro de una solución sostenible de la crisis de la deuda de varios países de la zona del euro y la consiguiente volatilidad en los mercados internacionales.
Este escenario es el que determina las proyecciones para la economía de América Latina y el Caribe en 2012. En efecto, se prevé un bajo crecimiento de la economía mundial, con lo cual se mantendrían los mencionados procesos de desaceleración de la economía regional y la tasa de crecimiento económico bajaría nuevamente, si bien de manera moderada, a un 3,7%. Sin embargo, no puede descartarse un escenario más desfavorable, en el cual una crisis profunda de la zona del euro incidiría negativamente en los mercados mundiales, lo que afectaría, tanto por los canales reales como financieros, las perspectivas económicas de la región. En este contexto de elevada incertidumbre y ante la posibilidad de cambios bruscos en el entorno externo, los países de América Latina y el Caribe deben prepararse para adoptar medidas apropiadas, según sus realidades nacionales, con el fin de defender y fortalecer las bases de su desarrollo económico y social. Para ello la región cuenta con fortalezas como elevadas reservas monetarias internacionales y -con la excepción de varios países del Caribe- un bajo endeudamiento público y externo. Sin embargo, el espacio para algunos de los instrumentos contracíclicos es menor que antes de la crisis de 2008-2009 y hoy están debilitados ciertos factores externos que entonces posibilitaron una pronta recuperación de la economía global, especialmente la aplicación coordinada de medidas fiscales y monetarias de los países desarrollados.
27. Boletín estadístico minero metalúrgico  
   Ministerio de Mineria y Metalurgia, La Paz: La Dirección, 1982*
     Tags: 
28. Bolivia : cambio tecnológico y mercado de trabajo 
Benjamín Grossman, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, Equipo Técnico Multidisciplinario para Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay, 1996**‎
    Tags: Bolivia is today at a crossroads. Several years of growth were achieved in the early and mid 1990s resulting from structural reforms which encouraged an upswing in private investment and productivity gains. However, more recently a series of economic shocks have hit Bolivia. These shocks not only had a negative impact in and of themselves, but they also led to growing political and social instability and public disenchantment with the reform program, which has lost momentum in the past five years. This, in turn, reinforced an economic downturn, to the point where the gains in poverty reduction and employment creation of the 1990s have been lost. This report recommends that once a degree of political consensus and social stability is achieved, Bolivia should retake the reform agenda to promote private investment and productivity gains, tackling micro-level obstacles such as contract security, legal enforcement, legal and regulatory burden, and trade policy, among others. The report outlines policies that would allow Bolivia to achieve faster growth. Development and poverty have many dimensions, and growth is necessary-but not sufficient-for development and poverty reduction. This report is focused narrowly on growth. Drawing on long term trends, it diagnoses current problems in light of the country's growth objectives that are being supported by the Bank's overall program as articulated in the Country Assistance Strategy.‎
29. Bolivia en marcha : con estabilidad, crecimiento y empleos : Decreto no. 22407  
Paz Zamora, Jaime, La Paz, Bolivia : Ministerio de Informaciones, 1990*
    Tags: 
30. Bolivia : entre la economía de mercado y el estado social
   Ojeda Calluni, Elvis, Fondo Editoraial de Diputados, 2002**
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Contiene:Presupuestos economicos del neoliberalismo. El neoliberalismo y los nuevos paradigmas economicos. Politicas de ajuste y reformas estructurales en bolivia . Privatizacion, Capitalizacion y Reforma del sistema de pensiones. Los resultados economicos de la capitalizacion. Los principales conclusiones del proceso de capitalizacion y la reforma de pensiones. Lucha contra la pobreza y gasto social H. La aaplicacion de la ley INRA y la situacion del agro. A justes y reformas en america latina. La crisis sistema politico. Las reformas a la constitucion entre la reforma democratica y las tentaciones autoritarias. Despues de la ortodoxia del mercado del estado social. Hacia convergencia del mercado y del estado con la sociedad: Reformar las reformas para el desarrollo.
31. Bolivian Capitalization and Privatization: Approximation to an Evaluation
   Center for Global Development, Gover Barja, David McKenzie, Miguel Urquiola
    Tags: 
Abstract The wave of privatizations Latin America experienced during the 1990s was integral to stabilization programs and a general reordering of states' roles in the regional economy. Over the past few years, however, these privatizations have come under increasing fire. Their purported adverse effects range from higher utility prices to aggravating-or even causing-the current regional recession. In short, privatization shares in the criticism directed at the entire liberalization process.
32. Bolivian mining crisis
Jordan, R.; Warhurst, A., 1992*
    Tags: 
Abstract The paper analyses the demise of Bolivia as a tin mining economy. It describes the contradiction between the state requiring COMIBOL, the public mining company, to maximize employment, production and surplus extraction at the national level, at the expense of developing an efficient corporate strategy at the firm level. A case study of the mining operation Colquiri illustrates In microcosm how the state evolved an autonomous bureaucracy -COMIBOL - which was encouraged to maximize production at the expense of the costs of doing so, regardless of the downward spiralling of metal prices and global stockpiling of tin. Central to the argument Is the development of the concept of a modo de ser of COMIBOL or a pattern of corporate behaviour. The technological, social and organizational dynamics of COMIBOL'S behavior are analysed in the context of changing national political environments and International market pressures, culminating in the crash of the tin market in 1985. Finally, the paper builds on this analysis to draw out Implications for the future development of Bolivia's mining Industry, since the country still possesses considerable mineral resources - In gold, silver and zinc as well as tin, and underutilized expertise. Polley options are discussed which include newly announced proposals for joint ventures with foreign mining companies.‎
33. Bolivia : mining sector rehabilitation project : implementation completion report
World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office. Mining and Industry Unit. Energy, 1997‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 17239
    Tags: 
Abstract Ratings for the Mining Sector Rehabilitation Project for Bolivia were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, project sustainability was likely, Bank performance was satisfactory, and Borrower performance was also satisfactory. Some lessons learned included: the timetable of project execution was affected by delays in the contracting of consultancy services and procurement procedures because the personnel of the executing agencies were unfamiliar with the World Bank procurement regulations. Early systematic training of personnel will have reduced the delays significantly. The continuity of qualified personnel in the executing agencies and of the Project Coordination Units was fundamental to the success of the project. After an uncertain beginning, the Borrower and International Development Association (IDA) agreed on a new strategy for the project which was formalized by the fourth amendment. Since December 1992, the more stable context facilitated the execution of the reforms and of the execution of the project. The continuity and the strong sector experience of Bank staff in charge of project management and supervision has been a key factor in establishing a consistent policy and in engaging the Government and the executing agencies in an open policy dialogue, which considerably helped in maintaining the focus on the achievement of the project objectives. The integration of restructuring and technical components in the strengthening of the Public Mining Institutions (PMIs).‎
34. Bolivia: Pobreza, Ingresos y Gastos 1999, 2000, 2001
INE Bolivia ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Tanto en Bolivia como en los países en desarrollo la pobreza es uno de los principales problemas que existen debido a que afectan procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo. El desarrollo logrado por Bolivia a lo largo de los últimos 15 años no ha sido suficiente para lograr una reducción significativa de la pobreza, los ingresos de las personas son aún muy bajos al igual que su nivel de gasto.
En los últimos años la incidencia de pobreza, medida por medio del método de línea de pobreza, se ha reducido pero aún continúa por encima del 60% lo cual sitúa a Bolivia como uno de los países más pobres de la región. La incidencia de pobreza es claramente mayor para la zona rural del país encontrándose por encima del 80%, asimismo existe una mayor incidencia de pobreza para los grupos más débiles de la sociedad, es decir aquellos constituidos por mayor número de personas y que cuentan con jefes de hogar con menor nivel de instrucción. La incidencia de pobreza es mayor para la región del altiplano Boliviano y se reduce para las otras dos áreas restantes, es decir valles y llanos.‎
35. Bolivia: Public Policy Options for the Well-Being of All
Marcelo M. Giugale, Connie Luff, Vicente Fretes-Cibils, World Bank, 2006*
   Español: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract After many years of severe institutional crisis, Bolivia is reorienting its development strategy and closing the gap between the country's problems and effective solutions. This book contributes to the debate on how to confront the challenges that Bolivia faces today. It presents ideas to help the country grow equitably, with a transparent and efficient government that provides improved social services to its population.
The purpose of this book is to contribute to the debate on how to confront the challenges that Bolivia faces today. It is composed of a series of studies on the current reality of Bolivia and has been developed in conjunction with national and international public policy experts. The studies present a diagnostic by sector, a summary of the main challenges, and public policy recommendations aimed at meeting these challenges. After many years of severe institutional crisis, Bolivia is reorienting its development strategy and closing the gap between the country's problems and effective solutions. The new government is confronting the challenge of building a state that is more inclusive and effective. Its initiatives to achieve that objective include the Constituent Assembly, the introduction of public policies that modify obligations and rights, and efforts designed to revitalize the participation of the state in the national economy. This is a turning point from which a new Bolivia will emerge. Nevertheless, a variety of risks may prevent positive results, even when intentions are good. Bolivia can take a step forward to proactively integrate itself within the global market, or it can prolong, or even exacerbate, the stagnation that has hindered its economic and social development for many years. The authors are all committed to the goal of contributing ideas about what can be done to help the country grow equitably, with a transparent and efficient government that provides improved social services to its population and they are confident that Bolivia has the ability to achieve it.
36. Bolivia, the unfinished struggle. 
Salt River, South Africa : International Labour Research and Information Group, 1984*
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
37. Bolivia: Toward a new social contract
World Bank, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Bolivia has been undergoing a long and at times turbulent process of major social change since the 1952 Revolution.  This process resulted in the election of Bolivia's first indigenous President in December 2005.  On 6th August, 2006, a Constituent Assembly met in Sucre to develop a more inclusive and cohesive social contract that will be reflected in a new Constitution by August 2007.  For the first time, sectors of the Bolivian population that had previously been excluded will have an opportunity to be associated with the preparation of a new Constitution.  At the same time, a referendum was held on July 2, 2006, in which four of Bolivia's nine departments voted in favor of autonomy.  These initiatives represent an important if risk-laden moment in the country's effort to achieve lasting social change.
Bolivia's socioeconomic challenges are enormous.  It has the lowest average income in South America (US$990/person), one of the highest coefficients of inequality (a Gini of 0.58), and one of the lowest rates of social mobility in the region.  A rural Bolivian who is indigenous has a 70 percent chance of living in extreme poverty.  Only 2.5 percent of Bolivian land is cultivable, yet 10 percent of farming units control 90 percent of land.  Women are twice as likely to be illiterate as men.  A baby born in Tarija is three times more likely to live to see its first birthday than a baby born in Oruro.  Bolivia's best hope to redress these imbalances (gas) is instead reinforcing them: hydrocarbon rents range from US$246 per person in Tarija and as much as $470 per person in Pando, but only amount to $16 per person in La Paz.
38. Bootstraps not Band-Aids: Poverty, Equity and Social Policy in Latin America
Nancy Birdsall and Miguel Szekely, Center for Global Development, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract After a decade of economic reforms that dramatically altered the structure of economies in Latin America, making them more open and more competitive, and a decade of substantial increases in public spending on education, health and other social programs in virtually all countries, poverty and high inequality remain deeply entrenched. In this paper we ask the question whether some fundamentally different approach to what we call "social policy" in Latin America could make a difference - both in increasing growth and in directly reducing poverty. We define social policy broadly to include economy-wide "macro" and employment and other structural policies that affect poverty and social justice in foreseeable ways, as well as social investment programs such as health and education and social protection programs including cash and other transfers targeted to the poor and others vulnerable to economic and other shocks. 
Section 1 contains a brief review of what is known about the links among poverty, inequality and growth in the region and elsewhere. We emphasize the relevance of empirical work showing that income poverty combined with inequality in access to credit and to such assets as land and education contributes to low growth and directly to low income growth of the poor. In Section 2 we focus on the effects of the market reforms of the last 10-15 years on poverty and inequality in the region, based on empirical studies using household data. We emphasize the finding that the reforms have not contributed to reducing poverty and inequality. Though reforms have not particularly worsened the situation of the poor, they have not addressed the underlying structural causes of high poverty, i.e. the poor's lack of access to credit and to productivity-enhancing assets. In Section 3 we describe briefly four stages of social policy in the region over the last four decades. In Section 4 we propose a more explicitly "bootstraps"-style social policy, focused on enhancing productivity via better distribution of assets. We set out how this broader social policy could address the underlying causes and not just the symptoms of the region's unhappy combination of high poverty and inequality with low growth.‎
39. Brazil Jobs Report: Volume 1, Volume 2‎
Capitulo Recomendado: The Efficiency of Active Labor Market Policies for Poverty Reduction in Brazil (Volume 2, capitulo 10, p 219)‎
   Paes de Barros, Ricardo, Mauricio Blanco Cossio and Jorge Luiz Teles, World Bank, 2002‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Evalúa el programa en Programa Nacional de Calificación del Trabajador (PLANFOR) en Brasil es un programa de entrenamiento dirigido por la demanda (demand-driven) que tiene como uno de sus objetivos construir centros de entrenamiento vocacional permanentes. PLANFOR está financiado por con un comité que incluye sector público y privado. Resultados para el programa en Pernambuco, indican que impacto sobre el desempleo y los ingresos es muy pequeño. Una evaluación realizada en Río de Janeiro y Fortaleza demuestra que los programas de capacitación tienen impacto positivo y estadísticamente significativo sobre el desempleo (la probabilidad de ser empleados aumenta en 4.3% luego de 6 a 12 meses después de la capacitacion), pero no sobre los ingresos de los que ya estaban empleados. Por otro lado, el análisis de costo beneficio indica que para que sea rentable los participantes deben estar más de 17 meses empleados. El costo del programa es de aproximadamente $ 170.00 por persona. ‎
40. Building Businesses with Small Producers: Successful Business Development Services in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Sunita Kapila and Donald Mead, International Development Research Center, 2002 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Building Businesses with Small Producers presents the findings and a comparative analysis of seven case studies that challenge current beliefs about good practice in the provision of business development services (BDS) to small and micro enterprises. The book also highlights issues concerning the assessment of impact, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of such services.
Three services were given particular attention in the case studies: marketing, access to technology, and business and management skills acquisition. Each case study - from Bolivia, Bangladesh, El Salvador, Ghana, Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe - shows how small producers were introduced to new production and marketing systems and how private sector participation was successfully promoted. The analysis of these experiences looks at the feasibility of market-based BDS provision and the role of nongovernmental organizations in building BDS markets.
The research discussed in this book makes an important contribution to the ongoing debate regarding market and demand-based provision of nonfinancial services to small and micoentrepreneurs and businesses in Southern countries. This debate has been influenced by successes achieved in commercializing and broadening the reach of microcredit programs. The analysis presented reminds us that, to provide effective assistance to small producers, business development services often need to be provided in a multifaceted and flexible manner.
41. Building Social Capital Through Microfinance
Benjamin Feigenberg, Erica M. Field, and Rohini Pande, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 209, October 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract A number of development assistance programs promote community interaction as a means of building social capital. Yet, despite strong theoretical underpinnings, the role of repeat interactions in sustaining cooperation has proven difficult to identify empirically. We provide the first experimental evidence on the economic returns to social interaction in the context of microfinance. Random variation in the frequency of mandatory meetings across first-time borrower groups generates exogenous and persistent changes in clients' social ties. We show that the resulting increases in social interaction among clients more than a year later are associated with improvements in informal risk-sharing and reductions in default. A second field experiment among a subset of clients provides direct evidence that more frequent interaction increases economic cooperation among clients. Our results indicate that group lending is successful in achieving low rates of default without collateral not only because it harnesses existing social capital, as has been emphasized in the literature, but also because it builds new social capital among participants.‎
42. Buscando la luz al final del túnel
UNICEF, OIT, 2004
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract De la serie "Peores formas de trabajo infantil y violencia contra la niñez y la adolescencia". Este texto ha sido elaborado sobre la base de investigación Estudio nacional sobre trabajo infantil en la minería en Bolivia.
43. Calidad de vivienda
Insituto Nacional de Estadística, Bolivia, 1997*‎
   Bibilioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 7322 .A3 C14 1997
    Tags: 
44. Campesinado andino y estrategias de empleo : el caso de Salcedo
Chiriboga, M., 1983**
    Tags: 
45. Campesinos, patrones y obreros agrícolas : una aproximación a las tendencias del empleo y los ingresos rurales en Bolivia  ‎
   Pacheco B., Pablo (Pacheco Balanza), La Paz : CEDLA, 2000*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link Bol. HD 1531 .B6 P319 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract El trabajo, evalúa las dinámicas sociales del empleo rural en Bolivia. Presenta las principales tendencias de la evolución del empleo rural en los países de la región, revisa esos procesos para el caso boliviano. Describe las características del empleo de los principales actores del sector agropecuario: campesinos, empresarios y trabajadores asalariados agrícolas. Analiza las brechas de ingresos existentes entre los principales grupos sociales del agro. Incluye conclusiones más relevantes.‎
46. Capitalization and Privatization in Bolivia
Grover Barja, Miguel Urquiola, Center for Global Development, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract During the 1990's, Latin America experienced a wave of privatizations, which were an integral part of stabilization programs and a general reordering of the role of States in the regional economy. Over the past few years, these privatizations have come under increasing fire. The adverse effects ascribed to them range from an increase in utility service prices, to aggravating the recession currently affecting the region. In short, they are sharing in criticism directed at the entire liberalization process.
47. Caña dulce, vida amarga
UNICEF y OIT, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract De la serie "Peores formas de trabajo infantil y violencia contra la niñez y la adolescencia". Este texto ha sido elaborado sobre la base de la investigación Bolivia, trabajo infantil en la zafra de la caña de azúcar.
48. Características de la Actividad en Construcción
INE Bolivia, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract El Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) pone a disposición de los analistas, investigadores y público usuario la publicación "Estadísticas de la Actividad de la Construcción 2000 - 2009", documento que contiene información anual. Esta publicación presenta información estadística del Producto Interno Bruto, Índices, según Tipo de Construcción y Actividad Económica. Incorpora también la Inversión Pública, el Comercio Exterior, Salarios y Remuneraciones de la Actividad de la Construcción.  Este trabajo es el resultado de la cooperación interinstitucional del sector público y las empresas privadas que proporcionaron información oportuna para la difusión de la presente publicación, a las que el INE agradece por su contribución.‎
49. Challenging the State: Crisis and Innovation in Latin America and Africa
Cambridge Journals, Merilee S. Grindle, Harvard University, Ellen Comisso, Duke University, Joel Samuel Migdal, University of Washington, 1996*
   Capitulo 6: Administering the public good
    Tags: 
Abstract The 1980s and 1990s posed great challenges to governments in Latin America and Africa. Deep economic crises and significantly heightened pressure for political reform severely taxed their capacity to manage economic and political tasks. These crises pointed to an intense need to reform the state and redefine its relationship to the market and civic society. This book examines the paradox of states that have been weakened by crisis just as their capacity to encourage economic development and provide for effective governance most needs to be strengthened. Case studies of Mexico and Kenya allow the author to analyse the opportunities available for political leadership in moments of crisis, and the constraints on action provided by leadership goals and existing political and economic structures. She argues that while leaders and political structures are often part of the problem, they can also be part of the solution in building more efficient, effective, and responsive states.
50. Chile: Capacitación en el sistema de formación continua basado en Competencias laborales. Avances, desafíos y recomendaciones de política
Graciana Rucci, BID, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract No obstante el notable desarrollo económico que se ha evidenciado en Chile durante las últimas décadas, persiste el reto de lograr crecimiento con empleo. En tal sentido, existe consenso acerca de que Chile debe seguir invirtiendo en acumulación de capital humano y productividad para alcanzar estándares de vida de país desarrollado. Las necesidades cambiantes del mercado y las exigencias de mejora permanente de la productividad requieren la adecuación continua de las capacidades de la mano de obra, de forma tal que el trabajador progrese en su carrera laboral y sea más productivo. Asimismo, resulta fundamental que estas intervenciones se articulen a partir de la demanda del mercado.
Un sistema de formación permanente basado en competencias laborales responde a dichos requisitos. En este contexto, el sistema de capacitación laboral es el elemento que posibilita el cierre de brechas entre las competencias necesarias para obtener una certificación y aquellas que efectivamente tiene un trabajador que se somete a un proceso de evaluación.
Durante los diez últimos años, Chile ha venido realizando importantes esfuerzos por instaurar un sistema de formación que responda a los requerimientos del sector productivo y mejore el bienestar de sus ciudadanos. Sin embargo, y no obstante los avances significativos logrados, todavía quedan pendientes grandes desafíos de distinta índole.
En la práctica, aún no se ha prefigurado el diseño operativo y de financiamiento del sistema, como tampoco se ha invertido en la ingeniería de transición y/o se han hecho los arreglos necesarios para poder adaptar el sistema actual al deseado. En el caso particular de la capacitación laboral, existe un espacio amplio para mejorar su funcionamiento y alinearlo con una lógica de formación permanente basada en competencias laborales tanto a nivel de instrumentos para atenuar las fallas de mercado como de mecanismos para mejorar las falencias del Estado.‎
51. Closing the Gender Gap in Education: Does it Foretell the Closing of the Employment, Marriage, and Motherhood Gaps?
Ina Ganguli, Ricardo Hausmann, and Martina Viarengo, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 220, April 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In this paper we examine several dimensions of gender disparity for a sample of 40 countries using micro-level data. We start by documenting the reversal of the gender education gap and ranking countries by the year in which it reversed. Then we turn to an analysis of the state of other gaps facing women: we compare men and women's labor force participation (the labor force participation gap), married and single women's labor force participation (the marriage gap), and mothers' and non-mother's labor force participation (the motherhood gap). We show that gaps still exist in these spheres in many countries, though there is significant heterogeneity among countries in terms of the size of and the speed at which these gaps are changing. We also show the relationship between the gaps and ask how much the participation gap would be reduced if the gaps in other spheres were eliminated. In general, we show that while there seems to be a relationship between the decline of the education gap and the reduction of the other gaps, the link is rather weak and highly heterogeneous across countries.
52. Comentarios en torno a los enfoques de la inflación de salarios
UDAPE Bolivia, 1985
    Tags: 
Abstract  El rasgo más importante del presente trabajo es el de ser un avance para la investigación que se halla en curso y que seguramente se traducirá en un "Estudio Principal" de UDAPE.  El tema que se aborda es extraordinariamente complejo y sin embargo ha sido objeto de muy pocos estudios e investigaciones particularmente en el caso de Bolivia. Por ello en el presente documento se procura precisamente mostrar dicha complejidad.
El primer acápite se refiere a una discusión breve del enfoque de la inflación de salarios inspirado en la escuela de la inflación de demanda. Se trata de mostrar incluso con los argumentos más simples que ese enfoque nos ofrece una explicación plausible al tema de la inflación de salarios en el caso de Bolivia.
En el segundo y tercer acápites se trata de los enfoques de sobreprecios y del poder negociador inspiradas en la escuela de inflación de costos. Se advierten algunas insuficiencias en ambos enfoques y se postula que en realidad no constituyen dos formulaciones distintas y que por el contrario deben ser estudiadas con mayor profundidad en orden a enriquecer el análisis de la problemática de la inflación de salarios. En particular, se llama la atención respecto del conflicto laboral como un aspecto que no puede seguir siendo soslayado del análisis económico fundamentalmente cuando de él se derivará la definición de políticas.
En el cuarto acápite que es seguramente el más importante se analiza la relación precios - salarios en sus dos movimientos. Es en este acápite donde se da una idea de la complejidad del tema que se quiere abordar y donde se incorpora el mayor número de elementos al análisis con ese propósito.
Del mismo modo, se muestra que los enfoques de la inflación de salarios normalmente se refieren uno solo de los dos movimientos que tiene la relación precios-salarios; es decir, a la transferencia de precios a salarios; en tanto que de manera general adoptan supuestos en relación al otro movimiento; es decir a la transferencia de salarios a precios. Esta es una de sus más importantes insuficiencias.
Finalmente, en el quinto acápite, se señala a titulo de resumen los aspectos que interesa resaltar, como las líneas que se pretende continuar investigando. Un aspecto de fundamental importancia que debe ser mencionado es que se trata de un análisis cualitativo, precisamente porque se trata de un resultado inicial de una investigación, pero también porque se considera que es muy importante propiciar la más amplia discusión en tomo de la pertinencia teórica y práctica de los enfoques de la inflación de salarios al caso de Bolivia; lo contrario significaría la adopción acritica de los postulados de la teoría convencional a una realidad que es suficientemente distinta de los escenarios que dieron lugar a la construcción de dicho cuerpo teórico.
Se trata, en suma, de un documento de trabajo que propende a poner en discusión un área de la política económica al que habitualmente no se le prestó toda la atención que su complejidad requiere.  Finalmente, se quiere mencionar que los aportes que sobre la materia efectuó el Programa Regional para el Empleo en América Latina y el Caribe (PRELAC) fueron las ideas centrales que se incorporaron en el análisis, pero en el propósito de discutir la pertinencia de la experiencia Latinoamericana al caso concreto de Bolivia. Seguramente este esfuerzo no ha sido completado a plenitud, pero sin duda se avanzó en esa dirección. ‎
53. Competitividad, acumulación y empleo : estudio de caso en el ramo de las confecciones  
   Rossell, Pablo, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Agrario, 2001*‎
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract El trabajo, analiza algunos factores determinantes de la actual situación laboral en la industria en general, y en el rubro de las confecciones en particular. Entre sus principales resultados se encuentra un análisis objetivo de las bases de la acumulación en el sector formal e informal, las condiciones laborales, y las limitaciones de las pequeñas y microempresas para convertirse en el eje de una estrategia de desarrollo local. Reseña los efectos de las reformas estructurales en América Latina y en Bolivia. Esboza los principales rasgos de la reestructuración productiva, entendidos como reacción de los productores locales ante las presiones de la competencia. Y algunas conclusiones preliminaries.
54. Competitividad: el motor del crecimiento:  progreso económico en America Latina
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2001
   Ingles: Competitiveness: The Business of Growth
    Tags: 
Abstract Participar en la economía mundial no lleva necesariamente a elevar la productividad de una nación ni a reestructurar su economía. Estos cambios requieren movilizar capital, empleo, tecnología y conocimiento, y demandan una enorme capacidad institucional. Para ser sostenible, el resultado debe ser no sólo un aumento de la eficiencia económica, sino de las oportunidades y del bienestar de todos los grupos sociales. La discusión de estas estrategias fundamentales es el tema de Competitividad: el motor del crecimiento, la edición 2001 de Progreso económico y social en América Latina. El informe realiza, en más de 20 países de la región, una amplia comparación de indicadores de competitividad, incluidos: - Clasificaciones internacionales de competitividad - Obstáculos al desarrollo empresarial - Composición y desempeño de las exportaciones - Disponibilidad y acceso al financiamiento - Recursos humanos y capacitación - Infraestructura de puertos, electricidad y telecomunicaciones - Innovaciones e informática - Políticas industrial y de inversiones - Inversión extranjera directa El informe provee pautas y prioridades de política dirigidas a impulsar la competitividad, tanto en el sector público como en el privado. Identifica fortalezas y debilidades individuales de los países y propone estrategias para aumentar la productividad y mejorar el acceso de las empresas a los recursos productivos. "A pesar de las apariencias, los países en desarrollo tienen un enorme potencial de crecimiento. Los activos que poseen los pobres constituyen un recurso que dará enormes frutos si se crean las condiciones para que se convierta en capital. Competitividad: el motor del crecimiento examina los obstáculos que las empresas encuentran en nuestros países y que hacen que el crecimiento sea demasiado lento en traer prosperidad y bienestar. La obra captará a quienes quieran conocer argumentos sólidos y bien respaldados por datos empíricos sobre qué hacer para que el crecimiento económico sea la empresa latinoamericana que más prospere en los próximos años."
55. Conflict, consensus and dialogue in the mining sector : indigenous perspectives on consultation; multi - stakeholders processes in Peru, Bolivia - learning to negotiate
IDRC, Mining Policy Research Initiative; CIID, Iniciativa de Investigación sobre Políticas Mineras, 2004
   Español: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract The liberalization of economies and the flexibilization of legal frameworks in Latin America at the beginning of the nineties attracted large amount of foreign investment to the region. In fact, in the field of mining investment, projections suggest that Latin America will attract almost a third of the global total between 2001 and 2007 (some 30,000 million dollars).
In consequence, the development of mineral exploitation has rapidly expanded into zones hitherto excluded from national development processes, generating conflicts over natural resource usage and access on those lands. Many of them are especially sensitive or vulnerable zones comprising fragile ecosystems, ecosystems of high bio-diversity, agricultural lands, zones belonging to traditional indigenous territories or ecosystems with a low carrying capacity, like deserts.‎
56. Consideraciones y recomendaciones sobre la política económica y social en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract Hasta la primera mitad del decenio pasado, el funcionamiento de la economía boliviana estuvo basado en una estrategia de desarrollo "hacia adentro". La estrategia descansaba, por una parte, en el fomento a las industrias que producían bienes con destino al mercado interno, y por otra, en un rol preponderante del Estado en todas las esferas de acción del sistema económico nacional. El esquema adoptado desembocó en un sistema ineficiente de asignación de los recursos y una incapacidad crónica de generación de ahorro e inversión que garanticen el inicio de un proceso de crecimiento.‎
57. Constructing, Deconstructing, and Reconstructing Career Civil Service Systems in Latin America
Merilee S. Grindle, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 204, October 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Patronage-the discretionary allocation of public sector jobs-continues to be a dominant way government is staffed in most Latin American countries and it is proving resistant to the imprecations of public sector reformers. Despite the ubiquity of patronage systems, however, all major countries in Latin America have legislation establishing a formal civil service system. In fact, such reform initiatives are swept aside or significantly altered after they have been legislated. In this paper, public sector reform initiatives in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and Chile confirm that implementation is fraught with opportunities for distorting the intent of law and indicate a series of similar strategies used by the opponents of reform to offset the impact of new legislation. Taken together, such strategies have been remarkably successful in blocking the systematic implementation of civil service laws. Nevertheless, there is evidence that public sectors in each of the case study countries have made advances in the degree of stability, professionalism, and expertise in public offices, even in the absence of a Weberian civil service.
58. Consumer Cooperatives: An Alternative Institutional Model for Delivery of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Services?
The World Bank, Fernando Ruiz-Meier, Meike van Ginneken, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper describes the essential characteristics of consumer cooperatives engaged in the provision of basic services and discusses their applicability as a model for water supply and sanitation service provision in urban areas. A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. The paper focuses on system-wide urban water supply cooperatives and it is thus not concerned with urban or peri-urban cooperatives that depend on either boreholes or bulk purchases of water from a utility for distribution, nor does it refer to rural water supply cooperatives that are generally small. After a general overview of cooperatives and a discussion of the main characteristics of utility cooperatives, the paper reviews the case of SAGUAPAC, a successful urban WSS cooperative in Bolivia, from which it draws some conclusions in the form of a preliminary assessment of cooperatives as a model for delivery of urban water supply and sanitation (WSS) services.
59. Cooperativas mineras en Boliviva 
   Antonio Alurralde Anaya, La Paz, Edit. Don Bosco, 1973**
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
60. Cooperativas y compañias mineras en Santa Isabel y Pucara : las concesiones mineras. 
Azuay [Ecuador] : Frente de Defensa de la Vida, Ponce Enríquez, Azuay : Federación Regional de Cooperativas Mineras, CECCA, IDIS, 1989*
    Tags: 
61. Crecimiento con empleo
Urriola, R., Quito, Ecuador, 1989*
    Tags: 
62. Credito informal en la agricultura tradicional
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo del presente documento es brindar algunos elementos de juicio que permitan la reflexión sobre el efecto del crédito informal en las relaciones de intercambio mercantil y desarrollo de la denominada agricultura tradicional.
Con este propósito, en la segunda y tercera parte de este documento se considera la influencia del crédito informal sobre formas involuntarias de participación del campesino pobre en sus relaciones mercantiles y como este tipo de endeudamiento, bajo ciertas condiciones, puede determinar la aceptación o rechazo de nuevas tecnologías. En una cuarta parte se reflexiona sobre los efectos de la mora y la posible transferencia de activos, en particular la tierra, cuando el agricultor se encuentra con altos niveles de endeudamiento. 
Finalmente se concluye con un perfil de recomendaciones tendientes a superar la participación involuntaria del campesino pobre en el mercado de productos agrícolas y la transferencia de tierras a valores por debajo del precio de mercado.
63. Crédito rural y cooperativismo en Bolivia : publicación de la Cooperativa Minera "La Salvadora" ltda. 
   Juan Flores Oblitas, La Paz, Bolivia : Renovación, 1963**
    Tags: 
64. Debate regional: sector informal y empleo urbano en Santa Cruz 
   La Paz, Bolivia, Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, ILDIS : C.C.C., 1990*‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO HD 2346 .B6 D433 1990 ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
65. Decent work and poverty reduction strategies (PRS): reference manual for ILO staff and constituents‎ ‎
International Labor Office, 2005‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract "Give me a fair chance at a decent job" - that is what women and men are demanding. Every policy-maker seeking to combat poverty should answer the people's test: how will your policy advice improve the quantity and quality of jobs?  This is one of the best steps we can take to eradicate poverty once and for all. Clearly, creating decent jobs is the missing link between economic growth and poverty reduction. The problem is not lack of effort but lack of opportunity. Seeking the opportunity to move beyond survival into productivity that drives personal and societal development requires good policies and governance at every level. Job creation and decent work should therefore be a measure of success of Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSs) and of development cooperation.
The ILO's mandate and work on poverty reduction are long standing and multifaceted.  The renewed focus by the development community on poverty reduction as an overriding goal and the initiatives to design comprehensive national poverty reduction strategies provide new opportunities for the promotion of the Decent Work Agenda.  Towards this, ILO and constituents are increasingly working with policy-makers at country level in the design and implementation of Poverty Reductions Strategies. The objective is to ensure that these strategies embrace the principles and rights at work, productive employment and social protection, and listen to the voices of the ILO constituents.
The purpose of this Manual is to support and enhance these efforts. It has been developed in response to requests from ILO constituents and staff for practical guidance in strengthening links between the Decent Work Agenda and new national frameworks for poverty reduction, such as PRSPs. It draws on the practical experience gained through the ILO programme of support to PRSPs in some 15 countries from 2000 to 2005. 
Many countries have formulated poverty strategies which incorporate the Millennium Development Goals. Yet experience has varied significantly from country to country. The ILO highlights four overarching areas in need of more concentrated attention:
1 Equity as a fundamental principle for ensuring that economic growth benefits the greatest number of people and reduces poverty. Fair and effective fiscal policies are one crucial requirement for this.
2 A more thorough analysis of employment and other aspects of decent work which give rise to the inclusion of fundamental principles and rights at work and social protection.
3 Systematic integration of labour ministries, employers' and workers' organizations to strengthen national ownership and consideration of decent work.
4 Strengthened partnership and dialogue with the UN system, the IFIs and bilateral partners at the country level for developing coherent responses.‎
66. Decent work: objectives and strategies.‎ ‎
International Labor Office, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The main purpose of this book is to provide an introductory text on the concepts, strategies and policies pertaining to decent work.  The papers presented in the volume explore the evolution and content of the concept of decent work and its key components, and show their relevance and applicability in diverse institutional settings and at different stages of development.‎
67. De criadas a obreras-- : estudio sobre la condiciones laborales de niñas y adolescentes trabajadores asalariadas del hogar en los municipios de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, El Torno, Montero y Gutiérrez 
Jorge Mauricio Montaño; DNI-Filial Santa Cruz (Bolivia); Defensa de Niñas y Niños Internacional, Sección Bolivia, 2004** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
68. Demanda de ingenieros y tecnólogos en el litoral ecuatoriano, 1980-1990 
Alejandro Gutiérrez A, Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Programa Mundial del Empleo, Programa Regional del Empleo para América Latina y el Caribe, 1980**
    Tags: 
69. Democracia y trabajo decente en America Latina
Virgilio Levaggi, Organización Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Se estima que en América Latina hay un déficit primario de empleo formal (rural y urbano) próximo a 126 millones de personas (23 millones desempleadas y 103 millones en la informalidad), lo cual representa el 53 por ciento de la Población Económicamente Activa (PEA). Si la economía de la región creciera a un promedio de 5 por ciento anual en la próxima década -lo cual supone un gran desafío- el mencionado déficit apenas podría congelarse, tomando en cuenta que cada año entrarían 3 millones de personas a la PEA regional. Por tanto una prioridad para América Latina y, a la vez, una urgencia es la creación de más y mejores empleos. De lo contrario, según estimaciones de la OIT, el déficit de empleo formal de la región se incrementará de 126 millones en 2005 a 158 millones en 2015 de mantenerse el ritmo de crecimiento económico que la región ha tenido en el primer lustro del siglo XXI, no obstante haber sido uno de los más altos en los últimos 20 años.
Ante estos datos, una extendida sensación de inseguridad laboral no es buena ni para la democracia, ni para la economía ni para la cohesión social.  Latinobarómetro, en su última encuesta, al explorar el mundo del trabajo, encontró que el 75 por ciento de los trabajadores entrevistados estaban preocupados por quedar sin empleo en los siguientes 12 meses. Las estadísticas de la OIT muestran que el 59 por ciento de los hogares de América Latina tienen por lo menos una persona que ha estado desempleada el último año. Es decir el desempleo no es una categoría abstracta sino que, para mucho de los latinoamericanos, tiene rostro, nombre y apellido. Sólo el 18 por ciento de los entrevistados expresó que considera que la ley laboral en su país los protege adecuadamente.
A la luz de lo expuesto es coherente señalar que la democracia en América Latina necesita, para su consolidación, de un nuevo contrato social basado en el trabajo. Debe, por consenso y con cooperación de las grandes mayorías, generarse un entorno adecuado para que haya más y mejores empresas así como un Estado que -además de ejecutar eficientemente las necesarias políticas sociales asistenciales- ponga la generación de empleo como objetivo principal de las políticas económicas y privilegie el mercado laboral como un espacio para el combate contra la pobreza.
Desde otra perspectiva se puede fundamentar la centralidad del trabajo para dicho contrato social, pues aquél sigue siendo el mejor modo para la realización personal y para participar en la vida de la sociedad: ayuda a la autoestima, facilita la inserción social y permite obtener ingresos. "Para la mayor parte de la gente, la mejor forma de participar en el mercado es mediante el empleo, ya que no sólo le proporciona poder económico, sino también, social y político". El trabajo -además- ha sido, es y debe seguir siendo fundamento de sociedades de hombres y mujeres libres.‎
70. Desafíos laborales en América Latina después de dos décadas de reformas estructurales : Bolivia, Paraguay, Perú (1997-2008)
Jose Rodriguez, Albert Berry, Universidad Catolica del Peru, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La preocupación básica de este volumen es el diseño de un paquete de políticas capaz de producir buenos resultados en los mercados de trabajo (o sea, una buena evolución de las variables laborales -salarios, tasas de empleo, etc.-) en Bolivia, Paraguay y Perú. La política de empleo, como se utiliza aquí el termino, cubre una gama amplia de intervenciones capaces de influir en forma importante en esos resultados laborales, así sea en forma directa, por ejemplo, a través de un sistema de apoyo a una industria o un grupo de empresas que genera muchos empleos buenos, o indirectamente, por ejemplo, a través de sus impactos sobre la tasa de crecimiento, que en su momento afecta las variables laborales.‎
71. Desafío de la formalización en la minería artesanal y de pequeña escala : análisis de las experiencias en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú
Mosquera L., César, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract En este documento se presenta un estudio del problema de la informalidad y el tránsito a la economía formal en la minería artesanal y en pequeña escala (MPE), una actividad cuya importancia económica y social en América Latina y otras regiones del mundo dista mucho de ser pequeña. Se trata de un estudio regional basado en los resultados y la evidencia empírica proporcionados por cuatro estudios nacionales de experiencias de formalización de la MPE que fueron desarrollados con el auspicio del IDRC en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú en el año 2005. El documento está dividido en dos secciones, en la primera se exponen los resultados del estudio regional y en la segunda se presentan los estudios nacionales.‎
72. Desarrollo sostenible, generación de empleo y erradicación de la pobreza en Bolivia : un plan estratégico viable para superar la crisis que agobia al país 
   Cordero Camacho, Mario R. , La Paz, Bolivia : SAPECHO S.R.L., 2004**‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera:  BO HC 185 .E5 C67 2004
   Reporte: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract El citado libro que incluye el plan estratégico para generar empleo masivo y erradicar la pobreza en Bolivia de autoría del Ing. Mario René Cordero Camacho, destacado profesional y reconocido especialista en Desarrollo Rural Sostenible en el ámbito nacional e internacional, fue propuesto y presentado por seis meritorias e importantes instituciones al Presidente Carlos Mesa a los 4 días de haber asumido la conducción de los destinos del país, con el único propósito de contribuir en la solución de la grave crisis que agobia al país, ello fue atendiendo a su angustioso llamado a la sociedad civil para contribuir con su Gobierno; desde entonces por la imposibilidad de las referidas instituciones para acercarse al Presidente de la República y a su Gobierno, varios Senadores de la República a través de nota oficial remitieron el referido libro, quienes en atención a las comunicaciones e invitaciones cursadas sobre este particular, solicitan al Presidente Mesa y a su Gobierno señales claras y de esa manera aprovechar a la brevedad posible la cooperación de las experimentadas instituciones para coadyuvar en la ejecución del indicado Plan Estratégico.‎
73. Desempeño económico al tercer trimestre 2006 : informe especial sobre empleo‎. 
   Bolivia, UDAPE : Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract El balance económico realizado por UDAPE al tercer trimestre del presente año encuentra una estabilidad macroeconómica consolidada, reflejada en una combinación de baja inflación con alto crecimiento del PIB, y acompañada por primera vez de superávits "mellizos" tanto en el balance fiscal como en la balanza de pagos. Bajo esta perspectiva, la economía boliviana está atravesando por una fase caracterizada por un adecuado equilibrio interno, y la no presencia de la restricción externa en el corto plazo, debido al record de exportaciones ($us3.000 a septiembre) y un bajo saldo de la deuda externa pública($us3.206,5).  Sin embargo, junto con las oportunidades que se podrían derivar de esta situación macroeconómica favorable, el país también enfrenta varios desafíos en lo que queda de este año y el 2007.‎
74. Destino incierto : esperanzas y realidades laborales de la juventud alteña‎ 
   Pablo Rossell; Bruno Rojas C, La Paz : CEDLA, 2001 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract A casi cinco años de la primera edición de este trabajo, la problemática laboral de los jóvenes en la actualidad sigue siendo una temática urgente, una asignatura pendiente en las políticas públicas y en el interés de la investigación social en el país. Pocas cosas han cambiado para los jóvenes, particularmente en lo que concierne a las acciones del Estado en un contexto en el que el modelo económico revela una profunda crisis. 
En estos cinco años la situación laboral de los jóvenes en el país y en El Alto, específicamente, muestra señales de empeoramiento. Recordemos que esta joven ciudad fue escenario principal de las insurrecciones de la "guerra del gas" en octubre de 2003 y en la lucha por la nacionalización de los hidrocarburos en mayo y junio de 2005, donde los jóvenes, con absoluta seguridad, fueron parte sustancial de estos procesos políticos.  Estos procesos permiten perfilar la hipótesis de que las y los jóvenes alteños fueron uno de los portadores principales de las ideas de cambio, por lo que rechazaron enfáticamente las acciones y proyectos del neoliberalismo y sus defensores que a toda costa pretendieron consolidar la entrega de los recursos naturales del país.‎
75. Developing effective employment services
David Fretwell, Susan Goldberg, World Bank, 1993
     Tags: 
Abstract The basic purpose of employment services Is to expedite the exchange of labor between employers and job seekers. The goal of these services is to promote labor mobility, productivity, and improvements in social welfare. Fretwell and Goldberg find that employment services can pay for themselves. However, they say that not all countries will benefit equally from such investments. The returns are lower where the Informal sector dominates an economy and where a country is small and informal networks are easier to establish. Also, when an economy Is stagnant, and the demand for labor is depressed, these services are not as effective and other interventions may command a greater priority.  The authors distinguish between *core and *support employment services. Core employment services offer an array of active placement services to help individuals assess their labor force capabilities, and initiate self-directed job searches. Support services, in turn, include incomes support and additional activities that add value to human capital, such as retraining, and are intended to enhance the productivity of job seekers.
Fretwell and Goldberg push for the opening of markets to private employment services to lower pressure on public budgets and provide a wider array of options for a diverse range of clients.  However, they also defend the public sector's role in delivery of core services based on evidence that these services are cost-effective; help ensure services are provided to unemployed, low-income, and semi-skilled clients who often fall outside the interests of the private sector; and help administer support programs including unemployment benefits.
The authorsr ecommendt hat a balanceb e maintainedb etweend ecentralization of service delivery and the need to promote national policy coordination and labor mobility. And in countries which encounter high unemployment during periods of structural adjustment the capacity of private financing of employment services will be stretched and inequities will arise. Under such conditions, where the longer-term benefits of adjustment are shared by the population at large, financing from general revenues wvililm prove both efficiencya nd equity.‎
76. Development from Within
Lykke Andersen, INESAD / ABCE / THINKTANK-INITIATIVE / IDRC, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This book presents a selection of the short articles I have been writing for the Monday Morning Development Newsletter over the last 5 years. It is my hope that the readers will enjoy reading/revisiting the articles in a more comfortable setting than in front of a computer screen.  The articles treat a wide variety of topics relevant for Bolivia's development. Some of the articles are also relevant for the remaining 99.8% of the world population, but all of them are inspired by this spectacular, friendly, puzzling and sometimes challenging place, which, through a chain of unlikely coincidences, has become my home. 
The intention of each article is to present a piece of information in a slightly unusual and thought-provoking way. I have been blessed with the opportunities to live in extremely different places, with political systems ranging from capitalist to communist, with economies ranging from rich to poor, with climates ranging from cold to hot, with ecosystems ranging from desert to rainforest, and with cultures ranging from Aymara to Uygur (no encounters with the Zulu culture, so far). All these experiences have allowed me to gain unusual perspectives on just about everything, which helps explain why the articles are always a bit contrary to mainstream thinking.
Another factor that has been very influential in shaping this book is my training in math, physics, statistics and econometrics in the Danish style of questioning everything instead of memorizing what the teacher says. I tend to be skeptical of every statement and allegation, until I have verified it for myself with independent data, and I have been repeatedly surprised by the contradictions between popular perception, conventional wisdom and hard data. Indeed, these contradictions have formed the inspiration for many of the articles in this book.
Anybody who has tried to write on a regular basis knows that it is a lot harder than it looks. But to me the Monday Morning Development Newsletter has provided a welcome opportunity to study new topics, practice critical thinking and sharpen my writing skills. I think this is something that everybody should practice regularly and thus invite interested readers/writers to contribute to the Monday Morning Development Newsletter in the future.
77. Diagnostico de la situación en comunidades mineras afro bolivianas : informe tecnico
Carrillo Claros, Félix; Robledo Cardozo, Maria; Colque Miranda, Ever; Fundación Medio Ambiente, Minería e Industria, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract Las comunidades afro bolivianas de las Provincias Nor Yungas, Sud Yungas e Inquisivi del Departamento de La Paz se encuentran muy dispersas y debido a esta razón es que la gente empieza a migrar para obtener mejores y mayores comodidades en centros poblados o en otras ciudades y así mejorar su calidad de vida. La minería a pequeña escala en las provincias de Nor Yungas, Sud Yungas y hacia el norte de la provincia Inquisivi llevada a cabo por afro descendientes, ocupa generalmente zonas comunitarias. 
78. Diálogo social institucionalizado en América Latina. Estudio comparado de Argentina, Brasil, Ecuador, México y Perú.‎ ‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2007
     Tags: 
Abstract El presente documento estudia la evolución de los procesos de diálogo social que se están desarrollando entre las organizaciones cúpula de trabajadores y empleadores y los gobiernos en el seno de instituciones que han sido creadas para ello en los últimos años en Latinoamérica. Presta un atención particular a cinco países de la región en los que ha intervenido el proyecto regional de la OIT: "Fortalecimiento de los Mecanismos Institucionales para el Diálogo Social", financiado por el Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de España. 
79. Dinámica del cluster minero Oruro en un contexto de crisis : informe final
CEPAL; Ecologicalink; Loayza, F.; Franco, I, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract La tendencia decreciente del precio de los minerales, en especial el desplome del precio del estaño en octubre de 1985, determino una profunda crisis de la minería estatiifera predominante en el clúster minero Oruro. Debido a condiciones macroeconómicas favorables a la realización de inversiones y la atracción de capitales, esta crisis determino, por una parte, la emergencia de empresas mineras grandes, con capacidad para atraer capitales, introducir cambios tecnológicos y contrarrestar las desventajas de los bajos precios y el empobrecimiento de los yacimientos. Por otro lado, la situación de desempleo creada también por la crisis minera dio lugar a la proliferación de cooperativas mineras, productores mineros rústicos, con limitado acceso al capital, provistos sin embargo, de capacidad para el trabajo en condiciones muy difíciles y sacrificadas.
La demanda de insumos nacionales de las empresas mineras grandes es intensiva en el consumo de servicios, en especial transportes, y energía eléctrica. Las cooperativas mineras, por su parte, son intensivas en el uso de maquinaria, repuestos y herramientas de fabricación nacional y servicios producidos por empresas menores, más accesibles a empresas con limitada capacidad económica.
La polarización del clúster minero en minería grande y cooperativa se transmitió a las empresas relacionadas a través de la demanda propiciando por un lado, el surgimiento de empresas proveedoras de servicios a las empresas mineras grandes, cuya característica es la alta calidad, y por otro, la proliferación de empresas proveedoras de insumos a las cooperativas mineras, cuya característica distintiva es el precio bajo, destacándose los talleres, fundiciones y laboratorios de bajo costa.
El estudio mostro asimismo que el sector minero arrastra a otros sectores de la economía a la expansión cuando este sector entra en Ia fase de recuperación, o viceversa. Esta capacidad se debe a su condición de productor de bienes transables que le permite evadirse de la baja capacidad de absorción del mercado interno, particularmente de la economía de Oruro. En consecuencia, la expansión de los sectores productores de bienes no transables está condicionada a la expansión del sector productor de bienes transables, es decir, a la expansión del sector minero.
80.  Discriminación de género y brecha salarial : estudio a partir de los casos de las trabajadoras del sector salud : El Alto, Trinidad y Tarija 
Fiorella Calderón Cabrera, La Paz, Bolivia : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung : Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, 2005** ‎
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Políticas públicas y discriminación de género 2. Mujer y trabajo en el sector salud de Bolivia 3. Situación laboral de las trabajadoras de salud de El Alto 4. Situación salarial en el sector salud 5. La brecha salarial y las trabajadoras del sector salud 6. Discriminación de genero en el sector salud.‎
81. Distribución del ingreso, tecnología y empleo : análisis del sector industrial en el Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela
Víctor E Tokman, Instituto Latinoamericano de Planificación Económica y Social, 1975*‎
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: A.L. HC 130 .I5 T65 1975
    Tags: 
82. Doing Business 2012: doing business in a more transparent world
World Bank, 2011
    Version en español: Link
     Tags: 
Abstract Over the past year a record number of governments in Sub-Saharan Africa changed their economy's regulatory environment to make it easier for domestic fi rms to start up and operate. In a region where relatively little attention was paid to the regulatory environment only 8 years ago, regulatory reforms making it easier to do business were implemented in 36 of 46 economies between June 2010 and May 2011. That represents 78% of economies in the region, compared with an average of 56% over the previous 6 years (fi gure 1.1).
Worldwide, regulatory reforms aimed at streamlining such processes as starting a business, registering property or dealing with construction permits are still the most common. But more and more economies are focusing their reform eff orts on strengthening legal institutions such as courts and insolvency regimes and enhancing legal protections of investors and property rights.  This shift has been particularly pronounced in low- and lower-middle-income economies, where 43% of all reforms recorded by Doing Business in 2010/11 focused on aspects captured by the getting credit, protecting investors, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency indicators (fig 1.2).
Overall in 2010/11, governments in 125 economies implemented 245 institutional and regulatory reforms as measured by Doing Business-13% more than in the previous year (box 1.1). A faster pace of regulatory reform is good news for entrepreneurs in developing economies. Starting a business is a leap of faith under any circumstances. For the poor, starting a business or finding a job is an important way out of poverty.  In most parts of the world small and medium-size businesses are often the main job creators. Yet entrepreneurs in developing economies tend to encounter greater obstacles than their counterparts in high-income economies. Finding qualified staff and dealing with lack of adequate infrastructure are among the challenges. Overly burdensome regulations and inefficient institutions that discourage the creation and expansion of businesses compound the problems.  
Through indicators benchmarking 183 economies, Doing Business measures and tracks changes in the regulations applying to domestic companies in 11 areas in their life cycle (box 1.2). A fundamental premise of Doing Business is that economic activity requires good rules that are transparent and accessible to all. Such regulations should be efficient, striking a balance between safeguarding some important aspects of the business environment and avoiding distortions that impose unreasonable costs on businesses. Where business regulation is burdensome and competition limited, success depends more on whom you know than on what you can do. But where regulations are relatively easy to comply with and accessible to all who need to use them, anyone with talent and a good idea should be able to start and grow a business in the formal sector.‎
Doing Business 2009, Doing Business 2010, Doing Business 2011‎
83. Doing Business: Bolivia Profile
World Bank, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract For policy makers trying to improve their economy's regulatory environment for business, a good place to start is to find out how it compares with the regulatory environment in other economies. Doing Business provides an aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business based on indicator sets that measure and benchmark regulations applying to domestic small to medium-size businesses through their life cycle. Economies are ranked from 1 to 183 by the ease of doing business index. For each economy the index is calculated as the ranking on the simple average of its percentile rankings on each of the 10 topics included in the index in Doing Business 2012: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators (see the data notes for more details).
84. Economia informal, trabajo no declarado y administración del trabajo
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 GD‎
Version en Frances: Link
     Tags: Gender&Diversity‎
Abstract Este documento fue validado en una reunión de expertos sobre "Economía informal, Trabajo no declarado y Administración del Trabajo" que tuvo lugar en Turín entre los días 4 y 6 de mayo de 2004. El departamento DIALOGUE presenta este trabajo como una contribución al debate en curso sobre la promoción del trabajo decente en la economía informal y el rol cambiante de los ministerios de trabajo en ésta área. 
85. Economic liberalization, adjustment, distribution and poverty in Ecuador, 1988-98
Vos, Rob, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract As most of the rest of Latin America, Ecuador engaged in major economic reforms in the 1990s, involving a freeing of its external trade and capital account regime as well as drastic domestic financial reforms. The liberalization process in Ecuador took place in an environment of strong external shocks, declining oil prices and the El Niño events among them. Trade liberalization got underway in 1990-92 under the flag of the Andean Pact, with capital market liberalization and a privatization scheme following soon after. Fiscal policy was tight until 1996, and then relaxed.‎
86. Economic Policy Changes and Wage Differencials in Latin America
Center for Global Development, Jere R. Behrman, Nancy Birdsall and Miguel Székely, 2006
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper presents estimates of the impact of changes in liberalization policies on wage differentials by schooling level using a new high-quality data set for 18 Latin American countries for 1977-1998. The method controls for all fixed and timevarying country characteristics, some of which may affect the policies themselves. The results indicate that liberalizing policy changes overall have had a short-run disequalizing effect of expanding wage differentials, although this effect tends to fade away over time. This disequalizing effect is due to the strong impact of domestic financial market reform, capital account liberalization and tax reform. On the other hand, privatization contributed to narrowing wage differentials and increasing trade openness had no significant effect on wage differentials.  Technological progress, rather than trade flows, appears to be a channel through which policy changes are affecting inequality.‎
87. Ecuador : mining. 
   British Overseas Trade Board.; Department of Trade and Industry, 1990**
    Tags: 
88. Efectos e impactos de la capacitación laboral : estudios de caso de graduados del Centro de Promoción de la Mujer Gregoria Apaza 
Gretchen Ferguson, La Paz : Asoc. de Instituciones de Promoción y Educación AIPE, 2004**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
89. Efficiency and employment in Ecuador's sawnwood industry 
   Jeffrey P Prestemon; Southeastern Center for Forest Economics Research US, 1989**
    Tags: 
90. El Consenso de Mar de la Plata, IV Cumbre de las Américas, 2005. Análisis y perspectivas. Trabajo decente y equidad de género en América Latina‎ ‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Presenta las perspectivas que se abren a partir del acuerdo continental expresado en la Declaración y el Plan de Acción de Mar del Plata, de las reflexiones y análisis de destacados especialistas y autoridades gubernamentales, muchos de ellos participantes de la IV Cumbre. 
Contenido: Una agenda hemisférica: crecimiento con empleo.- Comercio Internacional.- El empleo como eje de la agenda hemisférica.- Formación de la fuerza laboral.- El incentivo a la micro y pequeña empresa brasileña.- Desafíos para la creación del trabajo decente en América Latina.- Desafíos para la creación del trabajo decente en el Caribe. ‎
91. El cooperativismo minero : paliativa, engaño o solución? 
   Centro de Promoción Minera, La Paz, Bolivia, 1987**
    Tags: 
92. El Desarrollo de la pequeña industria en el Ecuador : conclusiones 
    Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales,Ecuador, 1981**
     Tags: ‎
93. El empleo de los jóvenes: vías para acceder a un trabajo decente
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En el marco de la Red de Empleo de los Jóvenes, impulsada por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, y la resolución sobre "Promoción del empleo de los jóvenes", aprobada por la Asamblea General en 2002, la OIT cumple una función de liderazgo a escala internacional en relación con el empleo de los jóvenes. La OIT también está comprometida con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en particular con el octavo, en virtud del cual se aspira a elaborar y aplicar estrategias que proporcionen a los jóvenes un trabajo digno y productivo, en cooperación con los países en desarrollo. Todo ello pone de manifiesto el compromiso contraído hace mucho tiempo, tanto por los mandantes de la OIT como por la Organización, con la promoción de un trabajo decente para todas las jóvenes y todos los jóvenes.
En noviembre de 2003, el Consejo de Administración de la OIT eligió el empleo de los jóvenes como tema para una discusión general en la reunión de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo que tendrá lugar en junio de 2005. A fin de preparar esa discusión, el Consejo de Administración aprobó la celebración de la Reunión tripartita sobre el empleo de los jóvenes: el camino a seguir, en octubre de 2004. El objetivo central del debate era examinar los programas y políticas nacionales encaminados a alentar la creación de empleos de calidad para los jóvenes de ambos sexos, determinar esferas iniciales de entendimiento sobre las dimensiones política, social y económica de esa cuestión, "y actuar como marco para una discusión más completa sobre el tema en la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo de junio de 2005, donde se decidirán unas conclusiones más exhaustivas"
Este informe de la Conferencia, titulado "Empleo de los jóvenes: vías para acceder a un trabajo decente", comienza presentando un panorama general de la situación del empleo de los jóvenes y los factores socioeconómicos que les facilitan o dificultan la obtención de un trabajo decente. En el informe se examinan las iniciativas adoptadas a escala nacional y se determina una serie de enseñanzas clave para la formulación de políticas y programas eficaces. Además, se muestra el apoyo prestado por la OIT a sus mandantes para promover el trabajo decente, haciendo hincapié en los enfoques e instrumentos que les han resultado, o les pueden resultar, útiles.
Esta serie de documentos que se presenta a la Conferencia contiene material que puede ser una valiosa referencia, como las conclusiones de la reunión tripartita celebrada en octubre de 2004 y el informe de la OIT Tendencias mundiales del empleo juvenil, de 2004.‎
94. El estado del arte de la capacitacion de los trabajadores en America Latina y el Caribe
IDB, Cristobal Huneeus, Cecilia de Mendoza, Graciana Rucci, 2011
Abstract Durante los últimos 15 años, los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) han progresado social y económicamente. Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva de largo plazo, el crecimiento está rezagado respecto a otros países emergentes. La productividad, baja y con lentas mejoras, constituye la principal explicación. La productividad en América Latina es aproximadamente la mitad de su potencial  y dicha brecha no se está cerrando. El panorama plantea muy pocas empresas altamente productivas y muchas muy poco productivas. Incrementar la proporción de firmas productivas llevaría a duplicar la productividad agregada cerrando la diferencia actual (BID, 2010a).
95. El impacto ocupacional de la inversión pública en Bolivia  
Regional Employment Program for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile: PREALC, 1980*
    Tags: 
96. El Mercado Laboral en Bolivia
Lykke E. Andersen, Universidad Catolica Boliviana, 2010‎
Employment and Income in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru : Analysis of the Links between Labour Demand and Supply
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Bolivia enfrenta grandes desafíos para crear empleos de calidad que permitan generar ingresos adecuados para el sustento familiar, así como en la aplicación efectiva de derechos, estabilidad y seguridad. La problemática laboral, sin embargo, no ha sido seriamente encarada por los gobiernos de turno, y la dinámica privada -población y empresas- tampoco ha podido generar resultados satisfactorios en el mercado de trabajo. Surgen entonces varios cuestionamientos; entre ellos, .Cuales han sido las características del mercado laboral?, Como han sido afectadas por las políticas económicas y sociales aplicadas?, Como podría promoverse efectivamente empleos con mejores ingresos?
El desafío de entender el mercado de trabajo y proponer medidas que efectivamente mejoren las condiciones de la fuerza laboral no es tarea fácil, debido principalmente a las estrechas interrelaciones que existen con el resto de la economía. En este marco, Maestrías para el Desarrollo (MpD-ePC) y el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC) de Canadá han decidido encarar este reto a través de estudios técnicos que puedan aportar de manera efectiva al debate. El presente libro constituye un primer resultado de este esfuerzo, habiendo sido desarrollado por varios investigadores, sobre la base de un objetivo común: Analizar los factores que han determinado el empleo e ingresos laborales en Bolivia, con el fin de ofrecer recomendaciones de política que generen efectivamente mayores y mejores empleos.
‎
El pasado 25 de mayo, Maestrías para el Desarrollo de la Escuela de la Producción de la Competitividad de la Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo" presentó el libro "El Mercado Laboral en Bolivia".  Bajo la coordinación de la Dra Beatriz Muriel y ante un  numeroso grupo de economistas, el libro se presentó como un conjunto de investigaciones que forman parte del proyecto Employment and Income in Bolivia, Paraguay and Perú: Analysis of the links between Labour Demand and Supply in Urban and Rural Areas. Proyecto regional bajo el auspicio del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC).
El acto que se llevó a cabo en instalaciones del Hotel Radisson de la Ciudad de La Paz, contó con la presencia del Rector de la Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", Dr. Hans Van den Berg, quien recalcó la importancia del nuevo enfoque de investigación que presenta la Universidad. También hicieron uso de la palabra Gonzalo Chávez, Director de la Escuela de la Producción y la Competitividad y  Carolina Robino, la representante de IDRC, quien señalo su convencimiento sobre la necesidad de conocer la realidad del mercado laboral para el desarrollo de los bolivianos. Finalmente,  fue la coordinadora principal del proyecto, Beatriz Muriel, quien hizo una presentación que incluyó los resultados principales encontrados. 
El libro "El Mercado Laboral en Bolivia" cuenta con las investigaciones "El Mercado laboral y Reformas en Bolivia" a cargo de B Muriel y L.C Jemio;  "Trabajo No agrícola de las Familias Rurales de Bolivia: Un análisis de determinantes y efectos" por L Andersen y J.H Valencia; "La Quinua: Una opción para mejorar los ingresos rurales en Bolivia" por Muriel y T Evia; "La Soya: Una experiencia para mejorar los ingresos rurales en Bolivia" por Muriel y H H Valencia; "Turismo en el Salar de Uyuni, restricciones ypotencialidades" de Andersen y L Valdez; y "Potencial Turístico del Municipio de Tiwanaku" de Andersen y L Valdez.   
97. El movimiento cooperativo en el Ecuador.  Vision histórica, situación actual y perspectivas
Giuseppina Da Ros, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract This article presents the results of research into the cooperative movement in Ecuador. After analysing the historical background, it describes the development and current situation of the movement, and discusses its weaknesses and future prospects. It also examines the role of the State in its origins and evolution, as well as looking at the chief limiting factors of the current legal system. Lastly, it presents some statistical data to help clarify the function of the cooperative movement and its importance in Ecuador.‎
98. El sector informal urbano en Bolivia, 1995-2005 : empleo, ingreso, productividad y contribución al Producto Interno Bruto urbano ‎ 
   Martínez-Cué F., Daniel. La Paz : LABOR, Centro de Apoyo al Desarrollo Laboral, 2009‎
   GD
Abstract La presente investigación fue diseñada con el objetivo de conocer las dimensiones del Sector Informal Urbano (SIU) en Bolivia; es decir, a qué porcentaje de la PEA urbana ocupa, tanto a nivel nacional como a nivel de sector de actividad económica, y cuál es el ingreso promedio de los trabajadores informales, dependiendo de cual sea su categoría ocupacional, del sexo, del sector de actividad económica en el que se ocupan de su nivel educativo y de si son o no migrantes. Con la investigación se ha pretendido, además, saber cuál es la contribución del SIU (total y por sector de actividad económica), al PIB urbano de Bolivia y, en base a ello, estimar los niveles de productividad en el sector y su correspondencia, o no, con los ingresos que obtienen los trabajadores informales. A partir de los resultados de esta investigación se han establecido las prioridades que deberían atender las políticas públicas orientadas a reducir la informalidad.
99. El trabajo asalariado en Bolivia, 1950-2000 : tendencias y dimensiones de género 
Silvia Escóbar de Pabón; Red Latinomericana Mujeres Transformando la Economía, La Paz : Red Mujeres y Economía Bolivia : REMTE, 2001**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
100.  El trabajo decente y la economía informal
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2002 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El informe trata de describir, qué es la economía informal y quiénes forman parte de ella, y de explicar por qué la economía informal está creciendo; poner de relieve los déficit de trabajo decente en la economía informal; y proponer los elementos clave de una estrategia global e integrada para tratar tanto las causas subyacentes como las manifestaciones externas de la actividad informal y del proceso de informalización y, de esta forma, promover el trabajo decente en todo el continuo económico que va del extremo formal al extremo informal de la economía. 
101. El trabajo de niños, niñas y adolescentes en la micro y pequeña empresa 
   Carola Madinacelli, UNICEF, 2003** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
102.  El trabajo : los niños y adolescentes trabajadores en Bolivia 
   Jorge Domic; Aida Rivadeneira, La Paz, Bolivia : UNICEF, 1995**
    Tags: 
103. El turismo en la economía ecuatoriana : la situación laboral desde una perspectiva de género‎ 
Martha Ordóñez; United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2001
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El actual gobierno ecuatoriano optó por impulsar el turismo como sector básico y estratégico del desarrollo económico nacional dado que contribuye sustancialmente a mejorar el ingreso de divisas, disminuir el déficit fiscal y, sobre todo, a generar nuevos empleos. Ha declarado al turismo como eje central de las políticas del Estado y propone la formulación de políticas integrales y intersectoriales y la movilización de recursos de varias instancias estatales en coordinación con la empresa privada y otras organizaciones de la sociedad civil.
Por su parte, tanto la CEPAL como el Consejo Nacional de las Mujeres (CONAMU) del Ecuador, se encuentran en un proceso de institucionalizar más explícitamente estrategias para lograr la equidad de género en todas las políticas sectoriales del desarrollo, con el fin de que beneficien - en igualdad de oportunidades y de trato - a mujeres y hombres.  El presente documento, que estudia la situación económica y laboral del sector turismo desde una perspectiva de género, fue elaborado en el marco del proyecto CEPAL-GTZ "Institucionalización de la perspectiva de género en la CEPAL y en ministerios sectoriales" (P.N.98-2048.1-001.00). El objetivo del proyecto es elaborar y fortalecer políticas, estrategias, instrumentos y capacidades técnicas, tanto al interior de la CEPAL como en algunos países seleccionados de la región, para fomentar la equidad de mujeres y hombres en el proceso y los beneficios del desarrollo, especialmente en lo que respecta a las políticas económico-laborales.‎
104. Empleo rural : caso Cochabamba  
Gray Molina, George., La Paz-Bolivia : ILDIS, 1995*
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Presenta un perfil de empleo en áreas rurales de Cochabamba, a partir de datos proporcionados por la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Rurales, describe el universo laboral en áreas rurales, analiza los determinantes de productividad laboral en hogares del valle y trópico, resume los resultados más sobresalientes, con sugerencias para futuros estudios. Describe el contexto socioeconómico y productivo de áreas urbanas y rurales, identificando patrones, de crecimiento poblacional, fertilidad y mortalidad infantil, patrones productivos, y una caracterización de la pobreza en ambas áreas y por provincias. Hace una primera aproximación descriptiva al universo laboral rural, identifica las características ocupacionales de personas, según ramas de actividad, categorías ocupacionales, edad, sexo, años de escolaridad, de hogares, según divisiones de trabajo dentro del hogar, diversificación ocupacional e ingresos del hogar. Trata de indentificar determinantes de productividad laboral en hogares del valle y trópico.‎
105. Empleo y percepciones socio-económicas en las empresas exportadoras bolivianas  
La Paz, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, UDAPE, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Introduccion, Capitulo 1, Capitulo 2, Capitulo 3‎
106. Empleo y la distribución del ingreso durante la inflación
Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas; Espejo Luna, J., 1990*
    Tags: 
107. Empleo y recursos humanos en Bolivia. 
Programa Regional del Empleo para América Latina y el Caribe, 1975
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 5751 .A6 E473 1993
    Tags: 
108. Empleo y salarios : el círculo de la pobreza ‎ 
La Paz : CEDLA, 1993 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract 
109. Employment-poverty linkages and pro-poor growth : a synthesis paper based on country studies of Bangladesh, Bolivia and Ethiopia‎ 
Rasheda Selim; International Labour Office. Economic and Labour Market Analysis Department, 2006‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract As societies and countries have embarked on their war on poverty, three things have become quite clear - sustained economic growth is crucial for poverty reduction; economic growth has to be pro-poor, if it has to make a dent on poverty; and productive employment is essential for pro-poor growth. These conclusions have been borne out both by analytical as well as empirical work. The empirical evidences have been contributed to by a set of country studies undertaken through collaborative efforts by the International Labour Office (ILO), Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). All these studies have helped us in enhancing our understanding of the growth-employment poverty nexus and also in identifying the necessary policy instruments to achieve the desired results. The present paper presents a synthesis of the two sets of ILO/SIDA country studies - six in total - on Bangladesh, Bolivia and Ethiopia focusing on how to make economic growth pro-poor.‎
110. Empowering women through microfinance
UNIFEM, 2002‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract According to the State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign 2001 Report, 14.2 million of the world's poorest women now have access to financial services through specialized microfinance institutions (MFIs), banks, NGOs, and other nonbank financial institutions. These women account for nearly 74 percent of the 19.3 million of the world's poorest people now being served by microfinance institutions. Most of these women have access to credit to invest in businesses that they own and operate themselves. The vast majority of them have excellent repayment records, in spite of the daily hardships they face. Contrary to conventional wisdom, they have shown that it is a very good idea to lend to the poor and to women.
So, given these impressive statistics, can we pat ourselves on the back for our service to poor women and assume that women's empowerment and other gender issues will take care of themselves?  Although women's access to financial services has increased substantially in the past 10 years, their ability to benefit from this access is often still limited by the disadvantages they experience because of their gender. Some MFIs are providing a decreasing percentage of loans to women, even as these institutions grow and offer new loan products. Others have found that on average women's loan sizes are smaller than those of men, even when they are in the same credit program, the same community, and the same lending group. Some differences in loan sizes may be a result of women's greater poverty or the limited capacity of women's businesses to absorb capital. But they can also indicate broader social discrimination against women which limits the opportunities open to them, raising the question of whether microenterprise development programs should do more to address these issues. And looking at the leadership of many MFIs, we see very few women. Their contributions-whether setting the vision on a board of directors, designing products and services, or implementing programs-are missing. Thus, as the industry becomes more sophisticated in developing targeted products and services, it makes sense to look at both targeting women and empowering women.
Microfinance programs have the potential to transform power relations and empower the poor-both men and women. In well-run microfinance programs, there is a relationship of respect between the provider and the client that is inherently empowering.  This is true regardless of the methodology or approach (whether the institution takes a minimalist approach of delivering financial services only or a more holistic or integrated approach). As a consequence, microfinance has become a central component of many donor agencies' and national governments' gender, poverty alleviation, and community development strategies. Several studies and the experiences of a number of MFIs have shown, however, that simply putting financial resources in the hands of poor women is not enough to bring about empowerment and improved welfare.  In this paper we demonstrate that although microfinance does not address all the barriers to women's empowerment, microfinance programs, when properly designed, can make an important contribution to women's empowerment. We begin by examining some of the theories and assumptions behind the targeting of women for microfinance and the resulting implications for empowerment. Drawing on the studies and experiences of microfinance institutions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the paper looks at what evidence is known about impact on women, in terms of both welfare and empowerment.
111. Encuesta de empleo, subempleo y desempleo 
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Ecuador), 1997**
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, YRB ECU INEC EnU
    Tags: 
112. Encuesta de empleo, desempleo, subempleo. Area urbana. 
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Ecuador), 1998**
    Tags: 
113. Encuesta de manufactura y minería. 
   Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Ecuador), Quito*
    Tags: 
114. Encuesta de micro‎ y pequeñas empresas: Parte 1, Parte 2, Parte 3, Anexo
INE Bolivia
    Tags: 
Abstract El creciente interés y la importancia que han adquirido las micro y pequeñas empresas (MYPES) en la actividad económica de Bolivia, han generado diversas investigaciones tanto de instituciones públicas como privadas, las que, a través de encuestas y registros administrativos, han caracterizado diferentes temáticas para este tipo de empresas1. Sin embargo, las estadísticas existentes referidas a este sector son heterogéneas y parciales y no permiten realizar otras investigaciones asociadas. Por lo que la escasa información sobre las MYPES conlleva a una serie de especulaciones sobre su desarrollo, comportamiento, evolución, características y parámetros.‎
115. Environmental Business Opportunities in Pollution Prevention in Latin America
National Association of Environmental Professionals, Mel Willis, 1999*
    Tags: 
116. Estado de situación de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en Bolivia al año 2005
Informe de la sociedad civil al comité del PIDESC de Naciones Unidas, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
117. Estimacion de la pobreza urbana en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las políticas de estabilización económica llevadas a cabo desde mediados de la década pasada para enfrentar la crisis económica, han permitido sentar las bases del crecimiento en un contexto de consolidación del proceso democrático. Sin embargo, la estabilidad no es una condición suficiente para alcanzar un crecimiento sostenido, en la medida que gran parte de nuestra población se encuentra en situación de pobreza sin la capacidad de contribuir efectivamente en la generación del producto y alcanzar niveles elevados de consumo per cápita.‎
118. Estimando la Distribución del Salario de Reserva
Werner L. Hernani-Limarino, Fundación ARU, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Este documento utiliza un sencillo modelo de oferta laboral para identificar la distribución de los salarios de reserva. La distribución de los salarios de reserva de la población no-empleada (tanto desempleada como inactiva) es fundamental no solo para entender la naturaleza del no-empleo sino también para definir los salarios que deberían ofrecer los programas de empleo para atraer a diferentes grupos de población.  El documento utiliza los datos de la Encuesta Trimestral de Empleo Urbano para ilustrar la metodología propuesta. Las estimaciones revelan que la gran dependencia de los hogares del ingreso laboral determina que los niveles de salarios de reserva sean mucho menores a los salarios esperados. También se observa que los salarios de reserva para la población de inactivos domina estocásticamente la distribución para la población de desempleados, y a su vez, esta ultima domina estocásticamente la distribución para la población ocupada. Esto implica que una buena parte de la población empleada no puede cubrir los costos de búsqueda de mejores oportunidades de empleo mientras que los desempleados tienen un mayor margen de espera.‎
119. Estrategia industrial y medio ambiente laboral en Ecuador : 1975-2000‎ 
Raúl Harari, Quito, Ecuador: IFA, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract De todos los retos, el mayor a enfrentar por la mayoría de países en vías de desarrollo se encuentra en el combate a la pobreza.  De manera general, en estos países, combatir la pobreza requiere no solamente generar nuevos ingresos y mantenerlos crecientes en el tiempo sino, lo fundamental, distribuirlos apropiadamente. Es decir, en cuanto a las políticas públicas, cualquier esfuerzo de los gobiernos que no tenga en agenda por lo menos los dos objetivos básicos: alcanzar un crecimiento sostenido de sus economías y reformar radicalmente las estructuras concentradoras del ingreso en sus sociedades, donde la situación prevista para las futuras generaciones se encuentre explícitamente considerada, poco o nada podrá hacer para resolver el problema de pobreza predominante.  La implementación de políticas tendientes a incrementar el nivel de bienestar social en función de las nuevas generaciones pasa, además, por considerar el entorno o medio ambiente en el que nuestras actividades hoy se desenvuelven, tanto a nivel global en cuanto al uso y conservación de la base de recursos naturales y su impacto en el entorno, como a nivel individual en lo que tiene que ver con el aspecto ambiental vinculado a las actividades laborales específicas de cada empresa o lugar de trabajo.‎
120. Estratificacion y calidad del empleo en el Mercado de trabajo en Bolivia
Elizabeth Jimenez Zamora, PNUD, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este trabajo tiene por objetivo identificar y analizar el grado y las características de la estratificación presente en el mercado de trabajo en Bolivia y examinar que políticas de empleo se orientan a reducir esta estratificación y mejorar las oportunidades de empleo y empleabilidad de grupos sociales vulnerables. 
La posible estratificación del mercado de trabajo en Bolivia se analiza en términos de calidad del empleo y con el objetivo de poder llegar a identificar un conjunto de "buenos" y "malos" empleos así como de los trabajadores que se encuentran en ellos. El análisis incluye la participación de la mano de obra rural en actividades asalariadas o por cuenta propia fuera de sus cotidianas actividades agrícolas familiares.‎
121. Estudio económico de América Latina y el Caribe 2006-2007
CEPAL, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las economías de América Latina y el Caribe atraviesan por un período sumamente favorable, enmarcado en el extraordinario desempeño de la economía mundial y caracterizado por un crecimiento sólido y muy difundido.  En este contexto, casi todos los países de la región han registrado una sostenida expansión desde el año 2003.  En 2006 el crecimiento de la región fue de un 5,6%, y la CEPAL proyecta una tasa de aumento del PIB de un 5,0% para este año y estima en 4,6% la tasa de 2008. En caso de confirmarse estos pronósticos, al final del sexto año de crecimiento consecutivo el producto por habitante de la región habrá acumulado un aumento del 20,6%,  equivalente a más de un 3% anual.‎
122. European Report on Development - 2012
Dirk Willem de Velde, 2011* ‎
Suggested Chapter: 2-3 
Natural Resource Management in a Changing World
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Throughout the world, humanity is putting unsustainable pressure on natural resources and this manifests itself in new challenges and opportunities for developing countries. Water, energy and land are intimately connected. For example, producing more food needs more water and more energy, as well as more land, and developing countries are a frequent target for investment in land for agricultural production. Trying to tackle climate change by producing bio-fuels adds to pressure on land and water. None of us can escape the consequences of the impending resource crisis. 
At a meeting on 6 April 2011 in Brussels around 80 eminent academics and high-level policy makers from Europe and the South met to discuss this and what the guiding principles for the European Report on Development (ERD) 2012 should be. The following overarching question discussed at the meeting was: 
What does the evidence tell us about the appropriate roles of the public and private sector, and their interactions, in managing natural resources for inclusive and sustainable growth in the context of increased scarcity and climate change?‎
To put this question into a sharper focus, ERD 2012 will be divided into three main parts:
1. Context, concepts and frameworks‎: with attention on the land-water-energy nexus, including such issues as resource-efficient production, water access for productive uses, threats to food security, land acquisitions, and bio-fuels. 
2. Case studies:‎ to illustrate resource scarcity, the major transitions outlined under the land-water-energy nexus, as well as the move towards a global low-carbon world by promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy. 
3. Policy implications:‎ pulling together evidence and trends from the case studies that outline best practices and roles for the private sector and options for public-sector engagement, from concrete regulations/subsidies/taxes and punitive steps, to cooperative initiatives including public-private partnerships leading to better natural resource management.
123. Evaluation of IDRC supported mining policy projects in Peru, Bolivia and Chile : final report
Warhurst, A., 1989
    Tags: 
Abstract This report presents the findings of a trip to Latin America in January 1989 to evaluate mineral policy projects being undertaken by GRADE (Grupo de Analysis para el Desarrollo, in Lima, Peru); CEMYD (Centro de Estudios Mineria y Desarrollo) La Paz, Bolivia; and CESCO ( Centro de Estudios del Cobre y de la Mineria), Santiago, Chile. The report reviews the work of each team based on detailed discussions and their submitted written material (which vas also sent to IDRC). It supports a previously submitted verbal report given to Hr Brent Herbert-Copley of IDRC. Many of the comments made here have already been discussed with the research teams during my meetings with them in January.‎
124. Evaluacion del impacto del Plane III: un programa que permitio adquirir experiencia laboral a los obreros
UDAPE, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract En este artículo se analiza la focalización del PLANE-III, a partir de la autoselección de los más pobres, en especial aquellos que no tenían un trabajo. Considerando información de la Encuesta de Evaluación de Medio Término de esta iniciativa, se concluye que el PLANE-III permitió que las personas que trabajaron en ella adquirieran experiencia y, por ende, la posibilidad de obtener empleo una vez que su contrato en el Plan había concluido.  Entre mayo de 2004 y diciembre de 2005, se pagó un total de $us18 millones a obreros, con la ejecución de 4.832 proyectos en 295 municipios del país. Los beneficiarios destinaron 89% de los salarios pagados a la compra de alimentos y 32% afirmaron tener más experiencia que les permitiría tener posibilidades de entrar al mercado laboral.  Analizando con tres diferentes métodos pertenecientes a la familia de los estimadores matching, llega a la conclusión que en promedio hubo una mejora en los ingresos tanto para hombres como para mujeres. Sin embargo, hubo un impacto con mejores resultados para los hombres.‎
125. Evaluación socioeconómica rápida de Chima municipio de Tipuani, departamento de La Paz
Loayza Careaga, Fernando; Vargas, I.F., 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract El 31 de marzo de 2003, un alud sepultó gran parte del poblado minero de Chima, ubicado a, en Ia jurisdicción municipal de Tipuani, La Paz. Las actividades mineras en el lugar, particularmente aquellas que se Ilevaban a cabo en el Cerro Puca Loma por parte de Ia cooperativa minera Chima, han sido atribuidas, en parte, como causa del desastre. No obstante, Ia posibilidad de que las intensas Iluvias caídas durante los meses en Ia región hayan incidido en el derrumbe del cerro no ha sido descartada. Debido a esta contingencia y a Ia pérdida de vidas humanas, el futuro de Chima, con una población de aproximadamente 2,000 personas, es incierto, siendo incluso necesario el traslado del pueblo hacia otra zona. Este panorama ha generado un alto grado de incertidumbre en Ia población y, por consiguiente, sus formas tradicionales de vida se han visto seriamente amenazadas.
Entre el 6 y el 10 de abril, una misión del IDRC/IIPM visito La Paz, Bolivia, dentro de un esfuerzo concertado con el CYTED XIII para cooperar a los lugareños y al gobierno de Bolivia en sus esfuerzos para enfrentar los daños y secuelas dejados por el alud. En principio se pensó que el tema social de mayor urgencia era aportar a solucionar un conflicto entre Ia comunidad y los cooperativistas mineros de Chima, debido a que los primeros pedían que Ia zona del desastre fuera declarada camposanto y, consiguientemente, se prohíba toda actividad minera en Ia misma. En esas circunstancias CoDevelopment Canada ofreció financiar Ia ejecución de un informe sobre el conflicto y las necesidades más urgentes de las comunidades en riesgo. Sin embargo, posteriormente, se desactivó el conflicto mediante un acuerdo entre las partes. No obstante, se hizo evidente Ia necesidad de contar con una evaluación socioeconómica rápida que orientará el accionar de los diferentes actores nacionales involucrados y Ia cooperación internacional, que están interesados en promover el desarrollo sostenible de Ia comunidad de Chima.‎
126. Evaluating the Impact of Job Training Programs in Latin America: Evidence from IDB funded operations
Pablo Ibarraran, David Rosas Shady, IDB, 2009
     Tags: 
Abstract Among active labour market programs, job training is popular in Latin America as an attempt to help the labour market insertion of disadvantaged youth, and also as a way of providing skills to low-income groups to enable them to deal with the challenges of globalization. This paper summarizes the findings from the first rigorous set of evaluations to job training programs in Latin America that were made in the context of a project undertaken by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight at the Inter-American Development Bank. This research was complemented by two independent impact evaluations of similar training programs in Chile and Colombia. We report the results of two evaluations with an experimental design (the Dominican Republic and Colombia), one with a natural experiment (Panama) and four non-experimental evaluations (Argentina, Chile, Peru and Mexico). Overall, the results suggest that employment effects range from modest to meaningful -increasing the employment rate by about 0 to 5 percentage points-although higher and significant for some groups such, as women in Colombia and Panama -with impact of 6 to 12 percentage points in the employment rate. In most cases there is a larger and significant impact on job quality, measured by getting a formal job, having a contract and/or receiving health insurance as a benefit. Finally, we present an operational definition of the impact of training on "employability" in the context of a dynamic model with state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity, which we were able to apply in the evaluations of the Dominican Republic, Panama and Argentina.‎
127. Evolucion de la Estructura de Empleo e Ingresos en Bolivia en el Periodo 1999-2000
Werner L. Hernani-Limarino, Fundacion ARU, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este documento presenta la evolución de la estructura de empleo e ingresos laborales observados en Bolivia durante el periodo 1999-2009.  Para ello utilizamos la serie armonizada de Encuestas de Hogares - lo que explica por que nuestros resultados en ocasiones son contradictorios con los de otras investigaciones que también utilizan las Encuestas de Hogares. Nuestro análisis evidencia que, entre los años 1999 y 2009, existieron mejoras en la utilización y la remuneración de la fuerza de trabajo. A pesar del aumento de los niveles de participación se observaron aumentos en la tasa de empleo y remuneración media, así como reducciones en las tasas de desempleo, subempleo y desanimo. También se evidencia que, aunque no existieron grandes cambios en la estructura del empleo, la estructura salarial tanto del área urbana como del área rural se modifico ostensiblemente en beneficio de los segmentos con menor remuneración. 
128. Exclusion, Gender, and Education: Case Studies from the Developing World
Maureen Lewis and Melanie Lockheed, Center for Global Development, 2007 ‎
Preface
Chapter 1: Social exclusion: The emerging challenge in girls' education  
Chapter 2: Girls in Lao PDR: Ethnic affiliation, poverty, and location
Chapter 3: Girls in Gansu, China: Expectations and aspirations for secondary schooling  
Chapter 4: Rural girls in Pakistan: Constraints of policy and culture  
Chapter 5: Girls in India: Poverty, location, and social disparities
Chapter 6: Indigenous girls in Guatemala: Poverty and location 
Chapter 7: Rural Bangladesh: Sound policies, evolving gender norms, and family strategies
Chapter 8: Tunisia: Strong central policies for gender equity 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The problem of children, especially girls, failing to attend school, is a classic one. No one disagrees that girls ought to go to school-for their own sake and because educating girls ensures a better future for their children and their societies. Many donors express a willingness to finance increased access to better schooling, especially for girls. There is universal support for the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary education by 2015. And in fact, progress in expanding education in developing countries has been impressive in the last two decades and girls have benefited as enrollment rates, especially in primary schooling, have increased dramatically.
But the limits of standard approaches to achieving near-universal education (building more schools, training more teachers, providing essential learning materials) are evident. More than 75 million children are not enrolled in school or are not attending school regularly; many who attend learn little and fail to complete primary school. One worrying example of that reality: in some countries primary school enrollment among girls who are members of excluded groups-social minorities-is below 50 percent.
129. Explaining racial wage disparity in Bolivia 
Rachel Merrit Heath, 2005**
   Reporte: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
130. Fair Growth: Economic Policies for Latin America's Poor and Middle-Income Majority
Nancy Birdsall, Augusto De La Torre, Rachel Menezes, Center for Global Development ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In the 1990s, most countries of Latin America firmly embraced the economic reform package that has come to be called the Washington Consensus. The policies included in the package emphasized price stabilization and structural adjustment measures such as privatization, reduction of import tariffs, liberalization of local financial markets, and opening of economies to foreign investment-all with the objective of making the economies more efficient and competitive, in the hope that the resulting growth would trickle down. But more than a decade of such open market economic reforms in Latin America failed to deliver much in the way of growth or social progress. Per capita income growth in the region during the 1990s lagged behind that of the advanced economies and emerging economies in Asia (figure 1). That lag has led to anxiety and frustration-with market reforms, with the political process, and with the way democracy is working.‎
   Recomendado: Capitulo 6: Protecting Job Mobility and Workers' Rights
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Gainful, productive employment is crucial to enhancing equity and income growth and to reducing poverty.  But its importance goes well beyond that, making employment a legitimate policy concern in its own right, not just a means to other ends. Productive employment is not only about income. It is also about human dignity and a place in society.‎
131. Fast Tracking Jobs: Advances and Next Steps for Labor Intermediation Services in Latin America and the Caribbean
Jacqueline Mazza, IDB Technical Note, 2011
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract How might more workers in Latin American and Caribbean countries get better jobs more quickly?   Labor intermediation services, an evolution from public and private employment services, are the active labor market tool designed for this purpose.   A number of Latin American and Caribbean economies have begun investing in such services and are working to link them to other social benefits and services.   
This technical note looks systematically at how these services are developing in Latin America and the Caribbean.  Labor intermediation services comprise both the core functions of a job listing/exchange (a bolsa de trabajo in Latin American terms); job search counseling and placement, and more advanced functions such as administration of training or social programs and specialized services for employers.  The note proposes and reframes the evolution of Latin American and Caribbean systems into three stages: early development of basic services (stage 1), advancing coverage, efficiency and services (stage 2) and proposes where they might go in the future (a hypothetical stage 3), demonstrating how some advanced stage 2 countries (Brazil, Mexico, and Chile) are beginning to take steps in this direction. A set of operational priorities and monitoring and evaluation indicators is provided for each current stage.  
Decades later, OECD (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation) countries continue to experiment with their services, and so, argues this paper, should Latin American and Caribbean countries.  The final section provides five lines of new activity for experimentation reflecting the Latin American and Caribbean environment: expanding intermediation markets; making institutional "leaps" by using case management and single window management; targeting disadvantaged populations; more systematic evaluation and performance indicators, and targeting growth sectors.  To support its analysis, the role and the economic rationale for labor intermediation services in labor markets is first reviewed (Section I), followed by an examination of the state of advancement and evolution of such systems in the region (Section II); and, then a review the principal evidence and evaluation on such services (Section III) and propose next steps (Section IV).
With some important exceptions, the principal evidence and evaluation of labor intermediation services come from OECD experience.   While one must be careful not to over generalize, this evidence indicates that employment/intermediation services can be a relatively effective in getting workers into jobs more quickly (e.g. reducing short-term unemployment), often (but not always) with increased earnings.   The contracting of private providers and the use of case management systems has proven, in many OECD countries, to improve performance and efficiency.   Much remains to be studied and experimented with in the Latin American and Caribbean context, but the imperative of "fast tracking" jobs remains compelling for the region. Putting jobs on a fast track should be seen in two important phases, first through better and more national intermediation systems that understand the private and public markets work in tandem. Second, intermediation can only be effective in the wider context of human capital development systems - that better educate, better train, better transition and better protect the region's vital labor force.‎
132. Fighting poverty : the development-employment link 
Rizwanul Islam, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006**‎
    Tags: 
Abstract While it has become abundantly clear that neither overall economic growth nor targeted microlevel interventions inevitably reduce poverty in developing countries, much of the development literature continues to focus on these two approaches. Exploring a third, and more promising, avenue, Fighting Poverty offers a systematic analysis of the link between employment and pro-poor economic growth. 
The authors provide both conceptual frameworks and rich empirical evidence to demonstrate precisely how employment can serve to link growth with poverty reduction. They include in-depth case studies of Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Uganda, and Vietnam.
133. Final Report of the ENTRA21 Program: Phase I: 2001-2007
Betcherman, G., Godfrey, M. , Puerto, S., Rotheran, F., Stavreska, A., Inter American-Development Bank, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract ENTRA 21 es un programa de servicios de orientación, asesorías para la búsqueda de empleo y capacitación en el trabajo. ENTRA 21 busca preparar a jóvenes en las aéreas de informática y tecnología. Considera la participación de ONG y empresas locales, y gobierno. El financiamiento es via IADB, corporaciones multinacionales y distintos gobiernos. El programa está dirigido a jóvenes desempleados entre los 16 y 18 años con educación secundaria completa o en proceso de completarla. 
* Impactos en Brasil- Sao Paulo:‎ El impacto es positivo pero no se incluye análisis de costo beneficio. El costo se estima en US$1,075 por participantes. Entre las variables analizadas se encuentran salarios, empleo, satisfacción con el empleo y satisfacción del empleador con el programa. Probabilidad de empleo aumenta en 55%, 82% de los empleados tienen contrato y 73% reciben ingresos mayores al mínimo.
* Impactos en Brasil- Salvador:‎ El impacto es positivo pero no se incluye análisis de costo beneficio. El costo se estima en US$1,300 por participantes. Probabilidad de empleo es de 66% (49.23% es el desempleo entre jóvenes en el área. También se observa un aumento en el % de jóvenes con contratos permanentes.
134. Foreign Investment in the Andean Countries
Harvard CID Working Paper, Joaquin Vial, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract This work provides a general picture of the evolution of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Andean countries. Then, following a brief review of FDI determinants in developing countries, it systematically examines the Andean countries' most important deficiencies in attracting FDI to dynamic and nontraditional sectors, based on the results of a survey conducted with executives of foreign companies installed in the Andean countries. The data clearly demonstrate grave deficiencies in essential state functions (administration of justice, probity and efficiency of the state institutions) that impede investments in general. Major problems can also be seen in various regulatory spheres (customs, foreign trade procedures, non-salary labor costs, steps for initiating new businesses) that offer a relatively unattractive picture for developing new activities. Finally, serious deficiencies can be seen in infrastructure and other aspects linked to logistics and transport.
The document concludes with a set of recommendations grouped into three categories: (i) market orientation, recommending that Colombia and Venezuela target their investment attracting policy on access to the North American market and that the three remaining countries put special emphasis on the connection to markets of eastern South America. (ii) Institutional strengthening, geared to eliminating the uncertainty and instability factors linked to the deficient operation of state institutions, as well as revising bureaucratic procedures that act as a break on new business creation. (iii) A systematic review of each country's policies with respect to developing export platforms, to adjust them to what international experience indicates are the conditions for their successful development.
135. Formacion para el trabajo decente
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2001 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Como quiera que la consecución del trabajo decente ha sido erigida en objetivo central de la OIT, este libro constituye un aporte sustantivo a la definición del concepto y a la promoción del objetivo del trabajo decente, desde la perspectiva del papel que la formación profesional juega al respecto. 
136. Formalización de la minería de pequeña escala : caso Bolivia
Aranibar, Ana María; Bernal, Eliodoro Sandi; De Franco, Patricia; Lafuente, Daniel; Alarcon, Flavio, 2005‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Un debate en nuestro criterio aún inconcluso, probablemente por su complejidad y naturaleza, se ha abierto en relación a la búsqueda de una adecuada definición y conceptualización de la Minería en Pequeña Escala (MPE) en América Latina. Sin duda que las realidades de cada país en la actividad de los pequeños mineros y artesanales, los tipos de explotaciones, las formas organizativas y las diferentes magnitudes de escala dificultan este propósito. Sin embargo, importantes contribuciones se han originado en alguna bibliografía del IIPM, CEPAL y OIT que sirven como marco de referencia para este trabajo.  
Como en otros estudios sobre esta temática realizados recientemente en el medio, para efectos de la presente investigación y por razones prácticas adoptaremos para el caso de Bolivia como equivalentes los términos MPE y minería chica y cooperativa. La minería chica y cooperativa, también denominada pequeña minería, involucra una amplia gama de operadores mineros con las más diversas características. Entre los grupos principales se encuentran formas asociativas como las cooperativas mineras, tanto tradicionales como no tradicionales, grupos autogestionarios, unidades productivas con estructura empresarial, unidades productivas sin estructura empresarial, productores familiares y productores individuales artesanales.  El segmento de cooperativas mineras es el más importante, principalmente por su contribución a la producción y el empleo.‎
137. Formalización de la minería de pequeña escala en Bolivia
Elidoro Sandi Bernal, Empresa Cumbre Del Sajama, Bolivia, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract En Bolivia, la minería chica y cooperativa es el segmento que se identifica con lo que en términos generales se denomina en América Latina como minería en pequeña escala. Bajo esta denominación se encuentran formas asociativas como las cooperativas mineras, tanto tradicionales como no tradicionales, grupos autogestionarios, unidades productivas con estructura empresarial, unidades productivas sin estructura empresarial, productores familiares y productores individuales artesanales.
El segmento de cooperativas mineras es el más importante, principalmente por su contribución al empleo. También es importante la actividad de la denominada minería chica, que incluye unidades productivas con estructura empresarial y en menor medida unidades familiares de producción, grupos autogestionarios y productores individuales artesanales.  Debido a las dificultades para la generalización de resultados a partir de casos particulares de unidades productivas de la minería chica, productores familiares y productores individuales artesanales, la propuesta excluye el análisis de estos casos.  En la definición de los estudios de caso se ha considerado relevante estratificar cinco tipos de organizaciones de MPE en relación a su grado de formalización:
(i) Cooperativas mineras tradicionales en alianza estratégica (formalización más avanzada).
(ii) Cooperativas mineras tradicionales (formalización relativamente menos avanzada).
(iii) Cooperativas auríferas (bajo grado de formalización).
(iv) Productores de minerales no metálicos (en albores de un proceso de formalización).
(v) Productores de recursos minerales superficiarios aplicables a la construcción (formalización nula o incipiente).
El contenido fundamental de la propuesta es la evaluación general e integral de los estadios de formalización en el desenvolvimiento de las organizaciones de MPE en Bolivia, con énfasis en el análisis de formas asociativas de organización. El enfoque integral comprende no sólo el análisis de la normatividad vigente en los distintos ámbitos del desenvolvimiento de estas organizaciones, sino que incluye además el análisis de otras dimensiones de la formalización, tales como el desempeño tecnológico y ambiental, generación de valor  agregado en cadenas locales, acceso al financiamiento, condiciones laborales, salud ocupacional y seguridad industrial, situación de la seguridad social y otras que puedan identificarse.
138. Gender, Equality and Development
World Bank World Development Report 2012 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Baruani is reflecting on how women's and men's lives have changed over the past decade in Ijuhanyondo-a village in Tanzania. "Ten years back was terrible," she recalls. "Women were very behind. They used to be only at home doing housework. But now, they are in businesses, they are in politics." Others hold similar views. "We do not depend a lot on men as it used to be," says Agnetha. "We have some cash for ourselves, and this assists us in being free from men and to some extent controlling our lives." In addition to managing their businesses, the women now make up half the members of the street committee that runs the village.
Despite these positive changes, many challenges continue to weigh on women's daily lives. Fewer than half the homes in the village have piped water. Even more difficult, Tungise and other women of the village still fear violence by their partners: "When they are drunk, they can begin beating up women and children in the house. The worst bit of it is forcing sex with you." Although legally women can inherit land or a house, tradition prevails. "Yes, women can inherit property," says Flora, the executive secretary of the street committee. "In fact, in the will the father is supposed to give each son and daughter something, and nowadays the law is strict, equally. But still, men give to their sons and argue that women have the property of where they are married."
139. Género, pobreza, empleo y economía informal en Ecuador : GRPE - Ecuador‎ 
María Elena Valenzuela; María Bastidas Aliaga; International Labour Organisation, Lima, Peru, 2006 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, EC HD 5758 .A6 .G46 2006
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Ecuador ha sido uno de los países de la región que ha experimentado de forma más drástica las importantes transformaciones relacionadas con el proceso de globalización, la apertura de las economías y la descentralización del proceso productivo. Estos cambios han afectado fuertemente los patrones de comportamiento del mercado de trabajo, la capacidad de creación de empleos ha sido insuficiente frente a las necesidades de la población de generar ingresos y seguridad económica e importantes grupos sociales han sufrido un deterioro en la calidad de sus empleos. Los efectos de estos cambios no han sido los mismos para toda la población. Mientras grandes contingentes de personas viven en condiciones de marginalidad, pobreza y exclusión social, otros grupos han logrado beneficiarse del crecimiento y la riqueza, accediendo a oportunidades que los grupos más carenciados no tienen a su alcance. El resultado de este proceso ha sido un aumento de las desigualdades. Es así como la concentración de la riqueza medida a través del índice de Gini -el cual considera 0 como la situación de máxima igualdad- se incrementó desde 0.461 en 1990 a 0.513 en 2002.El subproyecto Talleres Eficientes y Equidad de Género ha sido ejecutado por la organización ACONSUR durante el periodo abril 2001 a marzo 2002. El grupo objetivo de empresarios/empresarias y operarios/operarias, con quienes se ha trabajado provenían de varios distritos del Cono Sur de Lima Metropolitana, en especial de Villa El Salvador, dado que en el Parque Industrial de este distrito la institución ha creado un centro de servicios descentralizado, lugar desde el cual se ha apoyado también este subproyecto.  Para algunas instituciones como ACONSUR, en nuestro país las PYMEs han puesto mayor énfasis en el mejoramiento del producto que en el desarrollo de las personas. En este sentido, las actividades del presente subproyecto se orientan a analizar el sistema de protección social para empresarias/empresarios y operarias/operarios y al mejoramiento de las condiciones ambientales de trabajo de los talleres textiles donde laboran.‎
140. Generación de empleo e ingresos para mujeres pobres urbanas en tres países andinos : Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú : experiencias en el Ecuador.‎ 
   International Labour Office, Lima, Peru, 2002 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El subproyecto Talleres Eficientes y Equidad de Género ha sido ejecutado por la organización ACONSUR durante el periodo abril 2001 a marzo 2002. El grupo objetivo de  empresarios/empresarias y operarios/operarias, con quienes se ha trabajado provenían de varios distritos del Cono Sur de Lima Metropolitana, en especial de Villa El Salvador, dado que en el Parque Industrial de este distrito la institución ha creado un centro de servicios descentralizado, lugar desde el cual se ha apoyado también este subproyecto.
Para algunas instituciones como ACONSUR, en nuestro país las PYMEs han puesto mayor énfasis en el mejoramiento del producto que en el desarrollo de las personas. En este sentido, las actividades del presente subproyecto se orientan a analizar el sistema de protección social para empresarias/empresarios y operarias/operarios y al mejoramiento de las condiciones ambientales de trabajo de los talleres textiles donde laboran.‎
141. Generando trabajo decente en el Mercosur: empleo y estrategia de crecimiento‎ 
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2004 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente documento desarrollado, en dos volúmenes, contiene propuestas que la OIT ha elaborado en materia de política de empleo a solicitud de la Comisión Sociolaboral del MERCOSUR. Se pone énfasis en políticas de empleo y en la estrategia de crecimiento que se debería tomar. Este enfoque abarca políticas del nivel macroeconómico, orientadas a alcanzar objetivos intermedios que se identifican como imprescindibles para acelerar el crecimiento, elevar la creación de empleos de calidad y transformar las actividades informales. 
142. Globalizacion y trabajo decente en las Americas
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2002 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Iniciamos esta XV Reunión Regional Americana en momentos en que muchos países de la región enfrentan una nueva y grave crisis económica, con sus conocidas repercusiones negativas sobre el bienestar de la población. De esos países, los que enfrentan una situación especialmente delicada son, sin duda, la Argentina, el Brasil y el Uruguay.‎
143. Gradual Spread of Market-Led Industrialization
Jeffrey D. Sachs and Xiaokai Yang, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 11, April 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract The paper introduces asymmetric production conditions between firms and asymmetric transaction conditions between countries into the Murphy-Shleifer-Vishny model of industrialization. It explores a general equilibrium mechanism that generates circular causation loop that each firm's profitability and its decision of involvement in a network of industrial linkages and trade flows is determined by the size of the network, while the network size is in turn determined by all firms' decisions of participation. It shows that the very function of the market is networking relevant self-interested decision makers and utilize the network effects of industrialization, though this function is not perfect. Hence, market led industrialization will gradually spread until the whole world economy is integrated in a single network of trade and industrial linkages as transaction conditions are improved. Also, this general equilibrium mechanism predicts empirical observation that temperate zone is involved in this industrialization process more early than the tropic zone because of its better climate and public health conditions. This paper devises a new approach to specifying zero profit condition for a marginal modern firm, while keeping original feedback loop between positive profit and the extent of the market of the MSV model. Hence, this new method and the trade off between economies of scale and transaction costs can be used to endogenize the number of modern sectors and increases applicability of this type of models which is featured with compatibility between economies of scale and competitive market.
144. Growing Pains in Latin America: An Economic Growth Framework as Applied to Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru
Liliana Rojas-Suarez, Center for Global Development, 2009 ‎
Front Matter 
Chapter 1. Introduction 
Chapter 2. Helping Reforms Deliver Growth in Latin America: A Framework for Analysis 
Chapter 3. Pro- and Anti-Market Reforms in Democratic Brazil 
Chapter 4. Colombia's Efforts at Achieving Inclusive and Sustainable Growth 
Chapter 5. Political and Institutional Obstacles to Reform in Costa Rica 
Chapter 6. How Can Reforms Help Deliver Growth in Mexico? 
Chapter 7. Helping Reforms Deliver Inclusive Growth in Peru  (GD)‎
Contributors 
Index 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Growing Pains in Latin America lays out and applies a region-specific framework for delivering sustainable economic growth. A task force of experts led by CGD senior fellow Liliana Rojas-Suarez and MIT professor Simon Johnson describes the framework, its (simple) principles, and its flexibility and ability to adapt. Other experts then apply the framework to Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru, providing specific policy recommendations while taking into account the unique conditions of each country.
In an introductory essay, Rojas-Suarez explains and contextualizes the need for a new approach to growth in Latin America. Comprehensive yet flexible, the recommendations in Growing Pains can be applied to all of Latin America and will be valuable to anyone concerned with growth, prosperity, and equality in the region.
145. Guía para facilitar un proceso transformador : módulo I, caminando juntas hacia una minería responsable
Guía para facilitar un proceso transformador : modulo II, creando la capacitación
   Gómez Rocabado, Pedro; Eulate, Francisca Jacinto, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract Esta guía está dirigida a los organismos no gubernamentales (ONGs) que trabajan con comunidades mineras en América Latina, a fin de fortalecer sus relaciones con empresas mineras. Es el producto de un proyecto piloto en comunidades mineras de Nicaragua y Bolivia, dirigido por un equipo internacional de ONGs de Canadá, Nicaragua y Bolivia. Nuestra experiencia ha sido enriquecida por la de otros grupos que trabajan este tema.  
Esta guía está fundamentada en dos hipótesis. La primera es que a nivel internacional hay una nueva apertura que puede ser aprovechada por las comunidades para aumentar los beneficios y disminuir los impactos negativos provenientes de la actividad minera.  La segunda es que las comunidades tienen una experiencia básica en la toma de decisiones comunitarias, resolución de conflictos y negociación; pero aun carecen de muchas herramientas para desarrollar sus capacidades en estas aéreas. Aquí tratamos de llenar en parte este vacío.
Esta guía no viene a satisfacer todas las necesidades de una comunidad en el aspecto organizativo, ni pretende por un lado, definir sus intereses o presionar para que una empresa acepte negociar. Eso sí, trata de proveer algunas herramientas para la comunidad a fin de que pueda realizar una negociación exitosa.
Esta guía consta de ocho secciones, iniciando con el nuevo contexto de la minería a nivel internacional para después explicar el proceso transformador que puede promover un cambio. Las secciones III a VI, explican los diferentes aspectos a tomar en cuenta si la comunidad está contemplando negociar con la empresa: el desarrollo comunitario, la relación con la empresa, el proceso negociador y los acuerdos duraderos. En la Sección VII, se encontrarán actividades educativas que se pueden utilizar en sesiones de capacitación con Ta comunidad o la empresa. Finalmente, la Sección VIII contiene materiales a profundizar en los temas mencionados en las secciones anteriores. Para evitar la explicitación del género y facilitar su lectura, la redacción de este documento considera el uso de las como símbolo de ambos géneros.
Esta no es una receta fija, cada grupo y experiencia van a requerir una adaptación de los insumos presentados. No pretendemos tener todas las respuestas para un tema tan complejo.  Hemos aprendido mucho en el recorrido de este proyecto pero hay mucho más que aprender. Invitamos a todos los grupos y lectores que trabajan en este campo a hacer sus contribuciones a fin de mejorar el contenido de esta guía.
Finalmente tenemos que hacer énfasis en el punto más importante de todo este trabajo.  Aunque estamos delineando los pasos para aumentar el poder de las comunidades en sus negociaciones con empresas mineras, tenemos bien claro: que si la comunidad no desea la mina, la decisión es suya y nuestro papel es apoyarla en esa decisión.
146. Guía práctica para fortalecer el diálogo social en la reforma de los servicios públicos
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract En sus conclusiones, la Reunión paritaria sobre la incidencia de la descentralización y privatización en los servicios municipales, celebrada en Ginebra del 15 al 19 de octubre de 2001, decidió, entre otras cosas, solicitar a la OIT que elaborara materiales educativos y de asesoramiento destinados a promover el diálogo social en todos los niveles, en el contexto de la reforma de los servicios públicos, y que pusiera dichos materiales a disposición de los interlocutores sociales, los gobiernos de los Estados Miembros y las organizaciones internacionales. Esta Guía Práctica para fortalecer el Diálogo Social en la Reforma de los Servicios Públicos es una de las respuestas concretas a dichas conclusiones. 
147. Here to help : NGOs combating poverty in Latin America / 
Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 2003* ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Contents:
Smallholder agriculture and poverty alleviation in indigenous communities / James Keese --
Making a statement or finding a role / Jean Grugel --
Perceptions / Patricia Feliu --
Visions of development / Laurie Occhipinti --
Market articulation and poverty eradication? / Patrick C. Wilson --
Women, microenterprise development, and poverty in Bolivia / Ana Mayta --
The transformation side of microenterprise / Makonen Getu --
Awakening / Ana María Condori --
NGOs and ecotourism in Ecuador's Amazon / Frank Hutchins --
Disencumbering development / Jeanne Simonelli and Duncan Earle
148. How Business is Done and the 'Doing Business' Indicators: The Investment Climate when Firms have Climate Control
Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Lant Pritchett, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 211, November 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract "Doing Business" (DB) provides measures of the time and costs associated with fully complying with an array of business regulations. Enterprise Surveys (ES) ask a wide range of firms about their actual experiences in doing business. We use three comparable indicators in both: time to get an operating permit, time to get a construction permit, and time to import goods, to compare these distinct de jure (DB) and de facto (ES) approaches to assessing the "investment climate" in over 100 countries. Four patterns emerge in each of the three indicators. First, while the DB, of necessity, reports a single estimate of the days for compliance for each indicator, firms in the same country report wildly different times to complete the same transaction. For instance, the DB indicators says it takes 65 days to start a business in Ecuador, whereas the distribution of the 265 firms who reported getting an operating license was between a 10th percentile reporting 1 day while the 90th percentile reporting 60 days. Second, regulatory compliance appears to be "under water" as firms report actual times much less than the DB reported days. For instance, the median DB time to obtain a construction permit across all countries is 210 days, while the mean of the days firms reported was 59, the median DB-ES "under water" gap was 145 days. Third, cross-nationally there is very little association between the ES distributions and DB numbers. A naïve view of "full compliance" might suggest that actually reported days would rise one for one with DB days, but the patterns are much more complex. The de jure environment appears to only affect some firms. For instance, as the de jure DB time to get a construction permit rose across countries by 524 days (from 77 to 601) the predicted time reported by the 25th percentile "favored" firm rose by just 2.7 days. In contrast, the time reported by the "disfavored" 90th percentile firm rose by 130 days, but all of this rise comes in the lower range of the DB. Fourth, for those countries with multiple ES surveys we find little association over time, with reductions in DB days as likely to be accompanied by increases in ES days. Comparing these two measures suggests very different ways of thinking about policy versus policy implementation, about what "climate" means, and what the options for "policy reform" really are.
149. Human Development Report: International Cooperationa at a crossroads: aid, trade, and security in an unequal world
United Nations, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This Report is about the scale of the challenge facing the world at the start of the 10-year countdown to 2015. Its focus is on what governments in rich countries can do to keep their side of the global partnership bargain. This does not imply that governments in developing countries have no responsibility. On the contrary, they have primary responsibility. No amount of international cooperation can compensate for the actions of governments that fail to prioritize human development, to respect human rights, to tackle inequality or to root out corruption.  But without a renewed commitment to cooperation backed by practical action, the MDGs will be missed-and the Millennium Declaration will go down in history as just one more empty promise.
150. Human Rights and Structural Adjustment
Cambridge Journals, M. Rodwan Abouharb, University College London, 2007* ‎
   Google Preview: Link
   Capitulo 9: Worker Rights
   Capitulo 11: A human rights-based approach to economic development
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract 'Structural adjustment' has been a central part of the development strategy for the 'third world'. Loans made by the World Bank and the IMF have been conditional on developing countries pursuing rapid economic liberalization programmes as it was believed this would strengthen their economies in the long run. M. Rodwan Abouharb and David Cingranelli argue that, conversely, structural adjustment agreements usually cause increased hardship for the poor, greater civil conflict, and more repression of human rights, therefore resulting in a lower rate of economic development. Greater exposure to structural adjustment has increased the prevalence of anti-government protests, riots and rebellion. It has led to less respect for economic and social rights, physical integrity rights, and worker rights, but more respect for democratic rights. Based on these findings, the authors recommend a human rights-based approach to economic development.
151. Igualdad de género y trabajo decente: buenas practicas en el lugar de trabajo
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Esta publicación, presenta una selección de prácticas consideradas como aptas para promover la igualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres en sus áreas respectivas. En su conjunto, estas prácticas muestran como los mandantes de la OIT - gobiernos, sindicatos y organizaciones de empleadores (y comunidades de negocios)- han desarrollado estrategias para reforzar la igualdad de género en sus respectivas estructuras y programas. 
152. Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama (draft)
Ibarrarán, P. and D. Rosas, IDB, 2007 ‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Ibarrarán and Rosas (2007) analyze the data from Panama, making use of a natural experiment that occurred due to some administrative problems during the early implementation of the program. In terms of employment effects, they show that there are marginally significant differences between the treatments and controls (47% vs. 42%), with larger differences for the insertion modality (5%) than for the transition modality (2%). Disaggregating the analysis by gender and region, a salient feature is the large heterogeneity of impacts: The program has a significant effect on employment rates and wages for women, particularly on those living in Panama City. This pattern holds for both modalities (insertion and transition modality).‎
153. Impact evaluation of SME programs in Latin America and Caribbean
Gladys Lopez Acevedo, Hong W. Tan, World Bank, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract This report was co-funded by research grant from the World Bank's research committee for a regional study evaluating Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Support Programs in Latin America and support from the poverty reduction and economic management division of the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. The objective of the study was to rigorously evaluate SME programs in four Latin American countries Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Peru to gain insights into whether SME programs work, which programs perform better than others, and why. This report should be of interest to country governments, policymakers with responsibilities for SMEs, local researchers and the private sector in the region, as well as World Bank staff and bilateral donors. However, the findings and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the World Bank, its Board of Directors or the countries it represents.‎
154. Impacts of Active Labor Market Programs: New Evidence from Evaluations with Particular Attention do Developing and Transition Countries‎ ‎
Social Protection Discussion Paper, World Bank, Gordon Betcherman, Karina Olivas, Amit Dar, 2004
     Tags: 
Abstract Active labor market programs (ALMPs) are used to reduce the risk of unemployment and to increase the earnings capacity of workers. Particular interventions include employment services, training, public works, wage and employment subsidies, and self-employment assistance. These programs are implemented to enhance labor supply (e.g., training); increase labor demand (e.g., public works, subsidies); and improve the functioning of the labor market (e.g., employment services). ALMPs are often targeted to the long-term unemployed, workers in poor families, and particular groups with labor market disadvantages. These programs have important social, as well as economic, objectives.
OECD countries, in particular, have a long and extensive experience with ALMPs. These programs are becoming more relevant in developing and transition countries, too, as many governments grapple with growing unemployment and underemployment problems. How much reliance should countries place on active labor market programs? This is a controversial question. Proponents argue that they are the most direct instrument for dealing with unemployment and poverty among workers. Opponents counter that ALMPs are largely a waste of public funds and that any observed benefits for participants are usually at the expense of other workers. It is important then, to rigorously evaluate the impacts of these programs and their cost-effectiveness.‎
155. Implementation completion report (Loan 33900; 3390A; 3390S) on a loan in the amount of US$ 84 million to the Republic of Ecuador for a rural development project
World Bank, 2001*‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Ecua. 21514 EC
    Tags: 
156. Indicadores sociales : demografía, empleo, pobreza, ONG's, recursos financieros, demanda de profesionales, educación, salud  
La Paz, Bolivia : UDAPSO, 1993*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link BO HN 274 .I53 1993
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Presenta los indicadores sociales ordenada en 2 partes: indicadores multisectoriales y sectoriales. En la primera parte presenta datos sobre demografía, empleo, pobreza, organizaciones no gubernamentales, recursos financieros y demanda de profesionales. En la segunda, información relacionada a la educación básica, educación superior, salud seguridad. Incluye principales indicadores demográficos, como tasas de mortalidad infantil, fecundidad.
157. Indicadores sociales para el análisis de las desigualdades de genero : educación y empleo en el Ecuador 
Carolina Reed; Carlos Larrea M; M Prieto, Quito, Ecuador : Dirección Nacional de la Mujer-Ministerio de Bienestar Social del Ecuador y Secretaría Técnica del Frente Social, 1997** ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link EC HQ 1558 .R44 1997
   Reporte: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La publicación recoge los resultados del procesamiento de las más recientes fuentes de información socio-económica con el fin de obtener datos para caracterizar la situación actual de las mujeres ecuatorianas en un conjunto de dimensiones importantes para el diseño de políticas. La publicación consta de cuatro partes. La primera es una introducción al tema de los indicadores sociales de diferencias de género. La segunda presenta un conjunto de propuestas metodológicas para describir y analizar las desigualdades de género. En la tercera se analizan algunos resultados estadísticos en los campos de la educación y el empleo en el marco de las tendencias sociales y económicas observables en el país. La cuarta contiene el conjunto de indicadores en los siguientes temas: demografía, pobreza, empleo, educación y salud.
158. Indices de empleo y remuneraciones
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos (Ecuador)*‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: YRB ECUA INEC InE
    Tags: 
159. Industrialización, empleo y necesidades básicas en el Ecuador‎ ‎
Corporación Editora Nacional :FLACSO, Sede Quito, 1987‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: EC HC 202 .V67 1987
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente estudio se realizo dentro del marco del proyecto en torno a la planificación para las necesidades básicas en América Latina. El mencionado proyecto conto con el patrocinio del Gobierno de los Países Bajos y en su realización participaron el Instituto de Estudios Sociales (ISS), de La Haya, Países Bajos, y el Programa Regional del Empleo para América Latina y El Caribe (PREALC) I de Santiago, Chile. El proyecto se inicio en septiembre de 1980 y finalizo en septiembre de 1984 comprendiendo dos etapas principales: una destinada a hacer el diagnostico en la pobreza y sus condicionantes, y la otra a diseñar una metodología para las políticas orientadas a atender las necesidades básicas.
En la ejecución del proyecto se han seguido dos vías paralelas.  Por un lado la preparación de un estudio exhaustivo para un país, siendo el elegido Ecuador, cuya finalidad es analizar la relación que existe entre la situación de los grupos sumidos en la pobreza y la estructura y el funcionamiento de la economía en su conjunto. Por el otro lado, la realización de una serie de estudios que se concentran en un aspecto particular de las necesidades básicas y 10 investigan a través de todo un país y su comparación con la experiencia en otros países de la región latinoamericana.  
El presente estudio analiza el desarrollo industrial ecuatoriano en función de problemas de empleo y pobreza, y forma parte del estudio más completo en torno a la planificación para las necesidades básicas en el Ecuador.‎
160. Informality: Exit and Exclusion
Cambridge Journals, The World Bank, Guillermo E. Perry, William F. Maloney, Omar S. Arias, Pablo Fajnzylber, Andrew D. Mason, and Jaime Saavedra-Chanduvi, 2007 
Español: Link
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Informality: exit and exclusion analyzes informality in Latin America, exploring root causes and reasons for and implications of its growth. The authors use two distinct but complementary lenses: informality driven by exclusion from state benefits or the circuits of the modern economy, and driven by voluntary 'exit' decisions resulting from private cost-benefit calculations that lead workers and firms to opt out of formal institutions. They find both lenses have considerable explanatory power to understand the causes and consequences of informality in the region. Informality: exit and exclusion concludes that reducing informality levels and overcoming the 'culture of informality' will require actions to increase aggregate productivity in the economy, reform poorly designed regulations and social policies, and increase the legitimacy of the state by improving the quality and fairness of state institutions and policies. Although the study focuses on Latin America, its analysis, approach, and conclusions are relevant for all developing countries.This very insightful volume discusses a segment of the population that does not "formally" exist: namely, the informal sector that functions in the underground economy.  The book describes individual and firm characteristics in the informal sector, analyzes the reasons for joining the informal sector and the incentives of the institutional framework within it, and provides policy recommendations to incorporate the informal part of the economy into the social security and welfare system.  The book focuses on Latin American countries.  In its analysis, the book uses Latin American country employment surveys and presents the results of data collection about preferences for informal employment in urban areas of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic.  It also includes a thorough literature review of the topic.
Informality: Exit and Exclusion analyzes informality in Latin America, exploring root causes and reasons for and implications of its growth. The authors use two distinct but complementary lenses: informality driven by "exclusion"' from state benefits or the circuits of the modern economy, and driven by voluntary "exit" decisions resulting from private cost-benefit calculations that lead workers and firms to opt out of formal institutions. They find both lenses have considerable explanatory power to understand the causes and consequences of informality in the region. Informality: Exit and Exclusion concludes that reducing informality levels and overcoming the "culture of informality" will require actions to increase aggregate productivity in the economy, reform poorly designed regulations and social policies, and increase the legitimacy of the state by improving the quality and fairness of state institutions and policies. Although the study focuses on Latin America, its analysis, approach, and conclusions are relevant for all developing countries.
Informality: Exit and Exclusion will be of value to professionals and academics studying labor market, social protection, tax, microenterprise development, and urban public policies, and to those working in government, international organizations, research institutions, and universities.‎
161. Informe al Gobierno de Bolivia sobre la organización del servicio del empleo y el desarrollo de un programa de información sobre el mercado de empleo.
International Labor Office, Geneva, 1959**
    Tags: 
162. Informe economico y social: Primer semestre 2006 y perspectivas
UDAPE Bolivia, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Ha transcurrido un semestre de gestión de un nuevo Gobierno y los resultados macroeconómicos muestran un buen desempeño tanto en el sector real y el sector externo, como en los sectores monetario, cambiario y fiscal. La mejora en el contexto social, a su vez, muestra señales positivas de un cambio en el estado de ánimo colectivo, de la confrontación al logro de consensos, aunque todavía con conflictos focalizados y dispersos, especialmente en algunas regiones. 
Este buen panorama económico y social se dio en el contexto de la presencia de cambios estructurales, como en el caso de la nacionalización de los hidrocarburos, nuevas políticas para la industrialización del agro, el referéndum de las Autonomías y la convocatoria a la Asamblea Constituyente. También se implementaron medidas trascendentales, como la reorganización del aparato del poder ejecutivo con la creación del Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo y las nuevas políticas de uso y transformación de los recursos naturales, con la adjudicación de los yacimientos del Mutún por $us1.500 millones en los primeros cinco años, monto similar a todo el proceso de capitalización, hasta llegar a los $us2.300 millones en el décimo año.‎
163. Innovaciones en la Evaluacion de Impacto del Servicio de Intermediacion Laboral en Mexico
Roberto Flores Lima, BID, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract En el presente estudio se evalúa el impacto en las condiciones de inserción laboral de la población atendida por los servicios de la Bolsa de Trabajo (Boltrab), Chambatel y Chambanet del Servicio Nacional de Empleo (SNE) de México. La evaluación de impacto se realizó comparando el éxito y calidad de la inserción laboral de dos grupos: una muestra de desempleados de la Ciudad de México y su Área Metropolitana atendidos por tales servicios (grupo piloto) y entrevistados por medio de la Encuesta sobre los Servicios de Intermediación Laboral del SNE, con los alcanzados por una muestra de desempleados captados por la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (grupo de control) con características similares. Los resultados de la evaluación indican que en la población atendida por la Boltrab, Chambatel y Chambanet no se identifican diferencias en el tiempo que duran desempleados ni en la posibilidad de conseguir empleo. Sin embargo, entre aquellos que obtienen empleo, los que utilizan tales servicios lo obtienen con un mayor ingreso mensual, con más horas semanales trabajadas y en una proporción mayor de empleo estructurado. En cambio para las mujeres, acudir a la Boltrab, Chambatel y Chambanet no marca la diferencia con respecto a aquellas que utilizan medios alternativos de búsqueda de empleo. Estos resultados muestran que los servicios mencionados no constituyen todavía una opción lo suficientemente atractiva para empresas y buscadores de empleo. Para que así sea, es necesario aumentar sustancialmente la capacitación del personal del SNE para apuntalar los vínculos con el sector privado; mejorar la capacidad de análisis del mercado laboral, así como la atención a empresas y solicitantes con un enfoque de equidad de género; y mejorar los sistemas de información, el monitoreo y la evaluación de los servicios.‎
164. Innovationas and Good Practices in Single-Window Service
Canadian Centre for Management Development, Stephen Bent, Kenneth Kernaghan, Kenneth and Brian Marson, 1999
Tags
Abstract Governments have a responsibility to design the delivery of government services based on the needs of citizens. Recent surveys have shown that citizens want government services that are easy to find and access. For example:
• In a November 1997 Ekos Research Rethinking Government survey for the federal government, 77 percent of respondents gave high priority to making government services easier to find and access. In addition, 68 percent of respondents gave high priority to providing one-stop service where a wide range of services can be accessed in one place. Recent surveys also illustrate that citizens are having difficulty obtaining the services they need. For example:
• The 1998 Erin Research/Citizen-Centred Service Network Have Your Say National Survey asked respondents to recount a recent service experience in light of several factors. The results showed that 25 percent of respondents did not know how to get the service they needed (eg., knowing the service location or phone number). Of the 75 percent who did know how to get the service they needed, an additional 55 percent had one or more problems accessing the service (eg., being bounced from one person to another or receiving incorrect information). When the findings from both of these groups are considered together, nearly two-thirds of respondents had one or more difficulties finding or accessing the service they needed. Governments must take a citizen-centred approach to service delivery. Citizens want government services that are as accessible, convenient and seamless as possible. One way of achieving this is through single-window service delivery. The essence of the single-window approach is the bringing together of government services, or information about them, in order to reduce the amount of time and effort citizens must expend to find and obtain the services they need. While single-window service is only one of several approaches to improving service to citizens, it has become an increasingly important one.‎
165. Intergeneraitional Solidarity: Strengthening Economic and Social Ties
    Inter-American Development Bank, 2010*
    Worldcat: Link
Recommended-Chapter 9:  Labor Markets and Social Inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean: Perspectives for Intergenerational Solidarity (Jacqueline Mazza)
     Tags: 
Abstract This chapter examines key labor market and social inclusion trends in Latin America and the Caribbean, including low quality employment, rising unemployment and migration, highlighting perspectives for older and younger worker cohorts, termed intergenerational solidarity.
This volume analyzes intergenerational solidarity from diverse interdisciplinary angles within the social sciences. It provides analytical tools to advance research and documents how societies are adjusting to major changes that affect the core of the social fabric. With a focus on the areas of youth, family and ageing, contributions seek to advance the understanding and promotion of intergenerational solidarity. In addition, the authors propose to mainstream intergenerational solidarity in the design of social policies through the adoption of an intergenerational perspective or lens to policy making that can help attain a stable, just and harmonious society for all ages.
166. Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation
NBER, Handbook of the Economics of Education, Elsevier, Cunha, F., J. Heckman, & L. Lochner, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off. for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity.‎
167. Investigación de datos estadísticos sobre la mujer ecuatoriana: demografía, salud, educación y empleo
Kléber Prías Ortega, IECAIM, 1992. ** ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: EC HQ 1557 .I58 1992
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
168.  Inequidades, pobreza y mercado de trabajo : Bolivia y Perú 
   Silvia Berger; Lima : OIT, Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe, 2003 ‎
   Capitulo 1, Capitulo 2, Capitulo 3, Capitulo 4‎
   http://www.cinterfor.org.uy/mujer/doc/cinter/inp_bpe.htm 
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link A.L. HC 182 .I56 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este libro busca contribuir a profundizar los conocimientos sobre las interrelaciones entre la pobreza y la situación actual del empleo, visto desde la perspectiva de género y así facilitar el desarrollo de popuestas de políticas para la reducción de la pobreza y la equidad de género mediante el trabajo.
En el primer capítulo Silvia Berger, la autora, efectúa un análisis sobre el desarrollo de las estrategias de reducción de la pobreza en América Latina, especialmente sobre el caso boliviano y en el marco de las Metas del Milenio. Reflexiona sobre los avances y ausencias en el tema de condiciones y propuestas para la generación de Trabajo Decente como uno de los factores determinantes para cualificar los resultados que vienen obteniéndose en la implementación de las estrategias de reducción de la pobreza en América Latina.
El segundo capítulo escrito por Ivonne Farah, describe ampliamente el desenvolvimiento de las estrategias de reducción de la pobreza en Bolivia, sus características y ajustes en el Diálogo 2003, proceso iniciado para la aprobación de la Estrategia Boliviana de Reducción de la Pobreza para el período 2004-2007.
El tercer capítulo escrito por Silvia Escóbar de Pabón estudia la situación laboral urbana en Bolivia y destaca la brecha entre hombres y mujeres en el acceso a la inserción en el mercado laboral, la participación de mujeres y hombres en las diferentes ocupaciones y las consecuencias cualitativas y cuantitativas de la inserción laboral de las mujeres en los últimos 10 años.
El cuarto y último capítulo de Eliana Chávez O'Brien presenta una amplia y detallada descripción de la situación del mercado de trabajo en el Perú en el marco de los acontecimientos políticos y gubernamentales de la última década. Muestra los cambios ocurridos en la dinámica del mercado laboral comparando las tendencias de la inserción laboral de las mujeres frente a la de los varones. Se aborda el tema articulando la variable de pobreza a la de desigualdad y teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de género; esto permite evidenciar y comprender la diferenciación de roles entre hombres y mujeres en los espacios laborales y la desigualdad, que aunque se ha ido reduciendo, aún se mantiene vigente en el mercado de trabajo y en relación a la pobreza.
169. Informal Sector and Regulations in Ecuador and Jamaica
Emilio Klein & Victor E. Tokman, OECD, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper presents the results of a survey of micro-enterprises undertaken in Ecuador and Jamaica. The purpose was to understand the relationships between these countries' institutional and legal regulations, the degree of compliance by firms and the impact of compliance on their performance (particularly growth). This enquiry was complemented with case studies of issues related to compliance with regulations.  Initially, the paper sets out to analyse the characteristics of the microenterprises surveyed and their type of insertion into product and factor markets.
Afterwards, it describes the differences observed in the regulatory frameworks of the two countries, and explains the differences in the degree of compliance with the law on the part of small firms. The final part of the paper determines statistically the relative importance of the factors that influence firm registration and identifies their effects on the growth of micro-enterprises.
The initial process of registration and the subsequent integration of firms into the institutional framework is not perceived in either country as a major constraint for start-up or for current operations. The two countries are rather different in terms of their regulatory environment: Ecuador is more demanding on firms and its administrative procedures are more complex and time-consuming. Nonetheless, the degree of compliance in Ecuador is systematically higher than in Jamaica; this is interpreted as the effect of the positive economic rewards obtained by registered firms, particularly in the form of growth and easier access to productive factors.‎
170. Informe de investigación : proyecto "Negociación y Toma de Decisiones para Comunidades Mineras de Potosí"; casos - proyectos San Cristobal y San Bartolome
Centro de Promocion Minera; Gómez Rocabado, P.; Madrid Lara, E.; Camacho Balderrama, N., 2004*
    Tags: 
171. Ingresos y desigualdad en el área rural de Bolivia
Wison Jimenez, Susana Lizarraga, UDAPE, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo muestra la distribución de ingresos familiares en hogares rurales, los mismos que provienen de la producción agropecuaria y derivados, actividades no agropecuarias e ingresos no laborales.  Los datos señalan una elevada concentración del ingreso familiar dentro del área rural.  Los componentes no laborales y no agropecuarios del ingreso son los que presentan mayor concentración.  La descomposición de la desigualdad, basada en el índice de Gini, muestra que la distribución de ingresos no agropecuarios contribuye al 42% de la desigualdad total del ingreso familiar.  Las areas rurales de los valles y el altiplano son las regiones más desiguales, al contrario la concentración del ingreso es menor en las zonas del llano, aspecto que podría estar relacionado con el mayor valor de los productos agropecuarios de dicha región.
172. Innovaciones en la Evaluación de Impacto del Servicio de Intermediación Laboral en México
Roberto Flores Lima, BID, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract En el presente estudio se evalúa el impacto en las condiciones de inserción laboral de la población atendida por los servicios de la Bolsa de Trabajo (Boltrab), Chambatel y Chambanet del Servicio Nacional de Empleo (SNE) de México. La evaluación de impacto se realizó comparando el éxito y calidad de la inserción laboral de dos grupos: una muestra de desempleados de la Ciudad de México y su Área Metropolitana atendidos por tales servicios (grupo piloto) y entrevistados por medio de la Encuesta sobre los Servicios de Intermediación Laboral del SNE, con los alcanzados por una muestra de desempleados captados por la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (grupo de control) con características similares. Los resultados de la evaluación indican que en la población atendida por la Boltrab, Chambatel y Chambanet no se identifican diferencias en el tiempo que duran desempleados ni en la posibilidad de conseguir empleo. Sin embargo, entre aquellos que obtienen empleo, los que utilizan tales servicios lo obtienen con un mayor ingreso mensual, con más horas semanales trabajadas y en una proporción mayor de empleo estructurado. En cambio para las mujeres, acudir a la Boltrab, Chambatel y Chambanet no marca la diferencia con respecto a aquellas que utilizan medios alternativos de búsqueda de empleo. Estos resultados muestran que los servicios mencionados no constituyen todavía una opción lo suficientemente atractiva para empresas y buscadores de empleo. Para que así sea, es necesario aumentar sustancialmente la capacitación del personal del SNE para apuntalar los vínculos con el sector privado; mejorar la capacidad de análisis del mercado laboral, así como la atención a empresas y solicitantes con un enfoque de equidad de género; y mejorar los sistemas de información, el monitoreo y la evaluación de los servicios.‎
173. International Finance Institutions and Development Through the Private Sector
International Finance Corporation, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The private sector is recognized as a critical stakeholder and partner in economic development, a provider of income, jobs, goods, and services to enhance people's lives and help them escape poverty.  Multilateral development banks and bilateral development finance institutions (together in this report called International Finance Institutions or IFIs) play a significant role in supporting the private sector in developing countries.  They provide critical capital, knowledge and partnerships, help manage risks, and catalyze the participation of others.  They support the kind of entrepreneurial initiatives that help developing countries achieve sustainable economic growth.
Yet the important development contributions that IFIs make when engaging with the private sector in developing economies are often not clear or adequately communicated to stakeholders and the public.  It is the aim of this report to help bridge that gap to increase the information and understanding about both the value of the private sector in development and the role of international development finance institutions in supporting development through the private sector.
The report is a joint effort over 20 miltilateral and bilateral development institutions that have significant programs to promote private sector investment and assistance.  This report was initiated under the sponsorship of the Private Sector Developmetn Institutions Roundtable, which is an annual meeting of the heads of IFIs with a focus on the private sector, and was coordinated by the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
A new report finds that international finance institutions (IFI) play a key role in catalyzing job creation and growth through the private sector in emerging markets, particularly as governments face increased pressure on public resources.  The report, International Finance Institutions and Development through the Private Sector, was launched today during the World Bank-IMF Annual Meetings. It was produced by 31 international finance institutions (IFIs). Senior officials from more than 20 IFIs will be attending the launch event.
Key findings of the report are:
* IFIs provide the private sector in developing countries with critical capital and knowledge. Private sector direct foreign investment finance has reached more than $40 billion in commitments a year-about 5 percent of capital flows to emerging markets. 
* IFIs help companies set standards and manage risk in areas such as environmental and social standards; corporate governance; health and safety, sponsor and business integrity; labor and human rights; revenue transparency; and international financial reporting. 
* IFIs catalyze additional financing from other private sector players.‎ Each $1 of capital supplied to IFI's can lead to $12 in private sector project investment 
* IFIs support entrepreneurship and innovation‎, helping demonstrate the viability of private solutions in new or challenging areas. 
"Traditionally, international development institutions' work on public sector projects has been widely recognized. Over the past decades, there has been an increasing recognition of the role development institutions can play in fostering development through the private sector," said Steven Puig, Vice President for Private Sector Operations at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), one of the institutions that participated in the production of the report.
"This report recaps 31 international finance institutions' private sector initiatives and helps explain how we promote development by closing gaps in finance, infrastructure, social inclusion and standards. It shows that international financial institutions support entrepreneurial initiatives that help developing countries achieve sustainable economic growth."  The Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) and the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), members of the IDB Group, participated in the production of the report. The report was initiated under the sponsorship of the Private Sector Development Institutions Roundtable, an annual meeting of the heads of IFIs that focus on the private sector. The meeting is coordinated by the International Financial Corporation (IFC).
174. Introducción a la construcción social del mercado de trabajo‎ 
Rodolfo Eróstegui T, La Paz, Centro de Apoyo al Desarrollo Laboral, Ayuda Obrera Suiza, 2007
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El mercado de trabajo es el resultado de una construcción social.  No es un espacio que surge espontáneamente y que nunca cambia y mucho menos a - histórico e inmutable. Es un espacio que la sociedad construye a partir de su interrelación. Por lo tanto está en permanente movimiento. Es un espacio en el que los actores llegan con su conocimiento, aptitudes, riqueza, capital; pero, sobre todo con su cultura.  Por lo tanto no es únicamente el lugar de encuentro de la oferta y la demanda de fuerza de trabajo.  Desde esta perspectiva en el mercado de trabajo no sólo intervienen los actores que concurren a comprar y vender fuerza de trabajo, también juegan un rol importante actores como los sindicatos, el Estado (Ministerio de Trabajo), las asociaciones empresariales. El accionar de todos estos actores está influenciado por la base técnico material (tecnología, activos fijos, etc.) de la producción de bienes y servicios así como por la normativa que fija las reglas de juego y de los contenidos de contratos laborales así como las condiciones para su finalización.
175. Investigación de datos estadísticos sobre la mujer ecuatoriana : demografía, salud, educación y empleo 
   Instituto Ecuatoriano de Investigaciones y Capacitación de la Mujer, Quito, Ecuador, 1992** ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link EC HQ 1557 .I58 1992
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
176. Investigación organización e institucionalidad en la mineria a pequeña escala y artesanal : informe final
Aranibar, A.M.; Bernal, E.S., 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente estudio es parte de la investigación en red sobre Organización e Institucionalidad de la Minería en Pequeña Escala y Artesanal en Latinoamérica, realizada por el IDRC/IIPM.  En Bolivia, el concepto de MPE está vinculado principalmente a la minería chica y cooperativa, que involucra una amplia gama de operadores mineros como ser las cooperativas mineras, pequeñas unidades productivas con estructura empresarial, productores familiares y productores individuales artesanales. El estudio está referido exclusivamente a las cooperativas mineras, por su importancia en la generación de empleo y su contribución al valor de la producción minera, pero también porque presenta mayores posibilidades de generalización de los resultados.  La metodología utilizada para el estudio es la investigación cualitativa, por sus ventajas para el estudio de grupos pequeños, ya que permite una exploración a profundidad de sus características. Se ha seleccionado para el efecto tres estudios de caso: 
(i) Cooperativa Minera Chorolque Ltda.,
(ii) Cooperativa Minera Poopó Ltda. y
(iii) Proyecto Santa Clara.
Los criterios utilizados en la selección de estudios de caso básicamente se refieren a: (i) diversidad geográfica, (ii) tamaño y (iii) diversidad productiva.‎
177. ‎"I sweat the flavor of tin" : labor activism in early twentieth-century Bolivia 
   Robert L Smale, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010**
    Tags: 
178. Jóvenes y mercado de trabajo en el Ecuador‎ 
       Luciano Martínez Valle; FLACSO (Organization). Sede Ecuador, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El 27.7% de la población ecuatoriana es joven, con una edad comprendida entre 18 y 29 años de edad. Es decir, un poco más de uno de cada cuatro ecuatorianos es joven. La importancia demográfica de la juventud en el país demanda una mayor voluntad política para la construcción de políticas públicas dirigidas a este grupo. Un ámbito de particular importancia para los y las jóvenes está relacionado con el mercado laboral. El acceso de grupos importantes de jóvenes al mercado laboral se dificulta por su escasa o inadecuada educación y calificación, así como por su falta de experiencia laboral. A esto se agrega el hecho de que los jóvenes pobres, indígenas, afrodescendientes, discapacitados, mujeres y de minorías sexuales sufren discriminación en el mercado de trabajo. Esta situación se ve agravada por un contexto económico de creciente apertura comercial y flexibilización laboral que ha provocado una mayor demanda de mano de obra calificada, la ampliación de las brechas salariales entre trabajadores calificados y no calificados y la precarización de las relaciones laborales (Vos y León 2004; Weller 2004). Estas problemáticas que afectan a la juventud no han merecido una respuesta efectiva de las instituciones públicas relacionadas con los y las jóvenes y con las políticas de empleo y mercado de trabajo. La debilidad de nuestras instituciones y la falta de coordinación entre ellas contribuyen a la falta de políticas, programas y proyectos dirigidos a este segmento de la población.
179. La aplicacion de la jornada laboral de ocho horas en la mineria boliviana
Calla Vargas, Julio, CEDLA, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract La historia de la lucha sindical de principios del siglo XX muestra que los trabajadores mineros en Bolivia cumplían jornadas laborales de, por lo menos, 12 hors, sin ningún beneficio adicional. Fueron los mineros de Huanuni, luego de una serie de movilizaciones, los primeros en conseguir la aplicación de las 8 horas de trabajo, derecho laboral por el cual murieron los Mártires de Chicago el 1ro de Mayo de 1886. Siendo que este derecho laboral es reconocido formalmente en 1889; en Bolivia tuvieron que pasar 30 años (17 de noviembre de 1919) para que este derecho se aplique al trabajo de los mineros. 
Este hecho fue replicado, posteriormente, en Uncía, Catavi, Siglo XX, centros mineros en los que el reconocimiento de la jornada de 8 horas fue conquistado luego de diversas acciones y, en varios casos, después de masacres de trabajadores del subsuelo. El texto que el Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario (CEDLA) tiene el agrado de presenter fue escrito por uno de los protagonistas de esa lucha, Julio Calla Vargas. El valioso testimonio del autor se constituye en un importante recurso para recuperar la historia de Bolivia, las luchas obreras del siglo pasado y, concretamente, la reivindicación de la jornada laboral de 8 horas. 
Contiene: A manera de introducción; La aplicación de la jornada laboral de ocho horas en la minería boliviana; Las minas al Sur del país; Jornada de ocho horas; Fuera de la ley; Huanuni al frente; Uncía: Los socavones del estaño; Ocho horas de trabajo; Pliego de Peticiones de los obreros; Las condiciones de trabajo y los derechos sociales; Huelga en las minas de Chocaya.
180. Labor Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Role of the Multilateral Investment Fund
Neelima Grover, Jennifer Lissfelt, The QED Group, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract The Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) has played a pioneering role in the human resource sector at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). This paper presents an overview of eight MIF human resource projects and provides a summary of key success factors learned from this review. Building on the base of experience that has been developed, the paper also presents next steps and recommendations, to help MIF plan for the future judicious use of its resources in this sector. Research for the paper involved an in-depth review of eight MIF human resource projects. It is important to note two caveats: (i) the projects reviewed are not representative of all MIF projects; however, the experiences of these projects provide significant lessons learned and common themes. (ii) The research for the paper was limited in scope and based on a review of project documents and interviews conducted during a condensed time period.
181. Labour intermediation services: Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean
Jacqueline Mazza, Senior Social Development Specialist Inter-American Development Bank, CEPAL Review, August 2003 
    Tags: 
Abstract Labour intermediation systems have received increased attention as potential tools in improving labour market transparency and performance in an era of more rapid job change. This study identifies six different models of labour intermediation systems and concludes that models C (public-private partnerships) and F (private sector-based services) are the most applicable to Latin American and Caribbean economies given the region's institutional base and resource constraints. To be most effective, labour intermediation systems in the region need to consider adaptations to country circumstances, including large informal sectors, internal and external migration, outmoded training systems and poor labour market policy-making mechanisms. By incorporating adaptations into system design, modernized labour intermediation systems offer opportunities to address pressing labour market problems such as high job rotation, discrimination and human capital misallocations between employment and training.‎
182. Labour market functioning, employment and basic needs in Ecuador‎ 
   Alejandro Gutiérrez, Quito, 1984
    Tags: 
Abstract The object of the project is to gain further insight in the character, the level and the structural causes of poverty and to help to design realistic policy packages aimed at the satisfaction of basic human needs within a time span of one generation in Latin America.
183. La competitividad de Ecuador en la era de la dolarización: diagnóstico y propuestas
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Alberto Melo, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo tiene dos objetivos: formular un diagnóstico de la situación de competitividad de la economía ecuatoriana, y presentar una propuesta acerca de las áreas prioritarias en las que debe concentrarse la política pública en el próximo quinquenio (2003-2008) para elevar el grado de competitividad de las empresas del país. La competitividad del país se enfrenta con retos de largo y corto plazo. Los de largo plazo son tres: i) la posible sobredependencia de las exportaciones petroleras y la consiguiente pérdida de competitividad para los productos no petroleros; ii) que el marco institucional del régimen monetario de la dolarización esté todavía incompleto y que el sistema financiero quede vulnerable al patrón clásico de euforia financiera seguida de pánico, crisis financiera y colapso del sistema financiero; iii) que haya un escalamiento --o agravamiento-- de la inestabilidad política del tipo que pueda dar origen a un empeoramiento sustancial y permanente del clima de confianza para la inversión productiva. También existen dos retos graves que requieren atención más urgente: i) la inestabilidad jurídica, factor que mina la confianza de los inversionistas nacionales y extranjeros; y ii) La ausencia de una infraestructura física productiva suficiente y operada de una manera eficiente. Con base en estas conclusiones, la agenda de temas cruciales para que Ecuador eleve su competitividad contiene las siguientes tareas prioritarias: i) reducir la inestabilidad política; ii) eliminar la inestabilidad jurídica que erosiona el clima de inversión; iii) hacer un esfuerzo de transformación estructural de la economía que haga posible reducir los efectos de la enfermedad holandesa; iv) completar el marco institucional de la dolarización por medio de la creación de una institucionalidad de política fiscal favorable a la disciplina fiscal y del desarrollo de las instituciones que promuevan y protejan la estabilidad del sistema financiero; y v) mejorar la infraestructura física productiva.
184. La configuración de las redes sociales en el microcrédito en contextos de precariedad laboral : el caso de los confeccionistas en tela de la ciudad de El Alto 
Jiovanny Samanamud Avila; Martha Alvarado Portillo; Gabriela del Castillo Villegas, La Paz : Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia, 2003** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este trabajo realiza un seguimiento acerca de los efectos del micro crédito en las redes sociales que se forman en torno a la producción de confecciones en la ciudad de El Alto.  Uno de los pilares fundamentales de la supervivencia está constituido, sin duda, por las redes sociales, soportes de los costos de subsistencia en contextos precarios. Sin embargo, aún cuando aceptemos la fuerza de las redes como sostén en contextos de precariedad económica y laboral, es evidente que en algún momento logran desestabilizarse. La investigación intenta dar una mirada a estos procesos, apoyada en el estudio de caso de los confeccionistas en tela de la ciudad de El Alto, tomando en cuenta las repercusiones que tiene la apertura del sistema de microcrédito.
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
   Google Books: Link
La configuracion de las redes sociales en la dinàmica econòmica y laboral. Estudio de los confeccionistas de telas en el Alto
PIEB Publicaciones: Link
185. La estructura del magisterio y los roles de género en la labor docente 
Juan Carlos Orihuela Ascarrunz; Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia : Subsecretaría de Asuntos de Género, 1996** ‎
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente informe resume un esfuerzo de investigación para responder preguntas concretas acerca de la participación de la mujer en el proceso educativo. Se trata de un estudio en el que se sometío a examen a la burocracia de la oficina central de la Secretaría Nacional de Educación (SNE), a la escuela y a los sindicatos del magisterio urbano y rural adicionalmente, se efectuó un levantamiento de calificaciones logradas por los estudiantes del tercero medio durante la gestión 1994. Este componente pretende responder una pregunta acerca del desempeño de los alumnos clasificados por sexo. A lo largo del estudio se trató de identificar indicios de discriminación en contra de las mujeres, por cargos y niveles y una aproximación a los ingresos percibidos (AU).
186. La evidencia del impacto de los programas de capacitación en el desempeño en el mercado laboral
Sergio Urzua, Esteban Puentes, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2010‎
    Tags: Training
Abstract En este trabajo realizamos una detallada revisión de los estudios empíricos en los que examinamos el efecto de la participación en programas de capacitación en el desempeño de los trabajadores en el mercado laboral. Asimismo discutimos los efectos estimados para distintos grupos socioeconómicos y demográficos (por edad, género, raza, nivel educacional), señalando además la estrategia de identificación utilizada en cada caso. En concreto, en el texto se distingue la evidencia proveniente de estudios no experimentales observacionales), cuasi experimentales y experimentales. En el caso de los estudios no experimentales se incluye una breve discusión sobre el método empírico utilizado.
 Nuestro estudio también distingue si la evidencia proviene de países desarrollados, economías en transición o países en vías de desarrollo. Adicionalmente, los resultados se presentan para una amplia gama de variables de desempeño laboral (empleo, desempleo, participación laboral, afiliación a la seguridad social, salarios, horas de trabajo), según la condición laboral de los participantes del programa (empleados o desempleados) y según la duración del efecto del tratamiento (corto, mediano o largo plazo). Finalmente se describe la evidencia -cuando está disponible-- asociada a análisis de costo-beneficio de los distintos programas.
187. La hora de la igualdad
CEPAL, Alicia Bárcena, Antonio Prado, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La profundización de la democracia, como orden colectivo y como imaginario global compartido, clama por una mayor igualdad de oportunidades y derechos. Esto supone ampliar la participación y la deliberación pública a amplios sectores de la sociedad que se han visto secularmente marginados, pero también avanzar en la efectiva titularidad de derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. La igualdad de derechos va más allá de la estructura meritocrática de las oportunidades. Significa que la ciudadanía, como valor irreductible, prescribe el pleno derecho de cada uno, por el solo hecho de ser parte de la sociedad e independientemente de sus logros individuales y recursos monetarios, a acceder a ciertos umbrales de bienestar social y reconocimiento. 
Esto también significa avanzar hacia una mayor igualdad en materia de acceso, sobre todo en campos como la educación, la salud, el empleo, la vivienda, los servicios básicos, la calidad ambiental y la seguridad social. Al traducirse en umbrales mínimos -e incrementales- de bienestar y de prestaciones, indirectamente la igualdad de derechos impone límites a la desigualdad en el acceso, sobre todo cuando esa desigualdad, en cierto punto, se traduce en que parte de la sociedad se vea privada del acceso definido normativamente a partir del enfoque de la titularidad de derechos.‎
188. La minería y el petróleo en el Ecuador. 
   Ecuador. Dirección General de Minería y Petróleos, Quito*
    Tags: 
189.  La mujer empresaria en la pequeña y micro empresa productiva : informe de cuatro ciudades 
Gloria Rocabado; María del Carmen Sánchez García, La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano, Secretaría Nacional de Asuntos Étnicos, de Género y Generacionales, Subsecretaría de Asuntos de Género, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial, 1997**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este trabajo forma parte de un conjunto de reflexiones sobre el rol productivo de la mujer, cuya matriz principal está constituida por la Mujer Empresaria en la Pequeña y Micro Empresa Productiva publicada en los Documentos de Trabajo de la Subsecretaría de Asuntos de Género. En esta publicación complementaria se busca reflejar algunas particularidades regionales del trabajo realizado en cuatro ciudades de Bolivia (AU).
Acceso en Bolivia: Link
‎190.  La mujer en la pequeña minería de América Latina : el caso de Bolivia 
   Eduardo Chaparro Ávila; Naciones Unidas, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente trabajo contiene una serie de interpretaciones, tanto de datos estadísticos como de observaciones de campo, que indican el grado y la forma en que la mujer participa en los distintos segmentos de la industria minera, y las posibilidades y obstáculos que tiene en ese ejercicio laboral. También se indica si existen o no procesos de discriminación que la excluyen del desarrollo económico y de la equidad de género. A partir de ejemplos en distintos continentes y países, en el documento se revisa la estratificación de la fuerza laboral femenina en la minería boliviana, se postula la necesidad de incorporar a las mujeres a los programas de asistencia técnica, capacitación, entrenamiento y mejoras salariales, para que alcancen los niveles de desarrollo que poseen los más intelectuales de sus pares masculinos, en un contexto de desarrollo con equidad, por considerar que ella posee las mismas capacidades, intelectuales y físicas, para desempeñar cualquier trabajo en cualquier nivel, cargo, actividad, volumen o localización de la industria minera.
191.  La mujer pobre en la crisis económica : las vendedoras ambulantes de La Paz 
Vivian Arteaga; Noemí Larrazábal; FLACSO (Organization); La Paz: Centro de Promoción de la Mujer "Gregoria Apaza", 1988** ‎
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Contenido: I. Entre la calle y el hogar 1. Introducción 2. Crisis y sector informal femenino 3. Arreglos familiares frente a la recesión 4. Comercio: Un oficio femenino 5. La crisis y la imagen de la mujer II. Entre el deseo y el deber ser: comerciantes de carne, de fanufacturas y cambistas  6. Historia de la unidad comercial 7. Características de Funciónamiento 8. Venta de carne de cerdo 9. La crisis y las características del mercado 10. Autoridades municipales y Organizaciónes sindicales 11. Sectores medio empobrecidos: Mujeres en el negocio callejero de dinero 12. La imagen de la mujer
192. La oferta laboral en la ciudad de La Paz : un análisis econométrico‎ 
Rolando Terrazas Salinas, La Paz : Instituto de Investigaciones Socioeconomicas, Universidad Católica Boliviana, 1979
    Tags: 
Abstract Con la publicación de este Documento de Trabajo, se cierra la primera etapa de una investigación sobre Determinantes Económicos y Demográficos de la Oferta Laboral en Bolivia que el Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas de la Universidad Católica Boliviana estuvo desarrollando desde el mes de Octubre de 1977, bajo el patrocinio del Programa de Estudios Conjuntos para la Integración Económica Latinoamericana (ECIEL).
Como es de esperar en este tipo de trabajos, la presente entrega adquiere su verdadera dimensión cuando se la considera conjuntamente con otras dos publicaciones anteriores del IISEC.  Estos tres Documentos de Trabajo representan parte sustancial, pero no la totalidad, de lo logrado durante estos 24 meses de trabajo. La complementación mutua de estos  documentos obligará, al lector, a frecuentes consultas a las anteriores obras.
El modelo desarrollado encuentra su base teórica en el análisis microeconómico y representa una aplicación de la teoría del consumidor a la demanda por ocio y a su contraparte, la oferta laboral. A diferencia de lo expuesto por esta teoría, la unidad de análisis y de decisión transfiere a la familia el papel que antes le correspondía al individuo.‎
193. La política antiinflacionaria de choque y el mercado de trabajo: el caso boliviano
UDAPE Bolivia, 1992
    Tags: 
Abstract En esta aproximación al problema ocupacional boliviano se intenta explicar las principales características del mercado de trabajo, la evolución del empleo y los salarios durante el período de la crisis (1980-1985), y el proceso de ajuste del mercado de trabajo frente al programa de estabilización del gobierno.  Sin duda, la investigación es acerca del mercado de trabajo constituyen una tarea difícil, no sólo por el debate que se suscita en torno a los problemas teóricos sino sobre todo por la deficiencia o la carencia de información básica.  Para el estudio del impacto producido en el mercado de trabajo por la política de choque antiinflacionaria contamos con un reducido conjunto de datos sobre los principales indicadores económicos y sociales, muchas veces carentes de consistencia. Por ello, en primer lugar, fue necesario elaborar una serie de datos adicionales que sirvieron de base de apoyo a este estudio.
En la primera sección se hace un resumen de los antecedentes económicos a partir de los años cincuenta, con el propósito de identificar las principales características de la economía boliviana.
En la segunda sección se analiza el proceso de ajuste que sufrió el mercado de trabajo durante la última crisis, destacando sus aspectos más significativos.
En la tercera sección se describe el programa de estabilización del gobierno actual, sus principales resultados y repercusiones sobre el empleo y los salarios, analizándose el ajuste del mercado de trabajo ante las medidas implantadas en agosto de 1985. Se advierte aquí que este mercado experimentó cambios paulatinos, intensificados por factores exógenos y por las modificaciones del cambio estructural, iniciadas en 1986.
El presente estudio finaliza con una conclusión, donde se pone énfasis en los efectos principales que sobre el mercado de trabajo ha tenido el programa económico del actual gobierno.‎
194. La protección frente al desempleo en America Latina
    Mario D. Velasquez Pinto, CEPAL, 2005
     Tags: 
 Abstract Frente a una elevada y persistente desocupación, y significativas dificultades de los países de América Latina para sostener un patrón de crecimiento económico sostenido en las dos últimas décadas, el problema de la protección frente al desempleo ha sido uno de los principales temas que ha concentrado la atención de los gobiernos, y se ha instalado como uno de los objetivos de las políticas públicas. Sin embargo, debido a que las economías latinoamericanas exhiben una significativa segmentación derivada de la existencia de un sector informal, que bordea en promedio el 47% del empleo no agrícola, así como por la existencia de un segmento de trabajadores que presenta una alta inestabilidad en sus ocupaciones, la búsqueda de soluciones eficaces en esta materia enfrenta particulares grados de complejidad.
En efecto, y no obstante el marcado esfuerzo de los últimos años en la Región por desarrollar nuevas herramientas para proporcionar una mayor protección a quienes pierden su empleo y buscan su reinserción laboral, y que van desde los tradicionales esquemas de indemnizaciones por despido o seguros de desempleo hasta la creación más reciente de cuentas de ahorro individual, los resultados siguen siendo modestos, lo que se expresa en una baja cobertura de trabajadores protegidos. El análisis del instrumental disponible sugiere que ello sería la consecuencia directa del uso de diseños convencionales que suponen la existencia de relaciones laborales formales y relativamente estables, y requieren además que el desempleo se mantenga dentro de rangos compatibles con las posibilidades de financiamiento contributivo, y que su duración no sea prolongada.
En definitiva, avances significativos de la protección frente al desempleo están condicionados no sólo a la incorporación de programas no contributivos que permitan ampliar la protección a grupos no considerados en los diseños convencionales, sino que también con la aplicación de políticas activas de mercados de trabajo, ya que en estos casos las condiciones de elegibilidad no están definidas como una contrapartida de una relación asalariada formal sino que, precisamente, obedecen al criterio de favorecer a quienes no cuentan con ella. Y es esta combinación entre políticas activas y pasivas, la que presenta el potencial de lograr resultados mayores que el posible de obtener con cada instrumento individualmente considerado, teniendo en cuenta que la combinación óptima de ellos, dependerá de las características económicas e institucionales de cada uno de los países.
195. Las cooperativas en Bolivia
    Rogelio Villegas, Universidad Catolica Boliviana, La Paz*
     Tags: 
196. Las cooperativas mineras en Bolivia: especialmente las estadiferas
    Argando, UMSA*
     Tags: 
197. Las dotaciones de la población ocupada son la única fuente que explica la desigualdad de ingreso en Bolivia? Una aplicación de las microsimulacionies
UDAPE, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract En los últimos años el tema de la inequitativa distribución del ingreso adquirió mayor importancia debido a los crecientes niveles de desigualdad en la región y en especial en Bolivia. En este trabajo se presenta la hipótesis que la desigualdad en Bolivia es contracíclica, es decir que en los años de recesión la desigualdad aumenta y en épocas de recuperación disminuye. Se presenta una aplicación al método desarrollado por Juhn-Murphy-Pierce (1993) para simular los ingresos de los ocupados entre 1989 y 1999. En el documento se concluye que la desigualdad aumentó en Bolivia por los retornos de mercado de las dotaciones de nivel educativo y experiencia laboral de las personas, así como debido a variables no observables relacionadas con imperfecciones del mercado laboral, redes de Protección Social y Redes de Seguridad.
198. La economía mas alla del gas
George Garay Molina, Naciones Unidas, 2005
     Tags: 
Abstract George Gray Molina y el Equipo del Informe de Desarrollo Humano en este informe temático plantean una "economía más allá del gas[, aquella que genera fuentes de empleo e ingresos para 3.9 de las 4 millones de personas económicamente activas en el país. El informe sostiene que el reto central de este periodo histórico es pasar de una economía de "base estrecha", anclada en el recuerdo del estado y la promesa del gas, a una economía "de base ancha", que diversifique sectores y multiplique actores competitivos y productivos. Se vislumbra en este cambio un gran impacto distributivo y también de crecimiento a favor de la base de la pirámide productiva.
199. Las fronteras del abandono
UNICEF, Isabel Mercado, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Serie: Las Peores Formas de Trabajo Infantil y Violencia contra la Niñez y la Adolescencia.  La recolección, análsis y difusión sobre la existencia de la violencia sexual comercial en Bolivia, es un paso imprescindible para, en primer lugar, acometer contra estas actividades delictivas y para garantizar la promoción, protección y cumplimiento de los derechos de la niñez.
200. La Situación de la mujer en la economía informal : caso ecuatoriano 
   Instituto Ecuatoriano de Investigaciones y Capacitación de la Mujer, Quito, 1991** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
201. La situación del empleo en la ciudad de Sucre desde una perspectiva de género  
   Frías M., Víctor Hugo. Sucre, Bolivia : Centro "Juana Azurduy", 2000
   Worldcat: Link
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Esta investigación nos muestra, de manera comparativa entre hombres y mujeres, la situación y las características del mercado laboral en nuestra ciudad profundizando los aspectos de inequidad de género dominantes en ese ámbito; las fuertes diferencias de acceso, las desigualdades en el tratamiento, etc. Este libro contempla los resultados de la aplicación de encuestas, entrevistas y de recuperación de información secundaria sobre el empleo en los ámbitos formal, informal e institucional de Sucre.
202. Las microfinanzas: Un mundo de pequenos que se agrandan
Jose Baldivia Urdininea, Fundación Milenio, La Paz, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El sector financiero boliviano ha presenciado la incursión de las microfinanzas a la formalidad de la regulación a través de BancoSol primero y de los Fondos Financieros Privados (FFPs) inmediatamente después. Estos actores, a su vez, son la expresión más madura de otras entidades que las precedieron e impulsaron: las fundaciones y ONGs financieras, que continúan operando aunque solamente con servicios de crédito. 
Lo importante del caso es que estas instituciones, que están orientadas a prestar servicios a sectores sociales que normalmente no son atendidos por el sector financiero tradicional, han ampliado de tal manera su cobertura que superan a la banca y las mutuales en número de clientes y presentan buenos indicadores de desempeño. Cuando una crisis tan prolongada como la que vive Bolivia desde 1999 provocó la contracción de las operaciones bancarias a partir de la insolvencia de su clientela, parece pertinente tratar de conocer la razones por las cuales el sector microfinanciero resultó menos afectado por esa crisis y la demanda de su clientela continúa en crecimiento tras una pequeña contracción producida durante los años 2000 y 2001.
Se trata de que las instituciones prestadoras de estos servicios cuentan con mejores tecnologías financieras? ¿Tienen una mejor gestión empresarial? O es más bien que la microempresa fue menos afectada por la crisis? Son preguntas importantes que sin duda no serán plenamente respondidas por el presente trabajo, pero que por lo menos serán explicadas en parte.
Más allá de la coyuntura de crisis, es también importante tratar de explicar cómo es que tasas de interés más altas puedan ser pagadas por estratos poblacionales que en muchos casos se desenvuelven en condiciones de pobreza, del mismo modo que es necesario conocer por qué esas tasas son más elevadas que las del sistema financiero tradicional.
El trabajo que se presenta a continuación trata de responder a éstas y otras interrogantes que seguramente se plantean quienes no se encuentran inmersos en la actividad de las microfinanzas, por lo que su contenido e incluso su redacción han propuesto una orientación didáctica y explicativa, evitando profundizar en detalles técnicos y operativos. Es sobre todo, un trabajo de sistematización y difusión.  Como suele suceder en estos casos, el tema más complicado ha sido el de la información, por lo que es preciso hacer algunas puntualizaciones al respecto: 
• Se entiende por entidades reguladas de microfinanzas a BancoSol y a los Fondos Financieros Privados (FFPs).
• Dentro de los FFPs, los propiamente microfinancieros son Caja Los Andes, FIE, PRODEM y Ecofuturo; sin embargo, en varios casos la información incluye a los fondos FASSIL, Fortaleza y de la Comunidad; el primero viene saliendo del crédito de consumo y los otros dos se orientan a la pequeña y mediana empresa. De todos modos, su incidencia no es todavía relevante en las cifras.
• Las entidades no reguladas de microfinanzas son las ONGs financieras que trabajan con microcrédito y no están habilitadas para captar ahorros. 
• Se entiende por MyPE la micro y pequeña empresa, que constituyen los sectores meta de las microfinanzas. Hasta hace poco todas las instituciones se orientaban solamente hacia la microempresa, pero en tiempos recientes empezaron a incursionar con servicios a la pequeña empresa.  Lastimosamente, en muchos casos la información estadística no está desagregada de esta manera.  A lo largo del trabajo se comparan los datos y resultados emergentes del trabajo de las entidades de microfinanzas con los de la banca. Ello no obedece a ninguna intencionalidad devaluatoria del trabajo del sistema financiero tradicional, sino a la necesidad de tener patrones referenciales para el análisis.
Finalmente, corresponde resaltar que este trabajo contó con el apoyo de Gisela Rojas en calidad de asistente de investigación y la lectura desinteresada y crítica de Pedro Arriola y Napoleón Pacheco; sin embargo, la responsabilidad por su contenido es asumida solamente por el autor.
203. Las remesas de emigrantes entre España y Latinoamérica
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) & Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros (CECA), 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Las corrientes migratorias constituyen un fenómeno que se ha venido manifestando de forma creciente a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, hasta el punto de que actualmente representan uno de los acontecimientos sociales más importantes de nuestros tiempos. Pero si bien la migración se ha intensificado de forma paulatina, los motivos que la propician siguen permaneciendo esencialmente constantes, pues al margen de factores puntuales de índole ideológico, religioso o político, son fundamentalmente circunstancias económicas las que mueven a los habitantes de un país a trasladar su residencia a otro más desarrollado, con mayores oportunidades de empleo y de mejora de su bienestar y calidad de vida.‎
204. Las transformaciones en el mundo del trabajo
Memoria Seminario Internacional, CEDLA, 2007‎
     Tags: 
Abstract En las últimas decadas, la reestructuracion de las economias de los paises del tercer mundo estuvo orientada a la aperture a bienes y capitals provenientes de los paises mas desarrollados.  Se impulso de esta manera la liberalización del comercio, la privatización de las empresas estatales y un conjunto de reformas que buscaban la estabilización de sus cuentas macroeconómicas (baja inflación, reducción del déficit fiscal, etc.).  Esto devino en una intensa reestructuración de los procesos productivos, que derivo en la deslocalización de diferentes segmentos de la producción, la reorganización de los procesos de trabajo y la profundización de la explotación de la fuerza laboral.
205. Latin America: Economy and Society since 1930
Cambridge Journals, Leslie Bethell, University of Oxford, 1998*
Google Preview: Link
Capitulo 4: The Latin American Economies, 1950-1990
Capitulo 5: Urban Social Structures in Latin America, 1930-1990
Capitulo 6: The agrarian structures of Latin America , 1930-1990
    Tags: 
Abstract The Cambridge History of Latin America is a large scale, collaborative, multi-volume history of Latin America spanning the five hundred years between the late fifteenth century and the present. Latin America: Economy and Society since 1930 brings together chapters from Parts 1 and 2 of Volume VI of The Cambridge History to provide a complete survey of the Latin American economies since 1930. This will be useful for both teachers and students of Latin American history and of contemporary Latin America.
206. La Trabajadora informal en la ciudad de Quito. 
   Fundación Ecuatoriana de Desarrollo.; Quito, 1991** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
207. La variación de la tasa de salarios promedio y de los salarios mínimos en la economía ecuatoriana : un análisis de sus relaciones y una propuesta para el reajuste de los salarios mínimos 
   Félix Jiménez; ILO Subregional Office for the Andean Countries, 2003**
    Tags: 
208. Learning for All: Investing in People's Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development
World Bank Group, 2011 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Education is fundamental to development and growth. Access to education, which is a basic human right enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, is also a strategic development investment. The human mind makes possible all other development achievements, from health advances and agricultural innovation to infrastructure construction and private sector growth. For developing countries to reap these benefits fully-both by learning from the stock of global ideas and through innovation-they need to unleash the potential of the human mind. And there is no better tool for doing so than education. 
The Education Sector Strategy 2020 lays out the World Bank Group's agenda for achieving "Learning for All" in the developing world over the next decade.  The overarching goal is not just schooling, but learning. Getting millions more children into school has been a great achievement. The World Bank Group is committed to building on this progress and stepping up its support to help all countries achieve Education for All (EFA) and the education Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The driver of development will, however, ultimately be what individuals learn, both in and out of school, from preschool through the labor market. The Bank's new 10-year strategy seeks to achieve this broader "Learning for All" objective by promoting country-level reforms of education systems and building a global knowledge base powerful enough to guide those reforms.‎
209. Local Institutions, Poverty, and Household Welfare in Bolivia
The World Bank, C Grootaert; D Narayan, 2001 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract With decentralization the current rage in development, the importance of local level institutions should reach new heights. The Local Level Institutions (LLI) Study in Bolivia provides a particularly rich context to disentangle relationships.  The qualitative data explore the history, politics and dynamics of local associations, municipal government, and the history and nature of social relations in four different municipalities: Mizque, Charagua, Tiahuanacu and Villa Serrano. We use a quantitative data set derived from a household survey to develop indices of social capital and econometric techniques to explore linkages between poverty and social capital at the household and community level in the same four municipalities. We draw four main conclusions. First, social capital measured by memberships in agrarian syndicates and other associations' matters for poverty reduction. Second, there is a relation of complementarity and substitution between the informal and formal institutions. Third, history, politics and the existing social and power structures have farreaching effects on social capital formation.  Fourth, the degree of access to markets and ease of communication through proximity to major roads and access to electricity affects both economic opportunities and social capital formation. 
The authors empirically estimate the impact of social capital on household welfare in Bolivia--where they found 67 different types of local associations. They focus on household memberships in local associations as being especially relevant to daily decisions that affect household welfare and consumption. On average, households belong to 1.4 groups and associations: 62 percent belong to agrarian syndicates, 16 percent to production groups, 13 percent to social service groups, and 10 percent to education and health groups. Smaller numbers belong to religious and government groups. Agrarian syndicates, created by government decree in 1952, are now viewed mainly as community-initiated institutions to manage communal resources. They have been registered as legal entities to work closely with municipalities to represent the interests and priorities of local people in municipal decision making. The effects of social capital operate through (at least) three mechanisms: sharing of information among association members; the reduction of opportunistic behavior; and better collective decision making. The effect of social capital on household welfare was found to be 2.5 times that of human capital. Increasing the average educational endowment of each adult in the household by one year (about a 2.5-percent increase) would increase per capita household spending 4.2 percent; a similar increase in the social capital endowment would increase spending 9 to 10.5 percent. They measured social capital along six dimensions: density of memberships, internal heterogeneity of associations (by gender, age, education, religion, etc.), meeting attendance, active participation in decision making, payment of dues (in cash and in kind), and community orientation. The strongest effect came from number of memberships. Active membership in an agrarian syndicate is associated with an average 11.5 percent increase in household spending. Membership in another local association is associated with a 5.3-percent higher spending level. Empirical results partly confirm the hypothesis that social capital provides long-term benefits such as better access to credit and a higher level of trust in the community as a source of assistance in case of need.
210. Logros e impactos del proyecto "capacitación de mano de obra y promoción de microempresas en apoyo a la reducción de cultivos de coca en el trópico de Cochabamba- Bol/E07" = Achievements and impacts of project "vocational training and promotion of micro enterprises in support of coca reduction in the Cochabamba tropics- Bol/E07" 
Naciones Unidas, Bolivia, 2007**
    Tags: 
211. Logros y desafíos de un proceso de dialogo social: reflexión de los actores para el futuro Memoria del Foro Nacional del Trabajo en Brasil
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2007
     Tags: 
Abstract El Foro Nacional del Trabajo, constituido por el gobierno brasileño en el ámbito del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo en julio de 2003, ha supuesto una importante contribución al proceso de diálogo en el Brasil, así como uno de los ejemplos más interesantes de diálogo llevados a cabo en la región latinoamericana en los últimos tiempos. Se trata de una innovadora experiencia de diálogo social, enmarcada en la tendencia de crear instituciones que aseguren una mayor participación de los actores sociales en los distintos procesos de toma de decisiones, particularmente en materia sociolaboral.  La OIT, a través de su Oficina en Brasil, y del Proyecto Regional OIT "Fortalecimiento de los mecanismos institucionales para el diálogo social", financiado por el Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de España, que ha venido apoyando este proceso, consideró oportuno plasmar la experiencia del FNT en esta publicación bilingüe. El objetivo que nos anima es contribuir al conocimiento y difusión de esta experiencia, tanto en Brasil, como entre los interlocutores implicados en otros procesos de diálogo social en la región.   Este documento pretende exponer los logros y retos de este proceso incorporando las distintas visiones de los actores que han sido sus protagonistas. ‎
212. Los cambios detras del cambio: desigualdades y movilidad social en Bolivia
Naciones Unidas, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La sociedad boliviana no está inmóvil. Los cambios detrás del cambio que describe este Informe retratan la transformación de la sociedad boliviana, de larga y corta duración, que modificó el perfil demográfico, político, social y cultural de Bolivia. Dan cuenta de muchos cambios, en especial de una ampliación del ejercicio de los derechos a la educación y a la salud, y de la participación de sectores tradicionalmente excluidos, especialmente los pueblos indígenas, en el ejercicio del poder político.
El Informe analiza las estrategias de sobrevivencia y acumulación que adoptó la población boliviana durante las últimas tres décadas, y caracteriza los procesos de movilidad individual y colectiva, originados en muchos casos al margen del Estado. Retrata un cambio social en construcción en el que persisten desigualdades históricas -de origen étnico, de género, y entre áreas urbanas y rurales-, a las que se suman nuevas desigualdades resultantes de un mercado laboral segmentado y de nuevas identidades urbanas basadas en los estilos de vida. Estas desigualdades frenan el desarrollo y limitan la convivencia porque se reproducen en un contexto de elevada pobreza y producen prácticas de exclusión y discriminación. Al mismo tiempo plantean nuevos retos para la acción.
La construcción de una sociedad incluyente, equitativa y justa es un sueño histórico de los bolivianos y las bolivianas. Sin embargo, el momento actual constituye una oportunidad sin precedentes en nuestra historia para revertir las tendencias de un desarrollo desigual. El sostenido superávit fiscal de los últimos años, la estabilidad macroeconómica, el amplio escenario de rediseño normativo, un proceso de descentralización y autonomías con potencialidad de revertir la historia de la discontinuidad de la presencia estatal en el territorio nacional ofrecen la oportunidad de una gestión pública que responda mejor a las necesidades reales de la gente.
A estas condiciones favorables se suma un optimismo de la sociedad sobre la mayor jus-ticia en la distribución de la riqueza, una percepción de que se gobierna para el pueblo y la expectativa de mejores días paras las generaciones futuras. El reto de este momento histórico es trascender las fronteras del cambio político y lograr mejoras concretas en el bienestar de la gente, al mismo tiempo que superar la discriminación y construir una verdadera convivencia entre todos los bolivianos.  El horizonte normativo que vislumbra el Informe es una sociedad democrática intercultural con igualdad.‎
213. Los Menores de la calle en la ciudad de Cochabamba : informe de investigación en Bolivia, agosto de 1988. 
   Bolivia: Defensa de los Niños-Internacional, 1988**
    Tags: 
214. Los muchachos que trabajan en las calles 
   Javier Gangotena, Quito, Misión Cristo de los Andes, 1968**
    Tags: 
215. Los nuevos mundos del trabajo : el empleo asalariado en Bolivia‎  
Montero, Lourdes. La Paz : CEDLA, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las actuales condiciones económicas y sociales de Bolivia, marcadas por una creciente liberalización de los mercados, una aguda crisis económica y productiva así como por la acelerada integración comercial en un entorno desfavorable, han generado un proceso de perdida sistemática de derechos entre los trabajadores.  La flexibilidad laboral creciente, estimulada por las políticas de libre contratación, ha supuesto la desregulación de facto del mercado de trabajo, proceso que acompaña las estrategias empresariales de reducción de costos laborales.
216. Magnitud y características del trabajo infantil en Bolivia
INE Bolivia, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La participación de niños y adolecentes en actividades productivas puede resultar nociva para su desarrollo tanto físico como mental si, por sus implicaciones económicas y sociales, estas los privan de su infancia o adolescencia.  Dichas actividades, convencionalmente denominadas trabajo infantil y adolescente, deberían constituirse en un área de acción prioritaria para gobiernos.  Bolivia, al ratificar el convenio núm. 138 sobre la edad mínima y el convenio núm. 182 sobre las peores formas de trabajo infantil en 1997 y 2003, respectivamente y a l participar en la convención sobre los Derechos del Nino en 1990, ha manifestado su interés y preocupación por esta temática.  Por ello, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)-con el apoyo de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) a través de Programa de Información Estadística y Seguimiento en Materia de Trabajo Infantil (IPEC)-ha encomendado el estudio MAGNITUD Y CARACTERISTICAS DEL TRABAJO INFANTIL EN BOLIVIA.  Informe Nacional 2008, basado en el análisis de resultados de la Encuesta de Trabajo Infantil (ETI) realizada en el último trimestre del 2008, con el objetivo de cuantificar la incidencia y analizar la naturaleza del complejo fenómeno del trabajo infantil y adolescente en Bolivia, promover su discusión y orientar el diseño de programas y políticas adecuadas para su reducción y erradicación.
217. Masters of their own destiny
M.M. Coady, Coady Insitute, St. Francis Xavier University
    Tags: 
Abstract This book tells about an effort to educate the people by assisting them to become masters of their own economic destiny.  I record here, as a participant, the development of the program of adult education and economic cooperation spon-sored by St. Francis Xavier University, in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. From eastern Nova Scotia "the Antigonish Move-ment," as it is popularly named, is spreading to all parts of Canada. Numerous citizens of the United States have also been expressing a high degree of interest in our aims and methods. Hence there has been need for a systematic treat-ment of the work in all its aspects. 
At "St. F. X.," as the professors, students, and the people in the locality call the University, we who are engaged in the extension work have been helping people face their own economic situation. We have assisted them in opening their minds by mass meetings. We have followed these mass meet-ings with the organization of numerous small clubs which have also become discussion circles. Each study club has been asked to consider projects or types of action. The result has been that considerable action followed the study. The people have organized numerous credit unions, cooperative fish-packing plants, stores and farmers' marketing associations.‎
218. Memoria : Primer encuentro regional de cooperativas mineras, 3-4 Noviembre de 1989. 
Azuay : Federación regional de cooperativas mineras : Centro de educación y capacitación del campesinado del Azuay, Ecuador, 1989**
    Tags: 
219. Mercado Laboral y Reformas en Bolivia
   Institute for Advanced Development Studies, Beatriz Muriel & Luis Carlos Jemio, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El estudio presenta un panorama de las reformas sociales y económicas implementadas en Bolivia desde 1985, en su relación e incidencia con el funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo. Inicialmente, se destaca la efectividad de las llamadas Reformas Estructurales, aplicadas durante 1985-2005, en la generación de la estabilidad macroeconómica; en la captación de inversión extranjera directa, en la apertura de mercados y en la disminución de la pobreza (medida por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas). Sin embargo, se observa que las medidas destinadas a crear empleos decentes fueron escasas y los rubros favorecidos por las reformas crearon pocas fuentes de trabajo. El nuevo gobierno, que ascendió al poder en 2006, aumentó los programas sociales y revirtió varias reformas implementadas durante 1985-2005. No obstante, las políticas públicas se concentraron en los mismos rubros que las anteriores reformas, descuidando los problemas en torno a la generación de buenos empleos en Bolivia. En este escenario, la fuerza laboral urbana continuó con su propia dinámica de expansión, sobrepasando en muchos casos la demanda laboral. Como resultado, muchos trabajadores no-calificados generaron sus propios empleos, con bajos ingresos y productividad. En contraste, los trabajadores calificados fueron favorecidos por las reformas y los sectores beneficiados por éstas; lo que condujo a un aumento en el premio salarial por calificación en el tiempo. Por otro lado, la fuerza laboral rural siguió empleada en su mayoría en el sector agropecuario de subsistencia; no obstante, la migración campo-ciudad llevó a la disminución de la población ocupada en estas regiones y, desde aquí, promovió algunas mejoras en la productividad e ingresos. ‎
El estudio concluye señalando que las reformas no han generado mejores empleos, siendo fundamental establecer políticas que dinamicen la demanda laboral, mejorando el clima de negocios y propiciando mayores inversiones que busquen expandir principalmente el sector industrial, ya que es intensivo en mano de obra no-calificada, puede beneficiarse del mercado mundial y del desarrollo tecnológico, y está concentra en las áreas urbanas.‎
220. Microfinance Market Niches and Client Profiles in Bolivia
Ohio State University  Department of Agricultural Economics, Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Richard L. Meyer , Sergio Navajas, Mark Schreiner (Washington University in St. Louis), Jorge Rodriguez-Meza, Guillermo Monje, 1996  ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper presents and interprets descriptive statistics generated from data obtained in a survey of clients of five microfinance organizations believed to be among the best in Bolivia. These lenders represent different combinations of organizational design, lending technology, and market area of operations. Two are regulated financial intermediaries and three are NGOs. Two operate in rural areas (PRODEM and Sartawi) and three operate in urban areas (BancoSol, FIE, and Caja Los Andes). Two offer individual loans and three grant loans through joint liability groups. The paper discusses household-enterprise profiles of a sample of 622 clients and identifies terms and conditions of loan contracts with these organizations to evaluate the depth and quality of their outreach.
221. Microfinance as Business
David Roodman, Center for Global Development, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In this paper we analyze microfinance institutions (MFIs) as businesses, asking how some MFIs succeed in reducing and covering costs, earning returns, attracting capital, and scaling up.  We are interested in MFIs that are financially self-sufficient (covering the cost of daily operations as well as the cost of capital at a commercial rate) or merely operationally self-sufficient (not covering capital costs) or only, say, 90% operationally self-sufficient. All such MFIs strive for efficiency and are in many respects businesslike.  Our interest in commercial success does not mean that we believe that it is the raison d'être of microfinance. The ultimate impact on borrowers and communities is what matters for MFI leaders and staffers, as well as for nearly all their investors, by which we mean those who put money in, public or private, through grants, loans, or equity. We focus here on commercial success because viewing MFIs as practical solutions to challenging business problems is a good place to start in understanding why most microfinance operates in the ways it does, what impact it is having, and how it can realistically be expected to enhance its impact.  Based on a survey of existing literature and interviews with key microfinance players- academics, MFI executives, industry analysts in MFI rating agencies, and investors (see Appendix)-we strive to uncover the major innovations in product design and management techniques that have allowed MFIs to offer financial products to a clientele that had been deemed too poor, too risky, and too costly for banks to serve. We also survey contextual factors such as economic and political conditions that hinder or facilitate microfinance.
222. Microfinanzas en países pequeños de América Latina: Bolivia, Ecuador y El Salvador ‎ 
Francesco S. Bicciato, CEPAL, División de Desarrollo Productivo y Empresarial, 2002 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, ECLAC Des.Pr. No.121
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La experiencia internacional ha mostrado el potencial de las microempresas para generar empleos y mejorar las condiciones de vida de amplios grupos de población en los países en desarrollo, entre ellos los de América Latina. También hay consenso que el difícil acceso que tienen al mercado financiero formal es una de las mayores restricciones para realizar esa potencialidad. El instrumento más eficaz para superar tal restricción es el microcrédito. En el presente documento, se analiza el papel de esa forma de crédito en los sectores informales de la economía, el concepto de institución de microfinanzas y sus principales metodologías de operación, las condiciones para su sostenibilidad en el tiempo y los indicadores que se pueden utilizar para evaluarla. Asimismo, se presentan estudios de caso nacionales para tres países pequeños de América Latina -Bolivia, Ecuador y El Salvador-, identificando las principales instituciones de microfinanzas que operan en los mismos y el conjunto de normas que determinan el marco de su operación.‎
223. Microinsurance Matters in Latin America
The World Bank, Mike Goldeberg and C.S. Ramanathan, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract This note discusses the rapidly evolving issue of microinsurance in Latin America and how MFIs, insurance companies and donors can respond to its challenges. This note is part of a series summarizing the DFID-LAMIT eight-part distance learning program with South American microfinance networks and government officials.‎
224. Millenium Development Goals: A Compact Among Nations to End Human Poverty
United Nations, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The new century opened with an unprecedented declaration of solidarity and determination to rid the world of poverty. In 2000 the UN Millennium Declaration, adopted at the largest-ever gathering of heads of state, committed countries - rich and poor - to doing all they can to eradicate poverty, promote human dignity and equality and achieve peace, democracy and environmental sustainability. World leaders promised to work together to meet concrete targets for advancing development and reducing poverty by 2015 or earlier.
Emanating from the Millennium Declaration, the Millennium Development Goals bind countries to do more in the attack on inadequate incomes, widespread hunger, gender inequality, environmental deterioration and lack of education, health care and clean water. They also include actions to reduce debt and increase aid, trade and technology transfers to poor countries.
This Report adds to the understanding of poverty by analysing the root causes of failed development. It demonstrates that the range of human development in the world is vast and uneven, with astounding progress in some areas amidst stagnation and dismal decline in others. Balance and stability in the world requires the commitment of all nations, rich and poor, and a global development compact to extend the wealth of possibilities to all people.
The 2003 Report explores constraints that are crucial for sustainable human development:
* the need for economic reforms to establish macroeconomic stability; 
* the need for strong institutions and governance-to enforce the rule of law and control corruption; 
* the need for social justice and involving people in decisions that affect them and their communities and countries; and 
* the structural constraints that impede economic growth and human development. 
The Millennium Development Compact presented in this Report proposes a policy approach to achieving the Millennium Development Goals that starts by addressing these constraints.‎
225. Minerals yearbook. The mineral industries of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru 
Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1988
    Tags: 
Abstract All three countries in this Andean group have diversified mineral industries that play an important role in their respective domestic economies. Peru, as the largest country with a population of over 21 million, is the most diversified mineral producer with the highest value of total output. The values added by the mineral industries in 1988 were $2.78 billion for Peru, $1.98 billion for Ecuador, and $0.64 billion for Bolivia. Each value encompasses production of petroleum, natural gas, metals, and industrial minerals. During the period 1980-88, Ecuador's mineral output in terms of value expanded while that of Bolivia and Peru contracted.
226. Minería, hidrocarburos, energía eléctrica. 
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Bolivia).  Dpto. Indicadores, 1988**
    Tags: 
227. Minería y comunidades locales : criterios marco para una relación de mutuo beneficio‎. 
Washington, D.C: CEPLAES : World Bank, Ecuador, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract El propósito de este documento, fruto de un proceso participativo auspiciado por el Banco Mundial es contribuir a que todos los actores sociales, esto es, gobiernos nacional y locales; empresas y gremios mineros; comunidades campesinas, pueblos indígenas y afroecuatorianos, cuenten con una herramienta común que facilite el diálogo y el logro de acuerdos que permitan tomar decisiones respecto a cómo aprovechar sustentablemente los recursos minerales, disminuir los impactos negativos y facilitar el beneficio de la población local. Es decir, acuerdos que puedan incrementar el desarrollo humano de sectores rurales y que aseguren un desarrollo que incluya las perspectivas de los diversos pueblos y sectores involucrados. 
Este documento no incluye el debate sobre el apoyo o la oposición al desarrollo de la minería en Ecuador, pues considera que el modelo de desarrollo del país ha sido y es debatido en otras instancias y que los últimos gobiernos, representativos de distintas tendencias políticas, han señalado sin excepción, la necesidad de aprovechar nuestros recursos minerales, de una manera sustentable, respetando el entorno natural y promoviendo el desarrollo social5.
Para su elaboración se contó con un equipo transectorial y multidisciplinario encargado de coordinar el proceso participativo en el que se sustentó este trabajo. El equipo técnico tuvo a su cargo la tarea de organizar, facilitar y sistematizar las opiniones, en ocasiones coincidentes y a veces opuestas, extraídas de entrevistas, reuniones de trabajo y talleres sectoriales realizados con los diferentes actores sociales involucrados en la actividad minera presente o futura. El trabajo del equipo se realizó entre junio del 2001 y diciembre del 2002.
Los temas incorporados en este trabajo son los que, a juicio del equipo técnico, tienen puntos de coincidencia o acuerdos parciales entre los actores sociales y son fundamentales para iniciar procesos de diálogo y acuerdo entre las partes. Pueden existir, por lo tanto, diversas interpretaciones respecto a las propuestas aquí desarrolladas. No se han incluido algunos temas que rebasan el carácter práctico de este documento, ya que, pese a su relevancia, incorporan propuestas o posiciones que están siendo discutidas en la actualidad, tales como de manejo autónomo de territorios y recursos naturales o acceso directo a una parte de los beneficios económicos. Esto no implica de ninguna manera una oposición a estos planteamientos, que podrían tener legitimidad y que deberían ser objeto de otro estudio y de un análisis participativo.
228. Mining and the community : results of the Quito Conference 
   Gary McMahon; World Bank. Energy, Mining, and Telecommunications Dept, 1998
    Tags: 
Abstract This technical report contains the written output of the conference on "Mining and the Community," held in Quito, Ecuador on May 6-8, 1997. The conference was organized by the World Bank with assistance from the Government of Ecuador. Funding for the conference was provided by the Government of Ecuador, the Government of Canada (via the Canadian International Development Agency), and the Industry and Mining Division of the World Bank. The agenda for the conference is in the annex. 
The report begins with a description and synthesis of the results of the conference. This chapter draws heavily on the other chapters of the report plus the presentations and discussions at the conference. Chapter 1 is also intended to serve as an executive summary.
It is followed by summaries of each of the five workshops held at the conference: the themes of the workshops were consultative processes, legal aspects and rights of the community, economic benefits and costs, social benefits and costs, and management practices and the community. Indigenous issues and environmental issues were crosscutting themes discussed in all five workshops.
Finally, we have included most of the papers which were written for the conference. Presentations for which there were no written documents or only (overhead) points are not included, although many of them are at least partially summarized in the workshop reports or synthesis. We have also included a paper on mineral exploration and community relations written by two participants at the conference, Ian Thomson and Susan Joyce, as it is very relevant to the issues that were discussed.
229. Mining in Ecuador 
   Instituto Ecuatoriano de Minería, Quito**
    Tags: 
230. Mining sector in Ecuador 
   Great Britain. Department of Trade and Industry, 1985**
    Tags: 
231. Movilidad ocupacional y mercados de trabajo. 
   Ginebra, Suiza : PREALC, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 1983** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Worldcat: Link
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link  A.L. HD 5715.5 .L3 M68 1983
232. Mujer, empleo y lactancia natural en Bolivia : situación de la mujer con empleo en relación a la maternidad y la lactancia en tres contextos urbanos de Bolivia. 
   La Paz, Bolivia : Unicef : Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano, 1995** ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gemder&Diversity
233. Mujeres y floricultura : cambios y consecuencias en el hogar‎ 
   Constance Newman; Pilar Larreamendy; Ana María Maldonado, Banco Mundial, Quito, 2001
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las oportunidades de empleo para mujeres en América Latina han aumentado dramáticamente en los últimos veinte años como resultado del crecimiento de las industrias de agro-exportación no-tradicionales.  La floricultura del Ecuador es un ejemplo de este tipo de industria.  En la última década, el crecimiento de la floricultura ha sido muy rápido y dos tercios de los empleados en este sector son mujeres.  La floricultura, como las otras industrias no-tradicionales, ha contribuido a un incremento marcado en los ingresos económicos rurales y, como demuestra esta investigación, también ha concluido a cambios importantes en los roles de género.  Hay evidencia de cambios en los patrones de gasto por género, en la división de trabajo por genero en la casa, y en las decisiones sobre la salud y la educación.  La mayoría de cambios conducen hacia una mayor equidad entre los sexos pero, a su vez, han habido cambios negativos.‎
234. Mujeres y trabajo en América Latina desafíos para las políticas laborales
Claudia Piras, 2006 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera IDB HD 6100.5 M854 2006 c.2 IDB HD 6100.5 M854 2006 c.1
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Cada vez más mujeres se suman a los mercados laborales de América Latina y el Caribe. Y, si bien esta participación creciente tiene varios efectos positivos, también pone sobre el tapete problemas y desafíos importantes. Esta publicación aborda los unos y los otros, logrando un delicado balance entre todas las cuestiones que cabe considerar para comprender cabalmente el fenómeno del avance de la fuerza laboral femenina en la región y proponiendo opciones de política viables en torno de los temas tratados.
235. Mujer y trabajo asalariado. ‎
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Bolivia). Area de Estadísticas Sociales, 1989** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
236. National Job Corps Study: Assessing Program Effects on Earnings for Students Achieving Key Program Milestones
Gritz, Mark and Terry Johnson. 2001, Impact evaluation submitted to U.S. Department of Labor. Battelle Memorial Institute. Seatle, Washington
    Tags: 
Abstract Job Corps está diseñado para capacitar a jóvenes con edades entre los 16 y 24 años (empleados y desempleados). El programa integra el entrenamiento académico, vocacional y el mejoramiento de habilidades que afecten la empleabilidad y competencias sociales de los participantes. Se entregan en 118 centros en los Estados Unidos. El promedio de participación en el programa es 8 meses.‎
Analizan el programa entre 1994-2000 y encuentran un efecto positivo sobre salarios (3 años luego del tratamiento, e inclusive duran hasta el cuarto años). El efecto aproximado es de 16 dólares semanales. El análisis de costo-beneficio es favorable al programa.
237. New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America
Hugo Ñopo, Juan Pablo Atal, Natalia Winder, Inter-American Development Bank, 2009
Abstract This paper surveys gender and ethnic wage gaps in 18 Latin American countries, decomposing differences using matching comparisons as a non-parametric alternative to the Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition. It is found that men earn 9-27 percent more than women, with high cross-country heterogeneity. The unexplained pay gap is higher among older, informal and self-employed workers and those in small firms. Ethnic wage differences are greater than gender differences, and educational attainment differentials play an important role in explaining the gap. Higher ethnic wage gaps are found among males, single income generators of households and full-time workers, and in rural areas. An important share of the ethnic wage gap is due to the scarcity of minorities in highpaid positions.‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
238. New Hope for Families and Children: Five-Year Results of a Program to Reduce Poverty and Reform Welfare
MDRC, Huston, A., Miller, C., Richburg-Hayes, L., Duncan, G., Eldred, C., Weisner, T., Lowe, E., McLoyd, V., Crosby, D., Ripke, M., Redcross, 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The New Hope Project was implemented in two inner-city areas in Milwaukee from 1994 through 1998. This program offered low-income people who were willing to work full time several benefits, each of which was available for three years: an earnings supplement to raise their income above the poverty level; subsidized health insurance; subsidized child care; and, for people who had difficulty finding full-time work, referral to a wage-paying community service job. The program was designed to increase employment and income as well as use of health insurance and licensed child care, and it was hoped that children would be the ultimate beneficiaries of these changes. The new findings cover the period up to five years after study entry (Year 5), that is, two years after the program ended. Some of the key findings are the following: Regarding employment and income, parents in the New Hope group worked more and earned more than did parents in the control group. The effect persists for some parents after Year 3, when the program ended. The program also reduced poverty rates through Year 5. Also, program members reported better physical health and fewer signs of depression than did control group members. Regarding parenting and children's activities; the New Hope increased children's time in formal center-based child care and after-school programs. New Hope also increased adolescents' participation in structured out-of school activities, such as youth groups and clubs. Finally, the program also had impacts on children's outcomes: children in the New Hope group performed better than control group children on several measures of academic achievement, and their parents reported that the children got higher grades in reading and literacy skills. New Hope also improved children's positive social behavior. ‎
239. Niñas y jóvenes trabajadoras del hogar : apuntes para una mejor respuesta jurídico-institucional a sus demandas sociales 
Defence for Children International. Sección Bolivia, DNI, 1992** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
240. No hay derecho!  Situacion de los derechos laborales en Bolivia, 2009
Escóbar de Pabón, Silvia; Rojas Callejas, Bruno, CEDLA, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Informe sobre la situación de los derechos laborales en Bolivia, que muestra la distancia que existe entre la legislación y la realidad de las relaciones laborales, las formas en las que el Estado y el sector privado vulneran las normas que protegen a los trabajadores y las luchas de las organizaciones sindicales para enfrentar el avance de la precariedad laboral, por la persistente incertidumbre en el empleo, los bajos salarios y la desprotección social creciente, que postergan sus posibilidades de mejorar sus condiciones de vida. 
Contiene: Introducción; Situación laboral en Bolivia 2009: entre el desempleo y la precariedad; Contexto normativo y derechos laborales; Los derechos individuales del trabajador; Derechos colectivos: la distancia entre la legislación y la práctica; Protección social en la vejez.
241. Northern Ecuador's sweater industry : rural women's contribution to economic development‎ 
   Peter Michael Gladhart; Emily Winter Gladhart, Michigan State University, 1982 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In 1955 the authors initiated handknit sweater production among 40 women in Mira, a village in northern Ecuador. The Mireñas have developed, cottage industry with 1,000 families producing 6,000 sweaters monthly in 1979. The industry has spread over two provinces as Mireñas extended employment and credit to even more isolated rural women. Women in Mira are economic actors in their own right who make important contributions to local and national development. Entirely dominated by rural women, Mira's sweater industry is an example of autonomous community development based on the elaboration of extended family exchange networks. It is argued that the nature and organization of the industry together with the high levels of earnings wake it an example of "non-oppressive" development by rural women.
242. Nosotros somos de la tierra: estado de situación sobre tierras y mujeres indigenas
Ana Maria Nunez, UNIFEM, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La relación de las mujeres, especialmente indígenas, con la tierra es una analogía que reviste su particularidad. Desde muy niñas, el hábitat y el medio representan no solamente la provisión de alimentos y condiciones para reproducir su vida sino que, más tarde, se convierte en un medio patrimonial para asegurar la reproducción de su familia. Es en este punto donde las mujeres "resienten" una sociedad discriminadora y poseedora de la patria potestad. Son los varones, hermanos, esposos, quienes tienen más derechos que ellas al heredar la tierra y ostentar la titularidad sobre las mismas. Parece ser que el proceso de saneamiento también es "adverso" y son pocas las mujeres que pueden tener títulos saneados y contar con la titularidad de las tierras. ¿Por qué nos interesa la titularidad?  ¿Estamos mercantilizando las relaciones familiares?  Estamos cuestionando la paridad y dualidad de la familia indígena? Nada más lejos de nuestra intención; solo retomamos las palabras cotidianas de dirigentes y dirigentes que reconocen que tanto hombres como mujeres, a la par de sus derechos colectivos, también tienen el derecho de ostentar derechos individuales de titularidad. En este sentido, la gestión del territorio, que en algunos casos es parte exclusiva del rol de la mujer, es también eficaz en la medida en que se combina la titularidad y la gestión y participación activa en la producción de recursos y sobre la tierra. Esta investigación así nos lo refleja.
243. OECD Employment Outlook 2010: Moving Beyond the Jobs Crisis
Reporte en Espanol: Link ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Perspectivas del empleo es el informe anual de la OCDE sobre el estado de los mercados laborales y del empleo en toda el área de la OCDE. ‎
* La edición de 2010 ofrece una actualización sobre los efectos‎ de la crisis financiera y económica en el mercado laboral. Destaca los muy distintos modelos de ajuste en todos los países de la OCDE así como las principales economías emergentes: con un aumento muy brusco del desempleo en algunos países comparado con alzas más discretas en otros países; donde los programas de trabajo de horario reducido fomentan la reducción de las horas laborales como una forma de conservar los empleos. 
* Se muestra que las respuestas a la crisis en materia de política social y mercado laboral han sido vigorosas; pero que requieren ajustes importantes conforme la recuperación económica siga su curso y las limitaciones fiscales sean más obligatorias. 
* La edición de 2010 también proporciona una evaluación minuciosa sobre la movilidad de la mano de obra en los mercados laborales de la OCDE. Muestra que en todos los países, los trabajadores y los empleos se redistribuyen de manera continua de empresas y sectores en decadencia a los que experimentan crecimiento; pero se necesita un paquete adecuado de políticas del mercado laboral para acrecentar al máximo el beneficio de la productividad de esa movilidad al tiempo que se reduce al mínimo la consiguiente inseguridad para los trabajadores. 
* La edición de Perspectivas del empleo también presenta nuevos datos sobre el empleo de tiempo parcial. Indica que fomentar el crecimiento del trabajo de tiempo parcial de buena calidad puede ser una estrategia importante para los gobiernos preocupados por promover un alto nivel de empleo en el contexto de una población en envejecimiento, la reconciliación de la vida laboral-familiar y transiciones ordenadas de la escuela al trabajo. 
244. OECD Employment Outlook 2011‎ ‎
Editorial
Chapter 1 supporting information
Chapter 2 supporting information
Chapter 3 suppporting information: Aggregate earnings and macroeconomic shocks: the role of labour market policies and institutions 
Chapter 4 supporting information: Right for the job: over-qualified or under-skilled? ‎
Chapter 4 supporting information: Over-qualified or under-skilled: a review of existing literature
Statistical Annex
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract The OECD Employment Outlook is an annual publication that surveys labour market conditions in OECD countries and analyses issues of interest to researchers and policy makers. The 2011 issue highlights policy issues related to: the recent economic crisis and the adequacy of income support for the unemployed; social protection and labour markets in emerging economies; earnings volatility; and qualifications mismatch. In the wake of the global economic crisis, the question of how unemployment benefits and other income support schemes can best cushion income losses during a deep recession is examined. More generallly, the risk of large declines in earnings during recessions is analysed and structural labour market reforms are identified which can reduce earnings volatility over the business cycle.
The recent global crisis has also highlighted the importance of social protection schemes in emerging economies, and the Outlook shows how they can be cost effective when they are adapted to national labour market conditions such as a high incidence of informal employment. In all countries, a strong and sustainable economic recovery is more likely if workers have the skills that employers require and are employed in jobs which make good use of their skills. New measures of qualification and skill mismatch are presented and lessons drawn for education systems, life-long learning institutions and labour market policies.
245. Oportunidad laboral y empleo en la ciudad de El Alto (una discusión permanente) 
Centro de Promoción de la Mujer "Gregoria Apaza." La Paz, Bolivia: Grupo de trabajo Organizaciones Económicas en El Alto, 2007** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
246. Organización Internacional del Trabajo: Programa internacional para la erudición del trabajo infantil
Organización Internacional del Trabajo, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract La inmigración hacia el Triángulo de Bermejo y también, a las zonas de cañaverales del norte argentino, son de carácter temporal porque son traslados para vender su fuerza de trabajo en la cosecha de la caña, para posteriormente retornar a su comunidad o lugar de origen. En el 2003 las migraciones entre los meses de mayo y julio a la zona del triángulo de Bermejo para la cosecha de la caña fue de 5.041 personas entre niños(as) y adultos. Los antecedentes Históricos del Proceso Migratorio en Bolivia: Desde mediados del siglo XX, la modalidad más generalizada fue la migración interna, que se dio fundamentalmente en tres direcciones. (Análisis de la Realidad Migratoria en Bolivia SEMPAS 1991.) 
A. Del Campo hacia la ciudad, dando origen a un crecimiento acelerado de la población urbana con la formación de vastas áreas marginales. 
B. Hacia la ocupación de nuevas tierras ampliando el área de cultivo agrícola (Reforma Agraria y Colonización). 
C. Hacia proyectos de grandes obras públicas nacionales o multinacionales (polos de desarrollo). Nuestro país, Bolivia inmerso en todo este contexto inicia esporádicamente el proceso migratorio más notorio en 1950, como consecuencia de una serie de políticas económicas y sociales desarrolladas por el estado, orientadas a la diversificación económica y a la integración de algunas regiones del corredor Oriental que hasta entonces se encontraban al margen del desarrollo. Otro de los factores de la migración se produce en forma alarmante en la década del 80 por dos motivos principales: A) Los efectos de la sequía, heladas y otros desastres naturales. 
B) La nueva Política Económica que se implementa con el neoliberalismo y 
C) modernización de la Economía, es lo que va significar un flujo permanente de migración interna y hacia el exterior principalmente al vecino país de la Argentina con características bien marcadas. 
El departamento de Tarija cuenta con un sector de producción de caña de azúcar en la provincia Arce, en los municipios de Bermejo y Padcaya. Desde 1964 se implementaron los ingenios azucareros lo cual moviliza un numeroso grupo de trabajadores. El crecimiento de los minifundios y cooperativas agrícolas con plantaciones de caña de azúcar constituyen más de 11, 244,11 hectáreas ubicadas en los corredores de los ríos Bermejo y Grande de Tarija. Bermejo es uno de los centros productores más importantes en cuanto a industrias agrícolas dedicadas a la producción de azúcar y alcohol, encontrándose un 90% de cañaverales en las zonas rurales. Debido a la necesidad de contar con una mano de obra para sembrar y cosechar la caña de azúcar, existe un flujo migratorio de más de 4,800 campesinos que se movilizan desde sus comunidades de origen, llegando desde zonas rurales del norte de Tarija, Sucre y Potosí, en busca de una fuente de trabajo que les permita un ingreso económico seguro en el periodo de zafra. Este periodo incorpora de manera directa e indirecta a su grupo familiar, donde son también los niños, niñas y adolescentes quienes participan en el trabajo de cosecha de la caña de azúcar, sacrificando su salud, educación y su infancia para combatir la pobreza económica de la familia. La mujer y menores son designados como cuartas dado que son empleados en el corte y el cosechado mientras que sólo los hombres son considerados zafreros. 
Las condiciones económicas obligan a los niños, niñas y adolescentes a insertarse en esta actividad laboral lo que significa la no observancia a lo dispuesto en el Código del Niño, Niña y Adolescente, que establece la edad mínima laboral en los 14 años y adicionalmente, se prohíbe el trabajo en la zafra de caña de azúcar a menores de 18 años. La ocupación de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en la zafra se desarrolla bajo la división del trabajo, donde los varones adultos son zafreros y cortadores de caña, mientras los niños, niñas y adolescentes se ocupan de amontonar, pelar y en menor proporción cortar la caña. También las niñas y mujeres realizan las labores domésticas alternándolas con el trabajo en la zafra de la caña de azúcar. La remuneración no la perciben directamente los niños, niñas y adolescentes, que participan en esta actividad laboral, sino, son los padres quienes realizan acuerdos con los contratistas o jefes de grupo. 
Los empleadores no cumplen con las condiciones de trabajo establecidas en el Decreto Supremo 20255 que reglamenta la incorporación de los trabajadores zafreros y cosechadores de algodón a la Ley General de Trabajo, regulando las relaciones laborales, aspectos de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo, la asistencia médica, los riesgos profesionales y el seguro social. Entre las disposiciones, en el artículo 40 se establece que los empleadores deben dotar a los trabajadores con vivienda, condiciones de higiene, abrigo, ventilación, luz, agua apta para el consumo, servicios higiénicos y espacio conforme al número de sus moradores; artículo 41 referente a viviendas independientes para cada trabajador y su grupo familiar; y artículo 42 en relación a que no podrá darse a la vivienda un uso diferente para el que está destinado. 
El incumplimiento de estos artículos, en gran medida se debe a que los contratos son verbales y se realizan a través de enganchadores (intermediarios, generalmente personas de confianza del empresario que incluso se desplazan a lugares de origen de mano de obra), de modo que los empleadores no se sienten obligados con los trabajadores. Teniendo en cuenta que se produce condiciones de explotación laboral para los adultos, la situación para niñas y niños es todavía más explotadora. A las condiciones laborales extremas se suma el hecho de que no asisten a la escuela, no tienen seguro médico, no reciben salario, etc. Así, no existen centros de salud y centros educativos cercanos a los campamentos zafreros, que se extienden hasta el Municipio de Padcaya. 
La zafra que, generalmente comienza en mayo y termina en noviembre, hace que la mayoría de los niños, niñas y adolescentes trunquen sus estudios, al dejar la escuela con el desplazamiento o a veces porque no existe más del 5to grado en sus lugares de origen. En Bermejo no existen grandes empresas de ingenio azucarero, como es el caso del Departamento de Santa Cruz donde existen cuatro grandes ingenios obteniéndose una cosecha de casi 7 hectáreas más que en Bermejo. En Bermejo, los propietarios, contratistas o jefes de grupo son aproximadamente 180 y no están asociados, esto dificulta el acceso a ellos y la negociación. 
Los trabajadores zafreros se encuentran afiliados a una federación sindical de la Central Obrera Departamental y a la vez, a la sección Nacional. En cuanto al Ministerio de Trabajo que opera a través de las Departamentales de Trabajo, institucional y operativamente es muy débil en esta región, principalmente por la falta de recursos y personal poco adecuado. A partir de agosto de 2003 se realizaron acciones iniciales, principalmente de sensibilización e inspecciones a los campamentos zafreros de Bermejo, coordinadas desde el Comisionado de Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil en Bermejo, y operativizadas por un grupo de organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales de Bermejo, asociadas en la denominada Comisión de Verificación de Campamentos Zafreros y Defensa de los Derechos de los Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes. Esta Comisión de Verificación, desde hace diez años, viene trabaja en inspecciones, charlas de sensibilización y denuncia de la situación de los/as niños, niñas y adolescentes en los campamentos zafreros. Con estas acciones se ha iniciado un proceso de información, sensibilización y fortalecimiento de la Dirección Regional del Ministerio de Trabajo, pero que es necesario consolidarlo.‎
247. Oro y sangre en Portovelo : el imperialismo en el Ecuador 
   Ricardo A Paredes; José Moncada, Quito : Ediciones La Tierra, 2006**
    Tags: 
248. Participación de la mujer en actividades de maquila y subcontratación en la ciudad de El Alto : estudios de caso en textiles, artesanía y joyería 
Elizabeth Andia, La Paz, Bolivia : RED Mujeres y Economía Bolivia, 2004** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
249. Pathways to livelihoods and decent work: Strategies and tools for investing in young people‎ ‎
  Internatioal Labor Office, 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract La vida de los jóvenes (empleado, independiente, empresario) y el trabajo decente es prioritario en la Agenda de Desarrollo. Trabajo decente y productividad para los jóvenes es una de las Metas del Milenio que debe tener un impacto a nivel mundial. Esta necesidad ha sido reforzada con la creación de la Red de Naciones Unidas para Jóvenes entre la OIT y la Cumbre Mundial y la Década de Acción (YES), apoyada por el Centro de Educación y Desarrollo
250. Peasant associative forms in Ecuador : a failure or an alternative?
Salamea-Palacios, A. Lucia, 1986
    Tags: 
Abstract The peasant situation in the Latin American context has been analysed from different perspectives. While there is general agreement with regard to the increasingly difficult conditions under which the peasants carry out their economic activities, there are widely differing views as to the true import of the peasantry in the society at large, its forms of insertion into the capitalist moue of production anti its Socio-political significance. These are indeed important questions which will be examined here. Several proposals which attempt to resolve at least in part the "peasant problem" were put forward by several scholars. Some of them have been purely theoretical approaches while others concerned themselves primarily with the design of specific agrarian policies in the implementation of in most of the Latin American countries, of agrarian reform programmes and more recently or integral rural development projects were attempts to answer this problem.  One of the main objectives of the state's agrarian policy has been to promote the formation of peasant associations -with many variations regarding structures and levels of collective organization- so as to improve production and circulation. However, experience under different economic and political conditions has shown that this type of organization has not been the answer to the problem it was intended to solve, especially in terms of increasing the levels of production and productivity and also as regards the incorporation of important peasant sectors into the market.
251. Percepciones comparativas sobre la vida familiar de la mujer trabajadora : un estudio de participantes y no participantes en seminarios educativos‎ 
Antonio Cisneros C; Germán La Fuente; Carlos Koch, La Paz, Bolivia : Ediciones C.I.S., 1984 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
 Abstract La investigación social aplicada a la tematica de la actividad económica femenina y específicamente de la mujer trabajadora es siempre un campo de importante y continuo interés en un país en proceso de desarrollo puesto que incide en areas económicas, sociales y familiares en las cuales se basa la estructura social y los procesos de desarrollo.
CIS realizo un proyecto de investigación, educación y consejería de referencia en relación a la vida familiar de la mujer trabajadora.  En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de encuestas aplicadas a mujeres que participaron en seminarios educativos en sus recintos de trabajo y también se incluye una perspectiva comparativa con grupos de mujeres trabajadoras que no asistieron a los seminarios.  Los resultados obtenidos muestran tendencias comparativas muy interesantes puesto que en un conjunto de ambos grupos evaluados se obtiene una visión global de las varias áreas de dificultad y condiciones laborales familiares de las mujeres trabajadoras en el ambiente urbano de La Paz.
252. Plan Nacional de Igualdad y Equiparación de Oportunidades para las Personas con Discapacidad, PINIEO. 
Defensor del Pueblo, La Paz, Bolivia, 2006** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
253. ‎"Pobres pero honrados petroleros": (o tontos útiles?)  
Rojas Hidalgo, Eduardo, Cámara Ecuatoriana del Libro, Núcleo de Pichincha, 2003*
Worldcat: Link
   Reporte y Resumen: Link
   Presentación: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo examina el caso de los grupos indígenas existentes en la Región Amazónica Ecuatoriana (RAE): su composición y distribución; su cultura y su cosmovisión; su participación en el acontecer económico-social del país y, necesariamente, su presencia en la vida universal.  Detecta, además, como base primordial de un trabajo mentalizador, los orígenes de los problemas ambientales en el mundo: el capitalismo vigente y sus conceptos de desarrollo económico y desarrollo sustentable; el imponente nacimiento de esa filosofía económica; la etapa capitalista que ahora nos envuelve; la producción despiadada respecto al medio ambiente; el lastimoso resultado de la contaminación y degradación ambiental, nacidas de la producción exigida y exigente; el "Efecto Invernadero" secuela de la producción de elementos utilizados por la civilización actual; las consecuencias de esa amenaza ya extendida sobre el planeta; las medidas adoptadas por la comunidad mundial para contrarrestar los desastres naturales sobrevenidos desde dicha amenaza; y, para cerrar el análisis, observaciones acerca de cómo debería ser el tratamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales en la Tierra.
De otro lado se analiza la importancia económica que tiene para el país la explotación hidrocarburífera en la RAE y su impacto en el ambiente natural regional, cuenca que tiene una atendible importancia mundial y nacional por los bosques húmedos tropicales (BHP) que la ocupan, medioambiente de una significativa "megadiversidad" compuesta por especies endémicas, ecosistemas frágiles y habitáculos humanos que se pueden perder y que hay que preservar, dado que son la mejor riqueza del planeta. Se enfatiza en los daños irreversibles que la acción desconsiderada del propio ser humano produce para el mundo, al realizar una explotación intensiva y mercantilista de los crudos pesados. Se comenta la relación de oferta y demanda que incide en el actual estado físico de las perurgidas plantas industriales. En fin, se acicatea el espíritu humano acerca de la vida limpia y libre que ha empezado a deteriorarse merced a la explotación petrolera.
A través de una mirada económica humanista, se explica la globalización devenida del mercantilismo que impone la obligación del valor agregado a los productos primarios, sugiriendo revertirlo en mecanismo de conservación de los recursos naturales.
Como de alertar se trata a todo el globo, y de tomar medidas conducentes a una vida aceptable para todos los seres humanos, se analizan también otros mecanismos de remediación ambiental que utilizar en el planeta y, más que nada, de urgente aplicación en la RAE, así como su incidencia en el desarrollo sustentable de dicha cuenca.
254. Pobreza y capital humano en el Ecuador
Sistema Integrado de Indicadores Sociales del Ecuador, 1997**‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link EC HC 204.5 .P6 P7394 1997
    Tags: 
255. Políticas agrarias y empleo en América Latina : memoria del seminario ‎ 
Quito, Ecuador, Buenos Aires, Argentina : IEE : ILDIS ; CLACSO, 1987
    Tags: 
Abstract El agro latinoamericano ha sido, durante las últimas décadas, un laboratorio de experimentación de políticas.  Desde los tímidos inventos de "desarrollo de la comunidad," hasta los actuales proyectos de Desarrollo Rural Integral - pasando por las reformas agrarias, la revolución verde y las múltiples formas de asistencia técnica-, prácticamente no ha habido rincón al que no se llegue con alguna acción estatal o privada.  Todas ellas, casi sin excepción, han esgrimido el desarrollo como meta y como justificación de su presencia.
256. Políticas de empleo en América Latina : los casos de Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador y Centroamérica ‎
Humberto Pereira Iturriaga, Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1977
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, HD 5730.5 .A6 P6 1977
    Tags: 
257. Políticas de empleo en la planificación turística local de Ecuador : herramientas para su formulación‎ 
Martha Ordóñez; Flavia Marco; United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Women and Development Unit, 2005.
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link ECLAC SMYD No.69
    Tags: 
Abstract La necesidad de una planificación y una gestión estratégicas en el sector turismo devuelve vigencia al papel del Estado en el desarrollo sectorial, junto a los privados, y pone en evidencia el potencial que tiene la equidad de género en estos procesos. No obstante, en Ecuador la planificación estratégica a nivel cantonal ocurre en un momento de retracción del Estado y centralidad del mercado, con las limitaciones económicas y normativas que ello implica. En este contexto, los municipios pueden convertirse en referentes para la articulación de las demandas de diversos sectores poblacionales, manifestadas en el proceso de planificación. Sin embargo, no todos los sectores tienen iguales posibilidades de participar. Hay colectivos que por razones históricas y culturales han estado marginados de las instancias de negociación y decisión y que cuando están presentes no tienen suficiente poder para incidir en las decisiones. Este es el caso de las mujeres. De ahí que se requieran intervenciones para promover una participación equitativa de éstas en relación a los hombres en la planificación, aportando con ello a un ejercicio efectivo de la ciudadanía y al fortalecimiento de la democracia.  
Un modelo de desarrollo integral que abarque las dimensiones económica, social, ambiental, territorial, cultural e institucional requiere de un nuevo estilo de planificación y de gestión. En este sentido, los planes estratégicos emergen como los instrumentos indicados para integrar la equidad de género en las decisiones y acciones en el nivel local.  En el presente trabajo se identifica lo local y el turismo como espacios cruciales para vincular el desarrollo económico con políticas de generación de empleo e ingresos. Por ello se plantea articular la formulación de estas políticas a los procesos de planificación y gestión turística, que se impulsan tanto a nivel central como local y vincular operativamente su ejecución al desarrollo de productos turísticos, en tanto que agrupan territorialmente a servicios turísticos "estrellas" que presentan vínculos e interdependencias.
Los últimos gobiernos ecuatorianos han optado por impulsar el turismo como sector básico y estratégico del desarrollo económico del país dado que contribuye sustancialmente a incrementar el ingreso de divisas, disminuir el déficit fiscal y, sobre todo, a generar empleo. El objetivo del presente documento es proporcionar herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas para la formulación de políticas de generación de empleo e ingresos con enfoque de género en el sector turismo de Ecuador. Esto en el marco de los procesos de planificación y gestión en el nivel local, que se desarrollan en el contexto de la descentralización que está en curso en el país.
El documento está dirigido a las autoridades de los gobiernos locales y al personal técnico de instancias gubernamentales y no gubernamentales involucradas en actividades turísticas; cámaras de turismo, empresa privada, prestadores de servicios turísticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y organizaciones de turismo comunitario.
258. Políticas de estabilización y de reformas estructurales en Bolivia a partir de 1985
Eduardo Antelo, Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 2000
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.62
    Tags: 
Abstract La crisis económica, política y social que caracterizó a Bolivia durante la primera mitad de la década de 1980, determinó la necesidad de impulsar un nuevo modelo de desarrollo en el país, basado en un programa de estabilización económica, de carácter ortodoxo, a partir de la promulgación del Decreto Supremo 21060, en agosto de 1985, que instauraba la Nueva Política Económica, y en la implementación paulatina de reformas estructurales, enmarcadas en los lineamientos del "Consenso de Washington", que se llevaron a cabo con mayor énfasis a partir de los años noventa.
El objetivo principal del documento es evaluar este nuevo modelo de desarrollo, analizando las reformas llevadas a cabo en los últimos catorce años y lo que está pendiente, de tal forma a determinar sus impactos sobre el crecimiento y la estabilidad económica, empleo, distribución del ingreso y pobreza en Bolivia y su sostenibilidad y perspectivas futuras.‎
259. Poor women in search of an income : an analysis of their labour market position in Cochabamba 
Mirjam Zaayer, Amsterdam Institute of Cultural Anthropology/Sociology of Development Free University, 1990** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
260. Por qué existe discriminación? : mujeres obreras en la industria castañera. 
    La Paz, Bolivia : Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario, 2004** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
261. Poverty, economic reform, and income distribution in Latin America 
    R. Albert Berry, Boulder : L. Rienner Publishers, 1998** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
    Contenido: Link
262. Presupuestos e inversiones municipales en Bolivia, Dossier estadistico 2010
  CEDLA, 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Desde la investigación, la gestión pública municipal ha tenido diversos abordajes desde que, hace más de 17 años, se puso en marcha el proceso de municipalización, de la mano de la Ley de Participación Popular. No es la intención de esta introducción evaluar la orientación ni la calidad de dichos abordajes, ni siquiera aproximarse a la ingente cantidad de tinta que corrió para que un sinnúmero de publicaciones salgan a la luz.  Sin embargo, lo que sí cabe ponderar es que la información no siempre se hizo presente a la hora de evaluar y ensayar respuestas a los desafíos que presentaba esta reforma. Este es justamente el propósito de la presente publicación "Presupuestos e inversiones municipales en Bolivia, 2010: Dossier estadístico", es decir, proveer información pertinente sobre el comportamiento de los presupuestos municipales -gasto e inversión fundamentalmente- para la evaluación de la gestión pública local.
Para ello, se ha elaborado una serie de indicadores que relacionan el comportamiento fiscal con determinadas variables del desarrollo social para cada municipio (como los niveles de pobreza, el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), número de unidades educativas y centros de salud, entre otros), según fuentes oficiales para el periodo 2005-2009. De esta forma, los interesados en la temática municipal podrán dar cuenta de las principales tendencias respecto de los presupuestos públicos (gasto e inversión) y su impacto en el desarrollo social local en estos últimos 5 años. 
Asimismo, los autores han elaborado rankings acerca de la situación de los gobiernos municipales respecto de, por ejemplo, la ejecución presupuestaria en el periodo de referencia (2005-2009), los ingresos municipales por coparticipación tributaria, por impuestos que administran los gobiernos municipales y los provenientes del impuesto directo a los hidrocarburos (IDH) acumulados en ese mismo periodo por habitante, la inversión acumulada en los sectores de salud, educación y desarrollo productivo. Esta información permite hacer preguntas interesantes antes que contar con respuestas definitivas; las explicaciones tendrán que provenir de quienes se aventuren en la interpretación de las tendencias, así como de quienes quieran profundizar en las condiciones institucionales en las que se dieron estos comportamientos.‎
263. Privatization in Latin America : myths and reality
Alberto Chong, Stanford Economics and Finance; World Bank, 2005‎
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: IDB HD 4010.5 .P75 2005 eng.ed. c.2, IDB HD 4010.5 .P75 2005 eng.ed. c.1
Google Preview: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Privatization in Latin America represents the first systemic economic analysis of the efficiency and distributive effect of privatization in Latin America. Examining the privatization experience of six Latin American countries-Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia-Privatization in Latin America evaluates the empirical evidence on privatization and assesses the validity of the criticisms raised. It shows that privatization can lead to increased profitability and productivity, firm restructuring, fiscal benefits, output growth, and even quality improvements. Privatization in Latin America is destined to become a must-have reference for researchers interested in privatization or the economic aspects of social policy reforms.‎
264. Programa de investigación - acción para Bolivia : informe de situación y oportunidades
González, Norma, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente Informe tiene por objetivo ayudar a entender la dinámica que tiene lugar entre las actividades del IIPM/IDRC y su marco conceptual sobre minería y desarrollo sustentable, y las actividades y concepciones de otras organizaciones que abordan la problemática, con especial en aquellas apoyadas y/o encabezadas por Ia Agencia Canadiense para el Desarrollo Internacional en Bolivia. El segundo objetivo es el de aportar algunos elementos de análisis de esa dinámica, identificando en qué áreas y de qué manera, un programa de investigación-acción, capacitación y comunicación podría agregar valor a las actividades en curso, responder a varios y aprovechar oportunidades que se presenten en el futuro.
265. Proyecto de Investigación "Urbanización y Políticas en el Ecuador (Fase II)" : tomo 3, volumen 1, base economica de Quito; 1 parte, población empleo y estructura de actividades
Centro de Investigaciones CIUDAD, 1990‎
    Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar de manera general el avance de la investigaci6n relaciona con el estudio de las migraciones ocurridas en el espacio nacional en relación con el impacto que han provocado en la sociedad local quiteña.  Consideramos que bastante se ha trabajado sobre esa temática pero de manera parcial enfatizando ciertos núcleos temáticos como la migración temporal del campo a la ciudad, realizada en base a estudios de casas los flujos migracionales en el ámbito nacional y la migración a las grandes ciudades. A pesar del avance notamos vacios en el tratamiento de la temática cuando intentamos utilizar los resultados obtenidos. Por ejemplo no se ha realizado estudios específicos sobre la migración definitiva y sus factores característicos así como la importancia de la migración urbana-urbana los ciclos de la migración en el tiempo los tipos de migrantes y su inserción laboral en el mercado de trabajo la dinámica del migrante en su búsqueda de la ubicación definitiva, etc.‎
Estas observaciones sobre la bibliografía existente se refieren al Ecuador y al memento actual.  Trataremos de estudiar el impacto migraciones sobre Quito incluyendo una dimensión global del fen6meno pero privilegiando a la migración ubicada en el amplio ámbito de los sectores populares. De manera adicional se inicia el análisis desde una perspectiva-histórica que ayuda en la reconstrucción de la imagen global del fenómeno migracional, dado que permitirá identificar la dinámica y las tendencias de los desplazamientos migratorios, sobre todo en las ultimas décadas y en un nivel macrosocial, recuperando la perspectiva macro y a la vez sin perder la profundidad que los estudios de case demuestran.  Finalmente, y ya en el campo teórico, usaremos como instrumento de análisis el concepto de intercambio desigual interno, dado que tratamos de probar que los desplazamientos poblacionales tienen como factor causal una desigual distribución del capital a escala nacional lo que determine la centralización del capital en ciertos ámbitos espaciales y a la vez la concentración de la población y el crecimiento urbano.
Al estimularse dichos centres económicos se provoca un efecto de atracción sobre núcleos de población excedentarios y localizados en espacios diferentes. En otras palabras, es el mercado el que determina la distribución de la población a nivel espacial. Y dicha centralización del capital estructura relaciones económicas desiguales al interior de la formación social ecuatoriana.  Esto no significa que se dejen de lado factores de tipo cultural e ideológico, o de corte temporal, que también inciden en las motivaciones y decisiones migracionales.
Finalmente, otro de los conceptos importantes que se utilizan tiene que ver con el de migración temporal. Consideramos a la migración temporal como la relación dialéctica de dos necesidades: la del campesinado per conservar una herencia secular y la de valorización del capital. En donde este ultimo incorpora a la acumulación una fuerza de trabajo cuya reproducción se asegura parcialmente, a través del trabajo domestico en el lugar de origen del migrante.
266. Redoblando el crecimiento para multiplicar el empleo‎ 
World Bank, Fretes-Cibils, Vicente y Carrizosa, Mauricio, Washington, D.C, 2006‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Actualmente, Bolivia se encuentra en una encrucijada. A principios y mediados de los noventa, gracias a reformas estructurales que condujeron a un aumento notable de la inversión privada y de la productividad, se logró un crecimiento sostenido durante varios años. Sin embargo, últimamente, una serie de shocks económicos han golpeado a Bolivia. Dichos shocks no sólo han tenido un impacto negativo en sí mismos, sino que han llevado a una progresiva inestabilidad política y social que ha causado el desencanto de la ciudadanía en relación con el programa de reformas, el mismo que ha perdido impulso en los últimos cinco años. Esto, a su vez, reforzó una recesión económica tal que los avances en reducción de pobreza y creación de empleo en los noventa se han perdido. ‎
Se necesitan niveles de inversión del 18 al 22 por ciento del PIB (en contraste con niveles de sólo el 13.5 por ciento en los últimos años) y un aumento en la productividad para alcanzar tasas de crecimiento anual del 4 o 5 por ciento que bastarían para crear empleos y reducir la pobreza significativamente. Esto requerirá un aumento significativo de la inversión privada, ya que el sector público enfrenta severas restricciones fiscales. El principal obstáculo para alcanzar esta meta es la estabilidad política y social, tema que está más allá del objetivo de este Memorándum Económico de País (CEM, por sus siglas en inglés)1. Una vez que se logre algún grado de consenso y de estabilidad social, Bolivia debería retomar la agenda de reformas para promover la inversión privada y los avances en la productividad, encarando los obstáculos de nivel micro tales como la seguridad de contratos, el cumplimiento legal, la carga legal y regulatoria, y la política comercial, entre otros.  Este informe delinea políticas que permitirían que Bolivia alcance un crecimiento más rápido. El desarrollo y la pobreza tienen muchas dimensiones y el crecimiento es necesario; pero no suficiente para el desarrollo y la reducción de la pobreza. El presente informe está estrictamente enfocado en el crecimiento. Sobre tendencias de largo plazo, hace un diagnóstico de los problemas actuales a la luz de los objetivos nacionales de crecimiento que cuentan con el apoyo del programa global del Banco Mundial, según lo señalado en la Estrategia de Asistencia al País.‎
   Ingles: Bolivia country economic memorandum : policies to improve growth and employment 
The World Bank, 2005
   Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 32233-BO
Abstract Bolivia is today at a crossroads. Several years of growth were achieved in the early and mid 1990s resulting from structural reforms which encouraged an upswing in private investment and productivity gains. However, more recently a series of economic shocks have hit Bolivia. These shocks not only had a negative impact in and of themselves, but they also led to growing political and social instability and public disenchantment with the reform program, which has lost momentum in the past five years. This, in turn, reinforced an economic downturn, to the point where the gains in poverty reduction and employment creation of the 1990s have been lost. This report recommends that once a degree of political consensus and social stability is achieved, Bolivia should retake the reform agenda to promote private investment and productivity gains, tackling micro-level obstacles such as contract security, legal enforcement, legal and regulatory burden, and trade policy, among others. The report outlines policies that would allow Bolivia to achieve faster growth. Development and poverty have many dimensions, and growth is necessary-but not sufficient-for development and poverty reduction. This report is focused narrowly on growth. Drawing on long term trends, it diagnoses current problems in light of the country's growth objectives that are being supported by the Bank's overall program as articulated in the Country Assistance Strategy.Bolivia is today at a crossroads. Several years of growth were achieved in the early and mid 1990s resulting from structural reforms which encouraged an upswing in private investment and productivity gains. However, more recently a series of economic shocks have hit Bolivia. These shocks not only had a negative impact in and of themselves, but they also led to growing political and social instability and public disenchantment with the reform program, which has lost momentum in the past five years. This, in turn, reinforced an economic downturn, to the point where the gains in poverty reduction and employment creation of the 1990s have been lost. This report recommends that once a degree of political consensus and social stability is achieved, Bolivia should retake the reform agenda to promote private investment and productivity gains, tackling micro-level obstacles such as contract security, legal enforcement, legal and regulatory burden, and trade policy, among others. The report outlines policies that would allow Bolivia to achieve faster growth. Development and poverty have many dimensions, and growth is necessary-but not sufficient-for development and poverty reduction. This report is focused narrowly on growth. Drawing on long term trends, it diagnoses current problems in light of the country's growth objectives that are being supported by the Bank's overall program as articulated in the Country Assistance Strategy.‎
267. Reformas, crecimiento, progreso técnico y empleo en Bolivia‎ ‎
Luis Carlos Jemio M; Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 1999‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este estudio analiza los impactos que los shocks externos, políticas de estabilización y reformas estructurales ocurridas en las dos últimas décadas, han tenido sobre el funcionamiento del mercado laboral en Bolivia. Se observan comportamientos sectoriales altamente diferenciados, que indujeron cambios importantes en la estructura productiva del país y en última instancia en la estructura de empleo.
No todos los sectores laborales mostraron la misma capacidad de reacción para adaptarse a los cambios estructurales ocurridos, observándose distintas tendencias en la generación de empleo e ingresos en función a las diversas categorías ocupacionales de trabajadores, ramas de actividad, sexo, nivel educativo y tamaño de empresa. Se observa también un cambio importante en la estructura del empleo público y privado.
Es posible que la legislación laboral en Bolivia haya introducido rigideces a los procesos de ajuste ocurridos en el mercado laboral, debido a la complejidad y poca claridad de las leyes, disposiciones y reglamentos.
Se observa también que la productividad del trabajo en el área urbana tendió a disminuir debido a la menor disponibilidad de capital por trabajador. Asimismo, los ingresos reales muestran una tendencia a remunerar el trabajo calificado en forma crecientemente superior con relación al trabajo no calificado. El estudio también analiza el comportamiento del empleo asalariado en la industria manufacturera, verificándose que la producción ha estado asociada en forma positiva al empleo, salarios reales y productividad; el empleo ha estado asociado en forma positiva a los salarios reales y en forma negativa a la productividad; y finalmente, la productividad y los salarios reales también han estado asociados en forma positiva.‎
268. Reformas, crecimiento e informalidad : propuesta de política
Norberto Garcia, David Rivera, Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES), Lima, Peru, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract El propósito de este trabajo es sugerir una propuesta de políticas orientada a acelerar la creación de empleo formal protegido y mejorar la productividad, los ingresos y la protección laboral del empleo informal urbano y rural en el Perú. La misma ha sido desarrollada a partir del diagnóstico de informalidad y empleo de Morales, Rodríguez, Higa y Montes (2010); Rodríguez e Higa (2010); y Díaz, Saldaña y Trivelli (2010).  El citado diagnóstico, en forma similar a lo desarrollado en otras experiencias de América Latina, analiza el comportamiento de los sectores informales frente a la aceleración del crecimiento económico durante el período 2002-2008. A partir de dicho diagnóstico, este documento plantea propuestas para acelerar el crecimiento del empleo formal y sugiere políticas para elevar la productividad y las condiciones de vida en los trabajadores que integran el sector informal, tanto en el ámbito urbano como en el rural.  ‎
269. Reformas, políticas sociales y equidad en Bolivia
Luis Carlos Jemio, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 1999 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.38
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las políticas de estabilización, reformas estructurales y los shocks externos experimentados por el país a partir de 1985 han tenido un profundo impacto sobre el funcionamiento del mercado laboral en Bolivia, y consecuentemente sobre la distribución del ingreso. En general se puede observar que el mercado laboral en Bolivia tardó en acomodarse a las reformas y liberalización externa iniciadas en 1985.
Las tendencias demográficas han tendido a acentuarse notablemente, incrementándose la población urbana en forma acelerada y permaneciendo la población rural prácticamente estancada. También se observa un incremento en la tasa global de participación de la población en edad de trabajar, en la población económicamente activa. La tasa de participación de las mujeres se ha tendido a incrementar más rápidamente que la de los hombres, aunque ambas tasa han crecido en el tiempo.
Con respecto a la sustitución de factores productivos ocurrida en la economía, como consecuencia de la crisis económica y reformas estructurales aplicadas, se observa que durante la primera mitad de los años 80 se registró un mayor nivel de capacidad productiva ociosa, con lo cual la relación capital producto tendió a aumentar en forma significativa. Posteriormente, con la estabilización y posterior recuperación de la economía, la relación producto capital mostró una tendencia decreciente. Esto último se debe a la mayor eficiencia de la inversión y a la mayor informalización de la economía que se tradujeron en menores niveles de capital por unidad de producción.
Otras de las características del funcionamiento del mercado laboral en Bolivia ha sido la desigualdad en los ingresos laborales percibidos por los diferentes grupos de la sociedad. Existen diversos factores que explican la desigual inserción de los grupos en el mercado laboral, y por lo tanto las diferencias en los ingresos percibidos. Entre los factores que son principalmente identificados como fuente de desigualdad en los ingresos están: nivel educativo alcanzado, categoría ocupacional, edad, sexo, ubicación geográfica, sector económico, etc.
270. Refugiadas y trabajadoras : las condiciones laborales de las mujeres en situación de refugio 
Susana Rodas León, Quito : Fundación Regional de Asesoría en Derechos Humanos (INREDH), 2006.**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
271. Relaciones de alta tensión: situación de los trabajadores en las empresas electropaz y elfeo
  Bruno Rojas Callejas, CEDLA, 2006
    Tags: 
   Abstract La presente investigación forma parte de los informes nacionales sobre la situación de los derechos laborales de los trabajadores de empresas transnacionales españolas que operan en la región andina.
Contiene: Presentación; Introducción; La inversión extranjera directa en Bolivia; Reestructuración de las empresas; Cambios en el empleo y las condiciones laborales; Las relaciones entre trabajadores y empresa; Retrospectiva y perspectiva; Reflexiones finales; Bibliografía; Anexo.
272. Rentabilidad Económica del Programa de Capacitación Laboural de Jóvenes 'Chile Joven'
  Cristián Aedo y Marcelo Pizarro Valdivia, 2004‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Aedo, C. and M. Pizarro Valdivia, INACAP and Mideplan. Santiago de Chile, 2004
Este trabajo presenta una estimación del impacto del Programa de Capacitación Laboral de Jóvenes CHILE JOVEN sobre los participantes en tres variables: ingresos laborales, probabilidad de estar ocupado y probabilidad de tener un empleo formal. Para efectuar la estimación de los impactos del programa sobre los participantes se ha utilizado la metodología de estimadores de matching basada en las propensiones estimadas a participar. Todas las estimaciones se han realizado para la muestra total de participantes y para algunos cruces posibles por género y edad: Toda la muestra, Hombres, Mujeres, Jóvenes, Adultos, Hombres jóvenes, Hombres adultos, Mujeres jóvenes y Mujeres adultas.  Los resultados obtenidos muestran impacto del programa en las variables estudiadas sólo para la población joven. Entre éstos, el impacto en ingresos laborales, aunque mayor para los hombres en términos absolutos, es más importante para las mujeres como porcentaje de su ingreso inicial. El impacto en la probabilidad de estar ocupado fue especialmente importante para las mujeres, sin embargo el impacto en la probabilidad de tener un empleo formal parece ser mayor en los hombres.
Aedo and Pizarro (2004) analyze three outcomes of interest: probability of employment, probability of employment in the formal sector, and labour income. The analysis is done by gender and age, and using both cross-section and difference-indifference methods. As for the probability of finding a job in the formal sector, the overall value is 18 percent and it is statistically significant; however, this is due to the strong effect on young men (40%) and in young women (17%).
273. Report and recommendation of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a proposed loan to the Republic of Bolivia for a small-scale mining development project
World Bank, 1976*‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Boli P 1909 BO
    Tags: 
274. Reporte de Saldos y Flujos del Capital Privado Extranjero en Bolivia 2008-2009
Banco Central de Bolivia, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Siguiendo las convenciones estadísticas internacionales del Manual de Balanza de Pagos, el registro de los activos y pasivos externos se realiza diferenciando entre inversión directa, inversión de cartera y otra inversión. 
La Inversión Directa es la categoría de inversión internacional que refleja el objetivo, por parte de una entidad residente de una economía (inversionista directo), de obtener una participación duradera en una empresa residente de otra economía (empresa de inversión directa). Para fines prácticos, la empresa de inversión directa se define como toda empresa constituida o no en sociedad en la cual un inversionista directo que es residente de otra economía posee el 10% o más de las acciones ordinarias o del total de votos (en el caso de una sociedad anónima) o su equivalente.
La Inversión de Cartera incluye además de títulos de participación en el capital y los títulos de deuda en forma de bonos y pagarés, instrumentos del mercado monetario e instrumentos financieros derivados, como las opciones. Se excluyen los instrumentos mencionados que se clasifiquen como inversión directa y activos de reserva. Los componentes principales de la Inversión de Cartera, clasificados bajo activos y pasivos, son los títulos de participación en el capital (menor al 10%) y los títulos de deuda.
Otra Inversión comprende todas las transacciones financieras no incluidas en inversión directa, inversión de cartera o activos de reserva. Su clasificación por instrumentos distingue entre créditos comerciales, préstamos, moneda y depósitos, y otros activos y pasivos (como cuentas varias por cobrar y por pagar).
275. Republic of Bolivia : policies for increasing firms' formality and productivity.‎ 
   World Bank, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2008 ‎
   Espanol: Link
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link W.B. Boli 40057 BO
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The study provides policy recommendations to increase the productivity of micro and small firms in Bolivia and to provide incentives for firms to formalize based on a fresh understanding of firms behavior regarding formality, productivity, and profitability. The study draws upon a new qualitative analysis based on focus group interviews and a new quantitative survey of 640 firms in six industries. The survey enables to control for a rich set of measures of owner ability and business motivations that can affect both profits and the decision to formalize. The findings show that tax registration leads to significantly higher profits for the mid-size firms in the sample, but to lower profits for both the smaller and larger firms, in contrast to the standard view that formality increases profits. The qualitative analysis based on focus groups reveals that access to capital seems to be the main constraint to productivity for all micro and small firms. However, the survey indicates that while registering at the municipal level improves firms' access to finance, getting a tax number does not. In the short term, policy recommendations should focus on increasing the benefits of formalization through training, access to credit and markets, and other forms of business support. The second priority in the short term is to increase information on how to formalize and its benefits. Measures to boost the productivity of micro and small firms in general will both help overall economic growth, employment, and, indirectly, formalization.‎
276. Respuesta a la crisis minera sector estatal : anexo primera parte, informe colquiri
Centro de Estudios Minería y Desarrollo, 1989-1990
    Tags: 
Abstract En el marco del contrato IDRC #3-P-86-0279 con el Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Internacional de Ottawa-Canadá, el Centro de Estudios Minería y Desarrollo (CEMYD) convino en realizar un estudio de investigación titulado "Respuestas a la Crisis Minera", terminada en 1990 y cuyo objetivo principal era el de encontrar los cambios tecnol6gicos y socio organizacionales, necesarios y posibles, para que las operaciones de la minería estatal boliviana (COMIBOL) sean rentables y viables en el largo plazo.
A este fin, el CEMYD propuso una metodología de estudio que básicamente suponía dos etapas de investigación; la primera de diagnóstico para identificar los factores internos y externos causantes de crisis y la segunda, una vez identificados los factores, destinada a encontrar los correctos objetivos de estudio mediante cambios necesarios y posibles.
De acuerdo al alcance de la investigación propuesta, los tres sujetos de estudio (contexto externo nacional e internacional en el que sea desenvuelve COMIBOL, COMIBOL global en su conjunto con sus gerencias y administraciones centrales, y sus empresas subsidiarias), debían ser investigadas en las áreas tecnológicas de geología, minería y concentración, y en las esferas económica, social y organizacional.
En el inicio del trabajo y para probar las virtudes de la metodología propuesta en el logro de los objetivos, así como para ensayar la integración de los diferentes cambios y disciplinas de la investigación, se decidió abordar el estudio completo de una de las empresas subsidiarias. Se eligió a la E.M. Colquiri en consideración a que presenta un record que posiblemente refleja una situación promedio de todos los aspectos de interés de análisis comunes al resto de las subsidiarias de COMIBOL, como puede colegirse por lo que sigue.  El yacimiento de Colquiri era ya conocido en tiempos de la Colonia, sin embargo los primeros registros de operaciones de producción de estaño a muy pequeña escala datan de 1880.‎
277. Respuesta a la crisis minera sector estatal: primera parte, diagnostico informe preliminar para discusión curculación restingida
Centro de Estudios Minería y Desarrollo, 1989-1990
    Tags: 
Abstract Pese a los múltiples esfuerzos de industrialización y diversificación realizados en los últimos 35 anos, el proceso económico nacional sigue dependiendo significativamente del sector mineral apunta que el crecimiento y desarrollo de la economía boliviana no podrá viabilizarse sin la recuperación y expansión de la industria minera colapsada por la caída de los precios de 1985.
De todos los sectores que conforman la industria minera boliviana el que resulto más afectado por la caída de precios fue COMIBOL, que desde 1981 venia arrojando perdidas llegando a tal estado de crisis que en 1984-85, su funcionamiento exigió subvención neta del resto de la economía.
Comibol resultaba ser el productor minero nacional con los mayores problemas técnicos, administrativos, sociales y financieros, al mismo tiempo, que en los hechos, poseía los principales recursos mineralógicos desarrollados sobre los cuales era necesario construir la recuperación de la minería boliviana.
De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo principal de la presente investigación es el de definir las líneas maestras para los cambios técnicos, sociales, organizacionales y de política, necesarios y posibles para hacer de COMIBOL una organización competitiva y eficiente en el estándar de la industria minera internacional y en concordancia con las exigencias del desarrollo nacional.
Se han definido dos etapas de investigaci6n: la identificación de los factores de crisis de COMIBOL (fase de diagnóstico) y la identificación de los cambios necesarios y posibles para superar su crisis (fase de prospección).
Este informe se refiere a la fase de diagnóstico y se ha considerado necesario hacer una presentación parcial en un seminario de discusión para recibir aportes que puedan enriquecer la etapa prospectiva que está en curso.‎
En la investigación de diagnóstico se han identificado previamente las variables-clave objeto de estudio. En este sentido se analizaron:
- el contexto en el que se ha desarrollado COMIBOL,
- el papel desempeñado por el gobierno en su funcionamiento,
- el desempeño de COMIBOL a nivel global corporativo y a nivel de empresa minera en los dominios técnico, social, econ6mico y organizacional.
278. Respuesta a la crisis minera sector estatal: segunda parte, recomendaciones
Centro de Estudios Minería y Desarrollo, 1989-1990‎
    Tags: 
Abstract La rehabilitación de COMIBOL (1985-1988), que comporto un redimensionamiento de operaciones con una drástica reducción en el empleo, no ha conseguido resolver la inviabilidad económica de esta corporación, a tal punto que se estima que con las perspectivas actuales de mercado de metales, COMIBOL prontamente volverá a requerir recursos del resto de la economía para financiar sus operaciones, convirtiéndose en un centro de presión inflacionaria, situación de la economía fiscal y nacional determinan sector minero y particularmente los yacimientos por COMIBOL, debido a sus ventajas comparativas y la que ocupan en el proceso de reproducción económica, carácter prioritario en la tarea de reemprender el sostenido y aumentar sin presiones depresivas los ingresos del físico.
En tal sentido, la existencia de COMIBOL solo se justifica si explotando racional y competitivamente los recursos minerales bajo su tuición, puede entregar un máximo de divisas a la economía nacional y producir para el Estado también un máximo en utilidades que sea desde luego superior en valor actual a los recursos que el Estado percibiría por concepto de impuestos si tales yacimientos se encontraran solo en manos privadas. 
La investigación realizada muestra que la causa para que COMIBOL no cumpla esas tareas, y contrariamente, se constituya en una carga para la economía nacional y el Estado, está en su estructura industrial incompetente. Consecuentemente, es urgente la transformación de la estructura industrial de COMIBOL bajo el objetivo de desarrollar y mantener competitividad en el mediano y largo plazo con los sistemas industriales líderes en el mundo. Para ello considerase fundamental en la actualidad conseguir tanto un significativo aumento de escala de operación como la introducción de técnicas masivas y de bajo coste en explotación y procesamiento de minerales.
279. Respuesta a la crisis minera/Responses to the Mining Crisis : informe tecnico final
Centro de Estudios Minería y Desarrollo, 1990
    Tags: 
Abstract En Bolivia, en 1952 se instauró un Estado de corte nacionalista revolucionario que entre las reformas estructurales que realizo estuvo la nacionalización de la gran minería y la consecuente creaci6n de la Corporación Minera de Bolivia <COMIBOL>.  Ya que en ese entonces la economía boliviana era abierta y con un escaso nivel de desarrollo industrial, el proceso económico dependía umbilicalmente de la producci6n y disponibilidad de divisas, fue par eso que a COMIBOL se le asignó el rol primordial de servir de media estatal para la maximización de divisas y generación de recursos fiscales.  A lo largo de 30 anos COMIBOL manifestó una crónica tendencia a la inestabilidad econ6mica, al punta que en 1983 pasó a convertirse en un foco de inflación. En 1986 se tuvo que parar las operaciones de COMIBOL, se redimensionó el empleo y se reestructuró su organizaci6n y sus operaciones. Sin embargo, estas medidas de rehabilitaci6n no han superado la tendencia crónica a la inviabilidad económica de CDMIBOL.  Con el financiamiento del International Development Research Centre <IDRC> de Ottawa, Canadá, el Centro de Estudios Minería y Desarrollo <CEMYD> realize una investigación bajo el título "Respuestas a la Crisis Minera" orientada a identificar las medias necesarias para revertir esa tendencia crónica.  
Aunque la investigación nació como respuesta a una exigencia practica y no como resultado de una exigencia cognoscitiva per se y/o teórica, en los hechos culminó en un postulado completo sobre los comas, llenando un sentido vació cognoscitivo que sobre este tema existió pese a los innumerables trabajos producidos sobre COMIBOL.  En este informe se discuten las implicaciones que derivan de la investigación efectuada como aportes y como base de investigación futura en el conocimiento científico.‎
280. Resultados de la encuesta de coyuntura : industria manufacturera, comercio importador, construcción, minería / 
La Paz: La Unidad, 1980*
    Tags: 
281. Resultados adelantados, encuesta de empleo, primer semestre, 1979 : ciudades La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Oruro ‎
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Bolivia), Departamento de Muestreo y Encuestas, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 1979*‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 5751 .A6 I58 1979
    Tags: 
282. Resultados de la encuesta de empleo, segundo semestre de 1978 : ciudades La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Bolivia), Ministerio de Planeamiento y Coordinación, 1980*‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 5751 .L36 I58 1980
    Tags: 
283. Revisiting Ecuador's economic and social agenda in an evolving landscape ‎ 
Washington, DC : World Bank, 2008*
    Tags: 
Abstract The policy notes for Ecuador are part of a series of books that the Bank prepares periodically summarizing its accumulated knowledge on the economic and social issues of member countries. The timing of the notes, early 2007, coincides with a new presidential period, which offers the country the opportunity to consolidate many of the gains of the past few years, while building the basis for a more dynamic, equitable and inclusive growth process. The analysis contained in the policy notes indicates that Ecuador is a country with great potential, with a society that has exhibited incredible resilience and the ability to adapt to new challenges. The Ecuadoran society has overcome adversity with great determination in the past few years. Periodic economic crises, external shocks, and even natural disasters tested the country's ability to cope with difficulties. Despite these challenges, the country has maintained a forward-looking perspective and has achieved some important goals. Economic stability in the past few years has given Ecuador the opportunity for a period of sustained economic growth. During this period several development indicators have improved, and several sectors of the economy have demonstrated the dynamism and entrepreneurship that are present the Ecuadoran culture. In general, surveys show that Ecuadorans feel that their individual conditions are likely to improve in the future. The notes cover many areas and subjects but are grouped into three broad themes: preserving stability and accelerating growth, promoting sustainable and equitable social development, and improving governance and strengthening institutions. The remainder of this chapter summarizes the main findings and recommendations of the policy notes.
284. Ricos y Pobres. La brecha se ensancha
Comision Episcopal de Pastoral Social Caritas Bolivia, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract El 89% de las latinoamericanas y latinoamericanos considera que la distribución de los ingresos, en sus respectivos países, es injusta o muy injusta. La gran mayoría de la población de América Latina está descontenta con el nivel de desigualdad existente en la región, según una encuesta de opinión realizada en 2001 por el "Latinobarómetro"2.  A principios del siglo 21, Bolivia parece ser el país más desigual de la región, batiendo inclusive el "récord" de Brasil, históricamente la nación con la mayor concentración de la riqueza. Esta muy alta desigualdad en la distribución de los ingresos no se explica solamente por una elevada concentración de la riqueza en las manos de los más ricos, sino, sobre todo, por la extremadamente baja participación de los más pobres en el ingreso total.  Así, el 2002, de cada cien bolivianos de ingresos repartidos, el 10% más pobre de la población recibió tan sólo 17 centavos, mientras que el 10% más rico se quedó con 46 bolivianos.
La desigualdad es un fenómeno muy amplio.  Tiene raíces profundas en la historia de los distintos países y es el resultado de un conjunto de factores culturales, sociales y políticos que interactúan sistemáticamente con mecanismos económicos. Es un fenómeno que afecta a todos los ámbitos de la vida de las personas, desde la tenencia de tierras y viviendas, pasando por sus ingresos y hasta el acceso a servicios de educación y salud, así como al crédito.  Un aspecto muy importante se refiere a la influencia y poder en la sociedad y, por ende, a la posibilidad de incidir en los procesos de toma de decisión.  Las causas de la elevada desigualdad son múltiples. Por un lado, tienen que ver con grandes diferencias en los niveles educativos, altas disparidades en la productividad de los distintos grupos de trabajadores y una muy inequitativa distribución de las tierras agrícolas.
285. Rural social movements in Latin America : organizing for sustainable livelihoods 
    Carmen Diana Deere; Frederick S Royce, Gainesville : University Press of Florida, 2009**‎
    Tags: 
Abstract As the traditional left parties and trade unions have declined in influence over the past few decades, Latin America's rural social movements have proven to be resilient, diverse, adaptable, and vibrant. Growing out of historic peasant organizations, today's rural movements encompass a wide variety of demands and organizational strategies and have positioned themselves on the forefront not only of issues over land tenure but also ethnic and gender equity, democratic reform, and environmental sustainability. Borrowing a metaphor put forth by Lynn Stephen (2007) in her analysis of women and social movements in transborder communities, these movements employ a "bifocal vision" in their work. They come from and remain acutely attentive to the micro issues of their community situations as they build regional, national, and transnational alliances aimed at the structures and relationships that produce the marginalization of their communities and the degradation of their living and working spaces.The book itself maintains that bifocal vision by presenting a collection of articles that not only provides detailed views of several individual movements.
286. Salario, remuneración y empleo del sector privado  
   La Paz, Bolivia : Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, 2000*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
287. Salario, remuneración, empleo y promedios salariales sector público‎  
Introduccion, Capitulo 1, Capitulo 2, Capitulo 3, Capitulo 4, Capitulo 5‎
   Introduccion, Capitulo 1, Capitulo 2, Capitulo 3, Capitulo 4, Capitulo 5‎
   La Paz, Bolivia : El Instituto, INE Bolivia, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract  Objetivo: Consiste en proporcionar al usuario estadísticas de corto plazo que cuantifiquen la evolución de los salarios y remuneraciones promedio y empleo de los grupos ocupacionales más relevantes a nivel de grupos institucionales a nivel nacional.  Este documento contiene información sobre variaciones trimestrales y anuales del Índice de Salario Medio Nominal, Remuneración Media Nominal, Empleo y Promedios Salariales del Sector Público, presentados por Grupos Institucionales y Grupos Ocupacionales. Asimismo, se describe la metodología empleada para cada uno de los indicadores, con el propósito de orientar al usuario sobre el procedimiento de cálculo y definiciones utilizadas.‎
288. Santa Cruz de la Sierra : crecimiento urbano y situación ocupacional
Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario; Centro de Investigación y Documentación de Santa Cruz; Casanovas Sainz, R.; Rojas Rosales, A., 1988
    Tags: 
Abstract Hacia fines de la década pasada, diversos trabajos elaborados por instituciones públicas y privadas realizaron importantes aportes referidos a las interrelaciones entre el crecimiento demográfico y el proceso de urbanización, enfatizando el caso de las ciudades de La Paz, Cochabamba y Santa Cruz, que constituyen el eje urbano central en el país.  Las principales tendencias del crecimiento poblacional, el impacto socio - demográfico y económico de la migración y las principales características de la estructura económica y ocupacional en estos centros urbanos fueron analizados en base a la información del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda de 1976, luego de un periodo intercensal de 26 anos, cuya prolongación impidió conocer la magnitud y orientación de estos procesos en los centros urbanos del país.
289. School attendance and child labor in Ecuador‎ 
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo; World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office. Economic Policy Sector Unit.Washington, D.C., 2002 GD‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract López-Acevedo uses the Ecuador Living Standards and Measurement Surveys (LSMS 1998 and 1999) to analyze the characteristics and determinants of child labor and schooling. She shows how interventions at the level of adults affect child labor and school enrollment. For example, an employment policy encouraging employment in the formal modern sector reduces child labor labor and increases schooling. In rural areas, a wage policy (increase in the wage of the household head) has positive implications for the children, while it is less effective in urban areas.
290. Search methods and outcomes in developing countries: the case of Venezuela
Gustavo Marquez M., Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle V., Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract We use a newly developed panel data set for Venezuela in the period between 1994 and 2002 to analyze three basic questions. The first relates to the influence of personal characteristics and previous labor market experience in the choice of different search methods. The second question addresses the effectiveness of different search methods in moving out of unemployment, controlling for personal characteristics and previous job characteristics. Finally, the third question points to the issue of former labor status by analyzing the relative weight of search method and previous job status in the determination of the likelihood of landing a job or dropping out of the labor force. We conclude that previous job status is a primary determinant of success in moving to employment, and that the use of employment agencies increases the likelihood of that move within each labor status.‎
291. Seguimiento de Graduados de Colegios Técnicos (Ecuador)
Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas y Tecnológicas. Centro de Investigaciones CIUDAD, 1990‎
   Resumen Tecnico: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract SITUACION PROBLEMA QUE SE INVESTIGA: El subsistema de educación técnica del Ecuador ha sido estructurado tanto para formar técnicos medios en las especialidades que requiere el mundo productivo como para posibilitar el ingreso de los graduados a las instituciones de educación superior.  Esto, sin embargo, encuentra su contradicción en la realidad en un subsistema no planificado en relación al mundo del trabajo. Existen deficiencias y problemas de cobertura en determinadas áreas, deserción, débil infraestructura, carencia de preparación docente, escasa planificación institucional e inadecuación de los contenidos curriculares en relación al avance tecnológico actual. Esta problemática viene siendo abordada desde el Proyecto de Mejoramiento y Expansión de la Educación Técnica (PROMEET), del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura del Ecuador.
En este contexto, identificar las características de la situación del graduado constituye un insumo para la evaluaci6n del subsistema de la educación técnica y, a través de esto, para su reforma. Justamente, el Proyecto "Seguimiento de Graduados de los Colegios Técnicos del Ecuador" (SEGRATEC), ha tenido el aval del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura del Ecuador, MEC, en cuanto aporte importante para las acciones que viene desplegando el PROMEET.
Por tanto, el problema que se estudia en esta investigación se dirige a la identificación de causas de tipo económico y de formación académica que determinan que el graduado opte por alternativas laborales y de estudios superiores distintos a los de su especialización.‎
292. Self-employment in Ecuador and Mexico. 
   International Labour Office, Geneva, 1990**
    Tags: 
293. Se necesita empleada doméstica de preferencia cholita : representaciones sociales de la trabajadora del hogar asalariada en Sucre 
Katrina Peñaranda D; Ximena Flores C; Alvaro Arandia D, PIEB, Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia, 2006** ‎
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
   Google Books Preview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
294. Simulating extended poverty reduction: Poverty reductions and class dynamics in Bolivia
Munich Peronal RePEc Archive, Jorge Buzaglo, Alvaro Calzadilla, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract Dynamic input-output can be seen (Oskar Lange, András Bródy) as a development of Marx's extended reproduction model. Solution of an empirical dynamic input-output system typically gives the (equal, constant) growth rates of sectoral outputs, at long run, equilibrium proportions. In policy oriented applications, a more flexible, simulation approach may be useful. Our model responds to the need of evaluating the effects of alternative poverty reduction strategies. Three policy variables are introduced, namely, (de)indebtedness policy, investment policy and income distribution policy, contributing respectively to the objectives of policy autonomy, structural change and social justice. The Millennium Development Goal of halving extreme poverty by 2015 seems to be a difficult, but attainable goal for Bolivia. Given the expected debt reduction agreed with international creditors, the goal can be attained by a combination of investment and redistribution policies. The model shows also the effects of poverty reduction strategies on the different social classes.
295. Sindicatos y nuevos movimientos sociales en America Latina
Enrique de la Garza Toledo, CLASCO, 2005
   Introduccion, Capitulo 1, Capitulo 2, Capitulo 3, Capitulo 4, Capitulo 5, Capitulo 6‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera-Contenido: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract En América Latina, en la mayoría de los países se observa una disminución del empleo industrial en aras de los servicios precarios. Sin embargo, los países maquiladores como México y algunos de Centroamérica han mantenido proporciones elevadas de empleo manufacturero. El neoliberalismo en la región también llevó a una intensificación del individualismo en las clases medias así como al surgimiento de nuevos movimientos sociales. Estos movimientos no son los ecologistas o feministas, sino el nuevo indigenismo globalizado como el de Chiapas, Ecuador y parte de Bolivia; los movimientos sociales de caceroleros y piqueteros de Argentina de su última crisis; el movimiento por el agua en Cochabamba; la impresionante caída del gobierno en Bolivia en 2003 que permitirá a los estudiosos reformular muchas de sus superficiales tesis postmodernas del fin de los grandes proyectos, los grandes sujetos, las grandes demandas, justamente cuando el pueblo se levantó en torno de un intento de desnacionalización del gas dirigido por la casi occisa Central Obrera Boliviana, y cuando se le sumaron los movimientos de cocacoleros, indígenas y pobladores, todos formando un gran frente y, todavía más, logrando deponer al gobierno en plena época del Impero Norteamericano. Estos movimientos deberían mover a la reflexión acerca de la validez de las tesis pesimistas que predominaron después del derrumbe del socialismo real. Es ahora cuando surge el movimiento de los sin tierra en Brasil, cuando las luchas sindicales se ven seriamente afectadas por el conflicto militar en Colombia, cuando los trabajadores organizados se dividen en Venezuela en torno de una disputa por el poder político que moviliza a toda la nación.
296. Sin tiempo para soñar: la situacion de los niños, niñas, adolescents y sus familias en la zafra y el beneficio de la castaña
Silvia Escobar, Giovanna Hurtado, Monica Reyes, Wilson Rojas, CEDLA, UNICEF, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Con base en estas conclusiones que demandan la atención urgente de un conjunto de problemas que actúan como causa para la persistencia del trabajo infantil y adolescente en la cadena castañera, así como sus consecuencias actuales y futuras se adelantan algunas recomendaciones dirigidas principalmente al desarrollo de acciones en los ámbitos de trabajo, educación y salud.‎	
297. Sistematizacion de la experiencia de explotación minera de Bella Rica y Guananche Tres de Mayo
Carla Cardienas, Sonia Escarate, CEDA Ecuador, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract La privilegiada ubicación del Ecuador en una zona con climas fríos y tropicales de abundantes lluvias y exuberante vegetación ofrece varios recursos naturales en suelos, agua, bosques, en los que se encuentran depósitos subterráneos de minerales e hidrocarburos.  Este privilegio debe manejárselo inteligentemente, evitando el desgaste social con la vecindad, en inútiles controversias de reivindicaciones medio ambientales muchas de ellas expresión encubierta de otro tipo de intereses, o simplemente criterios de ciertos periodistas inescrupulosos.  Hay que aprender a ser un buen "pequeño minero" y para ello se debe comenzar siendo un buen ciudadano, es decir, cumplir los deberes con la máxima responsabilidad y ejercer los derechos con cierta limitación, de tal manera que la participación individual mejore la calidad de vida del entorno.  Las acciones mineras no deben alterar negativamente los parámetros ambientales que utilizan los habitantes locales o influyan en actividades preexistentes. Para iniciar la minería es necesario conocer las Leyes para someterlas, antes de hacer el cometido -pensar antes de actuar-, como sus acciones repercutirán en los parámetros ambientales, estableciendo un costo en las medidas de control y mitigación ambiental, para el balance de resultados.  Un recurso valioso de toda localidad y el mundo es el agua, consecuentemente el nuevo pequeño minero, debe plantear sus acciones teniendo en cuenta el espacio, procesos y costos que necesitará para almacenar los desechos sólidos o líquidos, de tal manera que no se contaminan las fuentes superficiales y subterráneas de agua.  El nuevo pequeño minero, como individuo o empresa tiene la primera responsabilidad social de no crear nuevos problemas en la localidad, para de esta manera sostener una armonía tanto en lo ambiental como en lo laboral.  Por último, en la redacción de este libro se comentan algunas experiencias vividas en todos los campos, tales como el ambiental, laboral, tributario y social pero el más álgido para mi "escuela", como yo llamo a la Cooperativa Bella Rica1, es el hecho de haber iniciado sin una Ley de Minería coherente la explotación, que además lo ha hecho con una Ley de Cooperativas de hace más de sesenta años que está obsoleta y que los padres de la patria nunca tuvieron la voluntad de volverla a tratar.  Los pequeños mineros, o simplemente los mineros no tenemos acceso a créditos bancarios, porque tampoco tenemos el Banco del Minero, ni siquiera el Ministerio de Minas, ni la libre importación de insumos.  Con cariño desde Bella Rica, prominente rincón azuayo, para nuestros lectores.‎
298. Situación de la mujer empleada bajo régimen de dependencia 
   Instituto Ecuatoriano de Investigaciones y Capacitación de la Mujer, Quito, Ecuador, 1989** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
299. Situación de las obreras industriales de Quito 
   INFOC (Organization); Ecuador. Dirección Nacional de la Mujer, Quito, 1991** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
300. Situación de la niñez boliviana. 
    Conferencia Episcopal Boliviana. Secretariado Nacional de Pastoral Social, 1990** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
301. Situacion del empleo en tiempos de cambio
  Escobar de Pabon, Silvia, CEDLA, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Pese a la recuperación económica y las medidas políticas adoptadas por el actual gobierno, el desempleo, los bajos salarios y el deterioro de la calidad del empleose mantienen entre los problemas más acuiciantes de la sociedad boliviana, desde donde se nutren fuertes corrientes migratorias internas y externas y el empobrecimiento de la población.
302. Situacion de los ingresos laborales en tiempos de cambio
  Escobar de Pabon, Silvia, CEDLA, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Los principales indicadores económicos del país en los últimos cuatro años y en particular en 2008, muestran una situación favorable de crecimiento en comparación con las tendencias observadas en los inicios de la presente década. Del mismo modo, se han adoptado algunas medidas de política dirigidas a frenar la flexibilidad laboral y a normar los incrementos salariales mediante aumentos nominales anuales de aplicación obligatoria en el sector público y privado.
Este nuevo contexto plantea preguntas centrales sobre la relación que existe entre la recuperación económica, las medidas de política adoptadas y los cambios en el mundo del trabajo; entre otras, ¿cómo ha incidido la expansión económica en la generación de empleos? ¿Se ha reducido el desempleo abierto? ¿Ha mejorado la calidad del empleo? ¿Han mejorado los salarios reales? ¿Se han logrado mejoras en la distribución del ingreso? ¿Se han comenzado a revertir los elevados niveles de pobreza?‎
303. Six years in Bolivia : the adventures of a mining engineer  
Guise, Anselm Verner Lee, Imprint of Purdue University Press, 1998 *
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
304. Skills Development Strategies to Improve Employability and Productivity: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead
World Bank Social Protection Human Development Network, Rita Almeida, David Robalino, 2011‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Human capital accumulation is recognized as central for economic development. At the individual level, more educated workers not only have better job opportunities, earn more and have more stable and rewarding jobs, they also become more adaptable and mobile.1 This is crucial to enable technological change and economic diversification. At the macro level, workers who acquire skills produce more during a given period of time for a given level of effort. They also make other workers and capital more productive and, within the firm, they facilitate the adaption, adoption and ultimately invention of new technologies. Through all these channels, a more educated and skilled labor force is expected to contribute to faster economic growth. Investments in human capital can also play an important role in lessening poverty. 
In spite of the substantial amount of work done on skills development, there remain many open questions regarding the design of skills development policies in developing countries.3 This is, in part, due to the diversity of skills that matter and the multiplicity of channels through which these skills are acquired. Recent empirical analyses shows, for instance, that success in the labor market does not only depend on the acquisition of technical skills. Cognitive (e.g., analysis and problem solving, communication)) and non-cognitive skills (e.g., discipline, time-keeping, work-effort) are also very important.4 A pattern that seems to emerge is that as economies develop and diversify the demand for high-level cognitive skills increases relative to manual job-specific skills. In addition, there is evidence that non-cognitive skills determine labor productivity and the acquisition of cognitive skills.5 The implication is that governments trying to address skills gaps need to coordinate policies at various levels in the education and training systems - from parents and families in the early years, later through schools, universities, and vocational centers, and ultimately through post-employment training. 
This report focuses on three areas of skills development, relevant for individuals who leave the formal general schooling system or are already in the labor market: pre-employment vocational training, on-the-job training, and training programs for vulnerable groups. The latter covers, for instance, the low skilled unemployed or workers in the informal sector. 6 The report has three main objectives. First, discuss the potential market and government failures that generate under-investments in training and require attention. Second, link market failures with specific policy interventions across the three sub-systems, summarize the available evidence on their effectiveness, and identify key issues in terms of design and implementation. The report, of course, cannot cover all the issues in detail. The types of training across the three sub-systems are quite different. They range from classrooms, laboratories, workshops in technical and vocational training, to apprenticeship arrangements and internships in firms. All have different challenges and specificities. Third, highlight the most important knowledge gaps and areas for future research and analysis. 
The report is part of an emerging program in HDN to support the work of the regions on issues related to skills development, employability and productivity growth. The program is coordinated around the Skills toward Employability and Productivity (StEP) framework. StEP consists of five areas that together provide an HD-wide perspective on skills for growth: (1) starting right in early childhood; (2) laying a strong foundation in basic and secondary education; (3) building and upgrading job skills in response to labor market signals; (4) promoting technological change by enhancing the human dimension of innovation; and (5) enabling labor mobility and improving the matching of skills to jobs through appropriate labor market regulation, and social protection and intermediation programs.  This report addresses essentially step 3 although with various references to employment services that are covered under step 5. 
The core of the report is organized in three chapters, dealing respectively wit pre-employment technical and vocational education and training (TVET), on-the-job training (OJT) and training related with active labor market programs (ALMP). The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.2 introduces a conceptual framework that identifies the different types of failures in the training market and derives general implications for policy. The section also looks at some common government failures in the design of public programs. Sections 1.3 to 1.5 then discuss the main challenges facing the design of TVET, OJT, and training related ALMP programs and proposes recommendations to address them. Section 1.6 summarizes the main knowledge gaps and proposes an agenda for future research and policy analysis.
305. Structural adjustment, income distribution and employment in Ecuador
University of Toronto, Centre for International Studies; Canadian Foundation for the Americas; Larrea, C., 1996
   Version 2: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Like most Latin American countries, Ecuador was strongly affected by the debt crisis that was sparked in 1982. The impact, however, was particularly severe in Ecuador, as a decade-long period of oil-induced rapid growth and import substituting industrialization suddenly ended. In the following years, economic stagnation and social deterioration prevailed while the country slowly adopted structural adjustment policies and shifted to an export promotion strategy.
The main objective of this article is to evaluate the social effects of structural adjustment in Ecuador, with emphasis on income distribution, poverty, and employment. It begins with a brief analysis of the Ecuadorean experience in the Latin American context, followed by an overview of structural adjustment policies (SAPS) in Ecuador, and a study of their economic results and social effects. As household survey annual information is available only for the urban sector from 1988 onwards, the analysis will focus on the urban sector during the 1988-1993 period. Finally, an overall evaluation of the country's performance will be presented.
306. Study on the effectiveness of ALMPs
Report prepared for the European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Essen, J. Kluve, D. Card, M. Fertig, 2005
     Tags: 
Abstract Against the background of at least two decades of unsatisfactory European labor market performance, at the Luxembourg Jobs summit in November 1997 the European Commission inintiated what has become known as the Luxembourg Process.  The Amsterdam Treaty introduced a new Employment Title, which for the first time raised employment issues to the same status as other key goals in the formulation of European Union economic policy.  The Treaty represents a critical step in the development of the European Employment Strategy.  Article 2, for instance, states that "member states[...] shall regard promoting employment as a matter of common concern and shall co-ordinate their actions."  Article 3 formally recognizes that high employment should be an explicit goal "in the formulation and implementation of Community policies and activities."‎
307. The Design and Effectiveness of Active Labor Market Policies in OECD Countries: a Review of Recent Evidence for Latin American and Caribbean Countries 
Daniel Finn, IDB, 2011
Version en español: Link
     Tags: 
Abstract From the 1990s governments in many countries with extensive social protection systems have sought to realign their labor market policies by shifting their policy focus from "passive" income support payments towards more "active" programs. Such "active" measures include a diverse range of interventions and programs aimed at improving the functioning of the labor market, notably by matching the unemployed and other disadvantaged groups to jobs or, by enhancing their employability and skills to improve their employment prospects.
       This paper reviews recent findings on the relative effectiveness of different active labor market programs with an emphasis on the extent to which they meet the needs of women and young people. It then reviews findings on the role and effectiveness of publicly funded training and skills programs. It also considers reforms to the public employment service and related delivery organizations with a particular focus on evaluation findings concerning the impact of front line case managers and of subcontracting program delivery to external providers. The paper aims to facilitate learning from developments in the OECD area and the conclusion considers how these findings may be of relevance to Latin American and Caribbean countries.
308. The economic competitiveness of Ecuador : financials returns, labor productivity and international gaps 
   Philip M Parker, San Diego, CA : ICON Group, 2006*‎
   Ebooks: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Is Ecuador competitive? With the globalization of markets, the increased mobility of corporate assets, and the need for productive human resources, this question has become all the more complex to answer. This report was prepared to tackle this question by focussing on certain fundamentals: financial performance and labor productivity. 
In the former case, we are essentially interested in the degree to which firms operating in Ecuador have fundamentally different financial structures and performance compared to firms located elsewhere. With respect to this view of competitiveness, if one were to invest or operate in Ecuador, how would the firm's asset structure likely vary compared to a firm operating in some other country in Latin America or average location in the world? In Ecuador, do firms typically hold more cash and other short term assets, or do they concentrate their assets in physical plant and equipment? On the liability side, do firms operating in Ecuador have a higher percent of payables compared to other firms operating in Latin America, or do they hold a higher concentration of long term debt? The structure of the income statement is also telling. Do firms operating in Ecuador have relatively higher costs of goods sold, operating costs, or income taxes compared to firms located elsewhere in the region or the world in general? Are returns on equity higher in Ecuador? Are profit margins greater? Are inventories held longer? Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 are designed to answer these and similar questions that naturally affect one's decision to invest or operate in Ecuador. In many instances, people make all the difference. In addition to financial competitiveness, this report considers the extent to which labor deployment and productivity in Ecuador differs from regional and global benchmarks. In this case, we are interested in the amount of labor required to operate a typical business in Ecuador and the likely returns on this human investment. What is the typical ratio of short-term and long-term assets to employee? What are typical capital-labor ratios? How different are these ratios to those in Latin America in general and the world as a whole? What are the average sales and net profits per employee in Ecuador compared to regional benchmarks? Again, these and over 50 other measures of labor productivity are considered in Chapters 6, 7, and 8. The goal of this report is first to assist managers in gauging the competitive performance of Ecuador at the global level. With the globalization of markets, greater foreign competition, and the reduction of entry barriers, it becomes all the more important to benchmark Ecuador against other countries on a worldwide basis. Doing so, however, is not an obvious task. First, one needs to aggregate across firms in Ecuador. Second, one needs to control for exchange rate volatility. Finally, one needs use comparable financial standards. 
This report generates international benchmarks and measures gaps that might be revealed from such an exercise. First, data is collected from over 26,000 companies across all regions of the world. For each of these firms, data are standardized into comparable categories (assets, liabilities, income and ratios), by country, region and on a worldwide basis. From there, we eliminate all currency effects by standardizing within each category. 
Though we heavily rely on historical performance, the figures reported are not historical but are forecasts and projections for the coming fiscal year.
309. The economics of tin mining in Bolivia  
   Ayub, Mahmood Ali, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. : World Bank, 1985*
    Tags: 
310. The Effectiveness of European Active Labor Market Policy
Kluve, J. 2006. "The Effectiveness of European Active Labor Market Policy". IZA - Institute for the Study of Labor. Discussion Paper 2018. Bonn, Germay ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Measures of Active Labor Market Policy are widely used in European countries, but despite many econometric evaluation studies no conclusive cross-country evidence exists regarding "what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional) circumstances?". This paper results from an extensive research project for the European Commission aimed at answering that question using a meta-analytical framework. The empirical results are surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that matters for program effectiveness. While direct employment programs in the public sector appear detrimental, wage subsidies and "Services and Sanctions" can be effective in increasing participants' employment probability. 
311. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities of Our Time
Jeffrey Sachs, 2005*
    Tags: 
Abstract A respected international economic advisor and the director of The Earth Institute shares a wide-spectrum theory about how to enable economic success throughout the world, identifying the different categories into which various nations fall in today's economy while posing solutions to top political, environmental, and social problems that contribute to poverty. [The author] sets the stage by drawing a ... conceptual map of the world economy and the different categories into which countries fall. Then ... he explains why, over the past two hundred years, wealth has diverged across the planet in the manner that it has and why the poorest nations have been so markedly unable to escape the cruel vortex of poverty. The groundwork laid, he explains his methods for arriving ... at a holistic diagnosis of a country's situation and the options it faces. Rather than deliver a worldview to readers from on high, [the author] leads them along the learning path he himself followed, telling the ... stories of his own work in Bolivia, Poland, Russia, India, China, and Africa as a way to bring readers to a broad-based understanding of the array of issues countries can face and the way the issues interrelate. He concludes by drawing on everything he has learned to offer an integrated set of solutions to the interwoven economic, political, environmental, and social problems that most frequently hold societies back. In the end, he leaves readers with an understanding, not of how daunting the world's problems are, but how solvable they are - and why making the effort is a matter both of moral obligation and strategic self-interest.
   Review by William Easterly: Link‎
Abstract Jeffrey Sachs is the economics profession's leading advocate of mega-reform. Whether it is stabilization of hyperinflation in Bolivia, shock therapy to leap from Communism to capitalism in Poland and Russia, or a "Big Push" to end world poverty , Sachs' recommendation throughout his career has been to do it fast, do it big, do it comprehensively, and do it with lots of Western money.
312. The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
  World Economic Forum, 2010‎
    Tags: 
   Abstract This year's Global Competitiveness Report is being published amid uncertainty in the global economy and a continuing shift in the balance of economic activity away from advanced economies and toward developing ones. Despite significant government stimulus spending aimed at dampening the recession, growth in advanced economies remains sluggish as they are mired in persistent unemployment and weak demand. Recent concerns about the sustainability of sovereign debt in Europe, and the stability and efficient functioning of financial markets more generally, have added to the list of concerns.  The present situation emphasizes the importance of mapping out clear exit strategies to get economies back on a steady footing. Yet charting out such a process remains elusive in many countries for fear of a "double dip" as well as for political considerations. On the other hand, developing economies have for the most part fared comparatively well during the crisis: countries such as Brazil, China, and India are expected to grow at rates of between 5.5 and 10 percent in 2010, with growth holding up well over the next few years. Indeed, the world increasingly looks to the developing world as the major engine of the global economy.‎
313. The Global Gender Gap Report 2010
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum, 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract We are at a unique turning point in history. Never before has there been such momentum around the issue of gender parity on the global stage. Numerous multinational companies have aligned core elements of their businesses and products to support and provide opportunities for women in the communities in which they are active. The United Nations has created a new entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women. There is a strong movement around greater investment in girls' education in the developing world. Businesses around the world are starting to take into account the increasing power of women consumers. As women begin to make up more than half of all university graduates in much of the developed world, there is an increased consciousness that this talent must be given the opportunity to lead. Several countries have introduced legislation that mandates minimum requirements for women's participation, in both business and politics. 
The World Economic Forum has been among the institutions at the forefront of driving this change in mindset and practice, primarily by emphasizing the message that gender gaps have an impact on competitiveness and by engaging the business community. Measuring the size of the problem is a prerequisite for identifying the best solutions.  Through the Global Gender Gap Reports, for the past five years, the World Economic Forum has been quantifying the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress over time. By providing a comprehensive framework for benchmarking global gender gaps, the Report reveals those countries that are role models in dividing resources equitably between women and men, regardless of their level of resources.‎
314. The Impact of Training Policies in Argentina: An Evaluation of Proyecto Joven 
Alzúa, M. L. and P. Brassiolo, IDB, Office of Evaluation and Oversight, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract Alzua and Brassiolo (2006) find that the job training program did not have statistically significant impacts in terms of the probability of employment neither in the level of income. However, significant positive effects of program participation on the quality of employment were found -increasing the adjusted likelihood of formal employment by 5-10 percentage points, which the authors consider remarkable in a context of increasing labour informality in the country. 
This paper evaluates Proyecto Joven, a training program targeted to poor young individuals in Argentina. We used a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following set of questions: (a) Did the program increase the probability of employment? (b) Did it increase the probability of a formal employment? (c) Did it increase the labor income of trainees? 
The methodology we used is the matching estimators approach calculating first propensity scores for program participation and then the matching estimators to calculate the program impact. As it has been shown before, estimated impacts are not invariant to the specification of the chosen neighbor in the matching techniques.  The impact of the program is negligible in terms of employment and income, but not in terms of formality, which was an important achievement in the case of Argentina, since labor informality was increasing economy wide and more specifically for the group targeted by Proyecto Joven.
315. The incorporation of the young worker into the urban labor force in Latin America : analysis of problems and a program of action
Michael Bamberger; Organization of American States, 1973**
    Tags: 
316. The Informal‎ Economy‎
Sida, Kristina Flodman Becker 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Since the "discovery" of the informal economy in the beginning of the seventies, many observers subscribed to the notion that the informal economy was marginal and peripheral and not linked to the formal sector or to modern capitalist development. Some continued to believe that the informal economy in developing countries would disappear once these countries achieved sufficient levels of economic growth and modern industrial development. The informal economy can however no longer be considered as a temporary phenomenon. Furthermore, the informal economy has been observed to have more of a fixed character in countries where incomes and assets are not equitably distributed. It seems that if economic growth is not accompanied by improvements in employment levels and income distribution, the informal economy does not shrink. The situation is therefore that the informal economy is continuously increasing in most developing countries, even in rural areas. Estimates show that the nonagricultural employment share of the informal workforce is 78% in Africa, 57% in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 45-85% In Asia.‎
317. The labour market impacts of youth training in‎ the Dominican Republic evidence from a randomized evaluation 
Card, D; Ibarrarán P.; Regalia F.; Rosas D. and Soares Y., NBER Working Paper 12883, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Evaluation of the program "Juventud y Empleo". Do not observe program impacts on participant employment rate, but they find positive and economically significant effects for the youngest age group (17-19 years old), and for those in the East and Santo Domingo regions. When analyzing this employer-provider health insurance, the report finds positive impacts for men, for those with secondary education and particularly for those in Santo Domingo. Examining various subgroups, the estimated earnings impacts are larger for the youngest age group, for residents of Santo Domingo, and for those with some secondary education.
This paper summarizes the findings from the first randomized evaluation of a job training program in Latin America. Between 2001 and 2005 the government of the Dominican Republic operated a subsidized training program for low-income youth in urban areas. The program featured several weeks of classroom instruction followed by an internship at a private sector firm. A random sample of eligible applicants was selected to undergo training, and information was gathered 10-14 months after graduation on both trainees and control group members. Although previous non-experimental evaluations of similar programs in Latin America have suggested a positive impact on employment, we find no evidence of such an effect. There is a marginally significant impact on hourly wages, and on the probability of health insurance coverage, conditional on employment. Finally, we develop an operational definition of the impact of training on "employability" in the context of a dynamic model with state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity. Consistent with our main results, we find no significant impact of the training program on the subsequent employability of trainees. 
318. The National JTPA Study: impacts, benefits and costs of title II-A
Orr, L., H. Bloom, S. Bell, W. Lin, G. Cave and F. Doolittle, Produced for the US Department of Labor under contract no. 99-6-0803-77-068, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract Orr et al. evalua el programa JTPA bajo una metodología experimental. El programa JTPA en Estados Unidos (Job Training Partnership Act) entrega entrenamiento para habilidades ocupacionales (en sala de clase), entrenamiento en el lugar de trabajo, asistencia para la búsqueda de empleo, educación básica, trabajos temporarios y otros servicios de entrenamiento (capacitación vocacional). Su objetivo es dar empleo de largo plazo a quienes no lo tengan, auto-sustentar empleo y mejorar los salarios. El grupo beneficiario abarca a hombres y mujeres económicamente desventajados que enfrentan barreras en el empleo. Para las mujeres se reportan los siguientes impactos: Aumento significativo de salarios en el corto plazo solo para quienes reciben capacitación dentro de la empresa (aprox. 10%) y aumento en las horas de empleo (~10%) para mujeres participando en capacitación fuera de la empresa. Para los hombres: Aumento significativo de salarios en el corto plazo para quienes reciben capacitación dentro de la empresa. Para los Jóvenes: No se encuentran efectos significativos sobre salarios de corto ni mediano plazo. 
319. The Politics of Labor Reform in Latin America: Between Flexibility and Rights
Cambridge Journals, Peter Ranis, Perspectives on Politics, 2008*
    Tags: 
Abstract This is a very ambitious work, meticulously researched and studiously written, often presenting a dazzling display of intricate information. It is quite unusual for a single author to show such mastery over various country contexts. The book could easily have been written by several authors as it carefully covers and interprets labor laws in six Latin American countries, focusing mainly on the period in which flexibilized labor policies were implemented. Maria Lorena Cook couples countries that share historical and institutional similarities, namely: Argentina and Brazil are chosen as having legacies of state corporate systems; Chile and Peru represent postradical regimes; and Mexico and Bolivia experienced revolutionary pasts. Introductory overviews on labor reform in Latin America and concluding comments on where these countries stand today between flexibility and rights act as bookends for the paired country chapters. This is a skillful exegesis of pertinent documents, voluminous secondary literature, and expert testimony concerning two decades of labor laws after the restitution of democracy in the postauthoritarian period in these countries-unfinished as that process continued to be in Peru and Bolivia (at the time of the book's completion in 2005).
320. The Role of Social Capital in Development
Cambridge Journals, Christiaan Grootaert, (The World Bank), Thierry van Bastelaer, (University of Maryland, College Park), Robert Puttnam, 2002*
   Capitulo 8: Induced social capital and federations of the rural poor in the Andes
    Tags: 
321. The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries  
   Lisse [Netherlands] ;Exton PA : A.A. Balkema, 2003*
   Worldcat : Link
    Tags: 
322. The world of child labor : an historical and regional survey / 
   Armonk, N.Y. M.E. Sharpe, 2009*
    Tags: 
Abstract This definitive resource details both the current and historical state of child labor in each region of the world, focusing on its causes, consequences, and cures.
Including contributions by an international team of child labor scholars, researchers, policy-makers, and activists, as well as a wealth of current statistical data, it is the most comprehensive reference available on the subject.  The World of Child Labor provides a current global snapshot with overview essays on the dimensions of the problem and on institutions and organizations combating  child labor. Then it offers in-depth regional analyses covering developed, developing, and less developed areas of the world.
323. TLCAN, 10 años después : experiencia de México y lecciones para América Latina : hacia una estrategia de competitividad sistémica del desarrollo ‎
René Villarreal, Centro de Capital Intelectual y Competitividad, 2004
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: A.L. HF 1414 .T555 2004
    Tags: 
324. Toward a Sustainable FTAA: Does Latin America Meet the Necessary Financial Preconditions?
Liliana Rojas-Suarez, Center for Global Development
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper focuses on identifying preconditions that will ensure the sustainability of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). It argues that the macro, micro, and political conditions advanced in the literature to measure a country's ability to compete internationally, while necessary, are not sufficient to ensure the success and permanence of a free trade agreement. Instead, two additional financial conditions are needed.  The first is that each partner in the free trade area needs to have sustainable public debts as determined by the achievement of credible and sustainable structural fiscal balances. The second is that exchange rate regimes across trading partners should be compatible in the sense that adverse shocks in one country do not generate a policy dilemma in other partners between abandoning their exchange rate system or the free trade area.‎
A preliminary analysis of the evidence in the Latin American and Caribbean region shows the importance of these two preconditions. An analysis of debt sustainability reveals that there are a number of countries in the region that need to deal with potential solvency problems before reaching the status of credible partners in a regional trade arrangement. Argentina is already deemed insolvent, and countries such as Ecuador and Venezuela rank high on the list of countries where the issue of debt sustainability can become a serious problem. Not resolving this before reaching a regional trade agreement can threaten its long-term stability.‎
The examination of the compatibility of exchange rate systems across trading partners is also very revealing. Part of the success of NAFTA since the late 1990s and the "impasse" of Mercosur during 1999- 2001 had to do with the choices of exchange rate regimes. In both trade areas the share of trade among the partners is very high, and in NAFTA, this includes significant financial transactions. While Mexico was able to use the flexibility of the exchange rate to improve competitiveness following the sharp decline of portfolio flows from US investors into Mexico following the Asian and Russian crises, Argentina had no mechanisms to deal with an adverse shock from Brazil (such as a depreciation of the real in 1999). From this perspective, the recent move of Argentina towards a more flexible exchange rate system is good news for a sustainable free trade area.‎
325. Trabajo decente y equidad de genero en America Latina
  Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Este libro busca contribuir al esfuerzo para avanzar en la definición de propuestas de políticas que permitan lograr la equidad de género a través de la promoción del trabajo decente. Reúne los principales resultados de investigaciones y actividades llevadas a cabo por especialistas de la OIT en el marco de las prioridades de trabajo en América Latina entre los años 1999 y 2005. 
326. Trabajadoras de la floricultura en Ecuador : estudio de caso 
   Ana María Maldonado; Amparo Eguiguren, Oxfam, 2004** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Examina la situación de las trabajadoras de las flores en Ecuador, mostrando las formas de producción, las condiciones laborales, las desigualdades de género y los cambios ocurridos en las comunidades debido al cultivo y comercialización de flores.
327. Trabajo decente en las Americas: agenda hemisférica, 2006-2015
   Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
    Abstract América Latina y el Caribe cuentan actualmente con 563 millones de habitantes.   Aproximadamente 551 millones de ellos viven en América Latina, de los cuales al menos 213 millones son pobres (no se dispone de cifras sobre la pobreza en el Caribe). Esta situación social es fiel reflejo de lo que ocurre en el mercado de trabajo, pues es allí donde las familias obtienen sus principales medios de vida y de progreso. En América Latina existen 239 millones de personas económicamente activas (PEA) que trabajan o desean trabajar, de las cuales más de 23 millones se encuentran en condición de desempleo abierto y aproximadamente 103 millones trabajan en el sector informal, muchas veces sin derechos laborales ni protección social. Cabe pues decir que en América Latina hoy existe un déficit de empleo formal de 126 millones de trabajadores, lo cual representa el 53 por ciento de la PEA. Ese déficit es más acentuado en el caso de las mujeres y los jóvenes.
El producto interior bruto (PIB) promedio regional por habitante asciende a 3.900 dólares, en tanto que el producto por trabajador alcanza los 10.100 dólares por año o, lo que es lo mismo, alrededor de 840 dólares al mes. Un problema capital - especialmente para los mercados de trabajo de la región - reside en que, en las últimas décadas, este indicador de productividad no creció en muchos países, al punto que la cifra media es hoy bastante similar a aquella registrada en la región a inicios del decenio de los ochenta. El producto por trabajador - o productividad del trabajo - es un elemento determinante para el progreso económico y social, tal como se señaló en un informe reciente de la OIT, pues es un mecanismo de transmisión importante entre el mundo de la producción y el mercado de trabajo. Su estancamiento en el valor de hace dos decenios explica también por qué las tasas de pobreza actuales en la región también son bastante similares a las observadas a inicios de los años ochenta.‎
328. Trabajo infantil en Bolivia : [características y condiciones]‎ 
Carmen Ledo García; Víctor Mezza Rosso; La Paz : Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, UNICEF, 2004
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Entre los hogares más pobres se muestran privaciones de diversa índole como caída del nivel de ingresos, que repercute negativamente en la subsistencia familiar. En este contexto, muchos niños, niñas y adolescentes desde temprana edad se ven obligados a insertarse en el mercado de trabajo.
329. Trade unions and child labor: a guide to action
  International Labor Office, 1997*
Capitulo Recomendado: Breaking down the wall of silence: the ICFTU child labor campaign (p 41)‎
    Tags: 
   Abstract Contents: 
Introduction. 
Chapter I: Scope of problem: A question of milions. 
Still a problem in industrial countries. 
A major third world problem: why children work. 
Chapter II: Major forms of child work. 
Developed countries. 
Child labour in the third world. 
Chapter III: Sectoral distribution of child workers. 
Chapter IV: Working conditions and environment. 
Hours of work. 
Remuneration. 
Occupational risks. 
Physical abuse and psychological problems. 
Chapter V: Consequences of child labour. 
Physical repercussions of child labour. 
Effects on education and intellectual development. 
Effects on unemployment and poverty. 
Chapter VI: Some aspects of child labour in developing countries. 
Asia. 
Latin America. 
Africa and the Middle East. 
Southern Europe. 
Child labour under apartheid. 
Chapter VII: Policies on child labour: Legislation. 
International action. 
National measures. 
Possible improvements in national legislation. 
Chapter VII: Policies on child labour: Economic and social measures. 
Chapter IX: ICFTU trade union policy. 
Need for sustained and coherent trade union action. 
ICFTU policy. 
- Role of trade unions. 
- Improvements in apprenticeship systems. 
- Strengthening of labour inspection. 
- Support for a global five-year strategy to combat child labour. 
Trade union involvement in follow-up measures. 
Priorities for action by trade unions and the ILO. 
Wider government action. 
Trade union projects. 
Conclusions. 
Tables. 
1. Number and percentage of boys and girls ages 10-14 in the labour force selected countries, 1971. 
2. Number of children under 15 in the labour force. 
3. Percentage of children aged 6-11 and 12-17 enrolled in school, developed and developing countries, 1975. 
Appendices. 
I. ILO convention 138 of minimum age for admission to employment. 
II. ILO recommendation 146 on minimum age for admission to employment. 
III. ILO convention 10 concerning the age for admission of children to employment in agriculture. 
IV. ILO convention No. 138 recommendation No. 146 aiming at total abolition of child labour. 
V. Ratification and implementation of minimum age convention - 1973 - in the world. 
VI. ICFTU resolution on the international year of the child (Executive board). 
VII. ICFTU resolution on the international year of the child (Twelfth world congress)
330. Tráfico de niños, niñas y adolescentes con fines de explotación laboral en Bolivia.‎ 
Cochabamba, Bolivia : Defensa de los Niños y las Niñas Internacional, Alemania, 2001 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El trafico de niños, niñas es una violación a los derechos humanos que envuelve abuso y explotación que atenta a la dignidad del niño, niña y que se desarrollo bajo una relación de poder, donde los más vulnerables son los niños, niñas y adolescentes, ejerciéndose sobre ellos una dominación.  El tráfico de niños, niñas y adolescentes es un delito, que se produce, para diversos fines ya sea para explotación laboral, compra venta de órganos, violencia sexual/ comercial en sus tres formas (sometimiento a la prostitución, pornografía y turismo sexual) y compra - venta de niños bajo la figura de adopción.  El tema de tráfico de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes aún tiene un horizonte de invisibilidad e insensibilidad social. Existen muchos actores sociales facilitadores del tráfico infantil y paralelamente este actuar ilícito es favorecido por el desconocimiento que las autoridades, profesionales y la población en general tienen sobre este tema.  Por ser una actividad criminal encubierta en nuestro país, es difícil conocer exactamente la verdadera magnitud de niños, niñas y adolescentes que son cada día víctimas de esta situación. El problema de tráfico infantil en nuestro país no es nuevo, como en otros países, es una forma contemporánea de esclavitud.  Según un informe de la Comisión Shengen (que estudia el libre tránsito de los países de la Unión Europea) y la Comisión Antimafia del Parlamento Italiano, a inicios del tercer milenio en el mundo hay más esclavos que nunca. Se calcula unos doscientos millones de esclavos en el mundo. La mayoría son mujeres y niños.   En Bolivia desde hace algunos años, se viene trabajando en esta temática, en la cual existen ciertos avances sobre todo de organizaciones no gubernamentales como Defensa del Niño y Niña Internacional (DNI), Infante y Terre des hommes y de otros investigadores.
331. Training Disadvantaged Youth in Latin America: Evidence from a Randomized Trial
Attanasio, O, A. Kugler and C. Meghir, NBER Working Paper #13931, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Attanasio et al. (2008) find that being selected into the training offered by Jóvenes en Acción had widespread and large effects on women, but fewer and less pronounced effects on men. Women offered training are more likely to be employed and work more days and longer hours. As for the quality of jobs, the likelihood of being employed in jobs that offer non-wage benefits and of having a written contract is five percentage points higher for women offered training.
Youth unemployment in Latin America is exceptionally high, as much as 50% among the poor. Vocational training may be the best chance to help unemployed young people at the bottom of the income distribution. This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005 on the employment and earnings of trainees. This is one of a couple of randomized training trials conducted in developing countries and, thus, offers a unique opportunity to examine the causal impact of training in a developing country context. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. We find that the program raises earnings and employment for both men and women, with larger effects on women. Women offered training earn about 18% more than those not offered training, while men offered training earn about 8% more than men not offered training. Much of the earnings increases for both men and women are related to increased employment in formal sector jobs following training. The benefits of training are greater when individuals spend more time doing on-the-job training, while hours of training in the classroom have no impact on the returns to training. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates a large net gain, especially for women.
332. Tres Chorreras : minería artesanal e informal en el cantón Pucará 
   Harald Einzmann, Ecuador: Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, 1991**
    Tags: 
333. Una Aproximación de la Brecha Salarial entre Entidades Públicas en el Ecuador
Carrillo, Paul A. & Vasconez, Veronica, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract This research shows the pay gap between public entities in Ecuador. We use the information of Annex Relation Unit of the Internal Revenue Service and the Civil Registry for 2008 and 2009. The study makes a Mincerian model and an analysis by quintiles to find and compare the wage gap between state institutions. In the results, we find that the Attorney General, Comptroller and others have higher salaries than the Ministries (reference institutions).‎
334. Una aproximación de los determinantes del crecimiento económico en Bolivia 1960-2004‎
UDAPE, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una aproximación de los determinantes del crecimiento económico en Bolivia con datos para el periodo 1960-2004, utilizando tres enfoques complementarios: análisis de contabilidad del crecimiento, modelos de series temporales y datos de panel. En el análisis de la contabilidad del crecimiento se encontró que la principal fuente de crecimiento económico fue el factor capital, con una modesta contribución del factor trabajo desde mediados de los noventa. Los resultados del modelo de Vectores Autorregresivos evidencian una alta persistencia del producto ante shocks en la inversión, llevando a la conclusión que el modelo endógeno de crecimiento es una aproximación razonable al actual proceso de crecimiento de la economía boliviana. Finalmente, la regresión con series temporales y con datos de panel, evidencian que las variables que inciden positivamente en el crecimiento económico son: tasa de inversión, tasa de crecimiento del consumo de gobierno, exportaciones, déficit fiscal, tasa de crecimiento de la población económicamente activa, esperanza de vida al nacer, escolaridad masculina, y acceso a servicios básicos, mientras que los términos de intercambio, la tasa de fertilidad, y la falta de acceso a la propiedad de vivienda, tienen efectos negativos en el crecimiento.
335. Una medición funcional de la distribución del ingreso en Bolivia: 1970-1985
UDAPE Bolivia, 1986
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal, implementar una forma de medición alternativa de la distribución del ingreso. La metodología que se utiliza se limita a discutir ciertas cuestiones relativas a la medición del fenómeno y no se propone abordar los aspectos analíticos ligados al problema distributivo. En otras palabras, lo que se pretende es cuantificar la participación de los asalariados en el producto bruto total. Para este fin, se estima la parte del ingreso global que es apropiado por el conjunto de individuos que son remunerados por la prestación de servicios personales, en oposición a aquellos que lo hacen de la propiedad de los medios de producción.
Los resultados numéricos a obtenerse, a partir de las diferentes formas alternativas de medir empíricamente la distribución del ingreso, diferirán a razón de que se utilizan diferentes unidades de medida para las variables involucradas. Por tanto, el problema básico se reduce a discernir cual de las unidades de medida alternativas es la más adecuada. En este trabajo se distinguirán principalmente dos formas alternativas de medición del ingreso de los asalariados para los 16 años sujetos a análisis (1970-1985), estas son: en valores monetarios corrientes y en valores monetarios constantes. Para tal efecto, la medición se ha llevado a cabo con datos anuales de 1970 a 1985 del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), de la remuneración de Asalariados y el Indice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). Estos datos figuran en los cuadros y apéndice estadísticos que acompañan a este trabajo.
El trabajo que se presenta consta de tres secciones. La primera, se refiere a la metodología en la que se detallan las consideraciones relativas a la medición empírica de la distribución "funcional" del ingreso y las relaciones implícitas entre la medición monetaria y la medición real-gasto. En la segunda sección, que es seguramente la más importante, se analizan los efectos derivados de la medición de ambas formas alternativas. Es en esta sección donde se da una idea general del proceso redistributivo del ingreso durante el período 1970-1985. Finalmente, en la última sección, se exponen las conclusiones del trabajo.  En suma, se trata de un trabajo que pretende discutir una forma alternativa de medición de la distribución del ingreso en Bolivia para el período 1970-1985.
336. Un análisis del impacto de la Capacitación sobre el desempeño en el mercado laboral
Puentes, Esteban and Urzua Sergio, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Brasil, Programa Primer Empleo. El programa tiene como objetivo crear 260000 empleos para jóvenes con edades entre los 16 y 24 años. Está destinado a jóvenes desempleados con un ingreso mensual per cápita de hasta medio salario mínimo y matriculados en la educación primaria o secundaria. El programa considera capacitación vocacional, capacitación en el lugar de trabajo, capacitación para emprendedores y subsidios a salarios. Los participantes reciben vales de transporte y una beca o ayuda de US $ 150. La evaluación se realiza usando modelos de regresión lineal y no lineales utilizando grupos de control bien definidos. Los resultados no entregan resultados positivos.
El presente informe presenta una detallada revisión de los estudios empíricos que examinan el efecto de la participación en programas de capacitación sobre el desempeño en el mercado laboral. La revisión discute los efectos estimados para distintos grupos socio-económicos y demográficos (por edad, género, raza, nivel educacional), identificando además la estrategia de identificación utilizada en cada caso. Más precisamente, el texto distingue la evidencia proveniente de estudios observacionales, cuasi-experimentales y experimentales. En el caso de los estudios no-experimentales se incluye una breve discusión respecto del método empírico utilizado. La revisión también distingue si la evidencia proviene de países desarrollados, economías en transición o países en vías de desarrollo.  Adicionalmente, los resultados se presentan para una variedad de variables laborales de desempeño laboral (empleo, desempleo, participación laboral, afiliación a seguridad social, salarios, horas de trabajo), por condición laboral de los participantes del programa (empleado o desempleado) y por plazo del efecto del tratamiento (corto, mediano o largo plazo). Finalmente, se describe (cuando está disponible) la evidencia asociada a análisis de costo-beneficio de los distintos programas.
337. Un buen comienzo: trabajo decente para los jóvenes
  Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract En este documento se analiza el debate actual sobre el empleo de los jóvenes en el contexto del Programa de Trabajo Decente, del Programa Global de Empleo y de las recomendaciones del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Red de Empleo de los Jóvenes. En él se examinan iniciativas nacionales emprendidas para promover empleos de calidad para los jóvenes de ambos sexos, y se presta particular atención a las lecciones aprendidas y las buenas prácticas, y sobre todo al papel del tripartismo en la promoción del empleo de los jóvenes. En él se destacan puntos para la discusión en la Reunión tripartita. 
338. Un callejón sin salida: PRGF (servicio de crecimiento y reducción de la pobreza)
  CEDLA, 2003
   Version en ingles: Link
    Tags: 
   Abstract El presente documento pretende analizar si existe un cambio de enfoque y de políticas en el Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)1 con relación al Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) y al Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF)2. El neoliberalismo, que ha sustentando política y conceptualmente a las reformas estructurales promovidas las últimas dos décadas en Bolivia y en gran parte de los países de la región, ha entendido a la pobreza y a sus acciones de reducción de manera desvinculada a las orientaciones de las políticas económicas relativas a la distribución del ingreso. En esta lógica, las políticas macroeconómicas y sociales debieran fundamentarse en la vigencia de las fuerzas del mercado para alcanzar no sólo la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos, sino la consecución del crecimiento económico, como única forma de lograr sostenibilidad.
Contents:The PRGF and the EBRP within the framework of the Structural Adjustment Programme:Letter of Intend and PRGF. The EBRP and the HIPC Initiative. The application of neoclassical policies in Bolivia. Evolution of basic macroeconomic indicators:Savings; investment; income; role of the State and dependency; social and economic results.Conclusions.
Civil society participation:The participatory rhetoric of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The influence of civil society on the PRGF. Participation of civil society in the follow-up and control of policy. The need to assess the impact of public policies:The IFIs and impact assessment; civil society's interest in the analysis of social impact; how is the analysis of social impact and the follow-up and monitoring of economic and social programmes progressing in Bolivia?Conclusions. Bibliography. Annexes.‎
279. Unemployment in Bolivia: risks and labor market policies
IDB, Werner Hernani, Maria Villegas, Ernesto Yañez, 2011
Abstract This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Bolivia's labor market institutions, particularly the Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE). It is found that unemployment as conventionally defined may not be the most important problem in Bolivia's labor market, as the non-salaried market is always an alternative. While unemployment durations and unemployment scarring consequences are relatively low, labor market regulations and labor market programs do not help to increase the size of the formal market, apparently as a result of Bolivia's rigid labor markets and labor policies based mainly on temporary employment programs. Such programs, however, may have helped to smooth consumption. Given the country's high level of informality, protection policies are second best to active policies specifically designed to increase the productivity/employability of vulnerable populations.
280. Unemployment in Mexico: measurement and policy
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract 
This document aims to provide a set of recommendations on the adoption of an unemployment insurance program in Mexico. It describes the situation of unemployment in Mexico, of the labor contracts, of the main federal employment programs and of the effectiveness of the employment protection legislation. It provides estimates of the probabilities of finding and exiting employment based on survey data, which are used to produce time series of unemployment and a database of individual work histories, used in turn to evaluate a program. We simulate a UI program with an individual saving component and with a solidarity component, and compare it with an EPL rule on compensation for separation similar to those existing in Mexican legislation. An economic model that considers the attitudes toward risk and the level of wages and wealth in Mexico is used to calculate optimal replacement rates of the unemployment benefit; it suggests optimal replacement rates should be low. Finally, specific recommendations on the adoption of an unemployment insurance program are given.‎
339. Urban women's employment trajectories in Ghana and Bolivia 
Sunita Kishor, Institute for Resource Development, Macro International, 1996
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This study explores the nature, intensity and continuity of women's labor force participation in developing countries by examining data from the 1998 Ghana DHS and the 1989 Bolivia DHS.  Demographers and development theorists alike underscore the importance of women's labor force participation for the autonomy and status of women, for fertility control, and for the achievement of developmental goals.  However, research reveals that there is no necessary consistency across nations and cultures in the relationship between women's labor force participation and social objectives such as increased women's status, economic development, and lower fertility.  Indeed, the very existence of a relationship at all depends on the type, continuity, and intensity of women's labor force activity.‎
340. Vocational Training: International Perspectives
  Gerhard Bosch, Jean Charest, 2010*‎
    Tags: 
   Abstract The last decade has given rise to a strong public discourse in most highly industrialized economies about the importance of a skilled workforce as a key response to the competitive dynamic fostered by economic globalisation. The challenge for different training regimes is twofold: attracting young people into the vocational training system while continuing to train workers already in employment. Yet, on the whole, most countries and their training systems have failed to reach those goals. How can we explain this contradiction? Why is vocational training seen to be an "old" institution? Why does vocational training not seem to be easily adapted to the realities of the 21st century?  This book seeks to respond to these important questions. It does so through an in-depth comparative analysis of the vocational training systems in ten different countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, the United Kingdom and the USA. 
341. Washington Contentious: Economic Policies for Social Equity in Latin America
Center for Global Development, Nancy Birdsall, Augusto de la Torre, and Rachel Menezes ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract At the end of the 1990s the future of Latin America seemed grim in the face of four devastating problems-slow and unsteady economic growth, persistent poverty, social injustice, and personal insecurity. For 10 years Latin America had pursued-with considerable vigor-the 10 economic policies that make up the Washington Consensus, the growth formula promoted by the U.S. Treasury and the international financial institutions. But performance fell far short of expectations, and a new approach was needed.
We created a task force to identify more effective economic and social policies for Latin America. The independence of our two institutions- the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Inter-American Dialogue-allows us to raise issues that are difficult to raise in polite, official discourse: capital controls as a solution to currency crises, the need for more taxation in most of Latin America, the myth of race-blind societies in the region, corruption in labor unions. We can also talk about the mistakes of specific countries and their leaders, and we do not have to hedge our recommendations.‎
342. Water on Tap
Cambridge Journals, Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, 2011*
   Look Inside: Link
Recomendado: Capitulo 3:  'Another world is possible': Bolivia and the emergence of a participatory public provision model for access to urban water services
    Tags: 
Abstract This chapter tells the story of how a model of public participatory governance emerged from the actions of the Bolivian state and Bolivian actors as a response to the problem of access to water in the 1990s. As in the last chapter, it is told as an institutional story of changes over time in rights and regulation, illuminated by the contours of a particular dispute in Cochabamba involving the withdrawal of a large multinational company in the wake of serious and violent unrest. The dispute ignited long-simmering opposition by social movement activists to the gradual introduction within Bolivia of a managed liberalisation model of water service delivery policy. From the conflict emerged a public participatory model that combined pre-existing approaches to water resource use, particularly by rural and indigenous groups, with specific demands for social control and distributive equity. This model secured what seemed, in April 2000, to be a decisive victory, when the Bolivian state cancelled the concession contract with the multinational water company and enacted new water laws with substantial amendments proposed by social movement activists. And indeed the Cochabamba dispute is frequently characterised as 'a victory of human rights over corporate rights', an outcome that retains an iconic emblematic power in the broader global narrative on the politics of access to water.
343. We eat the mines and the mines eat us : dependency and exploitation in Bolivian tin mines 
   June C Nash, Columbia University Press, 1979**
   Look Inside: Link
    Tags: 
344. Who gains from free trade? : export-led growth, inequality and poverty in Latin America  
   London ;New York : Routledge, 2006*‎
Look Inside: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract The issue of the pros and cons of free trade from the point of view of developing countries refuses to dissipate, and in Latin America, the debate rages most fiercely. Argentina is still licking its wounds after a catastrophic past five years, and Brazil and others have hardened their line - even going so far as to initiate the influential new G20 group of the most powerful LDCs.  Who Gains from Free Trade examines the extent to which trade reforms have been an important source of the slowdown of economic growth, rising inequality and rising poverty as observed in many parts of the region. This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of this important topic, utilizing:
* research based on sixteen country narratives of policy reform and economic performance 
* rigorous general equilibrium (CGE) modelling of the economy-wide effects of trade reform for all country cases 
* application of an innovative method of microsimulations to assess the employment and factor income distribution impact of policy reforms on poverty and inequality at the household level.
This important study, a valuable resource for postgraduate students of development economics and political economy, examines all the current issues and brings together some of the world's leading experts.
345. Women and cooperative labor in the southern Bolivian Andes 
   Inge Maria Harman, Michigan State University, 1984**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
346. World Economic Outlook: April 2011
International Monetary Fund, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract The recovery is gaining strength, but unemployment remains high in advanced economies, and new macroeconomic risks are building in emerging market economies. In advanced economies, the handoff from public to private demand is advancing, reducing concerns that diminishing fi scal policy support might cause a "double-dip" recession.  Financial conditions continue to improve, although they remain unusually fragile. In many emerging market economies, demand is robust and overheating is a growing policy concern. Developing economies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, have also resumed fast and sustainable growth. Rising food and commodity prices pose a threat to poor households, adding to social and economic tensions, notably in the Middle East and North Africa. Oil price increases since January 2011 and information on supply, including on spare capacity, suggest that the disruptions so far would have only mild effects on economic activity. An earthquake in Japan has exacted a terrible human toll. Its macroeconomic impact is projected to be limited, although uncertainty remains elevated. Overall, with the recovery stronger on the one hand but oil supply growth lower on the other, projections for global real GDP growth in 2011-12 are little changed from the January 2011 WEO Update. But downside risks have risen.‎
347. Workplace Readiness: competencies and assessment
Harold O'Neil, 1997*
Google Preview: Link
Capitulos Recomendados: 
    Tags: 
Capitulo 1: Review of Workplace Readiness Theoretical Frameworks (p 3 de Google Preview)
O'Neil, H. K. Allred, & E. Baker
Abstract Categoriza las principales habilidades en el ámbito laboral a partir del análisis de cinco investigaciones llevadas a cabo en los Estados Unidos. Los 5 estudios utilizan información obtenida a través de entrevistas con empleadores públicos y/o privados, sindicatos, trabajadores y supervisores de distintos sectores, y académicos y son los siguientes:  1) What Work Requires of Schools: realizado en 1991 por el departamento de trabajo de los Estados Unidos (SCANS); 2) Workplace Basics, The Essential Skills Employers Want: realizado por la Sociedad American de Capacitación y Desarrollo (ASTD) con el patrocinio del departamento del trabajo de Estados Unidos; 3) The Michigan Employability Skills Employer Survey: realizado por Michigan Employability Skills Task Force; 4) Basic and Expanded Basic Skills: realizado por el Departamento de Educación del estado de Nueva York; 5) High Schools and the Chaning Workplace: The Employers' View: realizado por la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de los Estados Unidos. A partir del análisis de estos 5 estudios, Identifica cuatro grupos generales de habilidades requeridas en el ambiente de trabajo: 1. Habilidades académicas básicas (lectura y escritura), 2. Habilidades de pensamiento avanzado (creatividad, capacidad de aprendizaje, resolución de problemas), 3. Habilidades interpersonales y de trabajo en equipo (comunicación, negociación y resolución de conflicto), 4. Características personales y actitudes (autoestima, motivación y responsabilidad). Destaca que la verdadera diferencia entre los trabajadores con estudios universitarios versus los trabajadores sólo con educación secundaria, no es el tipo de habilidad que se requiere en los empleos, sino que más bien el nivel de competencia en estas habilidades.
Capitulo 3: Skills for Success in Maryland: Beyond Workplace Readiness (p 47 de Google Preview)
Oliver, K., C. Russell, L. Gilli, R. Hughes, T. Schuder, J. Brown, and W. Towers
Abstract Describe la reforma que probablemente representa el mayor esfuerzo llevado a cabo hasta la fecha para desarrollar las habilidades requeridas en el mercado laboral durante el período escolar. Este estudio analiza la reforma educacional implementada a partir de 1989 en el estado de Maryland conocida bajo el nombre de "Habilidades para el Exito" ("Skills for Success" or SFS). Su principio fundamental es el énfasis tanto en habilidades académicas como en habilidades generales multi-disciplinarias que faciliten la transición al mercado de trabajo. La reforma considera cinco categorías de habilidades: Aprendizaje, Pensamiento, Comunicación, Tecnología y Habilidades interpersonales
In the United States of America, the State of Maryland, in response to rising expectations for educational results from the public education system, has developed a school reform program centred on high standards and accountability for student and school performance. A new High School Assessment Program is in development and a defining feature of this new program is 'Skills for success' (SFS), a program component focusing on general skills. This chapter explores some of the unique features of the SFS as well as reviewing similarities and differences with nationally recognised workplace readiness skills.
348. Workshop on cooperative leadership : gold mining cooperatives 
   Kevin LeMorvan; Coady International Institute, 1993**
    Tags: 
‎


Productividad

1. Adaptación socio-económica campesino indígena de la Sierra Norte : los sistemas agrícolas en la Sierra Norte del Ecuador; opciones para analizar su desarrollo
International Development Research Center, Centro Andino de Acción Popular; Field, L., 1990*
    Tags: 
Abstract Los resultados de la investigaci6n que aquí presentamos nacen de una preocupación central: la pertinencia de la oferta tecnológica actual en el Ecuador, para la producción agropecuaria de los campesinos indígenas de la sierra. Si bien esta pregunta no puede escapar a una problematizaci6n de los objetivos de dicha oferta, que se examinará más adelante, el énfasis fue más bien puesto en tratar de entender, desde una lectura del funcionamiento interno de los sistemas andinos de producción, la lógica, los limites y las necesidades que estos presentan.
El estudio se realizo en una región específica, de la Sierra Norte, ubicada en los mapas 1 y 2, con una población predominantemente indígena.
La superficie de esta región es aproximadamente de 105.000 hectáreas, de las que, las zonas de producción agrícola (incluyendo las superficies sin cultivo que se puede encontrar al interior de estas zonas), suman 83.260 has.
Al empezar el estudio, buscamos un eje de correspondencia entre las necesidades de reproducci6n, las condiciones esenciales de la producci6n y el manejo técnico, entendido en términos del uso del espacio, la organización específica de los cultivos y el manejo de los factores de producción.
2. Agriculture sector assessment for Bolivia‎ 
United States AID Mission to Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia, 1988
    Tags: 
Abstract Agriculture provides employment for half the labor force in Bolivia, and half the population is rural, despite growingurbanization. The nation meets most of its nutritional needs domestically, with the exception of wheat and milk.  Agriculture is the largest industry, and accounts for one fifth of the GDP.  Still another fifth may be attributed to the distribution and processing of agricultural products. In a nation that has depended on exporting non-renewable natural resources since its colonial period, agriculture still provides more than one sixth of exports.
3. Agricultural production and trade of Ecuador. 
Leiserson, Etty, Washington Foreign Regional Analysis Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 1968*
    Tags: 
4. Agricultural Trade Policies in the Andean Group: Issues and Options
Tim Josling, World Bank, 1997
    Tags: 
Abstract The trade policies of the countries of the Andean Group--Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela--are in the midst of rapid change, particularly in agriculture, where trade policies are being overhauled and trade rules rewritten on domestic, regional, and global levels. This paper highlights the trade options open to each country by looking at agricultural policy in light of general trade policy. The report also discusses the particular role the Andean Group is playing and how the trade pact may influence the liberalization of agricultural markets.
The trade policies of the countries of the Andean Group--Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela--are in the midst of rapid change, particularly in agriculture, where trade policies are being overhauled and trade rules rewritten on domestic, regional, and global levels. This paper highlights the trade options open to each country by looking at agricultural policy in light of general trade policy. The report also discusses the particular role the Andean Group is playing and how the trade pact may influence the liberalization of agricultural markets.
5. Agriculture and economic survival: The role of agriculture in Ecuador's development
   Romanoff, Steven, Edited by Morris D. Whitaker and Dale Coly, 1993**
    Tags: 
6. Agroindustria y pequeña agricultura en Bolivia. 
La Paz : ILDIS : FAO, 1994*
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract I. Aspectos generales: Agroindustria y transformación productiva de la pequena agricultura, por Alexander Schejtman. Lineamientos metodológicos para la promoción del desarrollo agroindustrial, por Raimundo Arroio. Mecanismos asociativos generadores de empleo e ingresos, por Clodomir Santos de Morais. Desarrollo Agrícola asociado a ciudades intermedias, por Alberto Paniagua. Los centros cogestiónarios pas el desarrollo alternativo, por Jairo Morales Nieto. Los proyectos agroindustriales del Programa de desarrollo alternativo, por CIDRE II. Estudios de caso: Alimentos naturales de Irupana, por Javier Hurtado Mercado. La caficultura en el área de Caranavi, por Carmen llanos. Alimentos balanceados en Ayo Ayo, por CIPCA. Participación campesina en la sociedad la Campana, por Pedro matzuzaki. Producción agroindustria campesina en la provincia Esteban Arce, por julio Alem. Agromiel: un perfil de agroindustria, por José Baldivia‎
7. Agroindustria y pequeña agricultura: experiencias y opciones de transformación‎ 
CEPAL/FAO/GTZ, Santiago de Chile, 1998 
    Tags: 
Abstract Gracias a la cooperación del Gobierno de los Países Bajos y del Gobierno de la República Federal de Alemania, la CEPAL y la FAO han realizado diversos estudios de caso acerca del potencial que encierra articulación entre la agroindustria y los productores agrícolas para difundir el progreso técnico entre los pequeños agricultores que permitieron establecer las condiciones necesarias para inducir a la agroindustria a ejercer el papel de agente de transformación productiva de la pequeña agricultura.
En lo que sigue, se han sintetizado los estudios sobre diferentes experiencias de articulación entre la pequeña producción agrícola y la agroindustria en ocho países de la región (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana, Jamaica, México, Perú, y Trinidad y Tobago), que dieran lugar a sendos foros-panel patrocinados por los respectivos Ministerios de Agricultura, en los que participaron empresarios agroindustriales, pequeños y medianos productores y miembros de entidades académicas, además de los funcionarios de dichos ministerios y de otros vinculados a la misma temática.‎
8. Alternativas de tarifacion: el caso de la telefonía en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract Desde la aplicación de la Nueva Política Económica, Bolivia ha adoptado el modelo de desarrollo basado en la liberalización de las fuerzas de mercado, lo cual debería posibilitar la vigencia de una economía en la que la asignación de los recursos se realice mediante criterios de optimización.  Para lograr este y otros objetivos, fue necesario emprender un conjunto de reformas que contemplen especialmente la redefinición del rol del Estado, en el entendido de que las empresas que ofrecen los servicios públicos a la comunidad, deberían ser manejadas con criterios similares a los que priman en el sector privado de la economía, es decir, mediante la aplicación de la maximización del beneficio como objetivo central.
Dado que la provisión de servicios públicos generalmente será efectuada por empresas monopólicas, oligopólicas o en competencia monopolística, es importante que las tarifas se determinen bajo un marco regulatorio, velando por la rentabilidad de las empresas, así como impidiendo la apropiación del excedente del consumidor por parte del productor, antes que por disposiciones que tengan como propósito, la otorgación de transferencias, subsidios y, en general, acciones de estado benefactor.  La determinación del precio en mercados competitivos, es producto del juego de las fuerzas del mercado, las que por el lado de la oferta, definen el número de empresas, mientras que la demanda, a través de la restricción presupuestaria, condiciona el número de consumidores. De ese modo, las empresas son "precio-aceptantes" y no tienen sino la posibilidad de lograr el ajuste por medio de las cantidades.
En mercados no competitivos, en cambio, la determinación de precios es crucial y es potestad de la empresa, puesto que el ajuste puede ser logrado por precios o cantidades. En el caso de empresas privadas, si pertenecen a un oligopolio, los precios estarán en función de las actitudes de las empresas restantes, en tanto que si son monopólicas, el nivel del precio tenderá no solo a la maximización del beneficio, sino a la apropiación de la mayor cantidad posible del excedente del consumidor.  Por ese motivo, la mayoría de los Estados prohibe la conformación de empresas monopólicas y si lo hace, es bajo la estricta vigilancia de un ente regulador. En Bolivia, la mayoría de los servicios públicos es actualmente producida por empresas monopólicas estatales, sujetas a la acción de una oficina reguladora también estatal.
9. Alternative coca reduction strategies in the Andean Region
US Congresss, Office of Technology Assessment, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract For at least 80 years, control and abuse of imported narcotic substances, in general, have been public policy concerns. International treaties have been largely ineffective in controlling production and trafficking of illegal drugs. The human "search for the high" fuels demand, and supply control has been nearly impossible. Cocaine abuse and its social and economic consequences have followed this legacy and reached disturbing proportions in the last decade.  Narcotics control strategies commonly are divided into demand- and supply-reduction programs. Although controversy exists over which of the two is the most critical, a comprehensive narcotics control strategy includes education, treatment and rehabilitation, development assistance, interdiction, and enforcement components. No single approach wilI solve the international narcotics problem, yet the proper mix of supply-and demand-control programs has yet to be identified.  Although most coca currently is produced in the Andean region of Peru and Bolivia (87 percent) and Colombia (13 percent) (59), it also has been produced in other South American countries (e.g., Ecuador, Brazil) and Central America. If coca production is reduced in the Andean region, new production areas would likely arise as long as cocaine and its derivatives remain attractive narcotics. Nonetheless, supply reduction could have a valuable role in an overall narcotics control strategy. The temporary disruption of supply could increase street prices and reduce accessibility. The time investment to re-establish a production and cartel system is likely to be large and could have a debilitating effect on the overall industry.
One potential strategy for reducing the flow of cocaine into the United States is to identify and support the development of alternative economic options for Andean producers of coca leaves and illegal coca-leaf products. This developmentoriented strategy for supply reduction shows promise, but is unlikely to solve the cocaine problem without concomitant efforts in other areas such as drug law enforcement, interdiction, and education and rehabilitation of drug users. Methods for coca eradication also are of interest in supply reduction strategies. Although eradication technologies focus on herbicide use, there is increasing interest in applying biological control methods to narcotic crop control. Some experts believe eradication must precede alternative development in the Andean nations. Others view coca eradication as futile and a threat to the culture and traditions of native Andean populations.  Although key requirements, host country consent and cooperation currently are unlikely the economic, environmental, and sociocultural features of coca-producing countries profoundly influence supply reduction efforts. Developing suitable and effective approaches will require significant cooperative and coordinated effort among all concerned parties.
10. Alternatives for coca production in Bolivia
USAID, 2004‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Finding an effective alternative to coca production has been a goal of almost every Bolivian and American administration since the 1970's and a goal of various international institutions around the world as well. What appears to be a solution is the application of an alternative Development program, which, according to Mansfield (1996-1997), consists of the creation of an "economic and social environment in which households can attain an acceptable standard of living, without the need for drug (coca) crop cultivation."1 It means that throughout the application of this program, peasants who have been growing coca leaves should eradicate those crops and start growing alternative crops such as fruits, vegetables, coffee, etc. It is expected that in Bolivia these alternative crops are profitable enough to compete in international markets, providing Bolivian agricultural producers with a sustainable economic alternative; otherwise peasants will go back to the production of this sacred leaf.‎
11. Alternatives for habitat protection and rural income generation
Douglas DeWitt Southgate, Inter-American Development Bank, Social Programs and Sustainable Development Dept, 1997
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link,  IDB HC 79.E5 E68 1997 n.107,c.1 eng.ed
    Tags: 
Abstract The Eighth General Increase in the Financial Resources of the IDB contains a call to take advantage of "opportunities to aid in the conservation of biological diversity," but also cautions that forest-dwellers must share in the "benefits of sustainable forest management" (IDB Document AB-1704, 18 July 1994, page 34). One way to reconcile habitat protection and local economic well-being is to promote economic activities that are both remunerative and environmentally benign. It has been suggested that nature-based tourism, the extraction of nontimber forest products, environmentally sound timber production, and genetic prospecting might fit these two criteria.
The key question the research in this paper tries to answer is whether those four activities truly represent a viable economic alternative in Latin America's environmentally fragile hinterlands. Several cases in each line of activity are analyzed to determine the level and distribution of the net financial returns they generate. Special attention was devoted to examining the degree to which net returns flow to local populations, as opposed to other economic agents. In general, examination of the rewards local populations can expect to derive from ecotourism and the harvesting of nontimber forest products suggests that allocating time and effort to those activities is unlikely to be very remunerative since unskilled labor is not particularly scarce in rural areas. In addition, little is to be gained by controlling access to natural resources, which for the most part are abundant. Moreover, making the sector-specific human capital and other investments needed for forest dwellers to capture more of the net returns from ecotourism, genetic prospecting, and so forth would probably not benefit them very much. Instead, furnishing them with education and training that is broadly applicable across the entire economy makes more sense.‎
12. Análisis de la situación actual, Corporación Minera de Bolivia, La Paz, oct. 1985
Instituto de Formación y Capacitación, 1985*
    Tags: 
13. An international comparison of real output and labour productivity in manufacturing in Ecuador and the United States, 1980‎ 
Gjalt de Jong; Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, Institute of Economic Research, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract The aim of this study is to estimate and to compare labour productivity in manufacturing of Ecuador with that of the United States.  The manufacturing sector in Ecuador is small in comparison with the manufacturing sector of the United States.  In 1980 the total number of persons employed in the Ecuadorian manufacturing was 187,249 whereas 20,644 million persons were employed in the manufacturing sector of the United States.  However, its role in the economy is important because it has important linkages with the rest of the economy.  Productivity levels are useful indicators of the level of economic and technological development of an economy.  Labour productivity comparisons, for instance between Ecuador and the United States, are usually made in a very direct way.  The GDP of Ecuador, which is denominated in sucres, is converted into US dollars using the exchange rate.  After this the resulting relative output is divided by labour input.  Obviously, a critical factor in this procedure is the exchange rate.  In general, there are three problems when using the exchange rate as a conversion factor.  First, it is subject to major fluctuations.  Secondly, capital movements strongly effect its level.  Thirdly, the exchange rate primarily reflects the purchasing power of currencies in terms of goods and services which enter international trade.  Thus another price relative, i.e. a purchasing power parity, is needed to circumvent the problems of the exchange rate.  This study estimates purchasing power parities for the manufacturing sector, based on a comparison of a sample of manufacturing products.  For Ecuador and the United States this has not been done before.  These PPPs are used as the conversion factors for industrial output and value added.
14. Apertura comercial y sector agrícola campesino: la otra cara de la pobreza del campesino andino
  Mamerto Perez Luna, CEDLA, 2003
    Tags: 
   Abstract Las históricas condiciones de discriminación que han venido enfrentando campesinos e indígenas en el país se han agravado desde la aplicación del modelo de ajuste estructural.  Esta evidencia ampliamente admitida por los gobiernos nacionales y por los organismos multilaterales no obstante discurre sin m ayores efectos y motivaciones el discurso político y en la justificación de multiples planes y estrategias contra la pobreza rural.  No se busca explicaciones, no se reconstruye procesos y menos se infiere aprendizajes que alimenten el debate y la identificación de los cambios que demandan los resultados de las reformas estatales originadas en dicho modelo.
15. Aspectos impositivos del codigo de minería, el régimen de exportaciones y el plan de emergencia minero
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract El sector minero en la economía Boliviana es importante por su aporte al Producto Interno Bruto, al empleo y a la generación de divisas, por este motivo es fundamental la reactivación y modernización del mismo, tanto desde el punto de vista tecnológico como administrativo y legal.  Entre los grandes objetivos de la política económica del gobierno, se encuentra la reactivación del Sector Minero Metalúrgico Estatal, así como la búsqueda de las vías para el fomento del desarrollo de la minería privada. Con este fin se han formulado, en los últimos años, diferentes políticas que permitirán modernizar el sector.
Uno de los retos es la modernización del sistema impositivo del sector. En este marco el presente trabajo en su primera sección, tiene el propósito de profundizar el tema impositivo del sector minero, analizando los impactos que se generan a partir del actual Código de Minería, promulgado y elevado a rango de Ley el 11 de abril de 1991. Asimismo en su segunda parte, y con el objetivo de contar con una visión integral de la temática, se analizan los aspectos relacionados con el tratamiento de la devolución impositiva a las exportaciones de minerales y metales del sector, contenidos en el reglamento (D.S. No.23574 de julio de 1993) de la Ley de Desarrollo y Tratamiento Impositivo de las Exportaciones. Para finalizar en su tercera parte, se presenta un análisis de los tópicos relativos al tratamiento impositivo del Plan de Emergencia Minero de la actual gestión gubernamental.
16. Bolivia : agricultural sector review‎ ‎
   World Bank, 1992. 
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 9882-BO
    Tags: 
Abstract The purpose of this report is to review the recent performance of Bolivia's agricultural sector and to analyze issues critical to its growth. An overview of the evolution of economic policies and the sector's performance during the 1980-90 period is provided. The current state of agriculture in the Highlands and valley areas is also analyzed. Particular attention is given to assessing the current state of technology, land tenure, and irrigation infrastructure to determine their influence in this sector's stagnation and its negligible supply response to the existing stable and sound economic policy environment. Policy recommendations for this sector are focused on creating conditions that will encourage technological change, and promote productive infrastructure development and the development of rural financial markets. The report reviews the scope of cocoa production and provides an assessment of the government's policies to curtail its production. The positive changes that have been taking place in the Lowlands are reviewed, and policy recommendations focusing mainly on the need to implement a new lands policy to support efficient development of the expanding agricultural frontier are discussed. Also analyzed are the forestry sector in the Lowlands, with emphasis on the current regulatory framework; the impact smallholder agriculture has on deforestation; and the prospects of Bolivia's agriculture and the government's role.‎
17. Bolivia ante la exportación de gas natural y energía eléctrica : una evaluación del impacto macroeconómico a través de una matriz de contabilidad social  
   Candia Scholz, Lizzie Susana, Bolivia : Banco Central de Bolivia, 2002*‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
18. Bolivia : eastern lowlands : natural resource management and agricultural production project : staff appraisal report
World Bank, 1990
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 8101-BO, W.B. Bol. P 5158 BO
   Volume 1: Link
   Volume 2: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract The Eastern Lowlands Natural Resource Management and Agricultural Production Project has 6 major objectives : 1) assist in the long term development of the eastern Lowlands through a regional land use plan which will encompass the results of agroecological zoning and mapping, soil and subsector studies; 2) increase over a five year period the production of profitable agricultural commodities; 3) develop technology and credit mechanisms to increase agriculture productivity and raise family incomes of small subsistence farmers; 4) improve existing rural road and storage infrastructure; 5) introduce public land pricing policies and so limit land speculation; and 6) support the Ayoreos indigenous group in their efforts to demarcate tribal lands and improve their living conditions. The project will consist of the following components : a) natural resources planning and management; b) agricultural production and marketing credit; c) research; d) agricultural extension; e) rural road improvement and maintenance; f) development of indigenous peoples and demarcation of their lands; and g) administrative support.
19. Bolivia : estrategias de productividad, empleo y capacitación en el sector industrial
Isabel Araucuo, Oficina recional de la OIT para America Latina y el Caribe, 1997 
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ILO DT No.50
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Al iniciar las actividades del proyecto RLA1901 M 12 "Innovaciones Tecnológicas y Mercado de Trabajo" patrocinado por PREALC-OITIACDI el tema de la tecnología y su relación con el mercado de trabajo era totalmente nuevo en el debate boliviano.  La industria nacional comenzaba a recuperarse, luego de la profunda crisis de los años 80. Tanto a nivel empresarial como sindical, apenas se iniciaban las discusiones sobre la modernización tecnológica, aunque de manera intuitiva y desordenada.
El proyecto aportó, entonces, de forma significativa a la sistematización, a la ampliación conceptual y a poner en el tapete un tema que hoy se reconoce como central no solo para la industria sino para la productividad y la competitividad del conjunto de la economía nacional. Fue interesante, además, tener la posibilidad de comparar el proceso boliviano con los que se viven en otros países del continente, cuyas historias y estructuras económicas difieren, pero encierran importantes experiencias prácticas.
Los resultados que aquí se presentan también tienen interés porque entregan información relevante para los procesos de reestructuración y modernización económica por una parte, y por otra, para la ambiciosa reforma educativa que se ha puesto en marcha en Bolivia. Dicha reforma, inicialmente puso el acento en la educación básica, pero para lograr resultados integrales ahora se propone incorporar a la educación superior y la educación técnica.
Este trabajo se realizó como última actividad del equipo boliviano que participó en el proyecto.  Recoge los resultados y conclusiones de las actividades desarrolladas en ese marco: encuestas, entrevistas a informantes clave, seminarios, talleres y estudios de caso; y los aportes que otros analistas nacionales y extranjeros, empresarios, investigadores y dirigentes sindicales proporcionaron al equipo nacional a lo largo de estos años.
20. Bolivia: poverty, equity, and income: selected policies for expanding earning opportunities for the poor‎ ‎
Vicente Fretes Cibils, World Bank, 1996 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 15272- BO
   Background Papers: Link 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Poverty in Bolivia is widespread and severe, especially in rural areas, where extreme poverty is prevalent. In 1992, about 70 percent of the overall population was estimated to be poor, with about 95 percent of the rural population classified as poor.  Poverty is directly associated with a low level of education and is more common among the indigenous population. In rural areas, the poor are generally agricultural peasants or wage-earners who have limited landholdings and who lack access to credit and basic infrastructure. In urban areas, the poor are concentrated in the informal sector, particularly among domestics and non-remunerated family workers.
While there has been some improvement in social indicators over the last few years, the coverage and quality of key public services-education, health, and water and sanitation-remain inadequate. This is a result of both insufficient public resources and, more importantly, the inefficient allocation of these resources. Moreover, public resources have usually not been directed toward the poor-the rural population, indigenous peoples, and females have suffered the most. Specifically, indigenous females in rural areas have the highest illiteracy rate, the lowest educational attainment, the highest incidence of maternal mortality, and the highest fertility rate.
21. Bolivia : reducing gender based differences in formality and productivity‎ 
World Bank.;Washington, DC : World Bank, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many definitions and measures. It also provides a rationale for promoting formality given the many negative effects of a high rate of informality. These negative effects include a lower growth potential as informal firms tend to be less productive owing to limited access to physical, financial, and human capital, and a smaller scale of operations; negative fiscal impacts as informal firms "free ride" on services provided with fiscal resources; and negative social externalities, including weaker rule of law and public institutions, increased corruption, and weakened ability to enforce contracts. A second goal of this study is to identify gender-based productivity constraints that hinder the growth of female-owned businesses. First, author's analysis of the impact of formality on profitability shows that the gains of formalization for most female-owned businesses increase as the firms grow. Second, author's find that the smaller scale of operation of female-owned firms is one of the main causes of gender-based differences in productivity and profitability. However, most of the differences between male and female-owned firms diminish or disappear as firms grow.‎
22. Bolivia: revision del gasto publico en agricultura
   World Bank, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract La agricultura es uno de los sectores más importantes para reducir la pobreza, mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y contribuir al desarrollo de Bolivia. Es de interés en esta Revisión del Gasto Público en Agricultura el conocer si la importancia atribuida al sector en los Planes de Gobierno ha sido traducida en acciones públicas adecuadas para mejorar el desempeño y los resultados del sector. La Revisión se centra en las asignaciones presupuestarias al sector y proporciona una comprensión más detallada del nivel y la composición del gasto público en agricultura. Dicho gasto se analiza a través de tres dimensiones importantes - eficacia, eficiencia y equidad.
A pesar de la prioridad que se da a la agricultura en los Planes de Gobierno, la productividad del sector sigue entre las más bajas en América Latina y persiste la pobreza en las áreas rurales. El crecimiento modesto de la agricultura (de un 3%) ha sido impulsado por una ampliación importante de la frontera de producción en los llanos orientales, con una alta concentración en unos pocos cultivos y un incremento relacionado con las exportaciones de soya. El impacto del aumento en el rendimiento de la producción ha sido modesto y la brecha en el rendimiento entre Bolivia y sus vecinos es muy grande.
En el contexto de la volatilidad del precio de los alimentos, es cada vez más urgente mejorar la productividad agrícola.  La baja productividad puede ser atribuida a muchos factores, algunos de los cuales están fuera del control del Gobierno (por ejemplo, el cambio climático) mientras que otros son controlables por el sector público (por ejemplo, el gasto público asignado para fines productivos).
Comentario: LA PAZ, agosto 31 de 2011 - El informe Revisión del Gasto Público es el producto de la alianza y el esfuerzo conjunto de la Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas (UDAPE) en el Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo de Bolivia y el Banco Mundial.  La revisión del gasto público en agricultura se realiza a solicitud del Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras de Bolivia. Su elaboración es a travéz de un proceso consultivo con participación de estos ministerios y de los Ministerios de Economía y Finanzas Públicas y de Autonomías. Se utiliza una base de datos generada específicamente para fines del estudio que fue elaborada por un equipo de la Federación de Asociaciones Municipales (FAM) en coordinación con un equipo de especialistas de UDAPE y un equipo del Banco Mundial; esta base de datos está disponible al público. Como parte de la revisión se utiliza una serie de estudios de referencia adicionales que se encuentran disponibles como parte de de este paquete de información. Tanto la base de datos, como estos estudios de referencia pueden ser accedidos en esta página web.
En años recientes, Bolivia ha redefinido muchos de sus procesos institucionales y económicos internos, con la formulación de nuevas responsabilidades y roles entre diferentes niveles de gobierno y con procesos presupuestarios definidos de acuerdo con prioridades decididas desde una perspectiva territorial. En vista de que la agricultura juega un papel importante en las áreas rurales y en las estrategias de desarrollo del gobierno, es importante que el gasto sectorial se evalúe en este entorno complejo y que se hagan recomendaciones para un uso efectivo, eficiente y equitativo. Con este fin, la revisión representa un análisis económico del gasto público en agricultura y actividades relacionadas con la agricultura.
La agricultura es uno de los sectores más importantes para reducir la pobreza, mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y contribuir al desarrollo de Bolivia. Es de interés en esta Revisión del Gasto Público en Agricultura el conocer si la importancia atribuida al sector en los Planes de Gobierno ha sido traducida en acciones públicas adecuadas para mejorar el desempeño y los resultados del sector. La Revisión se centra en las asignaciones presupuestarias al sector y proporciona una comprensión más detallada del nivel y la composición del gasto público en agricultura. Dicho gasto se analiza a través de tres dimensiones importantes - eficacia, eficiencia y equidad:
1. ¿Cuán efectivo es el gasto público en agricultura? Existe un vacío en el conocimiento del impacto del gasto público en agricultura sobre los resultados de desarrollo específicos, como el crecimiento agrícola, la seguridad alimentaria y la reducción de la pobreza. Esto es por la falta de datos adecuados y por el enfoque a resultados programáticos de corto plazo, en vez de objetivos estratégicos a mediano y más largo plazo del sector en su conjunto, entre los diferentes niveles de gobierno. Los esfuerzos de evaluación del impacto son limitados, desarticulados y centrados en programas y/o proyectos específicos, lo cual reduce su eficacia para recomendaciones relativas a políticas. Son escasas las herramientas de monitoreo, siendo común utilizar como instrumento de medición el gasto ejecutado en relación al presupuesto, y no tanto los resultados concretos.
2. ¿Cuán eficiente es el gasto público en agricultura? Históricamente, el gasto público en agricultura ha sido bajo en Bolivia, motivo por el cual es sumamente crítica su composición y asignación a través de los distintos usos y niveles de gobierno para lograr los objetivos. La eficiencia técnica4 y del gasto en agricultura no han sido medidas formalmente en Bolivia. Sin embargo, son indicadores importantes para la planificación y priorización futuras del gasto. El gasto eficiente incluye factores tanto en el lado de la oferta como de la demanda. En el lado de la oferta, a menudo los presupuestos aprobados sobrepasan la capacidad de ejecución del gasto, lo cual da lugar a una baja ejecución de los recursos públicos. En el lado de la demanda, se observa una articulación débil entre los planes comunitarios para los recursos públicos y los procesos productivos locales y por ende puede ser que no se fomenten incrementos en la productividad agrícola y la generación de ingresos a largo plazo.
3. ¿Cuán equitativo es el gasto público en agricultura? A pesar de que las consideraciones relativas a equidad van más allá del alcance del sector agrícola, muchos pobres en Bolivia viven en áreas rurales, participan en la producción agrícola y, por lo tanto, tienen relevancia para el gasto público en el sector. A pesar de ser comunes las evaluaciones de pobreza en Bolivia, no existe un buen entendimiento de su relación con el gasto público en agricultura y las inversiones relacionadas con agricultura. A menudo se usan enfoques de incidencia de los beneficios para evaluar si los recursos públicos en agricultura se gastan de una forma regresiva o progresiva. La distribución espacial de los fondos es otra forma de considerar si más dinero se asigna a donde más se necesita.
23. Bolivia's experiments in development without aid : a case study of one man's attack on production, processing problems, and marketing / 
   Patch, Richard Wilbur, New York : American Universities Field Staff, 1964*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
24. Cadena Productiva del Cuero
Saúl Antonio Soliz Salinas, 2002‎
    Tags: 
Abstract La producción de cueros y sus manufacturas se inicia en la crianza de ganado de distintas especies (bovino, caprino, ovino y camélido), considerando que los cueros crudos son un subproducto del faenado de animales, la cadena del cuero esta comprende cuatro eslabones: el faenado y comercialización de cueros crudos y salados, la curtiembre para la producción de cuero semiterminado (wet blue) y cuero y otros productos terminados (suela, baqueta, nobuc, etc), la manufactura de artículos de cuero: prendas de vestir, calzados y artículos de marroquinería y peletería y, por último, la comercialización de todos los productos finales donde intervienen los propios productores, intermediarios mayoristas y minoristas y servicios de transporte. ‎
25. Cadenas productivas y agricultura campesina. 
Coordinadora la Integración de Organizaciones Económicas Campesinas de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia 2003**
    Tags: 
Abstract Presenta sustentadas críticas a la aplicación del enfoque de cadenas en Bolivia para el caso de la quinua y la soya, desde el punto de vista y evaluación del sector campesino boliviano. Se analiza los sistemas de producción y estrategias campesinas; las cadenas secundarias; la división de trabajo en las cadenas; el enfoque de cadenas de exportación y modelo de desarrollo; y, la participación del sector campesino. El documento se enmarca en la consultoría realizada por el Comité de Enlace de Pequeños Productores de la CIOEC sobre la aplicación del enfoque de cadenas productivas por el Sistema Boliviano de Productividad y Competitividad.
26. Cambios en la evolución de la industria manufacturerea
UDAPE Bolivia, 1996
    Tags: 
Abstract Durante seis décadas (1930-1990) se aplicaron en América Latina Políticas Económicas dirigidas a sustituir las importaciones de bienes industriales por productos nacionales. En nuestro país también se desarrollaron estas políticas que, a partir de 1950, tienen al estado como el principal motor de esta política. Este aspecto repercute notablemente en las características de la manufactura boliviana.
En la industria nacional, son muy importantes los productos de bienes de consumo no duradero, a costa de una menor producción de bienes intermedios y bienes de capital. En cada grupo de actividad, las manufacturas muestran grados variables de heterogeneidad en más de un sentido: en el uso de tecnología, formas de organización y propiedad, distribución geográfica y la estructura de mercado.
En 1979 la industria nacional registra un nivel de producción, el cual recién es superado en 1994. Entre 1978 y 1985 se vive un proceso crítico con una tendencia decreciente de las principales variables del sector, debido a que la industria es muy sensitiva a las fluctuaciones y ciclos económicos. El proceso hiperinflacionario vivido de 1982 a 1985, al distorsionar la estructura del sistema de precios, sumerge al sector en un proceso de estancamiento, cierre de muchas empresas y cambio de actividad en otras.   Con la Nueva Política Económica (NPE), se enmarca a la economía en un nuevo contexto que, desde 1986, está revirtiendo la tendencia del sector. En efecto, en la década del ochenta, la industria manufacturera ha visto transformada su estructura, de ahí que es imperioso tomar conciencia de la importancia del sector en el nuevo camino que sigue la economía.  Precisamente el presente documento analiza los cambios ocurridos en la evolución de la industria manufacturera boliviana en los últimos tres lustros.
27. Características de la cadena agroalimentaria de la papa y su industrialización en Bolivia‎  
   Guidi F., Augusto.Cochabamba, Bolivia : Fundación PROINPA : Proyecto Papa Andina, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract Por la importancia del cultivo de la papa en Bolivia y para mejorar sus bajos rendimientos, en 1989 se creo el Programa de Investigación de la Papa (PROINPA), a través de un convenio entre el Gobierno Boliviano, el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) y la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE). Luego esta institución se convirtió en lo que hoy es la Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA).
La Fundación PROINPA entre sus líneas de acción contempla el Programa de Agroindustria de Productos Andinos. Para lo cual lleva adelante un estudio de caracterización de la cadena agroalimentaria de la papa, principalmente del sector agroindustrial. 
La caracterización de la cadena agroalimentaria de la papa se realizo principalmente en los departamentos de La Paz, Santa Cruz y Cochabamba, para lo cual se acudió a la obtención de información tanto primaria como secundaria. En esta etapa se aprovecho para realizar un estudio rápido de mercado dirigido a detectar nuevas posibilidades de industrialización y comercialización de la papa en Bolivia.
Los actores o eslabones identificados en la cadena de la papa fueron principalmente: los proveedores de semilla e insumos, productores agrícolas, rescatistas, intermediarios, comercializadores mayoristas y minoristas, artesanos que procesan papa, la mediana industria, los importadores de subproductos de papa, distribuidores, consumidores, etc.
Este estudio hace énfasis en los productos de origen nacional como extranjero elaborados a partir de la papa que están presentes en los mercados de Bolivia, su volúmen de producción y tecnología de procesamiento. Su incidencia en la producción global, su consumo en fresco y las posibilidades de desarrollo de empresas que vayan a transformar y dar mayor valor agregado a este tubérculo andino.  Así mismo, este trabajo trata de detectar las posibilidades de desarrollo de un sector agrícola papero más dirigido al mercado, es decir, que obtenga variedades de papa aptas para consumo en fresco, para la industria, o para otros usos más específicos.‎
28. Comanagement of Natural Resources: Local Learning for Poverty Reduction
Stephen R. Tyler, International Development Research Center, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract The developing world's poorest people live in marginal, often harsh rural environments. The natural resource base tends to be fragile and highly vulnerable to over exploitation. Yet these rural people depend directly on access to the food, forage, fuel, fibre, water, medicines, and building materials provided by local ecosystems. What types of natural resource management (NRM) can improve the livelihoods of these poor people while protecting or enhancing the natural resource base they depend on? New approaches to NRM are needed - ones that move beyond the earlier narrow focus on productivity (such as crop yields), to include social, institutional, and policy considerations. 
One such approach - comanagement - is presented in this book. It can be defined as collaborative arrangements in which the community of local resource users, local and senior governments, and other stakeholders share responsibility and authority for managing a specified natural resource or resources. This book draws on more than a decade of research across the developing world and presents case studies from Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Ecuador, Lebanon, and Viet Nam. 
A key message to resource managers, policymakers, researchers, and development practitioners is that proposed solutions to NRM problems will be effective and lasting only if driven by the knowledge, action, and learning of local users. This book presents only a small sample of the research on community based NRM supported by IDRC over the years. For more analysis, discussions, and case material, visit the companion Website, www.idrc.ca/in_focus_comanagement, which is included with this book, on CD. 
29. Competitividad en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract El sustancial crecimiento de los países del Sudeste Asiático en los últimos años generó un intenso debate sobre el rol de las exportaciones y apertura de la economía en el crecimiento de los países en desarrollo. Se asevera, generalmente, que este crecimiento se debió a la estrategia seguida por estos países que estimularon decididamente el desarrollo del sector exportador.
El desempeño de la economía boliviana no fue tan espectacular como el de los países asiáticos. Las exportaciones en Bolivia aún se hallan constituidas por pocos productos, verificándose inclusive la predominancia de algunas materias primas (el estaño y el gas natural inicialmente, y la soya, madera y oro en los últimos años), lo que de alguna manera hace que la economía boliviana sea bastante vulnerable a "shocks" externos y principalmente a "shocks" en los mercados de los "commodities", que por su naturaleza muestran en general, bastante inestabilidad en su comportamiento.
Además, hasta agosto de 1985 las políticas estatales privilegiaron generalmente las actividades del mercado interno, no existiendo una política clara de apoyo hacia el sector exportador. A partir de la implementación de la Nueva Política Económica en 1985, en la que se enfatiza el rol a ser desempeñado por el sector privado y una mayor apertura y liberalización de la economía para alcanzar un crecimiento más acelerado, se espera un comportamiento más dinámico del sector exportador, como una de las fuentes básicas del crecimiento sostenible de la economía boliviana.
Algunas medidas de promoción a las exportaciones están siendo implementadas, como ser la mantención de un tipo de cambio competitivo, la búsqueda de una neutralidad impositiva a través de la devolución de los impuestos internos para productos de exportación y el apoyo institucional a las exportaciones no tradicionales.
Estas medidas son útiles para el desarrollo de un sector exportador más dinámico, pues si se propone una estrategia de desarrollo basada en el sector exportador para Bolivia, debe enfatizarse la necesidad de promover una mayor diversificación en las exportaciones para que la economía del país quede menos expuesta a "shocks" externos y pueda efectivamente competir en los mercados internacionales, de tal forma de alcanzar un crecimiento económico sostenible basado en el sector exportador.
El objetivo de este trabajo es el de proporcionar lineamientos para una estrategia competitiva para Bolivia, a partir de las teorías de comercio internacional, y en especial la desarrollada por Porter (1990). El documento parte de una descripción general de la evolución de estas teorías. A continuación se analiza en profundidad la concepción teórica "Porteriana" sobre los determinantes de la competitividad, la cual es utilizada para formular una agenda aplicable al caso boliviano.‎
30. Consideraciones respecto al indicador déficit fiscal/PIB
UDAPE Bolivia, 1985
    Tags: 
Abstract Los métodos utilizados para la elaboración del Presupuesto General de la Nación es uno de los temas actuales que se manejan en materia económica.  El presente documento de trabajo trata sobre un aspecto puntual dentro de la diversidad de cálculos que se realizan al confeccionar el Presupuesto, siendo este el indicador Déficit Fiscal v/s PIB.  El objetivo es demostrar que las estimaciones de las variables fiscales no deben ser ajenas a las que se hagan con otras variables macroeconómicas como ser el PIB, puesto que ambas incluyen para su calculo una serie de supuestos de política económica Es así que, si posteriormente se constituyen indicadores como el que trata este documento, debe existir un marco de coherencia entre variables, especialmente en lo que se refiere a supuestos de política económica que se asumen detrás de ellas.‎
31. Consideraciones técnicas para la capitalización de Entel
UDAPE Bolivia, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo principal del presente trabajo, es aportar con elementos teóricos que permitan clarificar la polémica existente sobre cual sería la mejor estructura de telecomunicaciones en Bolivia. En este sentido, se discute si la solución para la capitalización de las empresas del sector de telecomunicaciones, tanto de larga distancia como de telefonía local, debería ser efectuada por separado, o por el contrario, deberían realizarse estrategias de integración vertical entre los dos segmentos de la telecomunicación nacional. Es para este efecto, que en una primera parte de este trabajo se analizan las ventajas y desventajas de realizar integración vertical en este sector; a continuación se realizan ejercicios de maximización simple donde se muestran las diversas opciones de integración entre ENTEL y las cooperativas en Bolivia para el sector de telecomunicaciones.
Es importante tener en cuenta que no existe una estructura totalmente definida sobre la futura organización del mercado de las telecomunicaciones en Bolivia, por lo que es posible realizar ejercicios sobre las diferentes opciones existentes.‎
32. Cooperativas mineras en Bolivia: formas de organización, produccion y comercializacion 
Jocelyn Michard,  Centro de Documentacion e Informacion en Bolivia, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract Bolivia suele tener la imagen de un país minero desde que el Cerro Rico alimentaba al mundo con sus ricos yacimientos de plata. Sin embargo, esa imagen ya no corresponde mucho a la realidad, la minería hasta el 2006 sólo aporta un 4,5% al Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) del país, y ocupa apenas al 1,5% de la población, mientras que en los años 70 contribuía con más de 13% al PIB y ocupaba 4% de la población activa.
Aún con este cambio el sector minero continua siendo clave para el país.  Primero, porque a pesar de esas contribuciones bajas al PIB y al empleo, las exportaciones mineras representan más del 25% del total de las exportaciones de Bolivia, lo que contribuye fuertemente a la entrada de divisas. Segundo, porque los mineros son todavía una de las fuerzas sociales más organizadas, unidas y fuertes de Bolivia, como lo expresó en el 2004 el director de Prevención de Conflictos y Régimen Interno, Gregorio Lanza, al declarar que los cooperativistas mineros eran el tercer problema político social del país, después del gas y de la tierra. En tercer lugar, porque este sector puede aún contribuir mucho al desarrollo del país, visto que se estima que sólo se ha explotado el 10% del potencial minero nacional. Una reactivación del sector podría entonces generar muchos empleos, ingresos para el Estado a través de los impuestos a la minería, y, en fin, contribuir a mejorar el nivel de vida de todos los bolivianos.‎
33. Decision support system for evaluating land use in crop - livestock production systems and sustainable water use in the El Angel watershed, Carchi province, Ecuador
Arce, Bianca, Cornell Universiy, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract In Ecuador and throughout the Andean region, the crop-livestock production systems are linked by common problems that have their roots in poverty, land degradation, water scarcity, population pressures, and low productivity. Agriculture is the most important source of income for people living in the in the El Angel watershed in Carchi, Ecuador. Agriculture's heavy dependence on water resources makes water availability a basic concern for the entire community in the region. This dependence creates power struggles and conflicts in the El Angel watershed. Important issues in understanding the relationship between crop-livestock and water use are a) productivity of crop-livestock production systems, b) water rights and conflicts, and c) ineffective government control. The watershed encompasses different agricultural production and social organizational systems which exemplify the interplay between ecological and social aspects of watershed areas. The differences among the upper, middle and lower zones are important in this study of water use management in crop-livestock systems. 
The overall objective of this research is develop a decision support system for evaluating land and sustainable water use in different crop-livestock production systems. This research helps develop policy on water use management and water rights in the El Angel watershed. In addition, the study will: I) identify alternative production options to increase productivity and optimize resources use efficiency taking water supply constraints into consideration, 2) generate alternative scenarios for optimal production (most efficient allocation of the resources), consistent with the goals or objectives of farmers taking land, water, labor and capital constraints into account, and 3) evaluate the decision-making of the farmers and community with respect to the choice of the scenarios. 
34. Delivering on Doha: Farm and Trade and the Poor
Kimberly Ann Elliott, Center for Global Development
Introduction 
Chapter 2 
Chapter 3 
Chapter 4 
Chapter 5 
Chapter 6 
References 
Glossary
    Tags: 
Abstract Agricultural market liberalization is essential in achieving a successful Doha Round agreement because these are the most protected markets remaining in most rich countries. But the implications for developing countries, especially the poorest, are more complex than the current debate suggests. This volume examines the structure of agricultural support in rich countries and explores the challenges as well as opportunities that developing countries might face if the Doha Round succeeds in reforming OECD agriculture policies.
35. Desarrollo de la lechería : memoria. 
La Paz, Bolivia : Asociación Boliviana de Productores de Leche : Proyecto de Donaciones Alimentarias y Seguridad Alimentaria, CIDEM, 1995*
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
36. Desarrollo sostenible, generación de empleo y erradicación de la pobreza en Bolivia : un plan estratégico viable para superar la crisis que agobia al país‎ ‎
Mario R. Cordero Camacho, SAPECHO, 2004
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO HC 185 .E5 C67 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract Así es el título del libro que fue presentado en la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia y propuesto al Gobierno del Presidente Carlos Mesa para generar empleo masivo permanente y con remuneración decorosa para toda la población, sin distinción de género, nivel educativo, ni color político, esto es para toda la población en edad de trabajar, y sostenidamente erradicar la pobreza en Bolivia, así cómo acelerar el proceso de desarrollo sostenible del país.  La referida presentación se efectuó el pasado 9 de septiembre del presente ante innumerable asistencia, representantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil, parlamentarios, cooperación externa e invitados especiales.‎
37. Desempeño económico del sector real  
La Paz : El Instituto, 2006*
    Tags: 
38. Determinantes de las exportaciones en Bolivia
UDAPE Bolivia, 1993
    Tags: 
Abstract La economía boliviana sufrió cambios estructurales con la promulgación de la Nueva Política Económica (NPE) en 1985, principalmente en lo referente a la orientación del modelo de desarrollo. En efecto, la NPE estableció un modelo de crecimiento sustentado en el desarrollo del sector transable que sustituyó al modelo tradicional, caracterizado por el papel preponderante del Estado en la actividad productiva y por una tendencia a desarrollar prioritariamente el mercado interno.
Dada esta orientación de política y conscientes de que en particular la expansión de las exportaciones requiere cambios profundos en la estructura productiva nacional, es necesario determinar los factores que dinamizan al sector exportador. En este sentido, el presente trabajo analiza el comportamiento de este sector durante los últimos años, identificando los elementos que explican los cambios en los niveles y estructura de las exportaciones. Se espera que este análisis pueda coadyuvar a la formulación de políticas de promoción de exportaciones.
El trabajo se estructura de la siguiente manera: el Capítulo 2 enfatiza el rol de las exportaciones en el proceso de crecimiento económico; el Capítulo 3 describe la evolución del sector exportador en Bolivia durante el período 1980-90; el Capítulo 4 presenta los determinantes de las exportaciones, utilizando tanto un enfoque teórico como empírico aplicado al caso boliviano; el Capítulo 5 analiza los problemas microeconómicos de los exportadores en base a una encuesta directa a establecimientos; en el Capítulo 6 se discuten políticas de promoción de exportaciones de diversos países y las posibles aplicaciones para el caso.‎
39. Diagnosing potato productivity in farmer's fields in Bolivia‎ 
   F Terrazas; International Potato Center. Lima, Peru, 1998
    Tags: 
Abstract Few national food crop improvement programs in developing countries could be indicted for having overinvested in diagnostic research.  Some diagnostic methods, such as surveys, are perceived by research administrators and biological scientists as a costly use of increasingly scarce operational funds.  If diagnostic research is undertaken, "quick and clean" participatory approaches are now the method of choice to respond to short-term targets and location-specific objectives.
In the early 1990s, Bolivia's national potato research program (PROINPA) made a significant commitment to diagnostic research to understand productivity levels and constraints to inicrdasing production.  Farmers were interviewed in more than one thousand communities on their potato production practices, and samples were undertaken from fields at harvest to estimate yields.  
Multiple aspects of the integrated production survey data are analyzed in this paper.  The empirical understanding of the determinants of yeld receives considerable attention.  For example, the use of pesticides affected productivity more than any other management practice.  But the results also suggest that non-systemic fungicides are poorly applied.
Other implications pertain to yield estimation, regional sustainability, and methods applicability.  Verbal estimates of productivity based on multiplication ratios (output harvested per unit of tuber seed sown) were substantially less informative than those obtained from sampling yield.  Sustaining potato productivity will be a challenging task in Potosi where steep slopes confer a significant yield bonus.  Focused questionnaires combined with yeld sampling in farmers' fields were valuable in contributing information which was subsequently utilized in near-and longer-term decision making by the national potato improvement program in Bolivia.
40. Diagnosticos Sectoriales: Sector Hidrocarburos, Sector Electrico, Secotor Minero, Sector de Transporte, Sector del Turismo, Sector Telecomunicaciones, Sector Indiustrial Manufacturero, Sector Agropecuario, Sector Forestal, Sector Construccion
UDAPE Bolivia, 2009
    Tags: 
41. Diferencias salariales en el mercado de trabajo urbano en Bolivia
UDAPE, 1999 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La diferencia de ingresos no explicada totalmente por la productividad constituye una característica importante del funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo en América Latina. La evidencia empírica, basada en datos del área urbana de Bolivia, muestra que dicha diferencia es particularmente evidente cuando se observa la población ocupada clasificada según género y etnia.  El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de indagar los factores que explican la magnitud de la diferencia de ingresos descomponiéndola en la parte que es atribuible a productividad (medida a través del capital humano) y a la discriminación (Oaxaca 1973). El modelo de capital humano corresponde al desarrollo elaborado por Mincer (1974) y los conceptos sobre discriminación en el mercado de trabajo a Becker (1971) y Blinder (1973), en cuyos trabajos se define discriminación salarial como aquella parte de la diferencia de ingresos que no puede ser explicada por factores de productividad.
La diferencia de ingresos que se atribuye a la dotación de capital humano captura el efecto "neto" de los distintos niveles de escolaridad y experiencia de la población ocupada antes de ingresar al mercado de trabajo. Las diferenciales en capital humano, principalmente años de educación entre hombres y mujeres o grupos indígenas y no indígenas, se atribuyen a varios factores, entre ellos: desigualdad de oportunidades de acceso a la escuela formal, patrones culturales de inserción educativa sesgadas en contra de las niñas, inserción laboral temprana asociada a condiciones de pobreza, elecciones personales y otros factores.
La diferencia de ingresos atribuida a la discriminación se manifiesta en diferencias de salarios en el mercado de trabajo y se explican por factores de oferta (v.g. sobreoferta de empleo en un sector específico como el de las enfermeras) y de demanda (v.g. trato discriminatorio del empleador).  El presente trabajo contiene la estimación de coeficientes de discriminación en un horizonte de tiempo de 16 años, que abarca desde 1981 hasta 1997, considerando cinco puntos durante este período2: 1981, 1985, 1990, 1994 y 1997.
Los datos de 1981 coinciden con el inicio del período de crisis caracterizada por inestabilidad política y económica, represión sindical y una importante participación del Estado en la generación de empleo urbano. El año 1985 marca el final de la crisis de hiperinflación y el inicio del ajuste estructural. A partir de este año, el mercado de trabajo cambió el marco institucional a través de las medidas de libre contratación, políticas de racionalización del empleo público y el agotamiento del poder de los sindicatos y organizaciones de trabajadores.  Los siguientes tres períodos del análisis (1990, 1994 y 1997) presentan un contexto que destaca la estabilidad política y económica; se realizan cambios y reformas estructurales particularmente en el sector social y se profundiza la liberalización de la economía.
42. Economic Development of Latin America: Historical Background and Contemporary Problems
Cambridge Journals, Celso Furtado, 1977*
Part Two: Entry into the System of International Division of Labour
Part Three: The Traditional Structural Pattern
Part Four: Characteristics of the Industrialisation Process
Part Five: Reorientation of Development in the Recent Period
    Tags: 
43. Ecuador, las necesidades financieras de la producción capitalista, período 1972-1977  
Arnao Ramírez, Juana, Guayaquil: Departamento de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Guayaquil, 1983*
Google Books: Link
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
44. Ecuador : petróleo y crisis económica  
Quito, Ecuador : ILDIS, 1986
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
45. Educación técnica y producción en Bolivia
PIEB, Kathlen Lizarraga, Christian Neidhold, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Bolivia vio la luz de la Independencia en 1825, con un patrón de desarrollo basado en la explotación de recursos naturales, una fuerte dependencia de bienes manufacturados y un manejo concentrado del poder. Doscientos años más tarde se observa un patrón de desarrollo similar: una economía dependiente de las exportaciones tradicionales, a las que se sumó en los últimos años el gas, una economía con falta de articulación entre actores y sectores productivos y una sociedad con muestras de debilidad institucional. 
¿Cómo se explica esa situación? Al parecer, Bolivia ha cambiado en muchas oportunidades el modelo de desarrollo, es decir el cómo (con qué sesgo ideológico) se hacen y manejan las cosas, pero ha descuidado cuestionar qué se hace1. Este segundo punto hace referencia a la forma en cómo se vinculan, funcionan, cooperan o se obstruyen mutuamente los actores y factores de producción, para lograr crecimiento económico y desarrollo.
El patrón de desarrollo adoptado y existente en Bolivia, y probablemente heredado de la época colonial, responde a una economía altamente segmentada entre sectores de bienes transables (los recursos naturales) y bienes no transables (es decir, aquellos producidos por el sector manufacturero y de servicios). A lo largo de los años la demanda por bienes transables se ha movido desde países industrializados hacia las economías emergentes. Por tanto, se puede observar una expansión de los mercados para las exportaciones bolivianas; sin embargo, en la actividad económica boliviana continúa existiendo la segmentación descrita.¿Cómo se explica esa situación? Al parecer, Bolivia ha cambiado en muchas oportunidades el modelo de desarrollo, es decir el cómo (con qué sesgo ideológico) se hacen y manejan las cosas, pero ha descuidado cuestionar qué se hace1. Este segundo punto hace referencia a la forma en cómo se vinculan, funcionan, cooperan o se obstruyen mutuamente los actores y factores de producción, para lograr crecimiento económico y desarrollo.‎
El patrón de desarrollo adoptado y existente en Bolivia, y probablemente heredado de la época colonial, responde a una economía altamente segmentada entre sectores de bienes transables (los recursos naturales) y bienes no transables (es decir, aquellos producidos por el sector manufacturero y de servicios). A lo largo de los años la demanda por bienes transables se ha movido desde países industrializados hacia las economías emergentes. Por tanto, se puede observar una expansión de los mercados para las exportaciones bolivianas; sin embargo, en la actividad económica boliviana continúa existiendo la segmentación descrita.‎


Bolivia vio la luz de la Independencia en 1825, con un patrón de desarrollo basado en la explotación de recursos naturales, una fuerte dependencia de bienes manufacturados y un manejo concentrado del poder. Doscientos años más tarde se observa un patrón de desarrollo similar: una economía dependiente de las exportaciones tradicionales, a las que se sumó en los últimos años el gas, una economía con falta de articulación entre actores y sectores productivos y una sociedad con muestras de debilidad institucional. 
¿Cómo se explica esa situación? Al parecer, Bolivia ha cambiado en muchas oportunidades el modelo de desarrollo, es decir el cómo (con qué sesgo ideológico) se hacen y manejan las cosas, pero ha descuidado cuestionar qué se hace1. Este segundo punto hace referencia a la forma en cómo se vinculan, funcionan, cooperan o se obstruyen mutuamente los actores y factores de producción, para lograr crecimiento económico y desarrollo.
46. Educacion Tecnica en Bolivia: Efectos Sobre los Ingresos‎ ‎
Kathlen Lizarraga, UDAPE, 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El trabajo presenta evidencia, sobre la importancia de la educación técnica en relación con la capacidad de generar ingresos en los individuos. La discusión teórica aclara que desde el punto de vista de la equidad, es necesario que el Estado asuma políticas concretas para el sector de educación técnica. El análisis de situación demuestra, que existe una demanda potencial por este tipo de educación, la cual actualmente está siendo cubierta por la oferta privada, debido a que por parte del Estado no existen competencias claras ni un marco normativo eficiente. Los resultados del modelo muestran que la educación técnica está generando retornos adecuados al tipo y tiempo de formación, y que por tanto, el fomento al desarrollo de este sector, permitiría cerrar la brecha de equidad en la prestación de servicios educativos en Bolivia y orientar la formación de capacidades de acuerdo a los requerimientos de la sociedad y del mercado.‎
47. Effects of Access to information on farmer's market channel choice: The case of potato in Tiraque Sub-watershed, 2009
Nadezda R. Amaya Urquieta
    Tags: 
Abstract In Bolivia, potato production and marketing is important for farmers' livelihoods and anecdotal information shows that cell phones and women are extremely important in the potato marketing chain. Efforts to improve incomes of poor highland potato producers should recognize roles of different actors within the chain and access to market information. This study explores the effects of access to information and gender relations within the potato chain; on farmers' market channel choice in the Tiraque Watershed (Bolivia). The analysis of qualitative information was useful to deepen the understanding of the subject and complement the quantitative analysis. The main source of data comes from a survey of 400 households from the watershed. Rapid Market Appraisal and Case Studies were used to collect qualitative data. The quantitative data were used to estimate two econometric models (Logit and MNL) to evaluate the importance of farmer and market characteristics on market choices. This analysis demonstrates that the determinants affecting market channel choice include market attributes (time to reach the markets and the nearest paved road), production (number of plots owned by farmers) and household-related variables (access to loan, cell phone ownership, location and age of the head of the household). An important unexpected result is that even though the qualitative analysis shows that gender plays an important role in marketing activities; the econometric analysis shows that gender has no effect on farmer's market choices.‎
48. El ATPDEA en Bolivia : políticas, discursos y actores‎ ‎
   Montero, Lourdes. La Paz : REMTE, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract El libro es una cuestionante a la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) entre Estados Unidos y Bolivia y un desafío a hallar un modelo alternativo de crecimiento y desarrollo para nuestro país. Sus autores, los investigadores Lourdes Montero y Pablo Rossell, llegan a esta conclusión tras analizar en profundidad, en 6 capítulos de la obra, las implicanacias de la Ley de Preferencias Arancelarias Andinas (APTA), así como la Ley de Promoción Comercial Andina y de Erradicación de la Droga (ATPDEA) para Bolivia, suspendidas por el país del norte en 2008 y ratificada un año después.
Los efectos de este modelo de comercio para la economía boliviana, la generación de empleo y los factores más internos de estos acuerdos -como las relaciones de poder, los actores económicos que se esconden detrás de esta negociación y el manejo geopolítico de EEUU en su política económica, entre otros-, también salen a la luz a través de datos fríos y certeros, así como un análisis de los resultados sobre el comercio exterior de Bolivia y estudios de casos de cinco empresas exportadoras nacionales beneficiadas con el APTA.
El documento asume que a pesar de la puesta en vigencia de las preferencias arancelarias para Bolivia, las empresas beneficiadas no lograron sostener niveles de competitividad en su acceso al mercado estadounidense, por ejemplo en el rubro textil, en parte por la volatilidad de los mercados y los bajos eslabones en los que se insertan, lo que repercute en el desempeño financiero de nuestras empresas y pone límites a la posibilidad de mejorar las condiciones laborales de sus trabajadores, 20% a 30% de los cuales gozan de beneficios sociales y el resto son desprotegidos.
"Se trata de proveedores de empresas de ventas al por mayor con presencia cuasi oligopólica en los países desarrollados y que disponen de una gran cantidad de proveedores en varias regiones del mundo. Esto determina que todo el poder de negociación esté siempre del lado de los compradores; así, frente a un incumplimiento de los plazos de entrega o variaciones menores en el precio de los productos, un comprador puede cambiar rápidamente de un proveedor a otro", cita el documento.
Por otro lado, los investigadores también se refieren al papel del Estado en el contexto de las reformas neoliberales, como un actor alentador del paradigma del desarrollo, que tiene como principio la reproducción del capital; y a los del país del norte, como actor hegemónico de este paradigma y estos acuerdos, que generan posiciones encontradas entre países que están a favor de su consolidación y los que tienen posturas más radicales, entre ellos Bolivia.‎
49. El impacto social de los biocombustibles en Bolivia
Cecilia Theulé, IBCE-CAINCO, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gendre&Diversity
Abstract Como parte de la contribución a los estudios en torno a la posible asunción de una política nacional integrada para la producción de biocombustibles sostenibles en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, se presenta este trabajo centrado en los alcances del impacto social de la producción de biocarburantes en el país. 
Un estudio de impacto social es por definición polifacético, ya que se refiere a los efectos que la acción planteada tiene sobre la comunidad en general. Se hace imposible estudiar el impacto de una actividad productiva sobre la vida humana y su actuar sin considerar su alimentación, el medio ambiente, la propiedad del suelo, el trabajo, el empleo, la generación de riqueza, las relaciones establecidas, el tema del género, la protección de la infancia, etc. Por ello, y a pesar de que el estudio forma parte de un compendio de estudios interdisciplinarios que incluyen una consultoría específica de impacto ambiental y de análisis de alimentos y suelos, se han incluido capítulos que abordan la temática medio ambiental, de tenencia de los suelos y de acceso a la alimentación, vinculadas a lo social. 
Dentro del trabajo se han tenido en cuenta todas las líneas actuales de diferentes opiniones en torno a los biocombustibles que parten de estudios respaldados por especialistas en las áreas vinculadas. 
Especial importancia -por el esfuerzo internacional que ha implicado- se le ha dado a la Mesa Redonda sobre Biocombustibles Sostenibles (RSB por sus siglas en inglés) cuyo objetivo es asegurar que los biocombustibles cumplan la promesa de mitigación del cambio climático, desarrollo económico, y seguridad en energía, sin causar daños medioambientales y/o sociales, tales como la deforestación y la inseguridad alimentaria.1 
Antes de comenzar el análisis de cada uno de los aspectos vinculados con el tema social, se hace un brevísimo resumen de los puntos que podrían plantearse tanto a favor como en contra de la producción de biocombustibles. 
Beneficios esperables: 
1. Al reducir la demanda de petróleo los biocombustibles podrían volver más seguro el abastecimiento de energía. 
2. Su uso también reduciría los costos de importación a países con déficit de energía y ofrecería mejores balanza comercial y balanza de pagos. Todos estos desarrollos descongelarían la escasez de recursos para otras necesidades apremiantes. 
3. Las emisiones de gases invernadero, monóxido de carbono y particulados podrían reducirse de forma significativa. 
4. Su uso en transporte mejoraría el desempeño de los vehículos: la lubricidad del biodiesel extiende la vida de los motores diesel. 
5. Existen potenciales beneficios para el desarrollo agrícola y rural, incluyendo nuevos trabajos y la generación de ingreso, lo que indudablemente ayuda a alcanzar las Metas de Desarrollo del Milenio. 
6. Además, moverse hacia los biocombustibles crearía nuevas industrias y traería un aumento en la actividad económica. 
50. El índice de conversión mecánica de las estadisticas de importación del Ecuador 
   Procaccia, Carlos, Quito, [Banco Central del Ecuador] 1949*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
51. El ultimo capitulo?  Posibles impactos del ALCA en las comunidades campesinas e indígenas de Bolivia
  Mamerto Perez Luna, CEDLA, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract El estudio contiene un diagnostico de las vulnerabilidades productivas y de derechos colectivos en las que las comunidades indígenas y campesinas ingresarían al ALCA y, sobre esta base, ensaya la identificación de los impactos, incluyendo las posibilidades y riesgos del sector en el comercio con los Estados Unidos, supuesto gran mercado para las exportaciones bolivianas.
52. Empleo, productividad e ingresos : Bolivia (1990-1996)‎ 
   Federico Martínez de Bujo; Alberto Navia Mayer; International Labour Office. Lima, Perú, 1998‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente documento tiene el objetivo de mostrar comparativamente los principales cambios y tendencias del mercado laboral, los ingresos, la productividad laboral y la pobreza en Bolivia entre los años 1990 y 1996 Por cuestiones de restricción de la información disponible, para todo el período se considera la información de las ciudades principales del país (incluyendo la ciudad de El Alto y excluyendo la de Cobija), y para el año 1996 ésta se amplía al área rural y a las poblaciones del resto urbano (localidades mayores a 2 000 habitantes).
Para tal efecto, ha sido organizado en nueve capítulos: el primero dedicado a los antecedentes; el segundo abocado al análisis del contexto económico durante los períodos de estudio; el tercero, dedicado a una descripción de las principales tendencias del mercado de trabajo urbano; el cuarto, presentando un resumen sobre el comportamiento de los ingresos laborales; el quinto dedicado al análisis de la evolución de la productividad laboral; el sexto, describiendo la evolución de la pobreza urbana, los principales patrones de comportamiento de los ingresos familiares, así como un breve análisis sobre la relación empleo y pobreza; el séptimo, mostrando las conclusiones del trabajo; el octavo, que introduce el análisis del empleo rural en Bolivia; y finalmente el noveno, que incorpora el análisis de la situación laboral del área resto urbano del país.
El documento cuenta con cuatro Anexos: el primero, presenta una nota metodológica general sobre la definición de segmentos del mercado laboral, ramas de actividad y tipos de producción; el segundo, muestra la metodología desarrollada para la estimación de la productividad; el tercero, presenta la metodología de estimación de la pobreza; y el cuarto, contiene una serie de más de setenta cuadros estadísticos que pueden ser consultados para ampliar la información de cada una de las secciones de este trabajo.
53. Encuesta nacional agropecuaria‎: Parte 1, Parte 2, Parte 3, Anexo
INE Bolivia, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract Una de las herramientas para la planificación de políticas de desarrollo rural, es la información sobre la estructura del sector agropecuario. Este sector juega un rol muy importante en la economía del país desde el punto de vista de la seguridad alimentaria, como fuente fundamental de alimentos, materia prima para la agroindustria nacional, empleo e ingresos. Adicionalmente, genera divisas a través de las exportaciones y promueve el empleo mediante el uso del transporte de carga de los diferentes productos tanto agrícolas como pecuarios del área rural a los mercados de consumo internos y externos. Sin embargo, el país no dispone de un Sistema de Información Agropecuaria Nacional que permita, entre otras cosas, cuantificar la contribución de este sector a la economía del país.
En Bolivia, las primeras actividades estadísticas del sector agropecuario se iniciaron en la década de los años 40 a la cabeza de la Dirección de Economía Rural, dependiente del entonces Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos y Agropecuarios (MACA). Posteriormente, el INE realizó en el año 1950 el primer Censo Agropecuario, a partir del cual se realizaron algunos estudios puntuales relacionados con los sectores agrícola y ganadero.‎
54. Encuesta nacional de superficie y producción agropecuarias de 1995: resumen ejecutivo
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos (Ecuador), 2009
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera (Encuesta 1996): EC S 494.5 .P75 E538 1996 
    Tags: 
Abstract Objetivo: Proporcionar información a los diferentes usuarios sobre los productos agrícolas y pecuarios más relevantes del sector agropecuario que arroja el INEC a través de la Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua ESPAC, que permitan entre otros aspectos: 
-Formulación de planes de cultivos y diversificación de los productos agrícolas.‎
‎-Preparación y ejecución de políticas de importación y exportación de productos agrícolas.‎
‎-Formulación de normas sobre precios y más incentivos para mejorar la producción agropecuaria. 
-Establecer un sistema de distribución equitativa de la producción en las diferentes zonas del país. ‎
‎-Contribuir al análisis económico sectorial. 
La división política del Ecuador actualmente abarca 24 provincias en que está divido el país. La información que se presenta arroja datos de la Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua ESPAC, que se lo realiza anualmente, la misma que obtiene información en las 23 provincias de acuerdo a las tres regiones, Costa, Sierra y Oriente, excluyéndose la Región Insular y las Zonas no asignadas (Las Golondrinas, Manga del Cura y El Piedrero), objeto de la investigación en donde se realiza la cobertura total.‎
55. Environment and livelihoods in tropical coastal zones: managing agriculture, fishery, aquaculture conflicts
Hoanh, Chu Thai & Tuong, T. P. & Gowing, J. W. & Hardy, B., 2006
   Capitulo Recommendado: 
Capitulo 11: Mangroves, People, and Cockles: Impacts of the Shrimp-farming Industry on Mangrove Communities in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador
    Tags: 
Abstract The Ecological Mangrove Reserve Cayapas-Mataje is located in the delta formed by the estuary of the Cayapas-Santiago-Mataje rivers in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, on the border with Colombia. This area harbours the most pristine mangrove ecosystem of Ecuador and is one of the last sites where traditional mangrove resource exploitation activities have not yet been displaced by other uses. Some 6000 inhabitants rely on the mangrove forest for their livelihood; however, changes brought about by new developments such as African palm culture and commercial shrimp farming are having an impact on the mangrove ecosystem. This research examined how these effects on the mangrove ecosystem are affecting local communities. Research found that fishing and cockle gathering are the most important economic activities, with 85% of the households depending on them. In contrast, the 3000 ha of shrimp farms employ only 0.6% of the locals. Construction of shrimp farms has led to the destruction of cockle-gathering grounds and damage to agricultural land. Local people responded to these changes by creating new management strategies, from the creation of mangrove defence groups to the implementation of a novel stewardship practice called 'custodias'.
56. Estadisticas de la industria manufacturera: Introduccion, Parte 1: Nacional, Parte 2: Departamental, Parte 3: Numero de empresas, Parte 4: Estructura, Parte 5: Valor Bruto de Produccion, Parte 6: Consumo Intermedio, Parte 7: Relacion Tecnica, Parte 8: Valor Agregado (Metodo de la produccion), Parte 9: Valor Agregado (Metodo del ingreso), Parte 10: Excedente Bruto de Explotacion, Parte 11: Remuneraciones, Parte 12: Personal Ocupado, Parte 13: Sueldos y Salarios, Parte 14: Utilizacion de Materias Primas, Parte 15: Servicios Basicos y Suministros (Valor), Parte 16: Cantidad de Energia Electrica Comprada (Volumen), Parte 17: Gastos Selecconados, Parte 18: Impuestos, Parte 19: Ventas, Parte 20: Depreciaciones, Anexos
INE Bolivia, 2007
    Tags: 
57. Estrategia industrial y medio ambiente laboral en Ecuador : 1975-2000‎ 
Harari, Raúl, Quito, Ecuador : IFA, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract A continuación, presentamos un documento que resume algunas informaciones y experiencias en el tema del medio ambiente laboral.  Estas experiencias abarcan los múltiples trabajos realizados por diversas instituciones del Ecuador, incluyendo los trabajos de IFA y del autor, entre 1975 y el 2000.
Realizamos este trabajo Tratando de sistematizar la información de la industria en el Ecuador entre 1975 y el 2000, correlacionándola con el desarrollo que ha tenido el tema del medio ambiente laboral.  A través de este intento, reunimos información proveniente de muchos esfuerzos previos que, en la medida de su dispersión, no ayudan a proponer respuestas coherentes con esa realidad. La
Ausencia de esa conjunción, que este Documento no pretende Resolver en su Totalidad pero si colaborar a llenarla, se constituye en la disponibilidad de un insumo importante para tomar decisiones.
La información obtenida proviene de varias fuentes que han estado a nuestro alcance, ya que debido al desarrollo particular de la cuestión a tratarse, es muy posible que muchas experiencias, trabajos de autores importantes y referencias que deberían constar, no hayan sido incluidas.  Este hecho no califica a dicha producción, sino que, más bien, evidencia nuestras limitaciones de tiempo, recursos y accesibilidad para obtenerlas; y con más razón cuando algunas instituciones como el IESS o los Servicios Médicos de Empresa, por razones de confidencialidad, no dan acceso a datos existentes. En este trabajo no se mencionan los nombres de las empresas estudiadas, debido a que no queremos denunciar ni reclamar con la finalidad de obtener indemnizaciones, sino de identificar causas generales, factores intervinientes u otros elementos que podrían explicar las situaciones indicadas, con el objetivo fundamental de apuntar a una estrategia preventiva, para evitar la repetición de estos hechos y revertir el panorama actual. 
58. Estrategias campesinas en el surandino de Bolivia: Intervenciones y desarrollo rural en el norte de Chuquisaca y Potosi
Cambridge Journals, David Preston, 1998*
   Resumen: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Este grueso volume de 619 paginas mas varios cuadros desplegables es un verdadero vademécum para culaquiera que desee realizar un trabajo serio de promoción en comunidades andinas y es una herramimenta totalmente indispensable para quienes deban hacerlo en el sur andino de Bolivia (Departamentos de Chuquisaca y Potosi).  La gama de situaciones atendidas es extensa pero no exhaustiva; por ejamplo, las situaciones más 'altiplanicas,' con su amplia variación interna tanto como ecológica como socio-economica, no quedan tan representadas.  Pero, al nivel metodológico, el volumen es igualmente oportuno para esas otras regiones.
La base empirica de este trabajo es una investigación colectiva de 27 meses (enero 1995 hasta abril 1997) del equipo holandés-boliviano del Proyecto de Investibacion sobre Estrategias de Desarrollo (PIED-Andino) en colaboración con la Consultora SUR de Sucre, Bolivia.  En ella participaron diez investigadores principales (geógrafos sociales, economistas, antropólogos y agronomios) mas un equipo auxiliar de mas de 40 personas.  En un primer sondeo cubrieron un musestreo de 42 comunidades de las que después se seleccionaron 17 para un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo, ubicadas en los siete nichos ecológicos más representativos de la región.  Se privilegio el sur andino por ser el are previamente seleccionada para una intervención mas intensa de la Cooperación de los Países Bajos de Bolivia.
59. Estrategias productivas integrales : según usos y costumbres de comunidades campesinas, indígenas y originarias 
Alex C Díaz Mamani; David Ramon Peñas; La Paz, Bolivia: Confederación Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (CSUTCB), 2004**‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link Bol. HD 1867 .D55 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract La realización del Diálogo Nacional Bolivia Productiva (DNBP) ha generado la participación de más de 60.000 ciudadanos y ciudadanas del país. Este proceso tuvo un primer escenario: el Pre-Diálogo, que constituyó la etapa preparatoria del DNBP a solicitud de las organizacfiones socioproductivas del Director Nacional, quienes consideraban importante incorporar esta fase para impulsar la participación activa y comprometida de la sociedad civil.‎
60. Estructuras de Mercado en la industria y la agroindustria‎ 
UDAPE Bolivia, 1995
    Tags: 
Abstract El desarrollo del sector industrial en el nuevo contexto de política económica establecido en Bolivia y en gran parte de los países del mundo, exige la implantación de un profundo proceso de transformación que otorgue al sector una nueva estructura productiva. Este proceso ha sido denominado de reconversión industrial y determina la instauración de mecanismos de asignación de recursos en base a criterios de productividad de los factores y ventajas comparativas que detentan las economías.
La reconversión industrial es una acción articulada de la sociedad y del Estado, ante un cambio de política tendiente a modificar la Estrategia de Desarrollo de un país, tal que se constituye en un elemento central del proceso de ajuste estructural de una economía. El hilo conductor de un programa de reconversión industrial se centra en algunas áreas de interés entre las que se destacan la mejora de las características del mercado, introduciendo políticas públicas para crear un ambiente competitivo y la reestructuración de las relaciones con el exterior en búsqueda de incrementar la competitividad internacional. 
Un punto central del proceso de reconversión industrial es crear un ambiente competitivo al interior del país, lo que demanda el análisis del mercado, para que el Estado tenga la información necesaria para la adopción de medidas que generen un funcionamiento adecuado de los mercados. Uno de los principales componentes del análisis de mercado es la determinación de su estructura. Entre las variables más importantes de la estructura están el número de vendedores y su distribución por tamaño (que pueden alterarse mediante acciones antimonopolistas y disolución), la diferenciación de producto (determinada principalmente por la publicidad y la promoción privadas) y las barreras de entrada.
Usualmente no basta impulsar acciones a nivel del sector industrial en su conjunto, sino que se requieren además acciones a nivel subsectorial. Este tipo de acciones demandan la definición de criterios de selección de los subsectores y la provisión de información que facilite la toma de decisiones en materia de políticas subsectoriales. 
En este marco, este trabajo busca proporcionar información a nivel de rama y producto sobre la industria y agroindustria, que posibilite diagnosticar la situación de estos sectores, para viabilizar su reestructuración dentro de una estrategia de apertura y liberalización de la economía. La reestructuración requerida podrá basarse, alternativamente, en la aplicación de sistemas de regulación y/o desregulación, cambios en el marco legal y/o institucional o programas de reforma específicos.
61. Estudios de caso sobre emprendimientos productivos exitosos en Bolivia : empresarios innovadores y el impacto de procesos efectivos de asistencia técnica 
   Góver Barja Berríos; Laura Valdez, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, USAID, 2009**‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Empresarios innovadores y el impacto de procesos efectivos en asistencia técnica. Este trabajo incluye once casos de estudio elaborados sobre pequeñas y medianas empresas y forma parte de un proyecto conjunto entre MpD y BCCN de USAID Bolivia.‎
62. Evaluacion y diseño de una política alternativa para acelerar el desarrollo industrial
UDAPE Bolivia, 1986
    Tags: 
Abstract El Estudio plantea el problema de saber como repartir los esfuerzos entre los diferentes  sectores económicos del país, con la finalidad de reactivar la producción y lograr un rápido crecimiento económico. En el fondo, se pretende responder a la pregunta de saber que es más conveniente para la asignación de capitales, tomando en cuenta las diferentes ramas industriales y los otros sectores de la economía.  La hipótesis en el Estudio radica en que la economía boliviana requiere no solo una  reactivación, sino que ésta, además, se proyecte al futuro en términos de una constante expansión económica; que, mediante la reordenación del aparato productivo se refleja en tasas de crecimiento rápidas y visibles, que podrán ser obtenidas mediante las inversiones en la industria. El mayor grado de industrialización, a su vez, tendría efectos diversos sobre los ingresos y consumos de la población, así como sobre los requerimientos de materias primas agrícolas, mineras, de hidrocarburos y otras. Por eso, deberán tomarse en cuenta las posibilidades de los sectores productores de alimentos y materias primas, quienes tendrían que asegurar una producción mas elevada y adecuada para satisfacer la demanda generada por la industrialización.
La negligencia en relación a la industria, debido a la concentración de los esfuerzos en la elevación de la productividad agrícola, limitaría tanto la oferta de empleos productivos para absorber a los trabajadores agrícolas desplazados, como la oferta de productos anufacturados para cubrir la demanda de los sectores primarios. Por eso, el estudio intenta mostrar también, que la interrelación de los diversos sectores económicos no solo determina que el desarrollo de uno de ellos no debe estar disociado del resto de la economía, sino que además, su nivel de crecimiento debe ser, a la vez, consecuencia y causa del ritmo de desarrollo económico global.
63. Evaluation report : Quinoa Production / Processing (Ecuador)
Thomas, Neil; Macdonald, Barbara, McGill University, 1994
    Tags: 
Abstract In 1990, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in conjunction with the Ecuadorian National Institute for Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIAP) embarked on a 3 year project to study the production, processing and marketing of Andean grains in Ecuadorian Highland communities. This project, entitled Quinoa Production/Processing (90-0160), was a natural progression in IDRC's agricultural research program focused on Andean crops in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru as it linked production and post-production research concerns in an attempt to better understand Andean food systems in their entirety.
The project coupled basic agronomic and product development research at INIAP's experimental station in Quito with applied study of the production, processing and marketing of Andean grains at a community-operated pilot plant in the canton of Guamote, province of Chimborazo (altitude 3,100m above sea level). Although barley, lupins and faba beans were all investigated, an emphasis was placed on the study of the pseudo-cereal quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wilid.) due to its excellent nutritional properties, its resistance to harsh environmental growing conditions and expanding domestic and international markets for this Andean food.
The specific objectives of the project were as follows: a) To characterize the agroecosystems of Guamote, Chimborazo, with the aim of identifying opportunities to increase incomes through the application of technologies generated by INIAP; b) To continue research and generation of production and post-production technologies in quinoa and other Andean crops; c) To develop and operate a pilot enterprise for production, handling, processing and marketing of quinoa and other grains in the native communities of Guamote, applying post-production technologies developed by INIAP; and, d) To disseminate experiences and results to other communities and other agencies in Ecuador and other Andean countries, through training courses, field days and preparation of audiovisual and textual materials.
In order to maximize the community acceptability of research conducted, the Union of Indigenous Communities of Guamote (UCIG) was a full partner in research and training activities and will continue operation of the plant upon completion of the project. The community-based nature of much of the research and development activities undertaken and the emphasis of the role of women in the project summary merits evaluation of the impacts and benefits experienced by these individuals. In addition, worthy of careful evaluation is the success of the project in linking production, processing, marketing and consumption research activities and the sustainability of the resulting transformations of the Andean grains food system in this region. The following report details findings of a trip to the project sites in Quito and Guamote from June 23 to July 7 and addresses these issues.  Project documents were reviewed and a series of qualitative and quantitative interviews were held with project personnel and community participants to determine the level of community participation achieved in the project, to investigate the evolution of the production to consumption chain during the life of the project and to evaluate the appropriateness of methodologies employed within these key project areas.‎
64. Expanding Ecuador's exports; a commodity-by-commodity study with projections to 1973 
   Watkins, Ralph James, New York, Praeger 1967*
    Tags: 
65. Exportaciones no tradicionales: flores cortadas, cebollas y ajos, frutas de carozo, madera para muebles. 
La Paz, Bolivia : Instituto Internacional de Integración Convenio Andrés Bello, 1985*
    Tags: 
66. Factores macroeconómicos de le la producción y la inversión de la industria manufacturera
UDAPE Bolivia, 1996
    Tags: 
Abstract  Desde la implantación de la Nueva Política Económica en 1985, que se caracteriza por incentivar el funcionamiento de las fuerzas del mercado, liberalizar la economía e incrementar su apertura hacia el exterior y aumentar la participación del sector privado en las actividades productivas, el sector industrial manufacturero en Bolivia creció a tasas promedio superiores a 5% al año, constituyéndose en 1995 en el principal sector generador del Producto Interno Bruto, con más del 17%, participación superior al sector agrícola, que hasta ese año era el mayor sector en términos de participación del PIB. Además, es el sector que congrega a la mayor parte de las micro y pequeñas empresas, que pueden constituirse en componente importante para elevar los niveles de ingreso y empleo de la población.
Los factores macroeconómicos de estabilidad de precios y equilibrios externos son determinantes para la evolución de las inversiones privadas y de la actividad económica. Mayores tasas de inflación o desequilibrios elevados en la balanza comercial o de servicios, incrementan el riesgo en la economía e inhiben la inversión y crecimiento económico. En este sentido, la estabilidad macroeconómica conseguida desde 1985, es un importante factor para el desarrollo industrial en Bolivia.
Sin embargo, el desarrollo industrial es aún insuficiente y está destinado a abastecer principalmente el mercado interno. El sector industrial no ha conseguido integrarse a cabalidad con los otros sectores productivos o convertirse en una fuente importante de generación de empleos productivos. Además, existe un bajo grado de diversificación industrial y una elevada concentración regional, principalmente alrededor de las 3 principales ciudades del país La Paz, Santa Cruz y Cochabamba.
Por otro lado, el pequeño mercado interno y la falta de competencia desincentiva el desarrollo de este sector. Adicionalmente, existen "cuellos de botella" en la comercialización, donde se tiene una distribución mayorista concentrada en pocas empresas y una distribución minorista ineficiente, que eleva sustancialmente los costos de producción.
La gestión empresarial es, en general, corto placista, privilegiando la recuperación de capital en el período de tiempo más reducido posible y la mano de obra boliviana presenta escasa calificación.  Por estas razones, el desarrollo del sector industrial en Bolivia debe adecuarse al nuevo entorno económico establecido desde 1985, lo que exige una transformación de las actuales características del sector hacia una nueva estructura productiva. Este proceso se denomina reconversión industrial y se relaciona con la generación de mecanismos que permitan la asignación de recursos, en base a criterios de productividad de los factores de producción y ventajas competitivas del país.
67. From Foraging to Farming in the Andes: New Perspectives on Food Production and Social Organization
Cambridge Journals, Tom D. Dillehay, Vanderbilt University, 2011
   Look Inside: Link
    Tags: 
68. Guía conceptual : ruta metodológica para el desarrollo - RMD: Hacia una estrategia para municipios productivos
Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia (FAM Bolivia), Atlantic Community Economic Development Institute - Canadá (ACEDI Canadá), 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract Ulises, a su retorno a Ítaca, descubre la maravillosa experiencia de 'ampliar su mundo', al recorrer por lugares extraordinarios, conociendo y aprendiendo de la gente, sus culturas, mitos, visiones, productos, tragedias y su sentir; Ulises no tomó el camino más corto o el más lógico -a medida que avanzaba- se dejaba llevar por la curiosidad y su espíritu de búsqueda que le obligaba a quedarse en algún lugar y disfrutar de la singularidad local; un proceso dialéctico que le permitió entender y explicarse integralmente el mapa, sus caminos y los itinerarios que se fueron construyendo en la ruta por el conocimiento local. Este conocimiento, los escenarios y contextos regionales -provinciales - municipales y la diversidad de actores que interactúan en los procesos, estructuras y redes locales, son fundamentales para un efectivo y genuino proceso de Desarrollo Económico Local - Comunitario (DEL-C). La RMD es precisamente eso: un camino para ayudar a recorrer a los pueblos en su desarrollo.
La importancia de no perder nunca de vista la pequeña isla y llegar a Ítaca, como el destino de ese largo y mágico viaje, nos revela, además, el conocimiento y el arte de la metodología, como un procedimiento dialéctico que parte de la práctica, de lo que la gente sabe, vive y siente "...desarrollar un proceso de teorización sobre esa práctica, como ejercicio sistemático, ordenado, progresivo para transformarla, mejorarla, resolverla, es decir, regresar con nuevos elementos... para explicar y entender integral y científicamente"  una realidad concreta y compleja. La Ruta Metodológica para el Desarrollo (RMD), diseñada, ensayada y elaborada en 15 municipios de Bolivia no es otra cosa que la valoración del conocimiento local y del conocimiento sistemático que ayuda a llegar a los pueblos a "Ítaca".
Elegir los caminos, las herramientas o técnicas apropiadas para obtener respuestas, resultados, productos, beneficios y cambios en una realidad concreta, constituye el fundamento esencial de la metodología. Son los conocimientos, competencias y habilidades de las agencias humanas3, las condiciones ambientales, el contexto histórico y la práctica social cotidiana, los que concurren en la inteligibilidad de una situación concreta.  La realidad presenta mapas sociales y procesos complejos que requieren de una aproximación e interpretación sistémica. Si todas las cosas están relacionadas entre si, es entonces fundamental la comprensión de la relación del todo con las partes, los elementos (factores) que ponen en movimiento o intervienen en los sistemas, sociales, políticos, económicos, físico - ambientales etc. La perspectiva sistémica, en el diseño metodológico de la Investigación -Acción - Capacitación (IAC), constituye uno de los enfoques esenciales a la hora de intervenir en procesos de cambio planificado, especialmente en el DEL municipal o regional. Por esto, la RMD desarrollada por el Proyecto Hacia Una Estrategia de Municipios Productivos (HUEMP5) es una contribución al entendimiento sistémico y holístico para el desarrollo de los pueblos.‎
69. Hacia una politica de industrializacion del gas natural en Bolivia
  Christian Inchauste Sandoval, CEDLA, 2010
    Tags: 
   Abstract El Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario (CEDLA) elaboró el año 2009 un estudio denominado "Estado del debate en política energética" que mostró que la política energética nacional carece de una visión integral y de largo plazo, y en cuyo diseño se extraña, como elemento vital en la generación de políticas públicas, un debate nacional participativo y rico en propuestas.  Ante esta evidencia, el CEDLA llegó a la conclusión, en consonancia con otras organizaciones empresariales, sindicales, universitarias, regionales e incluso gubernamentales, de que era necesario crear un espacio permanente, plural y participativo de reflexión, estudio y debate público sobre los temas fundamentales del sector energético. La investigación muestra, entre otros resultados, una síntesis de los antecedentes sociales y politicos que convirtieron a la industrialización de gas natural en uno de los puntos centrales de la agenda política de los últimos años; un análisis de las condiciones de producción de gas natural y de financiamiento para que una cartera de proyectos de industrialización sea viable y; la importancia de la industrialización para equilibrar la relación entre el consumo interno y la exportación de gas natural. 
70. Identificación de vocaciones productivas de El Alto, distritos 5 y 6 
Pablo Rossell, La Paz : CEDLA, 1999**
    Tags: 
71. Imaging the Andes : shifting margins of a marginal world / 
Tom Salman, EB Zommers, Amsterdam : Aksant, 2003*
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Contents:
Part I: Reflections on images of Andean identity 
1. Straying Andean ways: Reflecting on Andean-ness in a globalizing world 
      Annelies Zoomers and Ton Salman 
2. Andean transversality: Identity between fixation and flow 
      Anke van Dam and Ton Salman 
3. Debates about lo andino in twentieth-century Peru 
      Isabel Yépez del Castillo 
4. Cultural difference and the evocation of otherness: Reflections on the (mis)use of the culture concept in Andean studies 
      Pieter de Vries and Monique Nuijten 
5. The 'collapse' of the Pueruvian ayllu 
      Arij Ouweneel 
6. Social scientists as social activists: A short history of the recent evolution of lo andino in Peru and Bolivia 
      Nico van Niekerk 
Part II: Andean diversity: Interventions and responses 
7. Water, community, and identity: The politics of cultural and agricultural production in the Andes 
      Paul H. Gelles and Rutgerd Boelens 
8. Water, gender, and 'Andeanity': Conflict or harmony? Gender dimensions of water rights in diverging regimes of representation 
      Rutgerd Boelens and Margareet Zwarteveen 
9. Indian justice in the Andes: Re-rooting or re-routing? 
      Willem Assies 
10. The Andean melodrama and how it reflects on Bolivian education 
      Marten Brienen 
11. Between higher education and lo andino in the central Peruvian Andes 1960-2000 
      Ninna Nyberg Sørensen and Finn Stepputat 
12. Andean ethnicity today: Four Aymara narratives from Bolivia 
      Xavier Albó 
Part III: The traveling Andes: Andean elements in alien settings 
13. New recipes for living better with Pachamama 
      Susan Paulson 
14. Andean predicaments: Cultural reinvention and identity creation among urban migrants in Peru 
      Karsten Paerregaard 
15. The presence of Aymara traditions in urban youth culture: Tales about the multiculture of El Alto, Bolivia 
      Germán Guaygua, Máximo Quisbert and Angela Riveros 
16. Crisis? Whose Crisis? Conflicting views on the crisis in the artisan economy of Otavalo, Ecuador 
      Jeroen Windmeijer
‎72.  Industria Manufacturera: Los sindicatos frente a la precariedad laboral
  Escóbar de Pabón, Silvia, CEDLA, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Este estudio dirigido a conocer los cambios recientes en las condiciones de trabajo de los obreros de la industria manufacturer en cuatro ciudades del país, se realizó mediante un acuerdo entre el CEDLA y el FOS (Fondo de Cooperación al Desarrollo Solidaridad Socialista). Recoje evidencias cuantitativas de fuentes oficiales de información y estadísticas propias, pero sobre todo recurre a la mirada de los dirigentes de las federaciones departamentales y sindicatos de empresas para conocer ¿cómo se viven cotidianamente las tensiones y conflictos de las relaciones laborales?, ¿qué hacen las organizaciones para enfrentarlos?, ¿quién gana y quién pierde al momento de arribar a sus soluciones?, ¿cuáles son los avances y retrocesos recientes en la organización y acción sindical? y ¿qué papel juegan el Estado, los empesarios y las organizaciones fabriles? 
Contiene: Parte I. La industria manufacturera y los rubros seleccionados; Los procesos de trabajo en la industria manufacturera; La dinámica industrial manufacturera en los 2000; Empleo en la industria manufacturera; Libertad sindical y sindicalización; Condiciones de trabajo y de vida; Parte II. Condiciones laborales en el beneficiado de la castaña; Parte III. La mirada de los dirigentes sindicales; Dirigentes de la confederación y las federaciones departamentales; Dirigentes de sindicatos de base; Conclusiones; Bibliografía; Anexos.
73. Incidencia de las reformas estructurales sobre la agricultura boliviana
Valdivia Crespo, Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, 2000
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract En el último trimestre de 1985, el Gobierno de Bolivia ha ejecutado uno de los más ambiciosos programas de ajuste estructural en América Latina con la finalidad de desarrollar una economía de mercado y estabilizar sus precios. Después de 13 años de aplicación de los programas se han superado los altos niveles de inestabilidad económica y política que caracterizaron el período 1980 a 1985. Es más, el plan de estabilización alcanzó logros significativos como la reducción de la hiperinflación, la liberalización del mercado laboral, cambiario, financiero y de bienes y servicios.
En este sentido, Bolivia ha logrado un progreso impresionante en su programa de estabilización y ajuste estructural desde agosto de 1985. Y los logros han sido resultado de la puesta en práctica de políticas macroeconómicas coherentes, sustentadas esencialmente desde el ámbito fiscal y complementadas con una amplia gama de ambiciosas reformas estructurales donde el primer ciclo de reformas (1985 a 1993) ha incidido significativamente sobre el aparato productivo y modernización del Estado.
A objeto de reducir la participación del Estado en la economía, mejorar las finanzas públicas, apoyar la iniciativa privada y elevar la productividad y competitividad, las reformas emprendidas en el primer período enfatizaron la liberalización de los precios, incluyendo las tasas de interés; la unificación del tipo de cambio y la liberalización de los flujos de capital; la simplificación del régimen tributario, además de mejorar su administración; la reforma del sector financiero y, por último, la liberalización del comercio exterior mediante nuevos procedimientos e incentivos.
Con el éxito alcanzado, se iniciaron también reformas estructurales orientadas a modificar el rol del Estado en la economía. Por ejemplo, se privatizó las empresas públicas menores en el período 1989 a 1993 modificando el flujo de recursos por concepto de inversión privada extranjera en la economía.
A partir de este proceso de privatización, el Estado boliviano comenzó a prestar mayor atención a los sectores sociales y a la dotación de infraestructura física con el objeto de promover una distribución más equitativa de la riqueza y crear las condiciones para mayores tasas de crecimiento de la economía. En este contexto se fortalecieron los Fondos de Inversión Social, Campesino y Desarrollo Regional como entidades ejecutoras de las inversiones. Asimismo, se destinó aproximadamente el 30% de las recursos públicos a la construcción de caminos y corredores de exportación.
Posteriormente, se propusieron innovadoras medidas para ampliar la participación de la ciudadanía en el proceso de desarrollo, combatir la pobreza y mejorar sus niveles de ingreso. Es así como en 1993 empieza la segunda generación de reformas estructurales. 
74. Increasing formality and productivity of Bolivian firms‎ 
The World Bank.;Washington, D.C. : World Bank, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America, by many definitions and measures. Bolivia's high informality rate has been blamed on many factors including the burden of regulation, the weakness of public institutions, and the lack of perceived benefits to being formal. The high level of informality has a number of negative implications related to for low productivity, low growth, and low quality of jobs. This study presents fresh qualitative and quantitative analyses to better understand the reasons why firms are informal and the impact of formalization on their profitability, in order to inform policy actions appropriate to the reality of Bolivia. The crucial finding of the analysis is that the impact of tax registration on profitability depends on firm size and the ability to issue tax receipts. The smallest and the largest firms in the sample have lower profits as a result of tax registration because their cost of formalizing exceeds benefits. Firms in the middle range (two to five employees) benefit from tax registration in large part due to increasing the customer base by issuing tax receipts. The study presents a set of prioritized policy implications for policy makers. In the short term, the first priority should be to increase the benefits of formalization through training, access to credit and markets, and business support. The second priority is to increase information on how to formalize and its benefits. In the medium term, the priority is to simplify formalization, regulatory, and taxation procedures and to reduce their costs. Increasing even-handed enforcement of taxation and regulation is also important but not a priority for micro and small firms. Measures to boost the productivity of micro and small firms in general will help overall economic growth, employment, and formalization.‎
75. Institutions and Development: what a difference geography and time make
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Institutional Economics, Kenneth P. Jameson, 2011*
    Tags: 
Abstract Ha-Joon Chang, in his article 'Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy, and History', provides a description and critique of the mainstream view of institutions and development. It applies well to Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the effort to introduce these Anglo-American institutional structures (Global Standard Institutions; GSIs) in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in uneven and unstable economic performance, not development. As a result, the relationship among institutions, development and economic policy in Latin America today has generally moved far beyond this 'mainstream'. The institutions to insure macro stability have generally been preserved, and some countries do follow GSI prescriptions. However in most countries, especially in South America, the effort to find the right mix of institutions for development has moved far beyond this mainstream. The result has been innovative initiatives to address more fundamental development issues such as inequality, property rights and international economic institutions. This process is likely to continue, facilitated by the currently robust democratic political systems that grew out of the earlier turmoil.‎
76. Integration of small productive units in Bolivia : pilot study of the garment sector in El Alto  
   Suaznábar, Claudia, Cambridge, Mass, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2003*
    Tags: 
77. Intersectoral dynamics and economic growth in Ecuador‎ ‎
Norbert M Fiess; Dorte Verner; World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office. Economic Policy Sector Unit. Washington, D.C., 2001
    Tags: ‎
Abstract The authors analyze sectoral growth in Ecuador, using multivariate co-integration analysis. They find significant long-run relationships between the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. Moreover, they are able to derive dynamic sector models that combine the short-run links between the three sectors with long-run dynamics. When disaggregate the three sectors into their intra-sectoral components, they discover many interesting relationships that contribute to a better understanding of inter- and intra-sectoral dynamics in the context of Ecuadorian economic growth. Their findings suggest that more attention should be paid to inter-dependencies in sectoral growth, since an improved understanding of inter-sectoral dynamics may facilitate the implementation of policy aimed at increasing economic growth in Ecuador. There appears to be no direct link between the oil sector, and the non-oil industrial sectors. But strong evidence supports co-integration between the oil industry, and financial services, as well as between the oil industry, and public services. This means, among other things, that the oil industry is likely to affect other sectors through the financial sector, the public sector, or both.‎
78. Inversión y productividad en el sector agrícola-agroindustrial boliviano : caso de la agricultura comercial período 1985-1998
Diego Montenegro Ernst, Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 1999
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.43
    Tags: 
Abstract Desde 1985 a la fecha, el Estado boliviano centró su accionar en la estabilización económica descuidando la aplicación de medidas orientadas hacia la reactivación del aparato productivo y su inserción a una economía mundial cada vez más abierta y globalizada. Las políticas económicas de diseño global, en lo que respecta al sector agroindustrial, resultaron ser insuficientes para su modernización, producto no solo de limitaciones en la inversión productiva sino también de profundas restricciones estructurales y una marcada debilidad en la capacidad de gestión sectorial.
Si bien las reformas estructurales aplicadas en esta última década dieron pasos trascendentales para el proceso de modernización del estado, sentando las bases para un modelo de desarrollo económico para el futuro, el sector agrícola experimenta serios problemas para acomodarse al nuevo entorno, poniendo en evidencia marcadas fragilidades en los sistemas internos y externos de comercialización, en las estructuras de producción y de financiamiento; y en la gestión institucional sectorial.
El presente estudio establece los impactos de las reformas estructurales y de los factores macroeconómicos sobre las inversiones, productividad y modernización del sector agroindustrial asentado en el oriente boliviano, identificando las determinantes en las decisiones de inversión, sus estructuras, costos y rentabilidad; en torno a su competitividad externa. En el mismo destacan de manera clara los sectores económicos que exhibieron desempeños por encimo de la tasa de crecimiento promedio de la economía. Dentro de esos rubros, resaltan los segmentos manufactureros, el de alimentos y bebidas; y el grupo de productos agrícolas industriales. La agricultura comercial, identificada por la Nueva Política Económica como el soporte del modelo agroexportador de la agropecuaria y agroindustria nacional, fue favorecida por algunas acciones estatales aisladas y programas internacionales de apoyo a la consolidación de la política neoliberal, a través de la habilitación de líneas de créditos internacionales para promoción de exportaciones y la creación de mecanismos de reintegros arancelarios e impositivos; acceso arancelario preferencial a mercados andinos, reprogramación de líneas de crédito refinanciadas a sectores afectados por desastres naturales, y de convenios gubernamentales con organismos internacionales especializados en el estudio y puesta en ejecución de programas de apoyo al sector.‎
79. Inversion y productividad en la industria boliviana de la electricidad
Grover Baraja Daza, CEPAL, 1999
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.15
    Tags: 
Abstract Este documento proporciona un informe analítico del impacto de las reformas estructurales de segunda generación en la industria boliviana de electricidad. En particular se evalúa su impacto inicial sobre la evolución de la inversión sectorial y sus determinantes. Desde 1985, Bolivia dio inicio a un proceso de liberalización de su economía mediante las llamadas reformas de primera generación. Las reformas de segunda generación, que afectaron al sector eléctrico en forma directa, se iniciaron en 1994-1995.
Con la Ley de Capitalización, la Ley del Sistema de Regulación Sectorial y en particular la Ley de Electricidad, el sector eléctrico experimentó transformaciones estructurales de mucha importancia. La Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, perteneciente al Estado, se retiró de la administración y responsabilidad del desarrollo del Sistema Interconectado Nacional. La separación vertical y horizontal de sus actividades permitió la entrada y coexistencia de varias empresas privadas en generación, una empresa privada en transmisión y varias empresas privadas y cooperativas en distribución. Esta nueva estructura permitió el desarrollo de un mercado mayorista de electricidad administrado por el Comité Nacional de Despacho de Cargas y un mercado minorista sujeto a regulación. La Superintendencia de Electricidad fue creada para administrar la Ley de Electricidad y asegurar la eficiente operación del sistema.
Entre los principales resultados, se observa que la inversión en 1997 fue de US$ 115 millones, con una tasa de crecimiento de 117% y lográndose por primera vez en la historia de la industria un monto mayor a los US$ 100 millones en un solo año. Asimismo, la inversión programada para 1998 indica que ésta habría alcanzado US$ 132 millones. La inversión en años posteriores estará influenciada por la evolución del mercado doméstico, la rentabilidad lograda en condiciones de competencia y/o regulación y las posibilidades de exportación al Brasil. 
80. Inversion y productividad en la industria boliviana de telecomunicaciones
Grover Baraja Daza, CEPAL, 1999
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.16
    Tags: 
Abstract Este documento proporciona un informe analítico del impacto de las reformas estructurales de segunda generación en la industria boliviana de electricidad. En particular se evalúa su impacto inicial sobre la evolución de la inversión sectorial y sus determinantes. Desde 1985, Bolivia dio inicio a un proceso de liberalización de su economía mediante las llamadas reformas de primera generación. Las reformas de segunda generación, que afectaron al sector eléctrico en forma directa, se iniciaron en 1994-1995.
Con la Ley de Capitalización, la Ley del Sistema de Regulación Sectorial y en particular la Ley de Electricidad, el sector eléctrico experimentó transformaciones estructurales de mucha importancia. La Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, perteneciente al Estado, se retiró de la administración y responsabilidad del desarrollo del Sistema Interconectado Nacional. La separación vertical y horizontal de sus actividades permitió la entrada y coexistencia de varias empresas privadas en generación, una empresa privada en transmisión y varias empresas privadas y cooperativas en distribución. Esta nueva estructura permitió el desarrollo de un mercado mayorista de electricidad administrado por el Comité Nacional de Despacho de Cargas y un mercado minorista sujeto a regulación. La Superintendencia de Electricidad fue creada para administrar la Ley de Electricidad y asegurar la eficiente operación del sistema.
Entre los principales resultados, se observa que la inversión en 1997 fue de US$ 115 millones, con una tasa de crecimiento de 117% y lográndose por primera vez en la historia de la industria un monto mayor a los US$ 100 millones en un solo año. Asimismo, la inversión programada para 1998 indica que ésta habría alcanzado US$ 132 millones. La inversión en años posteriores estará influenciada por la evolución del mercado doméstico, la rentabilidad lograda en condiciones de competencia y/o regulación y las posibilidades de exportación al Brasil.‎
81. La agricultura en el Ecuador : un campo para explorar / 
   Quito, Ecuador,  Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería del Ecuador, 2002-2004*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
82. La fábrica de luz : historia de la Compañía Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica S.A. - Bolivian Power Company Ltd. / 
   La Paz, Bolivia : Compañía Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica, 2007*
    Tags: 
83. La era de la productividad: como transformar las economías desde sus cimientos
   Carmen Pagés, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2010 ‎
   Version en ingles: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En los últimos 15 años, los países de América Latina y el Caribe han registrado avances en los indicadores económicos y sociales. Entre 1994 y 2008 la región creció a una tasa media del 3,3% anual, la población tuvo un incremento anual del 1,4% y el ingreso per cápita aumentó un 1,9%. Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva de largo plazo, el crecimiento de la región ha quedado a la zaga del de otras economías emergentes. Contrariamente a lo que mucha gente cree, el exiguo nivel de inversión no es necesariamente responsable de este rendimiento deficiente. La productividad baja y lenta, más que los impedimentos a la acumulación de factores, aporta una mejor explicación para el bajo ingreso de América Latina en comparación con las economías desarrolladas, y su estancamiento en relación con otros países en desarrollo que están adquiriendo prominencia.
Según las estimaciones obtenidas en la investigación, la productividad de América Latina asciende a cerca de la mitad de su potencial y no se está poniendo a la par de la frontera de productividad. Al cerrar la brecha de productividad con la frontera se reduciría la mayor parte de la brecha de ingreso per cápita con los países desarrollados. Desde un contexto comparativo mundial, el crecimiento más lento de América Latina se debe al crecimiento más lento de la productividad. En una región que necesita crecer imperiosamente, una prioridad fundamental para el desarrollo es diagnosticar las causas de su débil productividad y atacarlas de raíz.  
Por ello, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo dedicó la edición de este año de su publicación emblemática Desarrollo en las Américas a estudiar el lastre que representa la baja productividad para la región. El panorama que emerge es el de una región donde existen unas pocas empresas muy productivas y muchas de productividad extremadamente baja; uno de los retos para la región es elevar la proporción de empresas de productividad media. Con solo aumentar el número de empresas de este tipo -sin modificar realmente la productividad de cada empresa de la región- podría duplicarse la productividad agregada, y este impulso sería suficiente para cerrar la brecha con la frontera de productividad. Esta es solo una de las conclusiones a las que se llega en este volumen, que nos invita a repensar las políticas que imperan actualmente en la región.
Por otra parte, en este libro se señala al sector de los servicios -en particular al amplio subsector del comercio minorista- como el principal culpable de los problemas de productividad de la región. En realidad, la productividad agropecuaria ha crecido a una tasa favorable, pero el porcentaje de la fuerza laboral que sigue trabajando en el campo es relativamente pequeño. Y en tanto decayó la productividad en el sector industrial, también disminuyó el número de trabajadores empleados en ese sector. Esto deja a los servicios, el sector más improductivo, donde se desempeña la mayor proporción de la población activa, con consecuencias devastadoras para la productividad agregada. De esto se deduce que una estrategia de crecimiento centrada en impulsar las exportaciones puede resultar incompleta en el mejor de los casos, y desacertada en el peor; un mejor enfoque con rendimientos más altos podría ser promover los sectores de servicios grandes no transables.
Las causas de la baja productividad que asuelan a la región son múltiples y variadas. Los altos índices de informalidad protegen a las empresas pequeñas e ineficientes de la competencia de compañías mejores y más productivas. Algunas políticas sociales concebidas con las mejores intenciones terminan produciendo resultados no intencionales en la productividad porque, en realidad, desplazan cada vez más trabajadores hacia actividades de baja productividad. Los altos costos del transporte, la falta de crédito, la volatilidad macroeconómica, los regímenes tributarios discriminatorios, la falta de innovación y las políticas de desarrollo productivo insuficientes o pobremente diseñadas son todos factores que han tenido que ver con el retraso del crecimiento de la productividad en la región.
Es relativamente fácil identificar las trabas al crecimiento de la productividad.  Mucho más difícil es diseñar y poner en práctica un conjunto coherente de políticas para desencadenar el potencial productivo de un país. En este libro se da un importante paso en esa dirección, y se ofrecen sugerencias basadas en un diagnóstico concluyente, y a veces revelador, que se atreve a romper con lo convencional.
Es con gran placer que presento este libro a los encargados de formular políticas, a los empresarios, a los trabajadores y a todos aquellos que desean fervientemente que América Latina y el Caribe realice su potencial de crecimiento. Es mi sincera esperanza que todos juntos, equipados con la información y las ideas contenidas en este volumen, insertemos a nuestra región en la era de la productividad.  
-Luis Alberto Moreno - Presidente del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo‎
84. La gestioń local, su administración, desafíos y opciones para el fortalecimiento productivo municipal en Caranavi, Departamento de la Paz, Bolivia‎ 
   Jorge Salinas, Naciones Unidas, División de Medio Ambiente y Asentamientos Humanos, 2001
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, ECLAC SMAD No.40
    Tags: 
Abstract El desarrollo del municipio de Caranavi está íntimamente ligado al de su gobierno municipal y a la inserción de éste en una propuesta de desarrollo de la región. En la creación de condiciones, materiales y subjetivas, para el cambio en el territorio municipal, se presenta el principal desafío que debe asumir una institución que ha guiado su comportamiento alrededor de la tarea de administrar servicios para las áreas donde se concentra la mayor presión.
Hoy el gobierno municipal se halla atrapado en prácticas y herencias que no sólo comprometen su eficiencia sino también su gobernabilidad. Más allá de examinar separadamente los estilos de gestión o el tipo de prácticas, cabe detenerse en mirar el modelo de gestión institucional en el que descansan estos comportamientos. La práctica en la administración pública ha estado, y en muchos aún se conserva, dominada por el protagonismo de la forma, la jerarquía, la norma, el procedimiento establecido, en resumen por un modelo burocrático de administración y gestión que alimenta la ineficiencia o explica gran parte de los resultados de gestiones municipales anteriores.
Los desafíos entonces pasan por replantearse el modelo dominante de gestión municipal, mirando que más allá de un cuadro de demandas insatisfechas hay una pesada carga que compromete el déficit de gobernabilidad. Esto que no es propio de Caranavi, no siempre puede ser explicado por la falta de recursos, sino también por la poca capacidad de los gobiernos municipales de asumir sus roles para impulsar procesos de desarrollo basados en sus capitales y capacidades instalados en su territorio. Esto normalmente aparece asociado a la falta o lo incompleto de los proyectos de desarrollo municipal, que atenta no sólo en favor del ordenamiento territorial sino en el aprovechamiento de los espacios que generan los procesos de descentralización y la propuesta de la participación popular. Detrás de todo esto se pone en juego el cambio en las relaciones de poder de las estructuras sociales y políticas en el ámbito local que puede ser un escenario valioso para convocar el interés de un Estado que hizo caso omiso del mundo rural, municipal y el local.
85. La industria en su laberinto: reestructuracion productiva y competitividad en Bolivia
Escóbar de Pabón, Silvia; Montero, Lourdes, CEDLA, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract Contiene: 1. El contexto interno e internacional; 2. Desempeño global de la industria manufacturera; 3. Desempeño de las empresas industriales grandes y medianas; 4. ¿Qué se entiende por reestructuración productiva?. Aportes conceptuales y antecedentes empíricos; 5. Empresas líderes en la producción para la exportación; 6. Empresas líderes en la producción para el Mercado interno; 7. Empresas vulnerables y erráticas frente a los mercados; 8. Empresas medianas que disputan el mercado interno; 9. Empresas pequeñas centradas en la diferencia y variedad; 10. Empresas que aprovechan nichos y redes; 11. Consideraciones finales; Anexos; Bibliografía. 
86. La pequeña minería en el Ecuador
Fabian Sandoval, Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract En general, se han identificado tres momentos históricos en el desarrollo de la pequeña minería metálica en el Ecuador:
1. El surgimiento de la pequeña minería tiene lugar a finales de los años 70, a raíz de la quiebra de la Compañía Industrial Minera Asociada -CIMA- (una empresa de capital mixto privado y público) que explotaba oro al sur del Ecuador, en la zona de Portovelo-Zaruma, luego de la salida de la empresa South American Development Company -SADCO- hacia mediados del siglo XX. Los crecientes precios del oro y la desarticulación de la administración minera del Estado originaron el surgimiento de actividades mineras de pequeña escala, muchas veces de carácter informal y precario, desarrolladas principalmente por antiguos trabajadores de dicha compañía. La ocupación ilegal de la concesión abandonada de CIMA fue la respuesta a la desocupación y la crisis de los trabajadores mineros, y estuvo muchas veces alentada por especuladores de metales que financiaron equipos e insumos. Este proceso de explotación, que significó retroceso tecnológico en relación a las labores empresariales de CIMA, estuvo acompañado por el surgimiento de nuevas instalaciones que proporcionaban servicios como molinos y plantas de beneficio, por el deterioro de las antiguas instalaciones de la compañía CIMA, y por la generación de conflictos entre mineros y el Estado, surgidos porque este último fue incapaz de manejar adecuadamente la regulación de concesiones en el distrito minero, y que ha dado lugar a su decadencia.
2. En los primeros años de los 80 emergen dos nuevos distritos mineros: Nambija en la región amazónica y Ponce Enríquez en los flancos suroccidentales de los Andes. Los dos impulsados tanto por el incremento de los precios internacionales del oro como por la crisis del agro de la costa ecuatoriana generada por el fenónemo de El Niño. Su organización giró alrededor de cooperativas que agrupaban a sociedades de mineros informales, con escaso trabajo técnico-científico agregado en sus labores de producción.  Sin embargo, el papel de las cooperativas ha sido muy importante en el tránsito hacia la legalización de las concesiones, lo que ha permitido a la pequeña minería un mayor margen de maniobra en sus negociaciones con el Estado y las compañías mineras.  En el caso de Ponce Enríquez, a partir de los trabajos de exploración de empresas mineras, desarrollados en los años 70, pequeños mineros fueron descubriendo vetas de oro y abriendo galerías de dimensiones limitadas que determinaron el surgimiento descontrolado de varios asentamientos mineros que reportaron valores de oro de hasta 150 gramos por tonelada en sectores poco profundos. La formación de cooperativas mineras estuvo acompañada por la incorporación a la actividad minera de pequeños capitales originados en el comercio y la agricultura, y el propio desarrollo de la actividad minera.
En lo relacionado con Nambija, el descubrimiento artesanal de vetas y bolsonadas de oro a poca profundidad, a principios de los 80, atrajo a una multitud de pequeños mineros que convirtieron al sector en la una suerte de frontera del "gold rush". Sin embargo, la caída del precio del oro y los vaivenes de la ley del mineral, el precario desarrollo técnico (se recupera menos del 40% del mineral), sumados a la falta de inversiones y de tecnologías de explotación a profundidad, determinaron una drástica caída de la producción. La organización de los pequeños mineros aquí fue muy diferente a la de Ponce Enríquez: estuvo condicionada por la espontaneidad y explosividad con que se dieron los asentamientos, es decir, estuvieron sujetas a normas de hecho autoimpuestas. 
3. El fortalecimiento de la pequeña minería tiene lugar en la década de los 90 a través de la consolidación de sus procesos productivos, nuevas formas de organización de tipo empresarial y su enmarcamiento legal.  En esa década, la pequeña minería empieza a incorporar criterios de planificación técnica, a la vez que se agregan equipos y maquinaria modernos tanto para las perforaciones y voladuras, como para la trituración y molienda, transporte y recuperación. Estas inversiones complementarias fueron hechas por los propios pequeños mineros, y tienen su origen en la planificación realizada por profesionales que fueron incorporados a las labores mineras, así como en los procesos de capacitación promovidos por la cooperación internacional y nacional. Conviene enfatizar que en el Ecuador no existen mecanismos de financiamiento público ni privado para la minería de pequeña escala. Quizás lo más sobresaliente en este avance tecnológico es la recuperación del mineral a través de procesos de cianuración que dejaron en un segundo plano a las tradicionales tareas de amalgamación con mercurio. Este hecho, por si solo, ha constituido un salto cualitativo que se ha reflejado en mayores beneficios para el sector, tanto por la mayor rata de recuperación del mineral como por una sensible disminución de la contaminación ambiental. Por ejemplo, en los años 90, en Ponce Enríquez surgen explotaciones más profundas y se empieza a incorporar el trabajo de ingenieros geólogos y de minas. Al mismo tiempo, se aprecia una diversificación de capitales hacia labores de beneficio que utilizan métodos de cianuración, y una tendencia -por parte de algunos individuos- a reinvertir en actividades no necesariamente ligadas a la minería como son la agricultura, cultivo de camarones y turismo.
Si bien las cooperativas mineras mantuvieron su importancia en los años 80, en la década de los 90 sirvieron de base de una nueva forma de organización: las asociaciones mineras, es decir formas organizativas que partiendo de las características básicas de las sociedades y cooperativas mineras -basadas en relaciones de confianza mutua por parentesco, amistad, procedencia o experiencia previa- empiezan a incorporar inversiones de capital y tecnología.
En cuanto a su enmarcamiento legal, se evidencia una progresiva tendencia a que el legislador tome en cuenta las realidades de la pequeña minería, y se promuevan textos legales regulatorios que han facilitado un importante proceso de integración legal de la pequeña minería.  La explotación de oro a pequeña escala se concentra principalmente en los distritos mineros de Portovelo-Zaruma, Ponce Enríquez y Nambija en yacimientos primarios con labores subterráneas.
87. La problemática fiscal en el Ecuador
   Juan Luis Bour & Daniel Artana & Fernando Navajas, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract El propósito de este trabajo es analizar la situación fiscal de Ecuador y las perspectivas. Durante los años 2000 y 2001 el resultado del Sector Público No Financiero (SPNF) se convirtió en superavitario promediando 1.2% del PIB que se compara favorablemente con un déficit de casi 2% del PIB para la década 1992-2001. Este resultado se obtiene por la mejora en los precios del petróleo que incrementan los ingresos del gobierno a 9.1% del PIB (1.3% más que lo observado en la década 92-01) y por el aumento en los ingresos no petroleros en más de 3 puntos del PIB en buena medida explicado por una mayor recaudación del IVA. Esto permitió duplicar el superávit primario en un contexto en el cual el gasto primario se contuvo en alrededor de 21% del PIB.
88. Las reformas estructurales bolivianas y su impacto sobre inversiones
Grover Baraja Daza, CEPAL, 1999
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.42
    Tags: 
Abstract El objeto del presente documento fue de presentar un informe descriptivo de las reformas estructurales llevadas a cabo en Bolivia desde 1985, acompañadas de algunas observaciones iniciales sobre su impacto en la evolución de las inversiones. En una primera parte, el informe resalta la evolución de la formación bruta de capital fijo (FBCF) en el marco de una periodización de los eventos económicos y reformas estructurales ocurridas durante el período 1980-97. Esta se complementa con la evolución de la FBCF pública y privada, resaltando la dirección de dicha inversión por actividades y sectores. En el caso de la inversión privada se destaca en particular el papel de la inversión extranjera directa.
En una segunda parte, el informe resalta las características de las reformas sectoriales llevadas a cabo en las industrias de hidrocarburos, electricidad y telecomunicaciones, para luego presentar algunos resultados, para el año 1997, en cuanto al desempeño de las empresas involucradas y sus inversiones. Esta última parte se basa exclusivamente en los tres estudios sectoriales que acompañan este documento, y donde se puede encontrar un desarrollo más detallado de las tres industrias.
En su conjunto, el documento presenta una visión global e histórica sobre la relación entre reformas estructurales y la evolución de las inversiones, primero en el ámbito nacional y luego en el ámbito sectorial (expresado únicamente en los tres sectores mencionados). En ambos ámbitos, el documento hace contribuciones a la discusión permanente sobre crecimiento económico, sin embargo, también se concluye que la tarea de investigación y análisis, tanto macroeconómico como sectorial, respecto a la conexión entre reformas estructurales e inversiones, apenas empieza. Próximos estudios deben basarse en mayores grados de desagregación de los datos y en el uso de instrumental econométrico, acompañados por desarrollos teóricos adecuados. La continuación de la investigación en esta área es de particular importancia, debido a la importante y conocida conexión entre inversiones y crecimiento económico. En este sentido, dicha investigación debe brindar la posibilidad de explotar lo exitoso y de corregir lo equivocado en el diseño de reformas estructurales, así como de las políticas macroeconómicas y sectoriales que las acompañan.
89. Linking Smallholders to the New Agricultural Economy: An Evaluation of the Plataformas Program in Ecuador
Romina Cavatassi & Mario González & Paul Winters & Jorge Andrade-Piedra & Graham Thiele, Espinosa, Patricio, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of participation in multi-stakeholder platforms (Plataformas) aimed at linking smallholder potato farmers to the market in the mountain region of Ecuador. It describes and evaluates the Plataformas' program to determine whether it has been successful in linking farmers to higher-value markets and the effects that such connections have brought, particularly with regard to farmers' welfare and to the environment. The analysis is run comparing a set of different and carefully constructed control groups to beneficiaries and using various specifications. Results are strongly consistent across the different specifications and are sound across the counterfactuals, suggesting impacts are adequately identified. Findings suggest that the program was successful in improving the welfare of beneficiaries, while potential negative environmental impacts, particularly with relation to agrobiodiversity and use of agrochemicals seem not to be a concern. Mechanisms through which impacts have been achieved are analyzed. Little spillover effects are found.‎
90. Los mercados de tierras rurales en Bolivia‎ ‎
   Jorge A Muñoz, Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 1999
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC Des.Pr. No.61
    Tags: 
Abstract La Ley de 1996 crea la Comisión Agraria Nacional, la Superintendencia Agraria y la Judicatura Agraria, establece un proceso obligatorio de saneamiento de la propiedad agraria para regularizar los derechos en un plazo de diez años y ratifica el impuesto a la tierra, vigente desde 1986. Utilizando las 1 500 encuestas en 18 zonas distintas de Bolivia orientadas a obtener información para la Superintendencia sobre precios de las tierras, el documento analiza el mercado de tierras.
Una de las conclusiones más notorias del análisis es que la forma de acceso a la tierra, su precio, el régimen de tenencia, la frecuencia de transacciones, etc., son determinados esencialmente por la ubicación del predio. Además, existe una fuerte asimetría de percepciones entre vendedor y comprador sobre el valor de la tierra y las transacciones de compraventa se hacen fundamentalmente intraestrato. Del lado de los demandantes se observan restricciones en cuanto a acceso al mercado de capital de largo plazo y falta de información sobre las condiciones de mercado, sobre las características de los predios y sobre los procedimientos de compra y, del lado de los oferentes, se observa falta de información acerca de las condiciones del mercado en especial respecto a usos alternativos futuros de la tierra así como, a veces, restricciones comunales para vender parcelas a no miembros de la comunidad. Las características propias de un predio agrario (tipo de suelo, acceso a agua, tipo de plantaciones, infraestructura y caminos) son fundamentales para explicar la diferencia de precio entre propiedades al interior de una misma zona.
Las grandes diferencias de precios entre zonas son causadas principalmente por las características no agrarias de cada zona (presencia de grandes centros poblados, infraestructura urbana, tamaño de los mercados, nivel de ingreso de la zona, etc.) y muy poco por las características agrarias de los predios en sí o el tipo de cultivo. En cambio, las diferencias entre los precios de alquiler entre una región y otra son mucho menores y suelen reflejar el flujo de ingresos netos de las actividades productivas agropecuarias.‎
91. Libre comercio y lácteos : la producción de leche en el Ecuador entre el mercado nacional y la globalización / 
   Quito, Ecuador, Sistema de Investigación sobre la Problemática Agraria en el Ecuador, 2007 GD‎
   Indice
   Prologo
   Capitulo 1: Agricultura Campesina, Leche y Debate sobre TLC
Capitulo 2: La importancia de la producción de leche en el Ecuador
Capitulo 3: La producción lechera en las economías campesinas de la sierra: seguridad, dinamismo económico y productividad
   Capitulo 4: La industria de lacteos: costos y precios
   Capitulo 5: Los consorcios que queserias rurales comunitarias en Ecuador
   Capitulo 6: La producción lechera en un marco interpretativo de genero ‎
   Capitulo 7: El mercado munidal de leche en polvo
   Capitulo 8: La competitividad del sector lácteo del ecuador en el marco del TLC
Capitulo 9A: Posibles escenarios de compromisos finales de apertura en el sector lacteo ecuatoriano, frente al TLC con Estados Unidos
   Capitulo 9B: Posibles escenarios de compromisos
   Capitulo 10: TLC Eliminacion del sistema andino de franja de precio, riesgo para el sector lechero
   Capitulo 11: Los queseros comunitarios: su mirada al frente del TLC
   Capitulo 12: El desarrollo del sector lácteo en la Union Europea: una perspectiva para el Ecuador?‎
    Tags: 
Abstract La producción lechera es uno de los sectores más importantes en cuanto a la generación de empleo en el sector agrícola y en la economía del Ecuador, especialmente en la región andina. Más que 600.000 personas dependen directamente de la producción de leche, entre ellas muchas mujeres campesinas. Los productores de leche garantizan el autoabastecimiento del Ecuador y contribuyen fundamentalmente a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaría del país. La leche es el único producto tradicional que ha dado un ingreso relativamente seguro y creciente en los últimos años a los pequeños productores. Este desarrollo fue posible por una protección fuerte del mercado interno, por los aranceles máximos permitidos en el régimen de la Organización Mundial de Comercio OMC, por el Sistema de Franja de Precios en la CAN y por el control de las licencias de importación del Estado ecuatoriano.‎
92. Market Dynamics and Productivity in Developing Countries
International Development Research Center, Khalid Sekkart, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract To what degree are trade liberalization, productivity, and economic growth correlated? Can economic policies designed to encourage competition and curtail industry protection result in large-scale improvements, such as increased innovation and reduced unemployment?  After 20 years of economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), economic performance is still lagging behind many regions of the world. Even in those countries that are the most advanced in implementing reforms, industries with low productivity growth and high market power continue to dominate. 
Showcasing in-depth analyses from Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey, and with comparative data from Asia and Latin America, this book focuses on the dynamics of firm entry and exit to help explain the low productivity of the region. The results suggest a number of policy recommendations designed to foster competition and contribute to innovation, productivity growth, and improved return on capital investments. The book not only reveals important correlations among policy and market factors in MENA, but suggests fruitful areas of research in other developing regions of the world.‎
93. Mejoramiento de la producción y el medio ambiente laboral en Ecuador 
Gunnar Broms; Raúl Harari; Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral.; Estocolmo: Instituto Sueco para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral (IFA), 2000**
    Tags: 
94. Metodología de pequeños productores para mejorar la producción agrícola : capacidades y estrategias locales para la gestión de riesgos‎ 
Eleodoro Baldiviezo; María Quispe; Luís Carlos Aguilar; Unión de Asociaciones Productivas del Altiplano; La Paz, Bolivia : Programa de Suka Kollus, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente documento es el resultado de la ejecución del Programa de Integración de Mecanismos de Reducción de Desastres y Gestión de Riesgos impulsado por cosude e implementado por la Unión de Asociaciones Productivas del Altiplano unapa, con la participación directa de un grupo de productores que lideran procesos de innovación local denominados "yapuchiris", que durante la gestión agrícola 2005/2006 se han esforzado por llevar adelante un proceso reflexivo y de acción concreta sobre la reducción de vulnerabilidades frente a la amenaza meteorológica principalmente.
Los lectores encontrarán una propuesta metodológica que ha sido desarrollada por pequeños productores (as) campesinos (as), sobre sistematización de bioindicadores como mecanismo de generación de información local para alerta temprana, misma que ha contribuido a orientar en la formulación de estrategias locales, e iniciar como proceso, la evaluación de los resultados de la cosecha en forma cuantitativa, la validación de la información generada por bioindicadores y prácticas implementadas como parte de las estrategias orientadas a reducir las vulnerabilidades de la producción agrícola, que se han constituido en principales indicadores para el monitoreo de la gestión agrícola.
95. Mineria, minerales y desarrollo sustentable en Bolivia
Juan Carlos Enriquez, Servicios Ambientales S.A.
   2da Edicion: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract El proyecto MMSD fue ejecutado en Bolivia por Servicios Ambientales S.A., SASA, y la Fundación MEDMIN2. SASA tuvo la responsabilidad en la coordinación general del proyecto y el componente de investigación. La Fundación MEDMIN llevo a cabo la organización y ejecución del proceso participativo y desarrolló el componente de investigación en el capitulo sobre la pequeña minería.
Desde los tiempos de la colonia Bolivia ha sido un país minero. Por décadas, el cerro rico de Potosí ha sido el yacimiento de minerales de plata más importante del mundo.  Su descubrimiento en 1545 inicia el ciclo de la minería en el territorio que hoy constituye Bolivia. Para aprovechar la plata de Potosí se introducen tecnologías de punta para su tiempo; pero no se toman en cuenta ni los efectos para la población originaria ni los impactos para el medio ambiente. Las utilidades generadas no son distribuidas equitativamente y la minería colonial no resulta en una amplia corriente de desarrollo regional. Tampoco se crean empresas que duren en el tiempo, ya que los beneficios obtenidos no son reinvertidos en las zonas de aprovechamiento minero.  
Sin embargo, la minería colonial inicia un circuito económico en el cual el transporte y el comercio asumen un rol determinante. La producción se basa en el trabajo de los indígenas bajo el régimen de la mita. Cada año llegan a Potosí alrededor de 13.500 mitayos con sus familias, formando un contingente de 40.000 personas. La ciudad se convierte en uno de los principales centros urbanos del mundo y cuenta con unos 160.000 habitantes en 1560, mientras Madrid solo tiene 45.000 habitantes. Este fenómeno migratorio deshabita las 16 provincias sometidas a la mita y afecta severamente a su producción agropecuaria.
96. Minifundia, productivity, and land reform in Cochabamba 
Carlos Camacho Saa, Madison, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, 1966
    Tags: 
Abstract The subject of minifundia, although mentioned inalmost every article or book which deals with land tenure problems or various aspects of land reform, has been studied very little in itself. Proof of this assertion is the fact that even at the present, there is still controversy on the criteria to be used in the definition of minifunda. ‎
Sinice I last started to gain interest inthe subject of minifundla, itbecame evident that minifundia would provide a fruitful field of meaningful research. Furthermore, knowing that minifundia was key issue inLatin American land reform programs, Ithought that research on this field should be not only valid from a theoretical point of view, but also very useful for countries where land reform programs  are undertaken. 
One of the aspects that ismany times associated with minifundia sector agricultural productivity of land is low. What isactually implied in this assertion isthat small land holdings, beilig defined as minifundia sometimes without a theoretical understanding of other aspects, may or may not make a small holding a minifundia. As a result and to clarify the issue, itwas decided that productivity should be studies both insmall holdings that can be determined to be minifundia, and in those parcels that are not.  Although what I consider to be the full study was undertaken, that isthe determination of productivity inminifundia, some conclusions that could be useful were arrived at and the hope isto complete the second part of the study at a later time. 
Productivity of land was thought to be not only a function of the classification of the landholding as minifundia, but also a result of other conditions such as differences ineducational attainment. The fact that land was acquired through purchase before land reform, or was given free through land reform, was also considered.  The conclusions derived on this part of the research were rairly interesting, and perhaps could be useful, both for future research and for countries that are Inthe process of Initiating land reform programs InLatin America.
97. Mining and agriculture in highland Bolivia : ecology, history, and commerce among the Jukumanis / 
   Godoy, Ricardo A., Tucson : University of Arizona Press, 1990*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract The central purpose of this book is to analyze the historical persistence of peasant miners in Bolivia's economy.  Mineral exploration is an inherently risky occupation, owing to the unknown location and quality of hidden reserves.  Based on ethnographic research among Jukumari peasantas in northern Potosi, Ricardo Godoy presents a case in which peasants have forged a relatively beneficial coexistence with capitalist miners by forming contracts that allocate risk and reduce uncertainty.   In doing so, he shows how the economic linkages between peasants and patterns of capitalist investment in the state's minteral economy have evolved rationally in way sthat can be explained by microeconomic theories of risk allocation.  He also illustrates how and why petty commodity producers shift back and forth from precapitalist to capitalist production in the mining industry, with a minimum of ideological disruption.
98. No todo grano que brilla es oro: un análisis de la soya en Bolivia
  Mamerto Perez Luna, CEDLA, 2007
    Tags: 
   Abstract En los últimos años se escuchó hablar con frecuencia sobre el complejo soyero nacional o sobre el boom de la soya en el país. No es para menos, este sector se ha expandido de tal modo que en el oriente la vista no alcanza a mirar los grandes sembradíos. Por lo mismo, es cada vez mayor su aporte a la economía.  ¿Cómo fue que la soya alcanzó el rango de producción estrella? Los actores, las políticas, el Estado boliviano y el contexto internacional forman un conjunto de condiciones que han propiciado la producción a escala industrial y la masiva exportación de este producto, en un escenario de irrestricto libre mercado.‎
99. Odyssey in International Markets : An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Export Promotion in Latin America and the Caribbean
Inter-American Development Bank, Christian Volpe, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Odyssey in International Markets is the second report of the Integration and Trade Sector of the Inter-American Development Bank aimed at helping countries in Latin America and the Caribbean identify obstacles that stand in the way of more effective integration into the world economy and design policies to reduce these impediments to trade. The report first makes a comprehensive analysis of export promotion organizations in some three dozen countries and regions. Second, it provides robust evaluations, using state-of-the-art econometrics and original datasets, of the impacts that policies have had on export outcomes of countries and firms. The report is supported by rigorous background studies that are available as IDB Working Papers through the Bank's website. Based on the findings of this report, it appears that export promotion seems to have been effective in facilitating export expansion, especially along the extensive margin (i.e., diversification). At the same time, the report points to areas where further research would produce deeper insights into its relative merits.‎
100. Optimizing the economic growth and poverty reduction benefits of CAFTA-DR : accelerating‎ trade-led agricultural diversification (Volume 1)‎
USAID, 2008
   Volumen 2: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract The United States-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) represents a new phase in the evolution of the United States' commitment to advance trade-led economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. The treaty also places the agricultural sector and the broader rural economy of CAFTA-DR countries at a crossroads. On the one hand, failure to exploit the opportunities afforded by the treaty would make it difficult for CAFTA-DR countries to accelerate their economic growth, which has not been fast enough in most cases to achieve significant reductions in the incidence of poverty. On the other hand, the agreement has the potential to catalyze trade-led agricultural diversification and greater integration of rural enterprises into agribusiness value chains that can raise the incomes of rural producers and enterprises.‎
101. Panorama de la inserción internacional de América Latina y el Caribe : Crisis originada en el centro y recuperación impulsada por las economías emergentes
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract La edición 2009-2010 del Panorama de la inserción internacional de América Latina y el Caribe, que aborda el tema de la crisis originada en el mundo desarrollado y la recuperación impulsada por las economías emergentes, se divide en cinco capítulos.  A mediados de 2010, la recuperación de la economía y el comercio mundial es mayor que la pronosticada y más heterogénea de lo conveniente. Durante el primer trimestre de 2010, la economía mundial creció a una tasa anualizada superior al 5% debido, básicamente, al intenso ritmo del crecimiento de Asia, donde Hong Kong (Región Administrativa Especial de China), Malasia y Singapur incluso superaron el crecimiento del 12% de China. A mediados de 2010, las proyecciones del PIB para el año completo fueron elevadas, reconociéndose con ello que la recuperación será más rápida que lo anticipado previamente (véase el gráfico 1). El comercio internacional, a su vez, creció un 25% en valor durante ese trimestre respecto del mismo trimestre de 2009. Esta marcada recuperación del comercio internacional, también liderada por Asia y el Pacífico, China, el Japón y la India, ha contribuido a restaurar gradualmente la confianza de los consumidores, los empresarios y los mercados financieros, lo que ha reactivado el consumo y las inversiones. Cabe señalar que el dinamismo de las economías emergentes no se limita a los cuatro países denominados BRIC (el Brasil, la Federación Rusa, China y la India).‎
102. Papa Andina: Innovacion para el desarrollo en los Andes, 2002-2006‎
Papa Andina, 2007*
Google Preview: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Papa Andina es una iniciativa regional que opera en Bolivia, Ecuador y Peru, y que promueve procesos de innovaciones comerciales, tecnológicas e institucionales en el sector papero.  Las actividades de Papa Andina se iniciaron en 1988.  Papa Andina es financiado principalmente por COSUDE y coordinado por el CIP.  Actualmente, al haber terminado su segunda fase (2002-2006), se encuentra implementando una tercera fase que durara hasta el 2010.‎
El presente documento se basa en un proceso de reflexión y evaluación que se llevo a cabo durante el 2005, con el fin de analizar las estrategias y resultados de Papa Andina e identificar sus líneas de trabajo para el futuro.  Este proceso evaluativo tuvo diversas fuentes de análisis y observacion.  Dos evaluadores acompanaron varias de las actividades de Papa Andina durante este ano, para que pudieran conocer directamente la dinámica de trabajo.  Los socios de Papa Andina contribuyeron en analizar los aportes de Papa Andina y participaron en un taller de intercambio de experiencias y de análisis critico de los enfoques promovidos por Papa Andina.
103. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo
  Ministerio de Planificacion del Desarrollo, Bolivia, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract La esperanza puesta en el futuro de los pueblos indígenas -centenariamente excluidos-, el avisoramiento de grandes cambios propugnados por los movimientos sociales y el abrumador triunfo electoral del 18 de diciembre de 2005, son la fuente de inspiración y el mandato que recibió el novel Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo para la elaboración de un Plan Nacional de Desarrollo que remueva, desde sus raíces, la profunda desigualdad social y la inhumana exclusión que oprimen a la mayoría de la población boliviana, particularmente la de origen indígena.
Este objetivo central requiere del cambio del patrón de desarrollo primario exportador, que se caracteriza por la explotación y exportación de recursos naturales sin valor agregado, y de la constitución de un nuevo patrón de desarrollo integral y diversificado, que consiste en la agregación de valor y la industrialización de los recursos naturales renovables y no renovables. Siendo evidente que el patrón primario exportador no permite la acumulación interna que sustente el desarrollo nacional, sino que transfiere excedentes al exterior, beneficiando a otras naciones, el nuevo patrón de desarrollo tiene como función la generación, control y distribución de los excedentes producidos por los recursos naturales renovables y no renovables para la acumulación interna que alimente, en el largo plazo, el desarrollo nacional.‎
104. Posibles impactos del TLC Ecuador : Estados Unidos de Norte América en las economías campesinas e indígenas : el caso de la provincia de Cotopaxi
Fernando Guerrero, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract Desde fines del 2003, en el marco de la liberalización del comercio internacional, el Ecuador y los Estados Unidos de Norte América iniciaron un ambicioso proyecto de liberalización del comercio entre los dos países. En esta etapa de negociación, que duró hasta mediados del 2006 se trató de profundizar acuerdos comerciales que se habían establecido en años anteriores, como por ejemplo, la Ley de Preferencias Andinas de 1991 y la propuesta unilateral de los Estados Unidos conocida como Ley de Preferencias Arancelarias Andinas y Erradicación de la Droga, ATPDA, ratificada en el 2001. A partir de estos últimos acuerdos ha sido posible el acceso sin aranceles de productos ecuatorianos a los mercados estadounidenses.  En diciembre del 2006 el Congreso de los Estados Unidos de Norte América aprobó una extensión del ATPD por seis meses con la condición de que durante ese lapso los dos países adopten las medidas necesarias para la firma del tratado de libre comercio. En otras palabras, el debate sobre la conveniencia de firmar o no un acuerdo de libre comercio con los EE.UU. vuelve a la mesa de discusiones tanto de los académicos como de las organizaciones sociales y los encargados de adoptar decisiones en el campo de las políticas públicas.
Desde los comienzos de las negociaciones del TLC Ecuador-EE.UU. las organizaciones campesinas han opuesto tenaz resistencia sobre todo porque afectaría a los productores de productos básicos como arroz, maíz, fréjol, soya, papa, leche, carnes de res y aves entre otros productos. Pero dicho tratado no sólo que afectaría a la producción de los rubros señalados sino que también atentaría contra los derechos de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas en torno a la reproducción de sus sistemas alimentarios y sus derechos y conocimientos ancestrales sobre la biodiversidad.
105. Production, markets, regulation and technology in organic agriculture‎ 
Terry Marsden; Jo Banks; Joek Roex; Programa Cooperativo para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Agropecuario del Cono Sur.; Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.; Washington, DC, 2000
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, IDB S 494.5 .I5 P765 n.8
    Tags: 
Abstract El Programa Cooperativo para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Agropecuario del Cono Sur-PROCISUR, creado en 1980, constituye un esfuerzo conjunto de los Institutos Nacionales de Tecnología Agropecuaria-INIAs de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay, y el Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura-IICA. En el ámbito del PROCISUR los países identifican y priorizan sus intereses comunes y dan respuesta a las demandas tecnológicas que consideran más importantes para incrementar la competitividad del sector agroalimentario y agroindustrial, preservar la salud ambiental de los agroecosistemas predominantes y mejorar el desarrollo y la inclusión social.  
El PROCISUR está ejecutando con financiamiento del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo-BID el Proyecto "Organización y Gestión de la Integración Tecnológica Agropecuaria y Agroindustrial en el Cono Sur", denominado por su papel estratégico el Proyecto Global. Este Proyecto pretende impulsar la cooperación e integración tecnológica y fortalecer la capacidad de gestión del proceso innovativo para dar mejor respuesta a las nuevas demandas agroindustriales, ambientales y sociales que son inducidas por la globalización y la apertura económica, en particular, por la internacionalización y regionalización del Sistema Agroalimentario y Agroindustrial (SAA) en el ámbito del MERCOSUR ampliado (el bloque regional más Chile y Bolivia).
106. Productive strategies for poor rural households to participate successfully in global economic processes: Country report for Bolivia, Central Andes to the International Development Research Center
Overseas Development Research Center, Rommy Viscarra & Jonathan Rushton, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract The goal of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Rural Poverty and Environment (RPE) Programme Initiative (PI) is to support participatory action-learning-research, policy and institutional innovations and reforms. RPE PI contributes to the development of networks, partnerships and communities of practice, in order to strengthen organisations, policies and practices that enhance the food, water and income security of the rural poor, including those living in fragile or degraded upland and coastal ecosystems. 
   In order to achieve this, RPE will support activities in four outcome areas: 
1. Building effective environmental governance where all stakeholders, including marginalized groups, participate in environmental and natural resource management; 
2. Enhancing equitable access and use rights to natural resources by strengthening the negotiating capacity of the rural poor to defend or expand their rights to natural resources; 
3. Strengthening communities' capacity to respond to and benefit from integration within wider social and economic systems (i.e. urbanisation, globalisation and market integration); and 
4. Adaptive learning. 
107. Productividad y rentabilidad del sector manufacturero: análisis del sector de fabricación de productos textiles
Banco Central del Ecuador, Guillermo Jimbo Espinoza, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract En el presente estudio se analiza la productividad y rentabilidad del sector manufacturero en el período 1998 -2004 y en particular se profundiza el análisis del sector de fabricación de productos textiles. El propósito fundamental de éste documento es aportar una visión de los cambios estructurales en las variables de productividad media del trabajo, valor agregado, rentabilidad y empleo del sector manufacturero y de la fabricación de productos textiles; así como, definir una metodología a ser utilizada en futuros estudios sectoriales.
108. Proyecto de investigación: Nuevas alternativas de desarrollo local y economía solidaria : el programa de desarrollo económico - social en la administración zona centro del MDMQ
Centro de Investigaciones CIUDAD; Ruiz Pozo, Lucia; Valencia, Hernán; Peñafiel, Patricio, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente informe de investigación "Nuevas altemativas de desarrollo local y economia solidaria: El programa de desarrollo económico-social en la Administración Zona Centro del MDMQ" se elaboró en el marco de la convocatoria realizada por ALOP-CLAEH -IDRC. 
El trabajo está dividido en tres partes. La primera parte consta de cuatro capítulos: 1) una presentación del marco conceptual que da cuenta de las orientaciones actuales en tomo a desarrollo económico local, participación y gestión de politicas socioeconómicas; 2) un señalamiento del contexto nacional, los principales desequilibrios socio-económicos del país y la situación del mercado laboral en Quito; 3) una presentación de la situación socio-económica de la Zona Centro del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (pobreza, condiciones habitacionales, educación, salud, seguridad, informalidad, trabajo infantil); 4) el capitulo cuarto introduce el tema de la gestión local y las intervenciones en el campo económico social. La segunda parte contiene un capltulo sobre el programa de desarrollo económico -social en la Administración Zona Centro del MDMQ, origen, operación, componentes, logros, obstáculos y financiamiento; y un capitulo de reflexiones que convoca la experiencia construidas a partir de diferentes espacios de dialogo de los microemprendedores, los representantes de los cabildos, los funcionarios municipales operativos y las instancias administrativas politicas de la gestión local de la Zona Centro. Finalmente en la tercera parte se incluyen tres experiencias que sirvieron de apoyo para la reflexión.
109. Reestructuración capitalista y formas de producción‎ 
Pablo Rossell; Pablo Poveda, Bolivia, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo de este trabajo es doble: por un lado apunta a contribuir a una mejor comprensión de la economía boliviana que, si bien está inscrita en la órbita del capitalismo, contiene una importante proporción de trabajo desarrollado bajo formas que no son típicamente capitalistas. En esta perspectiva, se intenta sentar las bases para entender la dinámica de acumulación del capital en nuestro país ante la evidencia de articulaciones entre el sector (netamente) capitalista y los demás sectores de la economía. Por otro lado, este trabajo pretende iniciar una reflexión acerca del enfoque de interpretación del mercado laboral que ha prevalecido en el CEDLA prácticamente desde su fundación. Creemos que esta reflexión es importante, por cuanto las categorías de sector formal y sector informal empleadas por el CEDLA fueron útiles en la descripción del mercado laboral, pero no permiten una caracterización de la complejidad de los procesos de acumulación en Bolivia, amén de que, en todo este tiempo, no han sido revisados a partir de una visión crítica a pesar de los avances que se registran en la discusión teórica acerca de la informalidad en América Latina.
Este documento se inscribe en un proyecto de mayores dimensiones que incluye, entre sus objetivos, la caracterización de los vínculos de la economía capitalista con los otros sectores de la economía nacional y la apreciación de las transferencias de valor desde estas últimas hacia aquélla, enfocando preponderantemente al sector manufacturero.
110. Reflexiones sobre el desarrollo alternativo en los países del área andina‎  
Lima, Peru: Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas-DEVIDA, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract En las tres últimas décadas, la creciente presencia del narcotráfico y los cultivos ilícitos de coca y amapola en la región andina, articulado a grupos violentistas, se constituyó en uno de los factores determinantes para un proceso de empobrecimiento, que afectó no sólo a las poblaciones de las zonas donde estos cultivos se localizaban, sino que terminó afectando a los países y ha toda la región en su conjunto.  Este flagelo ha producido el deterioro social (incremento de la drogadicción, violencia), el deterioro económico (pérdida de ingentes recursos económicos, bonanza del dinero del narcotráfico que ha destruido la economía lícita y ha corrompido la institucionalidad), el deterioro político (terrorismo, inseguridad) y el deterioro ambiental (deforestación y contaminación).
111. Reformas, crecimiento, progreso tecnico y empleo en Bolivia
Naciones Unidas, Comision Economica para America Latina y el Caribe, 1999
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: ECLAC SRE No.33
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract  Este estudio analiza los impactos que los shocks externos, políticas de estabilización y reformas estructurales ocurridas en las dos últimas décadas, han tenido sobre el funcionamiento del mercado laboral en Bolivia. Se observan comportamientos sectoriales altamente diferenciados, que indujeron cambios importantes en la estructura productiva del país y en última instancia en la estructura de empleo.
No todos los sectores laborales mostraron la misma capacidad de reacción para adaptarse a los cambios estructurales ocurridos, observándose distintas tendencias en la generación de empleo e ingresos en función a las diversas categorías ocupacionales de trabajadores, ramas de actividad, sexo, nivel educativo y tamaño de empresa. Se observa también un cambio importante en la estructura del empleo público y privado. Es posible que la legislación laboral en Bolivia haya introducido rigideces a los procesos de ajuste ocurridos en el mercado laboral, debido a la complejidad y poca claridad de las leyes, disposiciones y reglamentos.
Se observa también que la productividad del trabajo en el área urbana tendió a disminuir debido a la menor disponibilidad de capital por trabajador. Asimismo, los ingresos reales muestran una tendencia a remunerar el trabajo calificado en forma crecientemente superior con relación al trabajo no calificado.
El estudio también analiza el comportamiento del empleo asalariado en la industria manufacturera, verificándose que la producción ha estado asociada en forma positiva al empleo, salarios reales y productividad; el empleo ha estado asociado en forma positiva a los salarios reales y en forma negativa a la productividad; y finalmente, la productividad y los salarios reales también han estado asociados en forma positiva.‎
112. Revista Lebret: Economia y Administracion‎ 
Edgar Javier Gómez Parada. & Gustavo González Sarmiento, 2010
Capitulo Recomendado: Proceso Exportador De Empresas Santandereanas De Calzado A Ecuador Y Venezuela (p 153)
    Tags: 
Abstract Este artículo presenta las características del proceso exportador de las empresas santandereanas de calzado a Ecuador y Venezuela; surge de una investigación realizada por el grupo de investigación en comercio exterior de la Universidad Santo Tomás titulada EL CALZADO DE SANTANDER EN LOS MERCADOS DE ECUADOR Y VENEZUELA. Se muestra la participación de los departamentos exportadores de Colombia y se identifican los principales países participantes en los mercados objeto del estudio para reconocer los competidores. Se registra el análisis de variables del proceso exportador, información obtenida a partir de una encuesta aplicada a empresarios exportadores del sector. Se evidencia que Colombia y Santander poseen ventajas en las partidas 6403 y 6402 en los mercados analizados y se detecta que las empresas exportadoras del sector se ubican en primera fase dentro del proceso exportador, caracterizada por modo de exportación indirecta y preferencia por mercados psicológicamente cercanos.‎
This article presents the characteristics of the exporting process of Santander's Footwear companies to Ecuador and Venezuela; it emerges from a study made by the Research Group in International Business of Santo Tomás University entitled EL CALZADO DE SANTANDER EN LOS MERCADOS DE ECUADOR Y VENEZUELA (Santander's Footwear in the markets of Ecuador and Venezuela). It shows the participation of Santander's exporting departments and the main participant countries in the markets object of study to recognize the competitors are identified. The analyses of variables of the exporting process, the data collected from a survey implemented to exporting entrepreneurs of the sector are recorded. It is evidenced that Colombia and Santander have advantages in the portions 6403 and 6402 in the analyzed markets and it is noticed that the exporting companies of the sector are positioned in the first phase within the exporting process, typified by a mode of indirect exportation and preference to psychologically near markets.
113. Revolucion agraria o consolidación de la via terrateniente?  El gobierno del MAS y las políticas de las tierras
Enrique Ormachea Saavedra, CEDLA, 2007‎
    Tags: 
Abstract La asunción del Gobierno del Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), partido que se autodenomina representante gobierno de los intereses de los campesinos e indígenas, ha suscitado enormes expectativas entre vastos sectores de la población boliviana y del exterior, a partir de un discurso que reivindica el "desmontaje del neoliberalismo" y la "descolonización del Estado."  En este sentido, una de las expectativas mayores se centra justamente en la solución que esta administración pueda dar al problema de la tierra, en un escenario que se caracteriza por una cada vez mayor relevancia de la producción agropecuaria y forestal capitalista, asi como por evidentes síntomas de crisis de la economía campesina.‎
114. Rol e impacto socioeconomico de las energias renovables en el area rural de Bolivia
Fernández Fuentes, Miguel, CEDLA, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract La investigación muestra, entre otros resultados, una aproximación a la realidad energética de las familias rurales bolivianas; la estrecha relaciónentre los bajos índices de cobertura de servicios energéticos y la pobreza ruraly; las potenciales posibilidades de cambiar dicha realidad utilizando tecnologías de energías renovables de baja tensión. 
Contiene: Presentación; Introducción; Análisis de la cobertura eléctrica rural; Consumos actuales, demandas potenciales y posibles soluciones; Potencial de energías renovables y tecnologías disponibles; Desafíos para la introducción de energías renovables; El acceso a la energía; Reflexiones finales; Bibliograría; Glosario.
115. Rural enterprise : shifting perspectives on small-scale production / 
London : David Fulton Publishers, 1991*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract With an emphasis on European issues, renowned contributors examine the way large quantities of economic goods are produced outside the dominant institutions of market and state economies and the people who produce them. The book delves into the relationships between rurality and small-scale production and its economic, social and political implications. Features a study of small-scale forms of commercial production including small enterprises, self-employment and 'informal' marketing activities. Explores not only the diversity of such small-scale productions but also their role in areas that are experiencing an intense political struggle over their 'common future.'
The focus of the contributions in this the third volume in the series is more specifically European than previous volumes, deliberately so at a moment when the issues covered have a particular resonance in the shifting terrain of Europe and the intense political struggle over its 'common future'. The content concentrates on the relationships between rurality and small-scale production. The contributors explore the diversity and significance of rural small-scale production in different countries and the regional and disciplinary theoretical discourses which inform current research. Other Titles in the Series I - Rural Restructuring: Global Processes and their responses 1-85346-111-3 II - Technological Change and the Rural Environment 1-85346-112-1 In Preparation IV - Labour and Locality: Uneven Development and the Rural labour process 1-85346-182-2‎
116. Sector productivo durante el periodo inflacionario
Universidad Católica Boliviana; Espejo Luna, J., 1990
    Tags: 
Abstract Se investiga la evolución del aparato productivo boliviano. Este tuvo un importante rol en la generación de la espiral inflacionaria y los problemas en el sector externo, pero su comportamiento en el período inflacionario tiene marcadas diferencias a nivel sectorial.  La producción minera tuvo un decrecimiento espectacular. Aparte de los problemas en la demanda internacional hubo problemas internos, tanto económicos como de reservas, que perjudicaron la producción minera. El sector de hidrocarburos es el que menos sintió los vaivenes de la inflación porque la mayor parte de su producción está comprometida mediante acuerdos internacionales. La producción del sector agrícola tuvo una importante caída en 1983, causada por problemas climatológicos y no económicos; sin embargo, ésta afectó fuertemente al nivel inflacionario. Se explora la hipótesis de que este shock de oferta determinó la entrada a una situación de hiperinflación. El sector más afectado fue el manufacturero debido a su dependencia de insumos importados, la escasez de divisas y la intranquilidad en la economía.
117. Ser productor en El Alto : una aproximación a la dinámica productiva y el desarrollo local en El Alto 
Pablo Rossell; Bruno Rojas C, La Paz : CEDLA, 2000**
    Tags: 
118.  Sistemas de Producción en el Altiplano Boliviano: Informe tecnico/resumen/proyecto
Instituto Boliviano de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1996
   Parte 2‎
   Parte 3‎
   Parte 4‎
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente informe, es un resumen de las actividades desplegadas por el proyecto, durante la gestion 1995-96. Los ultimos trabajos de campo fueron realizados durante la campafia agricola de 1995. Estos trabajos, estuvieron orientados a la conclusion de los subproyectos de investigacion y validacion de tecnologias, iniciados anteriormente. Sin embargo, aun quedan muchos trabajos por realizar, entre otros, como la seleccion de fenotipos de Kauchi (Suaeda fruticosa), con mayor palatabilidad para el ganado, que consolidarian la serie de trabajos realizados con esta forrajera nativa.
Desde julio de 1995, el personal tecnico del proyecto se redujo a dos agronomos. Un investigador residente en la comunidad de Orkojipifia del Altiplano Norte y otro en la comunidad de Santiago de Collana del Altiplano Central. Se suspendio las actividades en la comunidad de Chacala del Altiplano Sur, principalmente por la dificil accesibilidad y la distancia (580 km.) que elevan considerablemente los costos para el seguimiento. Sin embargo, las actividades de transferencia de tecnologia continuan en la comunidad piloto, a cargo del "Proyecto Quinua Potosi" (PROQUIPO).
A partir de julio de 1996 se cuenta con un solo tecnico, encargado actualmente en coadyuvar la preparacion de los informes finales. En este aspecto, se prepara tres publicaciones con las experiencias de las tres zonas del altiplano, donde desarrollo sus actividades el SIPAB. Un ejemplar (Altiplano Norte) en su etapa final de preparacion se adjunta a la presente.  Por otra parte, el IBTA, apoya al proyecto, con una administradora, una secretaria y el coordinador nacional del proyecto.‎
119. Technology Generation in Latin American Manufacturing Industries
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Bob Gwynne, 1988**
    Tags: 
120. The banana sector in Ecuador
UNEP Country Projects, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract Important changes in economic policy took place in Ecuador in the 1980s and 1990s that aimed to integrate the country into the international trade regime.   In the 1980s, the average contribution of the banana export sector to total exports was 9.38 per cent, and bananas accounted for 38.6 per cent of all agricultural exports.  Banana exports comprise a large proportion of all exports from the country, and thus generate a significant amount of hard foreign currency. During the 1990s, banana exports comprised 21.1 per cent of total exports and 64.7 per cent of all agricultural exports, a notable growth in banana producing activity during the last decade.
In terms of international trade policy, the export of bananas has been a major source of trade disputes within the WTO. In social terms, the banana sector has become one of the most important production activities in the Ecuador. Bananas production is labour intensive, thus generating a wide range of employment. By 1998, the number of proprietors of banana plantations registered at the National Banana Programme (PNB) was 4,941. According to labour productivity and cultivated land statistics, there are around 98,000 workers that are directly involved with banana plantations.
121. The economic competitiveness of Bolivia : financials returns, labor productivity and international gaps 
Philip M Parker, San Diego, CA : ICON Group, 2006**
   Look Inside: Link
    Tags: 
122. The Economics of Young Democracies: Policies and Performance
   Nathan Converse and Ethan B. Kapstein Center for Global Development, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract Since the "third wave" of democratization began in 1974, nearly 100 states have adopted democratic forms of government, including, of course, most of the former Soviet bloc nations. Policy-makers in the west have expressed the hope that this democratic wave will extend even further, to the Middle East and onward to China. But the durability of this new democratic age remains an open question. By some accounts, at least half of the world's young democracies-often referred to in the academic literature as being "unconsolidated" or "fragile"-are still struggling to develop their political institutions, and several have reverted back to authoritarian rule. Among the countries in the early stages of democratic institution building are states vital to U.S. national security interests, including Afghanistan and Iraq. 
The ability of fledgling democracies to maintain popular support depends in part on the ability of their governments to deliver economic policies that meet with widespread approval. But what sorts of economic policies are these, and are they necessarily the same as the policies required for tackling difficult issues of economic stabilization and reform? Conversely, what sorts of economic policies are most likely to spark a backlash against young and fragile democratic regimes? Do the leaders of young democracies face trade-offs as they ponder their electoral and economic strategies? 
These are among the questions we explore in this paper, which provides an overview of the monograph we are currently writing on the economics of young democracies. We do so first by exploring the hypothesized relationships between democratic politics and economic policy, as well as the findings of several important empirical studies with respect to the economic performance of young democracies around the world. We then provide some descriptive statistics on how the new democracies have fared in practice, making use of a new dataset that we have compiled (and which, among other things, is more up-to-date than most others cited herein). Do the data reveal any distinctive economic patterns with respect to democratic consolidation and reversal? We will show that they do. In particular, we find that deteriorating or stagnant economic performance constitutes a red flag or warning signal that the country is at risk of democratic reversal. Moreover, we find considerable variation in economic performance, suggesting that the design of political institutions in new democracies may have a significant influence on the probability of their survival.
123. Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Ecuador: A CGE Macro-Microsimulation Analysis ‎
Rob Vos & Niek De Jong, 2011**
    Tags: 
Abstract Cross-country analysis of the aggregate growth-poverty link is likely to miss important country-specific detail and possible offsetting forces in the underlying labour market adjustment process. This paper combines a CGE model analysis with a microsimulations approach to analyse the effects of trade liberalization on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador. The CGE model enables us to disentangle the general equilibrium effects of various trade policy scenarios on sector output, employment, factor incomes and household consumption. However, as is typical of CGE models, this analysis only provides distribution results for fairly aggregated groups of workers and a reduced number of representative households. The microsimulations approach adds the full distribution to the analysis and allows simulation of the effects of trade reform on the job status and remuneration of individual workers and thereby on household income distribution and poverty. The macro-microsimulation results indicate that the trade opening in Ecuador induced mild aggregate welfare gains, but rising income inequality due to rising wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers implies virtually no poverty-reducing effect from trade liberalization.‎
124. Trade Liberalization in Latin America and Eastern Europe: The Cases of Ecuador and Slovenia
Sang-Wook Stanley Cho & Julian P. Diaz, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper analyzes the potential effects of two ongoing trade liberalization experiences: Ecuador signing a Free Trade Agreement with the United States and Slovenia joining the European Union as a full member. We construct a static Applied General Equilibrium Model and perform a numerical experiment that consists on eliminating all import tariffs that Ecuador and Slovenia impose on the United States and European Union, respectively. To calibrate our models, we work with Input-Output tables and construct a Social Accounting Matrix for each country. We perform additional numerical experiments, such as sensitivity analysis on the import and export elasticities of substitution, a partial liberalization scenario, the fiscal impact of eliminating the tariff revenues and how this loss can be compensated with other taxes, and an alternative trade liberalization framework for Slovenia. We find that both countries benefit from these trade liberalization reforms, with prices falling in the import sector and production rising in the export sector. However, different forms of trade liberalization (free trade agreement vs. customs union) have different implications on the patterns of trade and welfare.‎
125. Scenarios for agricultural and rural development in the Bolivian highlands : between reality and wishful thinking 
Mamerto Pérez Luna; Bénédicte Marcilly; Carlos Alborta; CEDLA (Organization); Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 2002**
    Tags: 
126. Ser castañera: cadena productiva y condiciones laborales de la industria de la castaña en Riberalta
  Lourdes Montero, Pablo Poveda, CEDLA, 2003
    Tags: 
   Abstract En Bolivia, la industria de la castaña es un sector privilegiado y se constituye en un indicador para conocer distintos procesos de cambio y continuidad del trabajo aslariado agroforestal exportador.  Riberalta, ciudad que concentra el mayor volumen de la transformación de esta producto, ha adquirido características de enclave productivo, compbinando estratégicamente formas de producción premodernas y patrimonialistas para lograr competitividad dentro del mercado mundial.
Contiene: Introducción; Producción y mercado mundial de la castaña; Proceso productivo de la castaña en Riberalta; Relaciones laborales de las quebradoras de castaña en Riberalta; Consideraciones finales; Bibliografía.‎
127. Structural Transformation in Ecuador
Ricardo Hausmann & Bailey Klinger, Inter-American Development Bank, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper applies new techniques and metrics to analyze Ecuador's past record of and future opportunities for structural transformation. Ecuador's export dynamics and the emergence of new export activities have been the historical drivers of the country's growth, but recently Ecuador's export basket has undergone little structural transformation. The same broad sectors continue to dominate, and the overall sophistication of the export basket has actually declined in recent years. In order to consider why movement to new, more sophisticated export activities has lagged in Ecuador, we examine export connectedness and find that the country is concentrated in a peripheral part of the product space. We quantitatively scan Ecuador's efficient frontier and identify new, high-potential export activities that are nearby in the product space. This sector evaluation provides valuable information for the government to prioritize dialogue and interventions, but it is not meant to be a conclusive identification of "winners". Rather, we provide policy guidelines to facilitate the emergence of these and other new export activities, dealing with the sector-specificity of much of what the government must provide to the private sector to succeed while at the same time avoiding the well-known perils of traditional industrial policies.
128. Surveillance of Agricultural Price and Trade Policies; A Handbook for Ecuador
World Bank, Valdes, A., Schaeffer, B., Ramos, H., 1996‎
    Tags: 
Abstract This report is one of a series of handbooks which have arisen from a Surveillance project to evaluate agricultural price and trade interventions in eight Latin American countries for seven commodities for the period 1984 to 1994. The countries included in this Surveillance project are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominica Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay. The aim of the project is to make transparent the effects of agricultural trade and price policies on agricultural incentives. The level and extent of protection and export taxation are often largely unknown, due to policy instruments and administrative measures that are difficult to quantify. To achieve this goal of transparency and comparability across products and countries, a common methodology was applied to each country to calculate four policy indicators: Nominal protection Rate, Effective Protection Rate, Effective Rate of Assistance, and Producer Subsidy Equivalent. This handbook presents and discusses the results and methodology for Ecuador on banana, beef, cocoa, coffee, maize, palm oil, rice, and soybeans for 1986-1993.‎
129. The Discovery of New Export Products in Ecuador
Inter-American Development Bank, Hernández, Iván; Cely, Nathalie; González, Francisco; Muñoz, Ernesto; Prieto, Iván, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper examines export diversification in Ecuador in the cases of fresh cut flowers, canned tuna, palm heart, broccoli and mangoes, using the theoretical framework on "pioneers" and "discoveries" developed by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003), as well as work by Sánchez and Butler (2006) on export costs and related uncertainties. It is found that the discoveries were mainly of traditional competitive advantage, with various degrees of technology adoption. The following policy implications are derived: i) innovative mechanisms to share the costs of new discoveries must be found and intellectual property rights strengthened; ii) cooperation among industry experts needs to improve; iii) deeper collective action to promote public-private partnerships should be undertaken; iv) relevant information and knowledge should be made available to all interested parties; and v) a national-level agenda should be undertaken to increase private investment in promising sectors while promoting the creation of public goods and minimizing rent-seeking behavior.
130. The economic competitiveness of Bolivia : financials returns, labor productivity and international gaps 
Philip M Parker, San Diego, CA : ICON Group, 2006**‎
   Look Inside: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Is Bolivia competitive? With the globalization of markets, the increased mobility of corporate assets, and the need for productive human resources, this question has become all the more complex to answer. This report was prepared to tackle this question by focussing on certain fundamentals: financial performance and labor productivity. 
In the former case, we are essentially interested in the degree to which firms operating in Bolivia have fundamentally different financial structures and performance compared to firms located elsewhere. With respect to this view of competitiveness, if one were to invest or operate in Bolivia, how would the firm's asset structure likely vary compared to a firm operating in some other country in Latin America or average location in the world? In Bolivia, do firms typically hold more cash and other short term assets, or do they concentrate their assets in physical plant and equipment? On the liability side, do firms operating in Bolivia have a higher percent of payables compared to other firms operating in Latin America, or do they hold a higher concentration of long term debt? The structure of the income statement is also telling. Do firms operating in Bolivia have relatively higher costs of goods sold, operating costs, or income taxes compared to firms located elsewhere in the region or the world in general? Are returns on equity higher in Bolivia? Are profit margins greater? Are inventories held longer?‎
131. The Soybean Subsector In Ecuador: An Analysis Of Structure And Government Policy
Whittenberg, Thomas E., 1989
    Tags: 
Abstract The primary purpose of this analysis is to provide government officials in Ecuador with information on the soybean subsector. Toward this end, this paper describes and analyzes the economic system which encompasses the flow of soybeans and soybean products from producer to consumer. Particular attention is given to the interaction between industry structure, the conduct of private sector participants and existing government policy. Also, weaknesses in existing government policy are identified and alternate policy approaches are explored. Two methodologies, the subsector studies approach and the structure-conduct-performance paradigm, were employed to guide and organize the research and analysis. Also, a simple technique based on the opportunity cost concept was employed to examine the costs to the consumers of soybeans and soybean products of existing government policy.
132. Training, productivity and decent work
  International Labor Office, 2002 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract The process of economic globalization has transformed the competitiveness of enterprises, of sectors or branches of activity, and of national productive systems, into one of the main -if not the most important of all- factors conditioning the economic and social development of nations, and thereby the welfare degree of its people.
In this context, productivity -an essential element determining the degree of competitiveness of the above units- acquires fundamental significance. Productivity must be interpreted as the efficient use of all productive resources, and increases in productivity imply a more rational, rather than more intensive, use of such resources.
Raising productivity basically means working better, not harder. Consequently, the two main forms of raising productivity -technological innovation and improved work organization- are not possible without prior or simultaneous training of the labour force.
Nevertheless, not only training is required to attain higher productivity. There are other factors that also encourage or inhibit a raise in productivity, which have to do with the general conditions under which work is performed. Such prerequisites are epitomised in the concept of decent work, promoted by the ILO, which may be defined as productive work carried out with freedom, equity, safety and dignity, with due protection of the workers' rights, adequate remuneration and social protection.
Training, productivity and decent work are therefore three closely intertwined notions.
The strong links between these concepts have far-reaching consequences for the action of vocational training institutions (VTIs). As their main goal is to contribute to the development of their respective countries' human resources, and thereby foster their economic and social development, the issue of productivity must have an outstanding and explicit place on their vocational training plans and agenda. VTIs will in that manner attain their ultimate object, namely, improving men's and women's possibilities of accessing decent work.
133. Una exitosa empresa estatal boliviana : las Plantas Industrializadoras de Leche-PIL y el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Lechero Integral : creación de la lechería industrial nacional, 1955-1980  
Barrón del Castillo, Luis A. La Paz, Bolivia: Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación-COSUDE : Plural Editores, 2007*
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
134. Una reforma con pocas luces: privatización del sector eléctrico boliviano
   Carlos Arze Vargas, Pablo Poveda Avila, CEDLA, 2006
    Tags: 
   Abstract La reforma del sector eléctrico en Bolivia no fue un hecho aislado, se enmarcó en un contexto nacional e internacional que vale la pena destacar para entender sus resultados sobre uno de los servicios públicos más consumido por quienes tienen acceso a luz eléctrica y aún anhelado por la población boliviana que no lo tiene.  La crisis energética de principios de la década del setenta, generada por la pugna de la renta petrolera entre los países productores y las empresas, provocó fuertes aumentos del precio del petróleo, obligando a una reestructuración del sector que desarrolló nuevas tecnologías en base al gas natural, como sustituto del petróleo, una fuente de energía primaria para la generación eléctrica.  Esto también obligó a llevar adelante privatizaciones y profundos cambios en los marcos regulatorios de Estados Unidos y Europa, y que luego, en la década del noventa, se generalizaron en el resto del mundo.‎
135. Un modelo de coyuntura para la actividad industrial en Bolivia
UDAPE, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract El trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar y cuantificar el comportamiento del sector industrial en Bolivia; identificando sus componentes tendencial y cíclico, y proyectando su comportamiento hacia el futuro.  Debido a la limitada información disponible, se ha escogido como indicador de coyuntura al índice del volumen físico de la industria manufacturera (IQVF), que cuenta con datos trimestrales desde 1982. Cabe señalar que existen otras variables, como los índices del volumen de ventas, del consumo de energía y del empleo, que podrían ser relacionadas con el IQVF a través de la econometría de series temporales; sin embargo, no cuentan con suficientes observaciones para elaborar esta clase de estudios, ya que generalmente comienzan en la década de los noventa. Por este motivo, se ha optado por realizar únicamente análisis univariados para el IQVF.
La metodología utilizada se basa en los siguientes aspectos. Primero, la serie (en logaritmos y desestacionalizada por el método X-11) parte de la especificación del modelo ARIMA que mejor se ajuste a los datos, de acuerdo a los criterios de Akaike y Schwarz. Posteriormente, se proyecta el índice para cuatro periodos al frente de la muestra, evaluando la capacidad de predicción del modelo a través del coeficiente de desigualdad Theil (U). Finalmente, se desagrega la serie IQVF en sus componentes tendencial y cíclico, a partir de los filtros de Hodrick y Prescott y Pase de Bandas.
La descomposición de la serie permite identificar claramente dos estados de largo plazo en su evolución subyacente. El primero, sucedido en la década de los ochenta, marca un crecimiento  acelerado del índice y, el segundo, que se presenta en la década de los noventa, muestra un relativo estancamiento en su desarrollo, sin perspectivas de mejoras para el año 1999. El diagnóstico sobre el indicador industrial de la forma descrita anteriormente, no muestra las causas o determinantes de este comportamiento, sin embargo, evidencia la necesidad de elaborar políticas que efectivamente consigan dinamizar al sector. Para esto, es recomendable estudiar más detalladamente los factores principales de incidencia sobre la industria manufacturera, a fin de poder estimular aquellos que sean positivos, como, por ejemplo, capital físico y humano, y combatir los negativos, como, por ejemplo, el contrabando.  El detalle teórico de la metodología es descrito en la sección 2. En la sección 3 se presenta los resultados del proceso de selección del modelo ARIMA, y la forma de desagregación de la serie en sus componentes tendencial y cíclico. Por último, en la sección 4 se exponen las principales conclusiones.
‎


Seguridad Social

1. Achieving effective social protection for all Latin America and the Caribbean: From right to‎ reality‎
    Helena Ribe, David A. Robalino, Ian Walker, World Bank, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Slow progress in improving the coverage of Latin America and the Caribbean's (LAC's) traditional social protection (SP) programs, combined with the deepening of democracy, have led to calls for a new social contract to provide effective social protection to all citizens. This study reviews the state of SP in LAC, showing that coverage gaps, low benefits, and inequity continue to plague many countries. Such problems are apparent in pensions, health, unemployment insurance, income support, and labor market programs. As a result, many households are insufficiently protected against the idiosyncratic shocks that can affect anyone or against systemic shocks to the economy as a whole. This problem has been made more pressing by the global economic crisis, which threatens to increase poverty and further undermine the security of many households.
This book highlights the main findings of a regional study by the World Bank, From Right to Reality: How Latin America and the Caribbean Can Achieve Universal Social Protection by Improving Redistribution and Adapting Programs to Labor Markets (Ribe, Robalino, and Walker, forthcoming).  It shows that the reforms of the past two decades have expanded SP coverage to the most vulnerable groups, but the process has been uneven and ad hoc, creating a two-tier, fragmented system. As is well known, LAC's traditional SP system, based on mandatory employee and employer contributions to social insurance (SI) funds, including pensions, unemployment insurance, and health insurance, was truncated, inequitable, and fiscally unsustainable. Two decades of reform efforts have produced important advances. In many countries, contributory SI has been modernized, for example, through pension reforms to improve fiscal sustainability and to correct distorted incentives. At the same time, targeted, noncontributory mechanisms have been established to provide income support and health services to those excluded from contributory SI (above all, the poor and informal sector workers). The benefits offered by such programs, however, often are markedly inferior to those from traditional SI and contribute to the fragmentation of the labor market.
2. Administering Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: From Platitudes to Practice
Margaret E. Grosh, World Bank, 1994 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Explains how to target welfare services to get good results at modest cost.  Case studies of 30 social programs from 11 Latin American countries provide valuable lessons about targeting a host of social programs. These services include the delivery of school lunches, food stamps, day care, health care, student aid, cash payments, unemployment assistance, housing mortgages, and food commodities or subsidies.  Valuable information is provided on the administrative costs, requirements, and options for targeting social services. Case by case, the manual shows how the different programs managed to balance service improvements against the expense of targeting to make them cost effective. It also describes the most common targeting methods and identifies which programs used them and why.
3. A donde irá el ahorro laboral? : la seguridad social en Bolivia en la perspectiva del siglo XXI 
    Washington Estellano, La Paz, Bolivia : Cedoin, 1995**
     Tags: 
4. Ageing, Development, and Social Service Delivery Systems in Latin America: Problems and Perspectives
Cambridge Journals, Jorge I. Tapia Videla and Charles J. Parrish, Wayne State University, 1982*
     Tags: 
Abstract Economic development in Latin America has facilitated the broadening and improvement of governmental services in public health, social security and public administration. These improvements, particularly in public health, have precipitated changes in rates of morbidity and mortality. Many countries have also experienced a fall in birth rates during this period. The result of people living longer and having fewer children is a progressive ageing of Latin American societies. This article explores some critical questions posed by the ageing of populations in these societies. Within the context of varying patterns of national development, special emphasis is placed on the systemic potential for politico-administrative response in the area of social and health services.‎
5. Análisis comparado de las reformas de la seguridad social en el Cono Sur y Bolivia, 1981-1995 
José Miguel Busquets, Montevideo, Uruguay: Facultad de Derecho : Lapzus : Instituto de Ciencia Política, 2005**
    Analisis: Link
    Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, A.L. HD 7146 .B87 2005
     Tags: 
6. Análisis crítico sobre la reforma de la seguridad social (jubilaciones) 
    Medrano C., Juan Carlos, Potosí, Bolivia : Ediciones Pututu, 1996*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
7. Analisis del sector salud de Bolivia
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Lorena Prieto, 2010 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Bolivia cuenta con una población estimada de 9,8 millones de habitantes, con un territorio de cerca de 1,1 millones de km2 que limita con varios de los países de América del Sur. Es uno de los países menos desarrollados de América Latina y aproximadamente dos tercios de su población rural es considerada pobre. Un dato característico de la población boliviana es su composición originaria de un 50,0 por ciento, que en el área rural alcanza un 68,3 por ciento1. Existen aproximadamente 36 grupos indígenas en el país y los más importantes son la comunidad Quechua seguida por la comunidad Aymara que sumando ambas representan un 47 por ciento de la población.
Los principales indicadores de la economía boliviana han mostrando mejoras en los últimos años y, en algunos casos, las mejoras han sido bastante marcadas. El 2009 Bolivia tuvo un crecimiento económico de por ciento del PIB y la inflación no superó el por ciento. Las finanzas públicas, balanza de pagos y reservas internacionales también han ido mejorando drásticamente.  Por ejemplo, los ingresos totales para el sector público aumentaron de 27,5 por ciento del PIB en el 2004, a 40,2 por ciento en el 2006. En el año 2007, 60,1 por ciento de la población boliviana que se encontraba bajo la línea de la pobreza lo que correspondía a cerca de 5,9 millones de personas; y la población en pobreza extrema alcanzaba el 37,7 por ciento. Las diferencias rural/urbano en este indicador son muy significativas, siendo la pobreza del 50,9 por ciento en las zonas urbanas y de 77,3 por ciento en las zonas rurales y la pobreza extrema de 23,6 por ciento y 63,9 por ciento, respectivamente. En relación a la distribución de los ingresos, en Bolivia, el coeficiente de Gini en el año 2007 fue de 0,565, lo que ubica a este país en el rango más alto de desigualdad de ingresos en el contexto latinoamericano, aunque estos registros de concentración de riqueza son menores que los de Brasil, Guatemala y Colombia y equivalente al de Chile de hace algunos años (2003). Por otra parte, la razón entre el quintil de mayores ingresos y el quintil más pobre de la sociedad (razón 20/20) era de 31,5 veces en el 2007, el más alto después de Honduras (32,5), con una marcada diferencia entre lo urbano y rural. La razón 20/20 en áreas rurales era de 50,5 veces y es lejos la más alta de la región.‎
8. Análisis sobre la seguridad social. 
    Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, 2004**
     Tags: 
9. Antecedentes y consecuencias de la reforma de pensiones en Bolivia 
Alberto Bonadona Cossio; Gustavo Rodriguez Cáceres; Jaime Durán Chuquimia, La Paz: ABC, 2003**
     Tags: 
10. Aportes en torno a la reforma del sistema de pensiones. 
    Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, La Paz, Bolivia : ILDIS, 1996**
     Tags: 
11. Apuntes de seguridad social 
Adolfo Guerrero Encina, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia : Universidad Autónoma "Gabriel René Moreno" : Federación Nacional de Trabajadores Universitarios de Bolivia, 2002**
     Tags: 
12. Bolivia:  heavily indebted poor countries initiative assessment
World Bank, 2004
     Tags: 
Abstract From May 10th to May 19th, 2004, an IMF/Bank mission conducted a HIPC assessment and action plan (AAP) on the monitoring of poverty-reducing expenditures. The team comprised Carlos Mollinedo-Trujillo (LCSPE, Team leader), Helio Tollini (IMF/FAD), Julio Velasco (LCCBO). Lurdes Linares (LCCBO) provided advice on the internal and external control and ensured coordination with the CFAA team. Simon Cueva, IMF Resident Representative, joined the mission at the first meeting with the Bolivian Authorities.
The mission built up on CFAA, PER and IMF/WHD work and coordinated closely with their respective teams. It held discussions with a wide range of senior and technical Government officials (at national and sub-national levels) as well as with donors. The mission met senior and technical staff in MOF's three Vice-Ministries (Budget, Public Investment and Treasury), the Fiscal Programming Unit, the Accountant General's Office, the General Controller Office, the SIGMA/ILACO project, the Department of Public Procurement, the Prefecture of La Paz, the municipalities of La Paz and El Alto, and the donor community.
The mission discussed extensively the draft AAP with the authorities and agreed an action plan with them. The AAP was discussed in a final meeting chaired by Mr. Luis Arnal (Vice-Minister of Public Investment and Foreign Financing, Ministry of Finance), with representatives from all Government units involved. The authorities stressed the importance of taking into account the extremely fragile political and economic situation while designing an action plan for PEM improvements in the short-term. After detailed discussions, agreement was reached on each and all AAP recommendations. Based on this frank and open discussion, it is the mission's opinion that the authorities are likely to agree to publish the AAP following the review process.
13. Bolivia: informe del gasto publico: gestión del gasto publico para lograr sostenibilidad fiscal y servicios públicos eficientes y equitativos: resumen ejecutivo
World Bank, 2004
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: IDB HD 4631 .A5 I64 2004
     Tags: 
Abstract El presente documento es una actualización del "Informe del gasto público" (PER por sus siglas en inglés) realizado en el periodo 2003-2004 sobre la base de un exhaustivo trabajo de investigación1. Ambos, los datos y las acciones del gobierno han sido puestos al día por el economista Armando Ortuño. El objetivo de este Informe es identificar logros y desafíos en el área de gasto público y plantear opciones de política que permitan a Bolivia mantener un control de sus finanzas públicas, y sobre todo, mejorar la calidad, la equidad y la eficiencia de sus servicios públicos. Los temas tributarios quedaron fuera del alcance de este Informe.
La persistencia de importantes desequilibrios en las finanzas públicas ha sido una de las principales características del comportamiento de la economía boliviana en las últimas décadas. Estos problemas fueron particularmente graves en el periodo 2001- 2004, cuando Bolivia acumuló elevados déficits públicos por varios años consecutivos (con un pico histórico de 8,8 por ciento del PIB en 2002), que motivaron preocupaciones sobre la capacidad del país para mantener su estabilidad macroeconómica y suministrar servicios públicos de calidad a la población en tan difícil contexto. 
En los últimos dos años, este complicado panorama fiscal ha tendido a atenuarse significativamente, al punto de que el déficit público se ha reducido fuertemente llegando a representar solamente el 2 por ciento del PIB en 2005. Aunque entre 2003 y 2005 se hicieron esfuerzos significativos para aumentar los ingresos fiscales con medidas de urgencia que tuvieron cierto impacto positivo, esta notable recuperación fue, sobre todo, el resultado de cambios en el esquema impositivo del sector hidrocarburos, que incrementaron fuertemente los niveles de contribución de este sector al Estado boliviano. Si bien se implementaron también acciones para controlar algunos componentes del gasto público (en particular, los niveles de gasto corriente en la administración central), las mismas no lograron afectar sensiblemente la tendencia creciente de este agregado. 
14. Bolivia: public expenditure review
World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, 2004
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 28519 BO
Version Electronica (1999): Link
     Tags: 
Abstract Bolivia has made tremendous progress in macroeconomic stabilization and in structural reforms. This Public Expenditure Review concentrates on three things: a) an evaluation of the budget as a whole; b) institutional issues in decentralization, domestic resource mobilization and external financing; and c) sector-thematic coverage of education, health, roads, and water & sanitation, and the most pressing generic issues in the public sector. The report discusses the following findings: there is a pervasive lack of operational and maintenance funds across the public sector; expenditures in education compare favorably internationally; roads pose a formidable challenge; and the budget process is too cumbersome. It also makes several recommendations for Bolivia, including: improve the non-pension fiscal balance; prepare a soft landing for the expected reduced access to concessional external financing; follow IMF ESAF fiscal deficit targets; increase tax collection efficiency; replace the RC-IVA with a simple, broad based income tax; human resource structural changes are needed; increase health expenditures while scrutinizing and removing the War of El Chaco Veterans' payments from the health budget; no public subsidies should be given to ameliorate the increase in water tariffs in Cochabamba; and the focus of decentralization should now shift to increase efficiency and equity impact of public expenditures.
15. Bolivia: public expenditure review with a special emphasis on social sectors
World Bank, 1989*
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: W.B. Bol. 7746-BO
     Tags: 
16. Bolivia's answer to poverty, economic crisis, and adjustment: the Emergency Social Fund
    Steen Jorgensen, World Bank, 1992 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This publication brings together material on the Bolivian Emergency Social Fund (ESF). The report is divided into five main parts: part one presents an introduction to the material and the story of the ESF; part two contains a review of the many evaluations of the ESF; part three presents three issues brought up by the ESF experience, namely procurement, collaboration with non-govermental organizations, and responding to local demands; part four looks at options after the ESF, including a look at its successor; and part five contains a summary of achievements, and recommendations for replication.‎
17. Bonosol, evolución y evaluación a diez años de la capitalización 
    Delegación Presidencial para la Revisión y Mejora de la Capitalización, 2005**
    Acceso en Bolivia: Link
     Tags: 
18. Breve manual de consulta del afilíado al seguro social ecuatoriano; preguntas y respuestas. 
    Campaña Barrera, Anibal, Quito, Imp. Caja del Seguro, 1962*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
19. Capitalización y pensiones: análisis y reflexiones sobre los modelos de reforma
    Larrazabal Antezana, Erick |  De La Barra Muñoz, Victor Hugo, 1997**
    Acceso en Bolivia: Link
     Tags: 
20. Compendio de estudios y proyectos sobre la introducción del seguro social obligatorio en Bolivia. 
    Caja de Seguro y Ahorro Obrero, La Paz., 1948*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
21. Defensa de la seguridad social Boliviana. 
    Confederación Nacional de Jubilados y Rentistas de Bolivia.; La Paz 1996**
     Tags: 
22. Del antiguo al nuevo sistema de la seguridad social 
René Mostajo Deheza; Jaime Rodríguez Hartel, La Paz, Bolivia : Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 2004**‎
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO HD 7151 .M67 2004
     Tags: 
23. Derecho de la seguridad social : aspectos histórico doctrinales, proceso histórico  
Bocángel Peñaranda, Alfredo, La Paz, Bolivia : Fondo Editorial del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de La Paz, 2004*
    Worldcat: Link 
     Tags: 
24. Derecho de los trabajadores a la seguridad social: los desafios sindicales en America Latina
Memoria Seminario Internacional, CEDLA, 2006
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La reforma de la seguridad social se ha constituido en un elemento central del debate social y de la acción política en muchos países de América Latina. Este debate confronta las orientaciones de un proceso iniciado por el Banco Mundial y otros organismos multilaterales para promover la reforma de los sistemas existentes siguiendo un enfoque orientado hacia su privatización, frente a los resultados y la situación actual de la protección social en los países que aplicaron el modelo propuesto.  Hasta 2001, según la Asociación Internacional de Seguridad Social (AISS), 11 países habían realizado reformas estructurales privatizadoras de los sistemas de pensiones y cuatro también introdujeron cambios en los sistemas de asistencia a la salud.‎
25. Diagnostico de la seguridad social boliviana 1985 
Asociación Iberoamericana de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social, La Paz, Bolivia, 1985**
     Tags: 
26. Diagnostico de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo: Bolivia
Gobierno de Canada, Instituto Salud y Trabajo, 2011
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Como parate del proyecto "Iniciativa Andina de Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo (IAN-SST)," a cargo del Instituto Salud y Trabajo (ISAT) y con el financiamiento del Gobierno de Canada, en marzo de 2010 se dio inicio a la elaboración del diagnostico de la salud y seguridad en el trabajo en Bolivia a cargo de un equipo integrado por médicos del campo de la salud publica y de la medicina del trabajo. 
27. Diagnostico sobre la seguridad social en Bolivia
Consultoria para el BID, Alberto Bonadona Cossio, 2011 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La nueva legislación de pensiones se promulga el 10 de diciembre de 2010. El cambio fundamental que se declara como objetivo de la reforma es ampliar la cobertura.  Efectivamente la cobertura de pensiones medida por el número de afiliados alcanza al 24% de la población económicamente activa. Se deben buscar modalidades que la amplíen aunque se debe tener presente principalmente que 86% de los trabajadores en Bolivia realizan sus labores en el sector informal. Tal situación acarrea elevados costos de operación y enormes dificultades operativas que chocan con la posibilidad de incorporar a vastos sectores de la población boliviana a un régimen de pensiones que no sea lo que hasta ahora se ha logrado con el pago de la Renta Dignidad.‎
28. Do options exist?: the reform of pension and healthcare systems in Latin America
Maria Amparo Cruz Saco, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998*
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: HD 7130.5 .D6 1998
Version Electronica: Link
Capitulo 14: Social Security in Ecuador: Link
     Tags: 
29. Ecuador: propuesta de reforma a la seguridad social‎. 
    Quito: CONAM, 1995
     Tags: 
Abstract El objetivo de este documento, no es otro que el de someter ante la opinión pública una propuesta de carácter conceptual relacionada con el funcionamiento futuro de la Seguridad Social, tanto respecto del área de pensiones cuanto respecto del área de salud. El Programa de Seguridad Social se inserta en el Programa Estratégico de Modernización del Estado y forma parte de la agenda de actividades del CONAM. El programa en su planteamiento conceptual contenido en este documento, ha sido elaborado por técnicos y especialistas ecuatorianos, que bajo la coordinación de los principales ejecutivos del CONAM, conjuntamente con el Dr. José María Aguirre, Subsecretario de Bienestar Social y Presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad Social creada por el Señor Presidente de la República, para este importante tema ha venido desplegando su esfuerzo desde julio de 1994. Se contó con el aporte valioso de diferentes especialistas internacionales, entre los más destacados podemos citar a Francisco Bayo, Rubén Lovuolo, a los especialistas de la firma Prima América, al Dr. Julio Bustamante, entre otros.‎
30. Efectos de la crisis financiera sobre las pensiones en America Latina
Mario Marcel, Waldo Tapia, BID, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract Los efectos de la reciente crisis financiera internacional en los fondos de pensiones de América Latina muestran que ésta no sólo ha afectado su rentabilidad sino también la densidad de las cotizaciones como producto del mayor desempleo, informalidad y evasión de aportes a que ha dado lugar la recesión. Aun así, los impactos han sido menos intensos de lo que sugirieron las alarmas iniciales, dado que los actuales regímenes de capitalización individual en la región están en una etapa temprana de maduración, su componente en inversiones de renta variable es limitado, y todavía restan varios años para que se retire la mayor parte de los afiliados, lo cual significa que habrá tiempo suficiente para que se recupere el valor de los fondos. Las enseñanzas de la crisis apuntan a la necesidad de minimizar la exposición de los fondos de pensiones a las fluctuaciones financieras bruscas mediante esquemas de multifondos y otros instrumentos con diversos grados de riesgo, y de educar a los afiliados en materia previsional para que durante las turbulencias no tomen decisiones precipitadas que puedan conducir a pérdidas irreversibles.‎
31. El debate sobre la seguridad social en América Latina y la posición del sindicalismo
 Jaime Ensignia, 1998
     Tags: 
 Abstract El presente trabajo pretende entregar algunos elementos centrales de la seguridad social en el contexto latinoamericano por un lado, y por otro, describir de manera somera lo relacionado a las diferentes respuestas, reacciones y proposiciones que la sociedad civil y, en particular, el sindicalismo de la región, han generado frente a las transformaciones y reformas que se están produciendo en los sistemas de seguridad social y más específicamente en lo relacionado a las modificaciones del sistema de pensiones.
El desdibujamiento de los sistemas de seguridad social en América Latina, la baja en la cobertura de la protección social, la privatización del sistema de pensiones, el proceso de ajuste económico -que en varios países adoptó una radicalidad sorprendente-, son algunos elementos que han determinado el curso político y económico de casi la totalidad de las naciones del continente en los últimos años.  La evolución de estos procesos, y lo acotado a las reformas de los sistemas de pensiones ha despertado un interés más allá de las fronteras de cada país latinoamericano. La discusión global de estas áreas temáticas involucra al conjunto de los países en desarrollo e incluso a algunos países industrializados.
En este sentido, habría que observar tan solo el debate actual en países como Inglaterra, Francia y Alemania sobre la necesidad de transformar sustantivamente sus sistemas de seguridad social y sus sistemas de pensiones.  Consideramos importante llamar la atención de los lectores sobre el siguiente aspecto, el cual no se analiza en el transcurso de esta contribución y tiene relación con el tratamiento y análisis de un sustantivo tema; la reforma y privatización de los sistemas de salud no ha sido considerado en este trabajo, pese a la importancia que reviste el área de la seguridad social. El tema en sí en nuestra opinión amerita ser considerado en un estudio aparte.
32. El seguro social campesino en el Ecuador 
    Fabiola Cuvi Ortiz; Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, Quito, Ecuador, 1979**
     Tags: 
33. El seguro social en el Ecuador 
    Campaña Barrera, Anibal, Quito, Imp. de la Caja del Seguro, 1954*
     Tags: 
34. El seguro social general obligatorio : decreto supremo de 7 de enero de 1949, antecedentes, anexos. 
     Instituto Boliviano de Seguridad Social, La Paz : Ed. La Paz, 1949**
     Tags: 
35. Ensayo sobre el seguro social campesino en Bolivia  
   Aranda Álvarez, Guillermo.La Paz, Bolivia : Trabajo, 1964*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
36.  Estados financieros consolidados del sistema boliviano de seguridad social 
    Instituto Boliviano de Seguridad Social.; La Paz, Bolivia : IBSS, 1980**
     Tags: 
37. Estudio y bases técnicas para la seguridad social boliviana 
   Consejo Técnico de Seguridad Social.; La Paz, Bolivia, El Consejo, 1970**
    Tags: 
38. Fundación del seguro social campesino en el Ecuador  
   Cuvi Ortiz, Fabiola, Quito Ecuador, 1993*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
39. Fundamentos de la seguridad social : norma mínima--norma avanzada : anexos  
López Huailla, Eduardo, Cochabamba, Bolivia: Editorial Universitaria, 1990*
Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
40. Género en la reforma o reforma sin género? : desprotección social en las leyes previsionales de América Latina  
Birgin, Haydee, Santiago de Chile : CEPAL, Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo, 2001* ‎
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, ECLAC SMYD No.36
Worldcat: Link 
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
41. Género y sistemas de pensiones en Bolivia‎ 
Alberto Bonadona Cossío; United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile : CEPAL, Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo, 2003 ‎
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, ECLAC SMYD No.44
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Después de explicar algunas características de la sociedad  boliviana y los antecedentes de los sistemas de pensiones, se utilizan cinco criterios para comparar el funcionamiento de los sistemas de pensiones en la sociedad boliviana, conocidos como Sistema de Reparto de Beneficio Definido (SRBD) y Sistema de Capitalización Individual de Contribución Definida (SCICD). Se pone especial énfasis en sus respectivos tratamientos del componente de género.  Se introduce un sexto criterio relacionado con iniquidades del mercado laboral, los efectos que tiene la mayor discontinuidad laboral femenina y se analiza la creciente informalidad que afecta progresivamente a las mujeres bolivianas.
Se estudian los subsidios cruzados entre los géneros que creó el SRBD y sus efectos positivos en los montos de las rentas de las mujeres debido a la compensación que se da por las diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo y la mayor expectativa de vida de las mujeres al jubilarse. En este sentido el viejo sistema muestra ser más benevolente que el SCICD.
El SCICD, por el contrario, acentúa la discriminación de género por la forma de cálculo de la pensión que incorpora un salario base de 5 años e incluye la tasa actuarial de descuento por años de expectativa de vida al momento de jubilarse. Así se disminuye la pensión que recibirán las mujeres en el nuevo sistema.
Las subcotizaciones y sobrecotizaciones fueron un rasgo distintivo del viejo sistema, como también lo fue la presentación de documentos alterados o falsos, con el propósito de aumentar el monto de la pensión o anticipar el beneficio. Las condiciones del nuevo sistema no permite este manipuleo principalmente por ser un sistema de ahorro-inversión y no de pago de impuesto como es el de SRBD. No obstante, un salario base calculado con los salarios de los últimos cinco años para obtener una tasa de reemplazo del 70% para habilitarse para percibir una pensión, introduce también riesgo moral en el SCICD.
42. Guía práctica de la seguridad social boliviana 
    Instituto Boliviano de Seguridad Social, La Paz : IBSS, 1979**
     Tags: 
43. Historia de un atraco : de la seguridad social a la inseguridad total 
   Reinaldo Páez Zumárraga, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana "Benjamín Carrión", 2001**
    Tags: 
44. How much do Latin American pension programs promise to pay back?
Alvaro Fortaeza, Guzman Ourens, World Bank, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract We present a new database of social security indicators for eleven Latin American countries designed to assess pension schemes in terms of the payments they promise in return to contributions. Based on this data, we analyze inequality, insurance and incentives to work, using the replacement rates and the internal rates of return implicit in the flows of contributions and pensions. Our results indicate that most programs analyzed are progressive in the sense that, other things equal, they yield higher returns to low than to high income workers. Poor workers, notwithstanding, often have flat age-earnings profiles and lower life expectancy, both of which reduce the rates of return received from social security. The Argentinean and (the pre-2008) Uruguayan programs severely punish short contribution careers, providing strong incentives for workers in the programs to continue contributing until they reach minimums that vary between 30 and 35 years of contributions. The counterpart is that these programs do not hedge workers against the risk of having short working careers; quite the opposite, they raise the uncertainty workers face. The very low rates of return that the Argentinean and Uruguayan main pension programs pay to workers with short working careers are likely to impact strongly on low income workers, as the probability they experience interruptions is higher. The Brazilian, Chilean and Mexican programs show a better balance between insurance against the risk of short working careers and incentives to work. The defined benefit programs of Argentina, Ecuador and Uruguay strongly discourage early retirement; the Chilean and Mexican programs are more neutral. Argentina, Chile and Uruguay passed reforms to their main pension programs in 2008. Unlike the Argentinean reform, the Chilean and Uruguayan 2008 reforms strengthened the social protection that programs provide, shifting the balance towards more insurance and less incentives to work.
45. Impact of health insurance on use and equity : a case study of Ecuador, abstract, executive summary and final report of dissertation. 
   Hugh Waters, Johns Hopkins Univ., School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1998**
    Tags: 
46. Informe al Gobierno de Bolivia sobre organización de los servicios médicos de la seguridad social. 
    International Labor Office, Geneva, 1965**
     Tags: 
47. Inventory of Social Protection and Poverty Reduction Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean: A First Approximation
Fabián Repetto & Juan Sanguinetti, 2001, Inter-American Development Bank
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper was commissioned for the 1st Meeting of the Poverty Reduction and Social Protection Network held on June 11 and 12, 2001 in Washington, D.C. This paper is the initial systematization of the responses to the Questionnaire on Social Protection and Poverty Reduction Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean, prepared by the Poverty and Inequality Advisory Unit of the Inter-American Development Bank. The responses of these twelve country members are attached in the Annex: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Uruguay. Partial information from a shorter questionnaire is included for Mexico and Peru.
48. Keeping the promise of social security in Latin America ‎ 
Gill, Indermit Singh, 1961, Palo Alto, Calif. : A copublication of Stanford Economics and Finance, an imprint of Stanford University Press, and the World Bank, Washington, DC, 2005‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity 
Abstract Nations around the world (both large and small, rich and poor) are engaged in debate over how to reform their social security systems and care for the aged. For many countries this debate requires speculation on hypothetical scenarios, but in Latin America a rich body of experience on social security reform has been accumulating for more than a decade (for Chile, more than two decades). This report, entitled, Keeping the Promise of Social Security in Latin America, takes stock of those reforms, evaluates their successes and failures, and considers the lessons that can be drawn for the future of pension policy in the region. The authors draw on a series of background papers and surveys commissioned specifically for this inquiry, as well as existing research conducted by themselves and other pension experts. In the debate on pension reform there is no orthodoxy, as reflected in major differences of opinion among leading experts. Despite more than a decade of experience with pension reform in Latin America, although undoubtedly a major step forward, reforms are still works in progress. This report furthers enrich the policy dialogue that is of crucial importance to the future of the region.
49. La administración privada de los fondos de pensiones : perspectiva desde el sector laboral 
Mario Arrieta A; Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, La Paz, Bolivia : ILDIS, 1996**
Acceso en Bolivia: Link 
     Tags: 
50. La inversión prudente : impacto del bonosol sobre la familia, la equidad social y el crecimiento económico 
Guillermo Aponte; Fundación Milenio.; Center for International Private Enterprise ** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En el libro se evalúa el bonosol a través de sus efectos en la vida de la gente. Lejos del discurso político o ideológico que rodeó su nacimiento, los estudios que forman parte del texto describen los impactos que ha tenido el bonosol en la vida cotidiana de sus beneficiarios y familiares, en la economía de los hogares y, de una manera más amplia, en el comportamiento general de la economía. Y es que la creación de una pensión de vejez de alcance universal, a la que se atrevió Bolivia cuando la mayor parte de los países todavía la eluden, provocó hasta ahora un debate en el que se ventilaron más pasiones que razones. Otros pensaban que era un gesto de despilfarro inútil. Incluso, se dice también que, muchos receptores del bonosol han llegado a sentir cierta vergüenza de cobrarlo, probablemente convencidos por ese debate de que ellos no lo merecen y que hay mejores maneras de usar ese dinero. Han pasado varios años desde que se iniciara esta experiencia. Con el presente libro se pretende llenar, en parte, un vacío existente en el análisis de las políticas diseñadas en el periodo de reformas democráticas de los 90 a partir de los resultados alcanzados. Se propone al lector alejarse de los discursos y concentrarse en los hechos referidos al bonosol.‎
51. La libertad de elegir : por una seguridad social justa y equitativa 
Eusebio Gironda Cabrera, La Paz, Bolivia: Editorial Mundy Color, 1992**
     Tags: 
52. La protección frente al desempleo en America Latina
   Mario D. Velasquez Pinto, CEPAL, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Frente a una elevada y persistente desocupación, y significativas dificultades de los países de América Latina para sostener un patrón de crecimiento económico sostenido en las dos últimas décadas, el problema de la protección frente al desempleo ha sido uno de los principales temas que ha concentrado la atención de los gobiernos, y se ha instalado como uno de los objetivos de las políticas públicas. Sin embargo, debido a que las economías latinoamericanas exhiben una significativa segmentación derivada de la existencia de un sector informal, que bordea en promedio el 47% del empleo no agrícola, así como por la existencia de un segmento de trabajadores que presenta una alta inestabilidad en sus ocupaciones, la búsqueda de soluciones eficaces en esta materia enfrenta particulares grados de complejidad.
En efecto, y no obstante el marcado esfuerzo de los últimos años en la Región por desarrollar nuevas herramientas para proporcionar una mayor protección a quienes pierden su empleo y buscan su reinserción laboral, y que van desde los tradicionales esquemas de indemnizaciones por despido o seguros de desempleo hasta la creación más reciente de cuentas de ahorro individual, los resultados siguen siendo modestos, lo que se expresa en una baja cobertura de trabajadores protegidos. El análisis del instrumental disponible sugiere que ello sería la consecuencia directa del uso de diseños convencionales que suponen la existencia de relaciones laborales formales y relativamente estables, y requieren además que el desempleo se mantenga dentro de rangos compatibles con las posibilidades de financiamiento contributivo, y que su duración no sea prolongada.
En definitiva, avances significativos de la protección frente al desempleo están condicionados no sólo a la incorporación de programas no contributivos que permitan ampliar la protección a grupos no considerados en los diseños convencionales, sino que también con la aplicación de políticas activas de mercados de trabajo, ya que en estos casos las condiciones de elegibilidad no están definidas como una contrapartida de una relación asalariada formal sino que, precisamente, obedecen al criterio de favorecer a quienes no cuentan con ella. Y es esta combinación entre políticas activas y pasivas, la que presenta el potencial de lograr resultados mayores que el posible de obtener con cada instrumento individualmente considerado, teniendo en cuenta que la combinación óptima de ellos, dependerá de las características económicas e institucionales de cada uno de los países.‎
53. La protección social en Paraguay: condiciones, problemas, desafíos y perspectivas de los sistemas de previsión 
Jens Holst ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Paraguay, one of the least developed countries in Latin America with almost 50 % of rural population, stands out as a country with high poverty, in large part due to a lack of growth. One and a half decades after the end of the Strössner dictatorship, political institutions are still weak and the implementation of democratic and participative social structures is lacking. The access to social protection is limited to a minority of the better off and mostly concen-trated in urban areas. Recent estimations showed that only one of every eight Paraguayans is contributing to any kind of pension fund, and just 20 % of the population have a health insur-ance. Thus social exclusion in a generally poor and lately recessive socio-economic sur-rounding is a major problem and the main challenge for any Government that assumes the difficult task to consolidate the economic growth as well as the social protection of the citi-zens. 
The actual pension system does not only fail in coverage due to the difficult inclusion of the wide informal sector. General regulation and equality of rights are also lacking, transparency is low, as effectiveness and efficiency are. The actual regime produces palpable limitations of work force mobility and has a devastating impact on public household wages. On the other hand, public spending in health is very low, even compared to other countries in the region, whilst private out-of-pocket-spending is affecting severely household income of the poor. The segregation of both the health insurance and the health care provision sector reduces the ef-fectiveness of the overall system performance. On the other hand, the overwhelming problems are leading to the out-brake of a series of alternative health care financing mechanisms on a regional, local, cooperative or enterprise level. Especially the growing cooperative movement in Paraguay offers a wide range of health care financing approaches based on risk sharing, mutual aid and solidarity. 
There is broad consent that social protection interventions should be reinforced and imple-mented. This paper suggests investigating some outstanding experiences of European social protection schemes such as universality, solidarity, subsidiarity1, participation and the im-plementation of a public-private mix. The historical evolution of social protection in Europe shows some comparable starting points and offers a wide range of successful practices to be translated into today's situation in developing countries. It is more, these general assets seem applicable as orientation points and guidelines for the forthcoming reform process. They fa-cilitate the definition of goals, describe elementary conditions on the political as well as on the societal level and allow for general recommendations how to face reform processes to achieve success as well as sustainability. This paper concludes with a series of concrete ref-erences concerning the introduction and performance of the social protection reform, the po-litical viability and the major challenges in different phases of the process. 
54. La reforma de la seguridad social en América Latina--mito y realidad / 
Quito, Ecuador : Confederación Unica Nacional de Afiliados al Seguro Social Campesino : ILDIS : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Jaime Ruiz-Tagle 1999*
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, A.L. HD 7130.5 .R47 1999
     Tags: 
55. La reforma de los sistemas de seguridad social en los países andinos
CONSEJO CONSULTIVO LABORAL ANDINO, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Con el presente documento damos inició a una serie de documentos de trabajo que se publicarán como parte de las actividades desarrolladas en el marco del Proyecto "Fortalecimiento del Consejo Consultivo Laboral Andino" que ejecuta el Programa Laboral de Desarrollo (PLADES) con el auspicio de la Fundación Paz y Solidaridad - Serafín Aliaga de Comisiones Obreras de España y la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).
En esta ocasión el especialista en Derecho Laboral y Derechos Humanos Javier Mujica Petit aborda la problemática de la Seguridad Social en los países que conforman la Comunidad Andina, como son Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela a partir de su reflexión de la Seguridad Social como un derecho humano y su incorporación en las diferentes legislaciones nacionales.  Igualmente el autor nos presenta los principales tratados e instrumentos jurídicos internacionales, en particular los Convenios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT); que han incorporado dicha institución como un elemento clave para la protección básica de los trabajadores.
En sus conclusiones se destaca que el proceso de privatización de la seguridad social iniciado en  algunos países de la región ha supuesto para los trabajadores un retroceso dada la mayor desprotección que ello ha generado, a la par de contradecir los principios de la Seguridad Social como un derecho humano.
Dichas reflexiones se enlazan, al momento de su redacción con la posibilidad de contar con un nuevo instrumento regional, y que se ha plasmado en la reciente dación de la Decisión Nº 546 Instrumento Andino de Seguridad Social resaltando su necesidad y valía a partir de su carácter de norma obligatoria para los cinco países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN).  Para nosotros la publicación de este estudio se inscribe además en la voluntad de contribuir a desarrollar la dimensión social de la Comunidad Andina en particular en el campo de los derechos laborales.
56. La reforma de pensiones en Bolivia : diseño original y distorciones en su aplicación 
Evelyn Grandi Gómez; Luis Carlos Jemio M, La Paz: Fundación Milenio, 2001**
Acceso en Bolivia: Link
     Tags: 
57. La reforma previsional boliviana y el caso del incentivo al traspaso
Urcullo Cossio, Luis Gonzalo, Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial ; CIEPLAN, 1997
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Bol. 368.4 U82
     Tags: 
Abstract Introducir reformas con impacto económico, político y social en un país es bastante difícil bajo un régimen democrático: implica un debate, conflictos, negociación y concertación entre los actores involucrados. La primera parte de este estudio analiza el proceso que va desde los planteamientos iniciales de reforma del sistema previsional boliviano hasta la presentación del proyecto de reforma de la seguridad social para su aprobación en el Congreso Nacional.
Según este proyecto de ley, el nuevo régimen contemplaría la coexistencia de dos sistemas: el de reparto simple y el de capitalización individual. Aquellos individuos que se traspasaran del primero al segundo perderían los aportes ya efectuados. En la segunda parte del trabajo se analiza la adecuación de esta disposición, considerando la incorporación de un mecanismo que estimule el traspaso. A este mecanismo se le denomina Incentivo al Traspaso (IT).
El IT será un instrumento eficiente en este cometido siempre y cuando convierta la opción de traspaso en la decisión óptima de los individuos, sobre la base de sus percepciones de beneficio y esfuerzo esperado en cada uno de los sistemas y, a la vez, sea la alternativa más económica para el gobierno. Esto sucederá si el costo del financiamiento del IT es menor que el de mantener en el sistema antiguo a aquellos afiliados que no opten por el traspaso.
Si la diferencia entre la pensión que los afiliados esperan obtener bajo el nuevo sistema y la que esperan del antiguo es positiva, los individuos se traspasarán de sistema sin necesidad de entregarles el IT. Por el contrario, si la diferencia es negativa será preciso compensarla y otorgar una prima adicional para que los afiliados opten por hacerlo.
Partiendo de algunos supuestos, y con los datos disponibles, nuestros resultados sugieren que los afiliados menores de 36 años se traspasarán de sistema aunque no reciban un incentivo para hacerlo; el resto sólo lo hará si se les entrega el IT. El costo de este incentivo es de unos US$ 340 millones menos que mantener a este segmento de la población en el sistema de reparto. Esta diferencia justificaría su introducción en la Ley de Reforma al Sistema Previsional Boliviano que entrará en vigencia en un futuro próximo.
58. La seguridad social en Bolivia
Octavio Augusto Jimenez Duran, Conferencia Interamericana de Seguridad Social, Secretaría General, 1996*
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO HD 7151 .S35 1996 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El documento que presentamos trata de reflejar en la forma más resumida posible la evolución del sistema protectivo en Bolivia, sin ingresar a analizar cada una de las diferentes etapas históricas de la evolución de la seguridad social boliviana. Desde los puntos de vista sociológico, económico, o político, hemos tratado de ser lo más objetivo al mostrar las modificaciones y cambios que ha tenido el código de seguridad social desde el 14 de diciembre de 1956 fecha en que fue promulgado hasta el presente, sin emitir juicios de valor en los cuales la subjetividad podria hacer el caracter eminentemente técnico que hemos deseado imprimirle (AU).‎
59. La seguridad social en Ecuador
   Enrique Abad, Conferencia Interamericana de Seguridad Social, Secretaría General, 1993* ‎
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, EC HV 208 .S35 1993
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
60. La seguridad social en el Ecuador : problemas y alternativas. 
   Cámara de Comercio de Quito, 1991**
    Tags: 
Abstract La seguridad social ecuatoriana, sus principales problemas y alternativas de solución, son algunos de los temas que trata el autor en este breve ensayo. Para ello inicia su obra con un análisis del actual debate teórico sobre la seguridad social, sus reformas y sus objetivos económicos y sociales. Posteriormente pasa a estudiar la situación del seguro social ecuatoriano, su desgaste, el deterioro del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS) y sus proyecciones. Finalmente, se proponen algunas estrategias de solución profundas para alcanzar la modernización de la institución sin llegar a la privatización, entre dichas alternativas se destacan: el reordenamiento financiero, la simplificación de los mecanismos de afiliación y la revisión de las obligaciones que el Estado mantiene con el IESS.‎
61. Ley del seguro social obligatorio. Registro oficial n⁰ 574 de 25 de julio de 1942. Edición hecha por el Instituto nacional de previsión, en virtud de la autorización concedida por el Acuerdo ejecutivo n⁰ 393, de 21 de agosto de 1942. 
   Ecuador, Quito, Imp. Caja del seguro, 1943*
    Tags: 
62. Ley de pensiones -Ley 065 - Bolivia
Gobierno de Bolivia, 2010 
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La presente Ley tiene por objeto establecer la administración del Sistema Integral de Pensiones, así como las prestaciones y benef icios que otorga a los bolivianos y las bolivianas, en sujeción a lo dispuesto en la Constitución Política del Estado.‎
63. Ley de seguridad social. 
Quito, Ecuador : Corporación de Estudios y Publicaciones, 2002**
     Tags: 
64. Ley de seguridad social, reglamento, concordancias, legislación conexa 
    Quito, Ecuador : Corporación de Estudios y Publicaciones, 2010**
     Tags: 
65. Ley del seguro social obligatorio. 
    Ecuador. Laws, statutes, etc, Quito, Talleres gráficos de la Editorial Tirso de Molina, 1953*
    Reoprte: Link
     Tags: 
66. Lineamientos generales de la seguridad social boliviana  
    Vargas del Carpio, Oscar. La Paz, Bolivia, 1989*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
67. Live longer, work longer: ageing and employment policies
OECD, 2006*
    Tags: 
Abstract Population ageing is one of the most important challenges facinig OECD countries.  Over the next 50 years, all OECD countries will experience a steep increase in the share of elderly persons in the population and a large decline in the shrare of the population of prime working-age.  Consequently, in most countries, the number of workers retiring each year will increase sharply and eventually exceed the number of new labor market entrants.  If there is no change in work and retirement patterns, the ratio of older inactive persons per worker will almost double from 38% in the OECD area in 2000 to just over 70% in 2050.  In Europe, this ratio could rise to almost one older inactive person for every worker over the same period.
68. Los costos de embarazo y maternidad en algunos servicios de seguridad social en Bolivia 
Antonio Cisneros C; Carlos Koch; Germán La Fuente, La Paz, Bolivia : Ediciones CIS, 1985**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
69. Memoria, Foro Debate Seguridad Social y Condiciones Laborales 
    Helen Álvarez, El Alto: Centro de Promoción de la Mujer Gregoria Apaza, 2008** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El Centro de Promoción de la Mujer Gregoria Apaza, conmemorando el Día Internacional del Trabajo, llevó adelante un foro debate sobre la Reforma de la Ley de Pensiones, en el marco de la propuesta presentada por la Central Obrera Bolivianay el trabajo de la Comisión Social de Diputados. La realización de este evento tuvo la intencionalidad de contribuir al debate nacional, concientes de que la seguridad social es un tema central en la calidad de vida de las personas, la equidad y la estabilidad social.‎
70. Monograph on the organization of medical care within the framework of social security in Ecuador 
    Carlos Andrade Marín; International Labour Office, 1968**
     Tags: 
71. Non-contributory pensions : Bolivia and Antigua in an international context 
Larry N Willmore; United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean; 2006**
    Tags: 
Abstract Universal pensions available to everyone of eligible age, regardless of income, assets or employment history, have many advantages over targeted pensions. If targeting is desired, it is best done with ex post recovery from other income rather than ex ante means tests. For reasons that are unclear, governments almost always prefer ex ante tests to ex post controls for noncontributory pensions, even though the reverse is true for tax collection. The worst type of old age pension, from the point of view of poverty relief, is a minimum pension tied to a contributory system or to government service, for this excludes the poorest and most vulnerable from benefits.‎
72. Pasión y muerte de la seguridad social en Bolivia 
    Oscar Vargas del Carpio, La Paz, Bolivia : O. Vargas del Carpio, 1996**
     Tags: 
73. Pensiones y jubilación en Bolivia‎ 
Luis Carlos Jemio M; et al, La Paz, Bolivia : Fundación Milenio, 2008 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 7151 P36 2008
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract No fue fácil llevar a Dante Escobar a la cárcel, pero ahí está, por lo menos para recordarnos el festín que se dieron burócratas y políticos corruptos con los fondos de pensiones. Años de sacrificio laboral y empresarial desaparecieron en los bolsillos de muchos que, como él, aprovecharon del favor político de gobernantes y dirigentes sindicales para apropiarse de los ahorros de los trabajadores.  
Entre inversiones inútiles y turbios negociados, el sistema de pensiones derivó en una engañosa "solidaridad", por la cual todos los bolivianos, estuvieran o no protegidos y hubieran o no realizado aportes, financiaban las jubilaciones de una reducida minoría a través de transferencias y subsidios que periódicamente otorgaba el Estado para cubrir las brechas que iba creando la ineficiencia y la corrupción.
Hacia mediados de los años 1990 ese sistema había colapsado.  Nadie podía precisar cuánto de ahorro habían acumulado los aportantes. Ni siquiera era posible valorar el inventario de bienes que tenían las cajas de seguro y los fondos de pensiones, que invirtieron en terrenos, edificios, y empresas que quebraron por mala administración o por pillaje. La legislación era enredada y promovía el abuso. Muchos, con la anuencia de sus empresas, solían inflar sus últimos salarios para percibir una jubilación que superaba el promedio de los salarios reales que recibieron en sus años de trabajo. El sistema de jubilación se había convertido en un hueco por el que escapaban crecientes recursos del Tesoro General de la Nación.
A tiempo de escribir esta presentación me bastó pulsar algunas teclas y, a través de internet, pude saber que a fines de junio de 2008 había 1,122,294 afiliados aportando al nuevo sistema de pensiones, y que, para esa fecha, el patrimonio acumulado por esos afiliados alcanzaba a la suma de 24,164,997,158 bolivianos. Para expresarlo en otros términos, se trata de 3 mil 398 millones de dólares. Ese patrimonio no es la simple sumatoria de los aportes de los afiliados, puesto que a ellos se han ido añadiendo las utilidades obtenidas por las inversiones realizadas con esos aportes.
Es más, pude saber dónde están esas inversiones y qué rendimiento generan, y pude obtener, al instante, información de cuánto de ese patrimonio me pertenece como afiliado, y qué utilidades está obteniendo para mí la Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones a la cual decidí pertenecer. De hecho, al escribir esta presentación consulté el estado de mi cuenta y supe que mis aportes generaron una utilidad que prácticamente los ha duplicado hasta ahora. Y aunque ya no soy dependiente de una empresa o institución pública, puedo seguir aportando como trabajador independiente si es que quiero mejorar mi jubilación o alcanzarla antes de la edad obligatoria, algo que era impensable en el sistema anterior. En efecto, en el sistema vigente cualquiera puede afiliarse y cualquiera que lo haga puede saber a cuánto ascienden sus aportes, cuál es su rendimiento e incluso anticipar cuándo se jubilará y con cuánto dinero podrá contar para vivir en sus años pasivos. Dante Escobar está preso y mis aportes protegidos de gente como él.
74. Pension Reforms: Results and Challenges
Cambridge Journals, Carmelo Mesa-Lago, International Federation of Pension Fund Administrators, 2003* ‎
Worldcat: Link
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
75. Planeación y gerencia estratégica para el seguro social ecuatoriano  
   Posso Zumarraga, Manuel. Quito, Ecuador, 1998*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract La planeación estratégica para el nuevo seguro social, parte de un diagnóstico resumido, plantea como prioridad general la reestructuración integral de la Institución como política permanente ,con la separación planificada del manejo por separado de las prestaciones monetarias ( pensiones y de salud) con el propósito de brindar productos de calidad y oportunidad que debidamente financiados satisfagan los requerimientos y el estado de necesidad de los usuarios internos y externos. Contiene además un extracto de la propuesta privatizadora de reforma al sistema del seguro social elaborada por la Comisión Interventora para su análisis y debate.
76. Previsión social: boletin del Ministerio de Prevision Social. 
Quito, Ecuador
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
77. Privatizing Old-Age Security: Latin America and Eastern Europe Compared
Cambridge Journals, Journal of International Development, Katharina Muller, Northampton, MA, 2003 *
Edicion Inicial: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Many countries around the world are facing the pressing task of old-age security reform. Yet, pension systems have long been thought difficult to reform, as they tend to create powerful clienteles.  This is particularly true for pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems, which build up long-term expectations that are hard to reverse. Some experts argue that "any pronounced challenge to the basic structure of the [pension] system is equivalent to political suicide" (Buchanan 1983, p. 340). In many countries pensioners constitute a substantial part of the electorate and amount to the largest single-issue constituency. Their power is thought to increase as the population ages (Butler and Germanis 1983; Börsch-Supan 1998). The elderly also are viewed sympathetically by other voters who may perceive themselves as being indirectly hurt by cutbacks, providing for a large blame-generating potential of pension reforms.
78. Protecting workers against unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Argentina
Martın Gonzalez-Rozada, Lucas Ronconi, Hernan Ruffo, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Both unemployment insurance and severance payments are ways to protect workers against the burden of unemployment. We take advantage of several reforms that provide time and cross sectional variation to identify the effects of these instruments on the duration of unemployment and on the separation probability. For this purpose, we use administrative and household survey data. The first source allows us to analyze the duration of unemployment of covered spells with detailed information about transfers and their duration; from surveys we analyze separation probability and we study the transitions to informal jobs, which are not observed in administrative data. We find that unemployment duration increases significantly when unemployment insurance transfers are higher or are provided for a longer period; the effects of severance pay on unemployment duration are less robust. On the other hand, we find that higher severance pay reduces separation probability, while unemployment insurance transfers have a positive but small effect on separations.
79. Protecting workers against unemployment in Uruguay
Verónica Amarante, Rodrigo Arim, Andrés Dean, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This document considers the main institutional features of the Uruguayan labor market, and its recent evolution. The focus is on unemployment. The main policies aimed at protecting workers against unemployment are analyzed. Using administrative data from the social security records, we study the dynamics of the labor market. In particular, we consider inflows and outflows from the formal labor market, as well as the effect, in terms of earnings' loss, of episodes out of the formal labor market. Finally, an impact evaluation of the recent changes in the unemployment insurance program is presented.
80. Quienes pueden jubilarse en el acutal sistema de pensiones?  Un análisis comparativo entre los sistemas de reparto y capitalización individual
Jaime Durán Chuquimia, CEDLA, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Han pasado más de diez años desde la implantación de la Ley 1732 de Reforma del Sistema de Pensiones. Actualmente, se discute su cambio, puesto que ha sido cuestionada por diversos sectores, especialmente en lo referente a los beneficios que las Administradoras de Fondos Pensiones (AFP) otorgan a sus afiliados.
Este cuestionamiento tiene diversas facetas. Por un lado están los que a pesar de todas las desventajas que puedan presentarse consideran que las AFP funcionan mejor de lo que fue el viejo Sistema de Reparto, actualmente en manos del Servicio Nacional del Sistema de Reparto (SENASIR). Por otro, están aquellos que indican que únicamente un grupo con características muy especiales puede beneficiarse de las prestaciones del Seguro Social Obligatorio (SSO) de las AFP.
Este trabajo pretende ser una contribución a este debate. Lo que se pretende analizar es que condiciones cumplen los afiliados para poder jubilarse en ambos sistemas. Para ello se utilizan los datos disponibles tanto de las AFP como del SENASIR, sobre esta base se diseña un "filtro" que permite observar a la actual Población Económicamente Activa (PEA) y determinar quienes estarían en condiciones de jubilarse y bajo que supuestos.
81. Reassembling Social Security: A Survey of Pensions and Health Care Reforms in Latin America
Cambridge Journals, Oxford University Press, Carmelo Mesa-Lago, 2008*
Reporte: Link
Look Inside: Link
Google Preview: Link
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This book is a tour de force by the maestro of social security systems in Latin America, Carmelo Mesa-Lago.  In this 450-page volume, he has brought together a thorough review and critical assessment of the main pensions and health care reforms that have taken place in the region over the last 30 years.  The author's task is particularly comprehensive and challenging because he compares the reformed pension systems with not only what existed before the reforms, but also with the experiences in countries that did not engage in major reforms.  Drawing on both primary and secondary sources, historic data, and information for most Latin American countries, the book provides a complete picture of social security and private arrangements, serving as an invaluable source for students of the region.
The reform of social security pensions and healthcare is a key issue for the modern world, and in many ways Latin America has acted as a social laboratory for the reform of these systems. From the reforms that took place in Chile in 1981, most pension and health care systems in the region have seen reform, and been fully or partially privatized. Many other countries considering reform of their own systems have been influenced by the policies implemented in Latin America.
Yet despite the importance and influence of these reforms, until now there has not been an integrated and comprehensive analysis of the changes and their effects. This book is the result of four years of painstaking work, data collection, field research and international collaboration, and so fills the vacuum in the literature with a systematic comparison of pension and healthcare reforms in the 20 Latin American countries. 
It identifies reform models, and elaborates taxonomies to facilitate their understanding and comparison. Some key features of the reforms to emerge are: labour force and population coverage, equity and solidarity, sufficiency and quality of benefits, state regulation, competition and degree of privatization, efficiency and administrative costs, social participation in management, financing sources and long-term sustainability. Effects of the reforms on social security principles are measured based on recent standardized statistics and other information. Goals or assumptions of the reforms are contrasted with actual outcomes, and the pros and cons of private versus private provision assessed. Detailed policy recommendations are offered to correct current problems and improve pension and healthcare systems. 
This is the first book to comprehensively study these influential reforms in Latin America's pension and health care systems, and as such will be of importance to academics and researchers interested in social security and welfare policy, pensions, health care, and public policy; Social security, pension, and health care policy-makers; And social security, pension, and health care consultants and practitioners.
82. Reforma de pensiones: ni solidaria ni sostenible
CEDLA, 2008
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En los análisis de la reforma al sistema de pensiones en Bolivia y en otros países, usualmente se dejó de lado la perspectiva política.  La reforma del gobierno de Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (1996), fue promovida e implementada con un alto contenido discursivo y tecnocrático que, como en todas las privatizaciones, aseguraba eficiencia, sostenibilidad, mayor rentabilidad y hasta mayor cobertura.  Para su aprobación, se reprimió y desmovilizó a las organizaciones de trabajadores, se utilizó el mecanismo del rodillo parlamentario de los partidos neoliberales y, lo más importante, se la encubrió con la creación del Bonosol, para ganar legitimidad ante algunos sectores de la población, que pocas veces o nunca recibieron algún beneficio del Estado.‎
83. Reformas a la seguridad social en Bolivia 
   Marcelo Montero N P, La Paz, Bolivia, 1996**
    Tags: 
84. República del Ecuador : informe al Gobierno : análisis actuarial y financiero del sistema público de pensiones al 31 de diciembre de 2007 
    International Labour Office. Social Security Dept.; Geneva, 2009**
    Tags: 
Abstract La presente revisión actuarial está sustentada en el Modelo de Presupuesto Social de la OIT 1, el cual contempla un análisis global de variables económicas, demográficas y financieras, determinadas con base en datos históricos del Ecuador. Para el caso especial de esta revisión actuarial se han considerado tres escenarios de proyección (optimista, intermedio y pesimista), con la idea de reflejar un amplio rango de posibilidades futuras. (Source: OIT)
85. Seguridad Ciudadana: espejismo o realidad?
Fernando Carrion, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract Desde hace varios años atrás, la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) - Sede Ecuador ha venido tratando el tema de la seguridad ciudadana en el país pues ésta se ha convertido en una de las principales demandas que reclaman lo/as ciudadano/as dentro del ámbito local. Sin desconocer que la violencia social existe en todos los continentes, hay que mencionar que afecta de manera especial a América Latina, la que se ha convertido en una de las regiones más violentas del mundo.
La violencia es un problema complejo y multidimensional, cuyas causas no pueden ser encontradas únicamente en la pobreza, tampoco puede ser enfrentada de manera unilateral por medio de otros medios también violentos, ya sea promovidos por el Estado o quienes conforman la sociedad civil. Tampoco se trata que el temor que promueve la violencia inmovilice a los ciudadanos y ciudadanas de nuestros países, que de por sí presentan limitaciones en su vida democrática.
Contrariamente a lo que se piensa, la violencia no está únicamente en lo/as otro/as. Todos, hombres y mujeres, independientemente de nuestra situación étnica, social, económica, política, etárea, debemos reconocer que, de alguna forma, material o simbólica, y en algún momento, somos promotores y reproductores de violencia. En tal sentido, la prevención de la violencia requiere que se trabaje para ampliar los niveles de tolerancia en nuestro convivir; así como la participación con una perspectiva democrática tanto de las instituciones como de las personas que conformamos la sociedad.
Con estos antecedentes, FLACSO - Sede Ecuador ha reunido en este libro un conjunto de artículos que tratan el tema de violencia social en varios países de América Latina, así como su relación con algunos de los actores afectados por este fenómeno. Finalmente, se presentan diversas estrategias de seguridad ciudadana que han sido llevadas a cabo en la región. La edición y publicación de este libro ha contado con el apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS/OMS).
86. Seguridad social : experiencias de Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica y Paraguay 
Borda, Dionisio.; Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economía Paraguaya.; Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.; Asunción, Paraguay: Centro de Análisis y Difusión de la Economía Paraguaya; 2003**
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, A.L. HD 7130.5 .S55 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract El sistema de seguridad social tiene siempre raíces y características históricas y culturales específicas para cada país. No se trata de copiar experiencias de otros países, sino de intercambiar experiencias sobre cómo es posible insertar el desarrollo económico en una relación directa de productividad, responsabilidad social y justicia social, bajo distintas condiciones.  El libro recoge las ponencias del Seminario sobre Seguridad Social organizado por la KAS y el CADEP, en octubre de 2002. Dicho evento ha tenido como objetivos: analizar las experiencias más llamativas de la reforma de la seguridad social en la región; discutir la actual situación de la seguridad social en el Paraguay; y, evaluar los anteproyectos de ley en estudio en el país.
87. Seguros de desempleo y reformas recientes en America Latina
Mario Velasquez P., CEPAL, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract En los últimos años se han verificado un conjunto de reformas en los Seguros de Desempleo en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Venezuela y Uruguay, las que si bien han tenido alcances diversos, desde estructurales a cambios paramétricos, han estado orientadas a mejorar la efectividad y eficiencia de estos Sistemas, por la vía de extender beneficios hacia de trabajadores inicialmente no cubiertos, a mejorar las bases del financiamiento, y a fortalecer los vínculos con políticas activas de capacitación y de servicios de empleo. Además, desde 2008, estos regímenes han adoptado medidas de carácter anticíclico o bien han complementado otras políticas y programas para enfrentar coyunturas de crisis económicas.
La evidencia señalada, pone en evidencia un activo proceso de búsqueda de mejores soluciones para la protección ante el desempleo en la Región, la que ha presentado insuficiencias significativas derivadas tanto de las características estructurales de funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo, y el predominio de la informalidad como variable de ajuste, por limitaciones propias de los Seguros de Desempleo, diseñados sobre bases contributivas, así como por la falta de integración de éstos con otros regímenes de protección, como las indemnizaciones por despido.  Evaluar la eficiencia y eficacia de las medidas recientes, así como sus impactos sobre la suficiencia y cobertura lograda, y sus efectos en los mercados de trabajo, es una tarea indispensable a realizar. Su perfeccionamiento es importante para generar adecuados niveles de suficiencia de las prestaciones y de amplitud de cobertura de sus beneficiarios, así como para mejorar la eficiencia del funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo, promoviendo una reinserción productiva de los cesantes. Del mismo modo, mejores instituciones de protección a los desempleados, permitirá distribuir mejor los costos asociados con las fluctuaciones cíclicas de la actividad económica, así como también aprovechar los beneficios del crecimiento.
88. Seguridad social para todos 
Nancy Tufiño Rivera, La Paz, 2007** ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
89. Seguro social campesino : estudios 
Comisión del Seguro Social Campesino, La Paz, Ediciones Oficina de Información Técnica, 1972**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
90. Seguro social campesino, historia y reforma 
    Pedro Isáac Barreiro; Proyecto Análisis y Promoción de Políticas de Salud, Quito, 1998**
     Tags: 
91. Seguro social para los informales 
    Luis Torres Rodríguez, Quito, Ecuador : Fundación Ecuatoriana de Desarrollo, 1990** ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
92. Seminario Nacional "Los Problemas Actuales de la Seguridad Social Boliviana ante el Ultimo Proyecto del Código" (2nd : 1989 : Santa Cruz, Bolivia) 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia : Asociación Iberoamericana de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social, Filial Bolivia, 1989*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
93. Sistema de pensiones en América Latina : diagnóstico y alternativas de reforma  
Santiago, Chile : Proyecto Regional Políticas Financieras para el Desarrollo : Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) : Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), 1991-*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
94. Situación actual de la seguridad social boliviana 
   Armando Morales Gómez, La Paz : Centro de Promoción Minera, 1992**
    Tags: 
95. Social security for indigenous workers 
   International Labour Office, Geneva, 1950**
    Tags: 
96. The second-generation pension reforms in Latin America
Monika Queisser, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Latin America has proven to be the most dynamic and innovative region in the area of pension reform.  More than a decade after Chile moved from a public pay-as-you-go to a private funded pension system, seven more countries in Latin America have reformed their pension systems. No two of these "second generation" pension reforms are alike but their basic common feature is a greater role for funded, privately managed pensions. In the design of their new systems, the individual countries have made different choices depending on their initial conditions such as the pension systems' financial viability, the fiscal situation as well as the political environment in which pensions were reformed. The varied nature of Latin America's recent pension reforms and their mixed results hold valuable lessons for OECD and non-OECD countries alike.
97. The Strengthenig of the New Pension Systems: The Role of Each Pillar in the Solution of Pension Problems
Cambridge Journals, Jose Luis Ruiz, International Federation of Pension Fund Administrators, 2007* ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This book includes contributions from a wide range of people who work mainly in Latin America, with responsibility for oversight over pension systems, management of pension funds, pension consulting, and academic research.  Following the World Bank's new conceptualization of a multi-pillar retirement security system, chapter authors discuss the merits of a "zero-th" pillar, under which retirees receive benefits without having contributed over their lifetimes.  This pillar therefore is mainly a welfare or redistributive component of a larger retirement security scheme.  Also in the World Bank formulation, the first pillar is a mandatory scheme financed by worker contributions.  In many Latin nations, this is a defined contribution system managed by private companies that invest the assets, manage the accounts and pay the pension benefits.  The government's role in this case is to oversee the normal functioning of the system and make regulations in order to guarantee low fees.  The third pillar is associated with voluntary contributions to a funded system, which some people will undertake to boost their future pensions.  Also, some countries have a fourth pillar in which participation is voluntary; this is often associated with family support, other formal social programs (e.g. health care), and own assets like homeownership.
The volume offers many examples of multi-pillar systems with strengths and weaknesses.  Sweden, for instance, has a particularly low-cost system but one reasin is that the collection of contributions is done by government, to take advantage of scale economies.  In other words, the central collection provides a subsidy to the system.  In the case of Kosovo, pension recordkeeping is centralized and investments are limited to a global index fund and a global money market fund, selected via an international bidding process.  In this case, total fees are less than 1% of assets.  Bulk bidding was aldo adopted in Bolivia, as noted in this volume.  Nevertheless, it is often difficult to compare fees across countries, because institutional differences imply the entities are doing different activities in each country.
Another point that receives substantial attention is the low rates of pension system coverage.  Some countries, like Bolivia, Peru, and Nicaragua, have low coverage, while countries like Argentina, Mexico, and Chile, have much higher participation rates.  It is often argued that low coverage rates could undermine a pension system's popularity in time.  The volume also focuses on pension problems, such as those which arise with informal labor markets where people earn low wages, have irregular jobs and high turnover, and there may be evasion.  In addition, in many developing nations, the age structure of the population is growing older, more women are working for pay, and there is often early retirement due to unemployment at older ages.  This underscores the need for the zero-th or welfare pillar for those not covered or who reach retirement age with insufficient assets.  Of course, each nation must consider its own budget constraint to determine what level of welfare benefits can be offered, and whether and hwo to inflation-protect them.  To enhance incentives to contribute, many suggest that the minimum old-age benefit should be proportional to years of contributions.  Further, some suggest it would be sensible to permit those who wish to keep working after the legal retirement age to continue making contributions as they wish.  
98. Tiempos de reformas en la seguridad social de salud : tendencias actuales 
Adolfo Guerrero Encina, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: Universidad Autónoma "Gabriel René Moreno", 2000**
     Tags: 
99. Trabajo Investigacion Pensiones
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2011 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La seguridad social en muchos países latinoamericanos ha sido reformada introduciendo cuentas individuales en su administración desde comienzos de los años 80 del siglo pasado. Estos sistemas han logrado que el propio individuo sea quien amase su propio capital para pagarse su pensión. Sin embargo, dos grandes problemas confrontan estos sistemas en la actualidad para alcanzar la universalización en la prestación de un ingreso a los ancianos en todas las sociedades latinoamericanas. Primero, el alto grado de informalidad en el que se encuentra gran parte de la fuerza laboral y que, por lo tanto, si tan sólo se recurre a un sistema contributivo, estos amplios sectores quedan al margen de sistemas que les otorguen un ingreso cuando físicamente no puedan generarlos y se vean en la penosa obligación de trabajar hasta sus últimos días de vida o morir en el abandono. 
Segundo, el sector formal no es un gran creador de empleos en Bolivia y mantiene el número de empleados relativamente constante con relación a la PEA.  Las personas en este sector cuentan con un empleo más o menos permanente que les permite una densidad  de cotizaciones (número de años aportados respecto a los años de vida activa o años de trabajo) para alcanzar una pensión como para sustentar un nivel de consumo que es suavemente inferior al que percibió en su vida activa antes del retiro. La falta de dinamismo del sector formal no amplía las oportunidades a la población creciente y los sistemas de pensión responden casi exclusivamente a este sector. Por lo tanto, estos sistemas no tienden a la universalidad y dejan al margen de la obtención de un ingreso jubilatorio a millones de trabajadores.
Frente a estos problemas detectados se trata de crear formas más solidarias socialmente que destinen parte del ingreso fiscal para respaldarlos con transferencias directas o se diseñan mecanismos que descuenten ingresos a los que más tienen a favor de los que menos poseen. En Bolivia existe actualmente la Renta Dignidad (RD) que se encuadra en el primer grupo de estas soluciones. Un beneficio sucedáneo al Bonosol que utilizó los dividendos de algo menos que el 50% de las acciones de las empresas privatizadas en Bolivia administrado por las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP) y que conformaron el Fondo de Capitalización Colectiva (FCC). La RD, es una transferencia de recursos estatales en favor de toda la población mayor de sesenta años que además cuenta con el residuo del FCC, o sea, lo que quedó después que las acciones de las empresas nacionalizadas en la gestión de Evo Morales. De esta manera, se transfirieron las participaciones de las empresas petroleras y de ENTEL a favor del Estado, se formaron empresas mixtas en el caso de las petroleras y, en el caso de ENTEL, mayoritariamente estatal porque el Estado compro el otro 50% que se encontraba en manos de la italiana Telecom International. Cerca de un 4% de esta empresa se mantiene en manos de los ex trabajadores de ENTEL u otros privados.
100. World Crisis Effects on Social Security in Latin America and the Caribbean: Lessons and Policies
Cambridge Journals, Journal of Latin American Studies, Diego Sanchez-Ancochea, Carmelo Mesa-Lago, 2010* ‎
   Book Review: PDF
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Evaluating the impact of the global financial crisis that began in 2008 is still complicated as there are not enough data available and we do not know how economic conditions will evolve in the near future, yet this evaluation is precisely the task that Carmelo Mesa-Lago attempts in this short but informative and ambitious book published by the London-based Institute for the Study of the Americas. The book aims to determine the impact of the crisis on social security (health and pensions) in Latin America and offer some policy recommendations. While the analysis cannot provide concluding answers given global uncertainty and insufficient statistics, it presents a useful methodology through which to explore the short-, medium- and long-term evolution of social security.
101. World Social Security Report 2010/11.  Providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond
International Labor Office, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This is the first in a new series of biennial reports that aim to map social security coverage globally, to presenting various methods and approaches for assessing coverage, and to identifying gaps in coverage. Backed by much comparative statistical data, this first report takes a comprehensive look at how countries are investing in social security, how they are financing it, and how effective their approaches are. The report examines the ways selected international organizations (the EU, OECD and ADB) monitor social protection and the correlation of social security coverage and the ILO Decent Work Indicators. The report's final section features a typology of national approaches to social security, with a focus on countries' responses to the economic crisis of 2008 -- and the lessons to be learned, especially concerning the short- and long-term management of pension schemes.‎



Migracion

1. A filo de la identidad: la migracion indigena en America Latina
Alicia Torres, Jesus Carrasco, Quito, 2008** ‎
   Google Preview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El tema de las migraciones, en general, ha ido tomando re l e vancia en el contexto coyuntural de América Latina, particularmente en las dos últimas décadas. Di versas investigaciones dan cuenta de su impacto en varios aspectos de la realidad atravesados por la dinámica de este fenómeno. Entre los múltiples factores desencadenantes de las migraciones se han identificado, [...] los problemas históricos estructurales no resueltos en los países Latinoamericanos, particularmente la pobreza y la pobreza extrema, las desigualdades sociales, la violencia, el desempleo, la falta de oportunidades para los jóvenes, la falta de respeto a los derechos de los trabajadores, la discriminación racial y de género, la corrupción, la falta de espacios de participación y la manos. 
Estos hechos tienden a incrementar las migraciones internacionales y, en la última década, han contribuido a dar un cambio en la configuración del migrante: tendencia a la feminización de ciertos flujos migratorios, inserción creciente de jóvenes y de colectivos étnicos en estos procesos. En este contexto se vuelve necesario poner en evidencia las dimensiones de la agencia social vinculadas a las prácticas de movilidad.  La importancia de la agencia se puede analizar en varios campos que otorgan características específicas a la migración, como el desafío de los migrantes ante las fronteras, la construcción social de nuevas formas de ciudadanías, la hibridación de las culturas, las reinvenciones étnicas, etc. El libro Al filo de la identidad: migración indígena en América Latina, que surge a partir de las ponencias presentadas en el Congreso por los 50 años del Sistema Internacional FLACSO, busca retomar estos aspectos aplicados a la migración internacional y a la vez se plantea "mirar la migración indígena de América Latina en la riqueza de sus diferencias, intentar entenderla como un proceso cargado de diversidad de arreglos sociales, culturales y económicos y hacerla visible al interior de los estudios de migración" (p.19).
Es necesario decir que el esfuerzo de este libro es describir y explicar la migración internacional contemporánea como un fenómeno complejo, causa y efecto de diversos cambios en las sociedades. El conjunto de artículos hace posible observar factores comunes en los procesos migratorios, pero también se pueden observar las variaciones que se presentan dentro de estos procesos, lo que permite hablar de particularidades explicitadas por los coordinadores, Alicia Torres y Jesús Carrasco, quienes han recogido y organizado los artículos en torno a tres ejes: Migración y Comunidad, Migración e Identidad y Migración y Desarrollo.  Con esta base, los diversos artículos nos llevan a entender la migración como un proceso a largo plazo, que tiene efectos durante el resto de la vida del migrante y que afecta a las generaciones subsecuentes.
2. Agricultural change, land tenure and emigration in three mestizo areas of highland Ecuador 
   David A Preston, Leeds, England School of Geography, 1977** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
3. Agricultural transformation and migration in modern Bolivia : paper prepared for presentation at the XVII Conference on the Political Economy of the World System (PEWS XVII) on food and agricultural systems in the world economy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, April 15-17, 1993 
   Sonia Arellano, 1993**
    Tags: 
4. Agricultura, requerimientos y disponibilidad de fuerza de trabajo en Santa Cruz, Bolivia 
Javier Escóbar; Carlos Samaniego López; La Paz, Bolivia : Dirección General de Empleo, 1981** ‎
    Tags: 
5. Analisis de la realidad migratoria en Bolivia. 
   Conferencia Episcopal Boliviana, 1991**
    Tags: 
6. Aspectos urbanos de la migración laboral: la situación en los países de origen
Francisco Alba, 1994**‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Una revisión de la literatura sobre migración laboral nos plantea la cuestión del papel del crecimiento urbano en los patrones de la migración internacional del trabajo, y el impacto de ésta en el desarrollo de los países de origen, particularmente, en el de sus ciudades. Si bien la revisión confirma la apreciación común de que los migrantes internacionales son o bien campesinos rurales, o bien personal altamente calificado, también se muestra que los trabajadores calificados se encuentran cada vez más involucrados en los movimientos internacionales de trabajo, y que muchos de ellos provienen de las grandes ciudades. En estas circunstancias, es de esperar que en el futuro tales ciudades de los países de origen se encontrarán más integradas a los sistemas migratorios internacionales. /// A bibliographical review serves to analyze the role of urban growth in patterns of international labor-force migration, as well as the effect of this migration on the development of the countries of origin, especially on their cities. While the review confirms the general idea that international migrants are either peasants or highly qualified personnel, it also shows that qualified workers are increasingly insolved in international labor movements and that a great part of them come from large cities. It is to be expected that in these circumstances large cities of the countries of origin will become more integrated to international migratory systems.
7. A Summary of research on internal migration in Latin America with special emphasis on Bolivia, Brazil [and] Peru, sponsored by Iglesia y Sociedad en America Latina (ISAL)
   Geneva : Secretariat for Migration, World Council of Churches, 1969*
    Tags: ‎
8. Bircholas : trabajo de mujeres : explotación capitalista o opresión colonial entre las migrantes aymaras de La Paz y El Alto 
    Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, La Paz, Bolivia : Editorial Mama Huaco, 2002**
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
9. Begging as a path to progress : indigenous women and children and the struggle for Ecuador's urban spaces 
   Kate Swanson, University of Georgia Press, 2010**
   Look Inside: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
10. Bolivia : an assessment of the international labour migration situation : the case of female labour migrants 
    Ivonne Farah H; Carmen Sánchez G, Geneva : International Labour Organization, 2002 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract International migration, a massive and permanent phenomenon motivated primordially by the search for work, can no longer be conceptualised within narrow explanatory frameworks to be resolved by bi-lateral actions. The phenomenon of internat ional migration includes factors responding to the countries in question, such as low growth rates, scenarios of crisis, increasing unemployment, and persistent poverty. Furthermore, we find a highly complex social fabric associated with the movement itself. Thus, some authors also refer to an ever-growing transmigration (Pries, 1999).
In the Bolivian case, as the sending country for a growing mass of labour emigrants, the most notable characteristic taken on by international migration is related to its illegal nature and the labour and employment status of the male and female migrant workers. They are associated with significant insertion into agricultural activities, the manufacturing "industry" (apparel), and in lowskilled services having to do with the rural origins of a great majority of these migrants. A growing participation of female labour migrants may also be noted in what was primordially a masculine migration.
If the international labour market was one of preponderant access and use of male manpower, currently the economic, social, and cultural dynamics involve a massive participation by young women, with growing economic responsibility for household upkeep. Women are now an important part of this mass of individuals that seeks work motivated by the search for and construction of higher standards of living than those currently enjoyed.
The illegal nature displays and hides forms of economic exploitation`, different forms of violence and denial of basic human and labour rights of female workers, converging on ethnic factors which are found in discriminatory relationships not lacking in xenophobic traits.
The information that could be systematised and analysed for this study, shows how women are involved in emigration and re-migration processes, where fundamental aspects such as their active participation in social networks stands out, as well as their contribution to the generation of income and assets. These contribute under complex international circuits not only to the subsistence and investment in family assets, but also to different circuits of international activities, such as those of regional and local economies where they are placed in the labour market, but under frameworks of total social defencelessness.
11. Bolivia, migraciones internas recientes según el censo nacional de 1976  
Herrera, Jesús, La Paz : Ministerio de Planeamiento y Coordinacion, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 1980*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
12. Caminantes y retornos  
   Farrell, Gilda, Quito : Instituto de Estudios Ecuatorianos, 1988*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
13. Camba and Kolla : migration and development in Santa Cruz, Bolivia 
    Allyn MacLean Stearman, Orlando : University of Central Florida Press, 1985**
    Tags: 
14. Criterios antropológicos sobre migraciones urbanas 
Allyn MacLean Stearman, La Paz : Ediciones CIS, Centro de Investigaciones Sociales, 1975** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
15. Del Altiplano al Oriente : un análisis económico de la migración rural-rural boliviana 
   Hernán Zeballos, La Paz, 1976**
    Tags: 
16. De la pobreza al éxito 
   Filiberto Montecinos Avendaño, La Paz, Bolivia, 1990**
    Tags: 
17. Del campo a la ciudad : las jóvenes empleadas domésticas 
    Elizabeth Peredo; Wálter Solón Romer, La Paz, Bolivia : TAHIPAMU, 1997** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
18. De los Andes a Buenos Aires : investigación y guía para migrantes  
    La Paz : Capítulo Boliviano de Derechos Humanos, Democracia y Desarrollo, 2005*
    Worldcat: Link
    Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract 1. ¿Quienes son los migrantes? 2. ¿Que derechos tienen los y las migrantes? 3. ¿Que obligaciones tienen los y las migrantes? 4. ¿Cuales son las principales recomendaciones para viajar al exteríor? 5. ¿A donde pueden recurrir en busca de ayuda los y las migrantes? 6. ¿Deben pagar por los servicios consulares? 7. ¿Cuales son las consecuencias de ingresar y/o trabajar ilegalmente en otro país 8. ¿Cuales son los requisitos para ingresar a la Argentina? 9. Representaciones consulares bolivianas en Argentina 10. Fuentes utilizadas
19. Diez años de innovacion en remesas: lecciones aprendidas y modelos para el futuro
FOMIN, 2009 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este documento contiene un análisis del programa de remesas del FOMIN desde sus inicios en el año 2000. El análisis se centra en primer lugar en la cartera de proyectos de remesas ejecutados entre 2001 y 2009, y en segundo lugar en las actividades de investigación y diseminación llevadas a cabo por el FOMIN durante el mismo período. El análisis se realizó entre mayo y septiembre de 2009. La información para el estudio se basa en:
•• entrevistas con personal del BID en Washington, D.C.;
•• visitas in situ a siete agencias ejecutoras (AE) en México, cinco en El Salvador y tres en la República Dominicana, así como en visitas de campo a dos sub-donaciones de un proyecto regional del FOMIN en la República Dominicana;
•• entrevistas presenciales con cinco empleados del FOMIN en México, El Salvador y la República Dominicana;
•• entrevistas telefónicas con especialistas FOMIN encargados de proyectos de remesas;
•• entrevistas telefónicas con coordinadores de proyecto y con otras personas con memoria institucional de las AE, a las que no se realizaron visitas personales (en el Anexo se incluye la lista de las personas entrevistadas y de sus organizaciones); y
•• análisis de documentos relativos a las actividades de remesas del FOMIN.
El objetivo de este ejercicio es que tanto el FOMIN como cualquier otro organismo externo interesado en ampliar sus conocimientos sobre proyectos de remesas puedan aprovechar las experiencias acumuladas por el primero. Este documento ofrece una valoración de los modelos aplicados y de los logros, retos y lecciones aprendidas en cada uno de los proyectos. Asimismo, incluye un resumen de cada proyecto clasificado por el tipo de modelo. Finalmente, se ofrecen recomendaciones desde la perspectiva del diseño y de la operatividad para ayudar al FOMIN y a otros actores a mejorar el impacto, el alcance y la sostenibilidad de los resultados.‎
20. Dimensión y problemática que afecta a los desplazados colombianos más allá de las fronteras : el caso de Ecuador  
    San José, Costa Rica : FUNPADEM, 2004*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
21. Diminished or revitalized tradition of return? : transnational migration in Bolivia's Valle Alto‎ 
Richard C Jones; Leonardo De la Torre; University of California, San Diego. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies., 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Female relatives were chatting in Don Orlando and Doña Alicia's home in Arlington, Virginia.  They had recently arrived from Santa Rosa, a village in the Valle Alto area (close to the city of Cochabamba, Bolivia). One of them approached to show us the baby she carried as a small treasure in her arms. We asked if she had brought it from Bolivia. "No," she told us, "this one was born in the United States." Later, at supper, Don Orlando, who divided 25 years of his life between Arbieto (his hometown in the Valle Alto) and Argentina before settling in the United States in the late 1980s, remarked that he would return to the Valley to retire and plant peaches. His wife Alicia, dressed in an elegant Bolivian skirt (which provokes tears of nostalgia among the Cochabambinos who see her at the supermarket), said that she supports him because she can't imagine growing old in the United States. However, her daughters-in-law-wives of her three older sons as well as prosperous construction workers in Virginia-laughed at the naiveté of this plan. They said they would like to return just as much, although the most likely scenario is that they would have to stay in the United States permanently.
22. Documento de programa de pais: Ecuador
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos, 2009
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El HCPD en Ecuador fue elaborado en consulta y con la colaboración de la Secretaria Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo, SENPLADES. En consecuencia, los objetivos y estrategias identificadas en este documento corresponden a los objetivos del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2010, el cual establece las políticas de promoción del desarrollo urbano sostenible y el derecho a la vivienda, en respuesta a las actuales tendencias de crecimiento poblacional y a los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos locales en los procesos de la planificación espacial y en la gestión de las ciudades ecuatorianas.  El HCPD identifica los objetivos en materia de planificación urbana, vivienda, servicios básicos. Será una herramienta para guiar las actividades de UN-HABITAT en los próximos años y es una referencia para los actores nacionales y locales involucrados en los temas mencionados.  Siendo el desarrollo urbano sostenible un desafío que debe enfrentar el Ecuador en las próximas décadas y que este ámbito requiere del fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad nacional y local, aspiramos que la cooperación técnica y financiera de UN-HABITAT en el país se amplíe de manera progresiva y sostenida.‎
23. Dos puntas tiene el camino : algunas reflexiones en torno a la migración temporal de obreros de la construcción a Quito  
    Unda, Mario, Quito, Ecuador : Centro de Investigaciones Ciudad, 1985*
    Worldcat: Link
     Tags: 
24. East from the Andes; pioneer settlements in the South American heartland 
Raymond E Crist; Charles M Nissly, Gainesville, University of Florida Press, 1973*
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, A.L. HD 576 .C74 1973
Worldcat: Link 
     Tags: 
25. Ecuador, migraciones interprovinciales absolutas acumuladas hasta los años 1974, 1982 y 1990  
   Sosa, Raúl A, Quito : Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, 1994*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
26. El desplazamiento forzado de colombianos hacia Ecuador en el contexto del Plan Colombia  
   Ahumada, Consuelo, Bogota : CEJA, 2004*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
27. El trabajo Agricola y la migración temporal en Santa Cruz
Roberto Vilar Burgoa, Ministerio de Trabajo y Desarrollo Laboral, Dirección General de Empleo, 1981**
    Tags: 
28. Emigracion, pobreza y desarrollo
Jose Antonio Alonso, 2007**‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Los movimientos migratorios constituyen un fenómeno de creciente relevancia en el mundo actual. Consideradas en su conjunto, las migraciones son un importante factor de cambio social, tanto para los países emisores como para los receptores. Si para estos últimos el reto es disponer de políticas adecuadas de integración social, para los primeros resulta necesario aprovechar las oportunidades que brinda el fenómeno, aminorando sus costes económicos y sociales. Al fin, aun cuando la desigualdad internacional, la desestructuración social y la pobreza están en la base de las presiones migratorias actuales, estas mismas corrientes son fuente de recursos, de conocimientos y de pautas de conducta que pueden ser funcionales al progreso de la sociedad emisora. Este libro analiza estos aspectos complejos y contradictorios, tomando como perspectiva dominante la del propio país emisor, indagando acerca de las relaciones existentes entre migraciones y posibilidades de desarrollo. El objetivo último de semejante exploración es ofrecer instrumentos de análisis que sean útiles para interpretar la realidad de las corrientes migratorias y para diseñar intervenciones de desarrollo en los países afectados.
29. Empleo rural y migración. 
   Quito, Ecuador : Centro de Investigaciones de la Realidad Ecuatoriana, 1989*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
30. Encuentro entre Dos Pueblos 
   Quito, Ecuador : Desarrollo y Paz : Comité Ecuménico de Proyectos : Ediciones Abya-Yala, 2008
   Worldcat: Link 
    Tags: 
31. Encuesta de condiciones de vida: segunda ronda 1995
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Ecuador)*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: EC HN 314 .E53 1996
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Esta encuesta periódica está diseñada para proveer información sobre la situación y las tendencias del bienestar de la población. La propuesta metodológica de las "encuestas de condiciones de vida" (Living Standards Measurement Surveys -LSMS) fue desarrollada por el Banco Mundial con el objetivo de crear un instrumento más completo que las tradicionales encuestas de hogares para el análisis de la situación de vida la población, con especial atención a la salud, nutrición, educación y capacitación, inserción en el mercado laboral, consumos familiares y cobertura y acceso a servicios básicos; actualmente se realiza en varios países latinoamericanos. Se trata de la más reciente y completa fuente de información socioeconómica con la que cuenta el país. Si bien su periodicidad recomendada es anual, en el país se ha aplicado con cierta irregularidad a partir de 1994. 
Las ECV están diseñadas para: (i) identificar las causas de la pobreza y sus interrelaciones; (ii) analizar progresos o retrocesos en  las condiciones de vida; (iii) identificar los impactos de las políticas gubernamentales; (iv) analizar los distintos factores que explican los diferentes niveles de vida de la población; (v) mejorar las bases de información para el análisis y creación de políticas; (vi) dirigir las intervenciones y programas a los grupos vulnerables; (vii) aportar información para construir indicadores sociales del hogar y perfiles de las características de la pobreza; (viii) contribuir al diseño de estrategias para aliviar la pobreza.
La metodología de las ECV parte del supuesto de que el gasto o consumo del hogar es el mejor indicador del bienestar económico de los hogares y sus integrantes. Busca superar las deficiencias y dificultades que se encuentran en la medición de los ingresos; los datos relacionados con el gasto suelen ser más fidedignos y exactos. La encuesta tiene una extensa batería de preguntas para medir el gasto o consumo del hogar, incluyendo alimentos, autoconsumo, salarios en especie, regalos, donaciones, salud, educación, servicios básicos, vivienda, etc. Para analizar las relaciones entre las distintas dimensiones de las condiciones de vida, las ECV recogen datos sobre una amplia gama de características y atributos de los hogares y sus integrantes. En suma, busca no sólo medir cuántos pobres y dónde viven, sino por qué lo son.
Las ECV utilizan, como complemento a su sondeo de hogares, dos instrumentos adicionales que toman como unidad de investigación a las comunidades existentes en los sectores seleccionados: (i) un "formulario de precios" que se aplica a las áreas rurales para conocer la distribución espacial de los precios del mercado, las variaciones entre sectores y, principalmente, estudiar su influencia en los niveles de vida de los hogares y los cambios en la estructura de los consumos en relación con los precios; y (ii) un "formulario de la comunidad" mediante el cual reúne la información común para todos los hogares de cada sector de la muestra nacional en cuanto a actividades económicas y disponibilidad, acceso y uso de infraestructura y servicios públicos.
32. Encuesta de migración urbana de la Sierra
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Ecuador), 1981*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: EC HB 2029 .E38 1981
    Tags: 
33. En los límites del Plan Ecuador. 
   Bogotá : Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento Forzado, 2007*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
34. Entre cuatro fuegos : crónicas : el conflicto colombiano y su influencia en Ecuador / 
   Olmos, José,  Ecuador : Universo, 2003*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
35. Entre el escándalo y la rutina : medios y familia en la migración internacional / 
Ramos, Patricia, Quito : FLACSO, Sede Ecuador : Abya-Yala/Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, 2010* ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Esta investigación analiza la trayectoria de las imágenes y representaciones de la familia migrante en tres periódicos nacionales. Se trata de una entrada para examinar las continuidades y rupturas en los discursos sobre las familias migrantes y sobre la familia en el contexto de la migración internacional. A través de la producción de estas imágenes se analiza también el rol de los medios impresos, a los que se considera "actores" y "escenarios" en los que se configuran nuevas representaciones y posibilidades de viaje. Al indagar sobre estos roles, que los medios comparten con sus lectores, aparece de manera subyacente la familia migrante.
Contenido: ‎
Introducción
Capítulo I
Medios y familia en la migración internacional: ¿actores o escenarios?‎
1. La migración latinoamericana en los medios 
2. Los medios 
3. La familia 
4. Metodología y estructura 
Capítulo II
El escenario de la migración femenina
1. La cuestión mediática como modeladora de las representaciones sobre la familia migrante 
2. La ruta de la migración internacional ecuatoriana 
3. Las mujeres, la familia y las relaciones de género en las investigaciones sobre migración 
4. Tres importantes periódicos ecuatorianos y la migración internacional 
Capítulo III
Medios y familias en la migración: actorías y espacios móviles
1. El migrante como una excepción frente al discurso de orden (1993-1994) 
2. De la sorpresa a la espectacularidad: la familia en el boom migratorio (2000-2001) 
3. La familia transnacional mediatizada (2006-2007) 
Capítulo IV
Auto representaciones y familias imaginadas: la recepción de las representaciones mediáticas
1. Las auto representaciones de las emigrantes frente a las representaciones de los medios 
2. La familia migrante de los medios vista por las emigrantes: confrontación permanente 
3. Ni rebeldes, ni sin causa: adolescentes hijos de emigrantes y su rechazo a la "incursión" mediática en sus vidas 
4. Los familiares de emigrantes frente a las representaciones de los medios 
5. El imaginario sobre las familias emigrantes construida por los medios en el vecindario 
6. Posibilidades de viaje a través de las noticias de los medios: riesgos y ventajas 
Conclusiones generales
36. Estudio de la migración interna en Bolivia
   La Paz : CODEPO, 2004*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
37. Estudio sobre las remesas enviadas por los emigrantes latinoaméricanos residentes en España a sus países de origen
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) & Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros (CECA), 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las corrientes migratorias constituyen un fenómeno que se ha venido manifestando de forma creciente a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, hasta el punto de que actualmente representan uno de los acontecimientos sociales más importantes de nuestros tiempos. Pero si bien la migración se ha intensificado de forma paulatina, los motivos que la propician siguen permaneciendo esencialmente constantes, pues al margen de factores puntuales de índole ideológico, religioso o político, son fundamentalmente circunstancias económicas las que mueven a los habitantes de un país a trasladar su residencia a otro más desarrollado, con mayores oportunidades de empleo y de mejora de su bienestar y calidad de vida.‎
38. Estudio sobre los patrones de migración interna e internacional en Bolivia
PNUD Informe Nacional Sobre Desarrollo Humano, Carmen Ledo, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las migraciones internas e internacionales en Bolivia han jugado roles diferentes en la distribución y redistribución espacial de la población y de las actividades económicas a lo largo de su historia. Se han producido diversas formas de movimientos (itinerante, estacional, cíclica, permanente, movimientos de retorno, forzado, entre otros) situación que permite entender la complejidad de su estudio. Es de esperar que existan una diversidad de factores que expliquen la movilidad de la población en espacio, algunos derivados de la necesidad de inserción laboral al mercado de trabajo de bienes y servicios, sobre todo aquellos movimientos que estuvieron vinculados con la creciente la demanda de fuerza de trabajo para la explotación de minerales; otros vinculados a traslados de grupos humanos dirigidos a realizar labores pecuarias, agrícolas durante los períodos de siembra, cosechas, zafras en cultivos anuales entre otros; en las ciudades más grandes, se generó demanda de fuerza de trabajo para las actividades de la construcción, comercio al menudeo y para satisfacer una variada gama de servicios y que explican el carácter concentrado de los asentamientos humanos en Bolivia. 
Los principales hallazgos de las investigaciones realizadas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, fue la demostración de predominio de la migración campo - ciudad, que caracterizó a los desplazamientos de población. Hacia los años setenta y ochenta, se demostró la existencia de un patrón más diversificado, que incluye la corriente migratoria entre espacios urbanos, rurales, urbano-rural, rural-urbano, intra e interurbana y nuevas expresiones de migración internacional. En los últimos años, importantes hallazgos realizados en la investigación empírica, revelan la necesidad de una mirada cuantitativa y cualitativa de la movilidad humana, dicha necesidad surge debido a la urgente necesidad de abandonar los estereotipos y las generalizaciones arbitrarias, irreales y novelescas del fenómeno, dejando de lado visiones simplificadoras de las migraciones y de sus protagonistas, para ingresar en un terreno que permita desnudar una problemática de gran envergadura y en la que se encuentran sumergidos una gran cantidad de seres humanos en situación de riesgo y vulnerabilidad. 
Durante las últimas cuatro décadas, la investigación sobre migraciones, las categorías de análisis y los métodos de investigación han variado considerablemente en relación con la revolución científica y técnica, la globalización y los nuevos paradigmas del desarrollo, pero se ha puesto en evidencia que la movilidad territorial comprende todos los desplazamientos de las personas entre distintos lugares y que la migración es apenas una de las formas de movilidad territorial. Por su cantidad, complejidad, composición, novedad y diversidad, la migración interna e internacional se convierte en un gran desafío a ser investigado, debido a los impactos generados en los lugares de origen y destino de la migración. 
39. Estudios sobre migraciones internacionales: migraciones laborales en sudamerica, comunidad andina
Ponciano Torales, M. Estela González, Nora Pérez Vichich, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El objeto del presente estudio es analizar la situación migratoria laboral en la Comunidad Andina (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela) y caracterizar a los trabajadores migrantes en la región. Asimismo, procura conformar una aproximación a la problemática central en esta materia de cada uno de los países durante el último decenio.  Respecto de los derechos humanos en general, y de los derechos de los trabajadores migrantes en particular, la situación no resulta visible debido a la falta de investigación concreta sobre el particular que tenga referencias específicas a las migraciones laborales en la región. Las condiciones en que se desenvuelven los trabajadores en cada país, la pobreza, la marginalidad o la exclusión y el desmejoramiento progresivo de la calidad del empleo, las condiciones de vida de la población, y las reformas estructurales producidas en años recientes son causa de generación de emigración hacia las áreas más desarrolladas del mundo. La preocupación por el tráfico y la trata de migrantes laborales suscita un interés creciente y se ha detectado que hay proyectos de tipo bilateral que podrían abarcar las fronteras de Ecuador con Colombia y Perú relativos a la trata de migrantes, así como otros de alcance más general respecto de los derechos humanos de los migrantes en la región andina.
En este último sentido, es importante anotar que en la actualidad el tema dominante respecto de las migraciones en los diferentes países - excepto quizás en el caso de Bolivia -, es el de la emigración de nacionales hacia el exterior, y que persiste la percepción de que la inmigración laboral es escasa y de poco o ningún interés. El panorama de la emigración de miles de ecuatorianos, colombianos o peruanos hacia el exterior, por ejemplo, prevalece en la escena de las preocupaciones públicas y privadas sobre el particular, dejando en un segundo plano la visualización de la importancia de los cambios aparentemente producidos en los últimos años respecto de la inmigración laboral. El fenómeno de las remesas, convertido prácticamente en una variable macroeconómica, es un resultado directo de la importancia de las migraciones internacionales.
40. Everyday ruptures : children, youth, and migration in global perspective  
   Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press, 2011* ‎
   Version Electronica: Link 
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract When people -- whether children, youth, and adults -- migrate, that migration is often perceived as a rupture, with people separated by great distances and for extended periods of time. But for migrants and those affected by migration, the everyday persists, and migration itself may be critical to the continuation of social life. Everyday Ruptures illuminates the wide-ranging continuities and disruptions in the experiences of children around the world, those who participate in and those who are affected by migration.
The book is organized around four themes: 
- how children's agency is affected by institutions, families, and beliefs
- how families and individuals create and maintain kin ties in conditions of rupture
- how emotion and affect are linked to global divisions and flows
- how the actions of states create ruptures and continuities
41. Familias en la migracion: emociones, solidaridades y obligaciones en elespacio transnacional
Monserrat Soronellas Masdeu, 2010** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Los textos compilados en este libro nos acercan a las migraciones desde los entornos familiares de las personas que migran. La familia está en la base de la decisión migratoria y constituye, en la mayor parte de situaciones, el objeto de promoción social que se persigue con el proyecto migratorio. ¿Cómo se mantienen las relaciones con los parientes desde la deslocalización que provoca la migración? ¿Cómo son estas relaciones, cómo se transforman, cuál su significado, qué transfieren y hasta qué punto contribuyen al desarrollo de las comunidades de origen?‎
42. Flujos geográficos en el Ecuador : intercambios de bienes, personas e información 
   Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional : Colegio de Geógrafos del Ecuador, 1989*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
43. Final report, background paper, migration, social change and the and the [sic] coca/cocaine economy in Bolivia 
Ivo J Kraljevic; United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment. Agricultural Alternatives to Coca Production.,1992*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
44. From Cuenca to Queens : an anthropological story of transnational migration  
Ann Miles, Austin : University of Texas Press, 2004* ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, Ecua. F 128.9 .E28 M55 2004
   Worldcat: Link
   Google Preview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Transnational migration is a controversial and much-discussed issue in both the popular media and the social sciences, but at its heart migration is about individual people making the difficult choice to leave their families and communities in hopes of achieving greater economic prosperity. Vicente Quitasaca is one of these people. In 1995 he left his home in the Ecuadorian city of Cuenca to live and work in New York City. This anthropological story of Vicentes migration and its effects on his life and the lives of his parents and siblings adds a crucial human dimension to statistics about immigration and the macro impact of transnational migration on the global economy. Anthropologist Ann Miles has known the Quitasacas since 1989. Her long acquaintance with the family allows her to delve deeply into the factors that eventually impelled the oldest son to make the difficult and dangerous journey to the United States as an undocumented migrant. Focusing on each family member in turn, Miles explores their varying perceptions of social inequality and racism in Ecuador and their reactions to Vicentes migration. As family members speak about Vicentes new, hard-to-imagine life in America, they reveal how transnational migration becomes a symbol of failure, hope, resignation, and promise for poor people in struggling economies. Miles frames this fascinating family biography with an analysis of the historical and structural conditions that encourage transnational migration, so that the Quitasacas story becomes a vivid firsthand illustration of this growing global phenomenon. Transnational migration is a controversial and much-discussed issue in both the popular media and the social sciences, but at its heart migration is about individual people making the difficult choice to leave their families and communities in hopes of achieving greater economic prosperity. Vicente Quitasaca is one of these people. In 1995 he left his home in the Ecuadorian city of Cuenca to live and work in New York City. This anthropological story of Vicentes migration and its effects on his life and the lives of his parents and siblings adds a crucial human dimension to statistics about immigration and the macro impact of transnational migration on the global economy. Anthropologist Ann Miles has known the Quitasacas since 1989. Her long acquaintance with the family allows her to delve deeply into the factors that eventually impelled the oldest son to make the difficult and dangerous journey to the United States as an undocumented migrant. Focusing on each family member in turn, Miles explores their varying perceptions of social inequality and racism in Ecuador and their reactions to Vicentes migration. As family members speak about Vicentes new, hard-to-imagine life in America, they reveal how transnational migration becomes a symbol of failure, hope, resignation, and promise for poor people in struggling economies. Miles frames this fascinating family biography with an analysis of the historical and structural conditions that encourage transnational migration, so that the Quitasacas story becomes a vivid firsthand illustration of this growing global phenomenon.‎
45. Geography and development in Bolivia : migration, urban and industrial concentration, welfare, and convergence, 1950-1992‎ 
Miguel Urquiola; Interamerican Development Bank, 2000
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: IDB HC 125 .C46 R-385 c.1, IDB HC 125 .C46 R-385 c.1
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper argues that considering the impact of geographical variables within Bolivia makes feasible a considerably richer analysis. The picture that emergesis occasionally not entirely consistent with the international evidence, but nonethelesspoints toward a systematic and significant impact of geography on development.
46. Género versus etnicidad : un estudio de caso sobre migrantes rurales y mercados de trabajo en Bolivia 
   Elizabeth Jiménez Zamora, RED, Mujeres y Economia : REMTE, Bolivia, 2003**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
47. Identidad y transmisión cultural del migrante lojano : en el contexto de la ciudad de Santo Domingo de los Colorados  
Conde Salinas, Ángel, Loja, Ecuador: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana "Benjamín Carrión," Núcleo de Loja, 2004**
   Worldcat: Link
   Classify: Link
    Tags: 
48. Impacto de las migraciones forzadas de colombianos a Ecuador en las relaciones interestatales, 1996-2006  
Ceballos, Marcela. Medellín : La Carreta Editores : Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Relaciones Internacionales, 2010*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Estudia las dinámicas de las migraciones colombianas a Ecuador que se originan en la violencia, pero que se mantienen debido a diferentes factores de tipo cultural, social, económico, mediático que ayudan a comprender su complejidad en la historia de los dos países. Examina las relaciones políticas y diplomáticas entre los dos Estados para explicar la posición de los gobiernos frente al tema.
49. Indigenas urbanos en America Latina: algunos resultados censales y su relación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
Fabiana del Popolo, Ana Maria Oyarce, Bruno Ribotta, CEPAL, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El proceso de urbanización ha alcanzado también a los pueblos indígenas de América Latina, dado que en la actualidad alrededor de un 40% reside en ciudades. Desde una perspectiva de derechos, y como insumo para las políticas públicas, en el presente artículo se examinan algunos aspectos de las condiciones de vida de los indígenas urbanos. Se pone énfasis en el tema de las desigualdades étnicas y territoriales, considerando los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, a partir de la base de datos censales.
En el documento se brinda un panorama regional de la distribución territorial de los pueblos indígenas para contextualizar el análisis. Los resultados demuestran que las personas indígenas que residen en zonas urbanas están en mejor situación en materia de educación, de supervivencia en la niñez y de acceso a saneamiento básico que las que permanecen en el campo, independientemente del nivel de vida del país. En general, la situación mejora en las principales ciudades de concentración indígena respecto del promedio urbano, aunque también hay excepciones a estos comportamientos.  Además, se pone en evidencia que las brechas de acceso a los servicios del Estado en desmedro de los pueblos indígenas se mantienen tanto en el ámbito urbano como rural, aunque en el primer caso el grado de inequidad es menor. Por último, el estudio muestra -a escala de países- una asociación entre inequidad estructural y exclusión social en las ciudades.
A la luz de estos hallazgos, es evidente que para lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio con equidad se requiere un esfuerzo sustentado en la interculturalidad, con una estrategia intersectorial. De manera complementaria, los datos reafirman la necesidad de considerar la multidimensionalidad de los objetivos, como se aprecia en la relación encontrada entre saneamiento básico y mortalidad en la niñez y la urgencia de aplicar enfoques territoriales en virtud de la heterogeneidad de situaciones y contextos.
50. Inequality, in-migration and agriculture : a study of differentiation among peasants in post-reform south eastern Bolivia / 
Buksmann, Paul E., 1982*
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
51. Informe sobre las migraciones en el mundo 2010
Khalid Koser, Frank Laczko, Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El Informe sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2010, que lleva por título El Futuro de la Migración: Creación de Capacidades para el Cambio, es el quinto de la serie de informes de la OIM sobre la migración internacional. El Informe de este año se centra en el futuro de la migración y en las capacidades que deberán poseer los Estados, las organizaciones regionales e internacionales, la sociedad civil y el sector privado para realizar una eficaz labor de gestión de la migración  en los próximos decenios.  Hace diez años, cuando publicamos nuestro primer Informe sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2000, había 150 millones de migrantes.
Actualmente, los migrantes suman 214 millones, y esa cifra podría alcanzar los 405 millones en 2050, a raíz de las crecientes disparidades demográficas, los efectos del cambio ambiental, la nueva dinámica política y económica mundial, las revoluciones tecnológicas y las redes sociales.  En respuesta a esas tendencias, es probable que muchos Estados deban efectuar inversiones para desarrollar sus capacidades en materia de gestión migratoria. Numerosos Estados ya han indicado que necesitan ayuda para desarrollar las capacidades que les permitan hacer frente a una diversidad de nuevos retos en el ámbito de la migración. La creación de capacidad no supone necesariamente un aumento del gasto y los recursos públicos; y puede referirse también a la eliminación de sistemas, leyes o políticas que han pasado a ser obsoletos, inadecuados o ineficaces.  Reconociendo que la migración es un fenómeno constante pero dinámico, el Informe sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2010 sostiene que es indispensable que los Estados puedan desarrollar conocimientos amplios y establecer las instituciones eficientes y flexibles que necesitarán para promover y aplicar políticas humanas y ordenadas para el movimiento de las personas, ahora y en el futuro.
52. Inmigración a Quito y Guayaquil : estudio de casos
Centro de Estudios de Población y Paternidad Responsable, Ecuador (CEPAR), 1985*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, EC HB 2030 .Q57 C46 1985
    Tags: 
53. Invisibilidad informativa sobre la violencia de genero en contra de las mujeres inmigrantes en la web oficiales españolas
Osbaldo Turpo Gebera, Razon y Palabra, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Abordar una temática como la propuesta, resulta sumamente complejo, dada la multidimensionalidad que implica su estudio; por lo que nos limitamos a señalar algunos de los aspectos que intervienen de modo directo en la invisibilización de la mujer inmigrante en la temática de la violencia de género; estrictamente, en la omisión o escasa consideración por las instancias encargadas de su protección y divulgación. En ese cometido, la investigación revela, un olvido sistemático en las web oficiales de los contenidos informativos que ayudarían a una mejor comprensión de dicha problemática; insertándola dentro de una lógica general de tratamiento, es decir, como parte de la problemática de la mujer española en general; obviando las condiciones especiales que (re)sitúan a las mujer inmigrante; o en peor de los casos, asociadas como víctimas o incursas en delitos (prostitución, tráfico sexual, etc.).
54. Labour migration in the Sierra of Ecuador causes and incidence 
   Peter Peek, Geneva : International Labour Office, 1980**
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, ILO WP No.36
    Tags: 
55. La chulla vida: gender, migration, and the family in Andean Ecuador and New York City  
   Pribilsky, Jason, Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 2007 ‎
   Worldcat: Link
   Reporte: Link
   Google Preview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Identity, Family, and the Transnational Experience ‎
The Ecuadorian expression "La Chulla Vida" is Quechua-based, indigenous terminology for a life that is out of natural balance. In this compelling ethnographic study, Jason Pribilsky, assistant professor of anthropology at Whitman College, distills a decade of fieldwork in Ecuador and New York City in a successful effort to discuss transnational migration in terms of gender and family and efforts to "compose" lives that challenge the "Chulla Vida." The first half of this study focuses on the history and experiences of rural families of indigenous background in southern Ecuador who are drawn into the dynamic of illegal labor migration, which eventually locates family members in the borough of Queens in New York City. The second half of the study accompanies those undocumented as they meet the challenges of daily life and struggles to maintain identity and family so far from home.
Pribilsky points out that labor migration has been a traditional response to changing socioeconomic conditions in Ecuador and is not a phenomenon of recent development. The practice by indigenous-based rural communities of dividing up family land to distribute to male children produced a traditional inclination to minifundia, or increasingly small landed households. Various episodes of governmental land reform in the middle and late twentieth century accelerated this practice and reduce family farms even more. The traditional response to this dynamic was the combination of some form of artisan craft labor alongside agricultural production to form the economic base for the family. Most notable was the introduction of the production of straw hats in the mid-nineteenth century, which became the thriving "Panama Hat" trade, which lasted into the early 1950s. This artisan-agriculture balance was diminishing just as the banana boom emerged on the coast and the new Cuenca-Guayaquil road appeared. Consequently, from1950 to 1980, a significant labor migration pattern emerged. Many of the families of these southern Ecuadorian communities found the men and boys migrating to the coast for seasonal labor. Pribilsky notes that while this phase of labor migration "did little to alter the core structure of rural life," it did begin a new dynamic of a gendered division of labor (p. 64). Where men and women had equally engaged in both agricultural labor and weaving, the latter tasks now fell almost exclusively to the women of the households, and male children soon defined such work as women's work. Thus the initial pattern of migration and gender effect was in place prior to the next significant experience of the latter decades of the twentieth century.
As the debt crisis, inflation, and high unemployment swept not only Ecuador but also all of Latin America over the "lost decade" of the 1980s, a new labor migration pattern emerged. The "push" was certainly the disrupted economic realities in Ecuador. The "pull" was a unique experience in U.S. immigration policy as a result of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. By providing amnesty and citizenship to previously illegal immigrants, the act functioned as a catalyst to draw Ecuadorians north in search of economic opportunity, not unlike the earlier migration experiences. Ecuadorian immigration increased by 99 percent ranging from 199,000 to over 396,000 from 1990 to 2000, and most significantly, a "disproportionately large"   number were undocumented (p. 8). While many of this group landed in Chicago, Miami, or Los Angeles, Pribilsky notes that New York City became the "epicenter" of Ecuadorian immigration (p. 173).
56. La invención de la comunidad : migración de retorno y economía solidaria en Huancarani 
María del Carmen Barquín Soto; Céline Geffroy Komadina; Gonzalo Siles Navia, La Paz: Embajada de la República de Francia, 2008** ‎
   Google Preview (edición 2002): Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Huancarani es una comunidad inventada. Pero esta invención no procede de la nada. Es, en realidad, una respuesta proactiva a la individualización y a la fragmentación de la sociedad, características de las economías de mercado. Apoyados en la noción de 'tradiciones recreadas', los autores indagan en un grupo de prácticas que definene la comunidad: la reciprocidad, la economía solidaria y la organización comunitaria, la identidad, los actores sociales y, finalmente, la dimensión simbólica, articuladas alrededor de tres ejes temáticos: redes sociales, género y migración. Tiene que ver, por ende, con una cuestión de gran actualidad e interés: la búsqueda de la comunidad en la sociedad moderna.
57. La migracion ecuatoriana: transnacionalismo, redes e identidades
Gioconda Herrera, Maria Cristina Carrillo, Alicia Torres, 2005*
Version Electronica: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
58. La migración femenina en America Latina
Ramiro A. Flores Cruz, 2004
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las transformaciones económicas y sociales suscitadas en gran parte del mundo en desarrollo durante las últimas décadas han producido profundos cambios en la condición social de la mujer, despertando el interés de las ciencias sociales en general y de los estudios sobre población en particular. Mientras los efectos que dichos cambios han tenido sobre fenómenos demográficos como la fecundidad y la mortalidad han sido largamente estudiados y claramente identificados, su influencia sobre la migración ha comenzado a abordarse mucho más recientemente.
Aunque la migración femenina es un fenómeno de larga data en el mundo y aunque su predominio en ciertos tipos de corrientes ha sido reconocido hace tiempo, su magnitud y especificidad fueron pasadas por alto durante decenas de años (Recchini de Lattes, 1989).  Así, en los estudios tradicionales sobre migración no se solían tomar en consideración los diferenciales según sexo.  Una de las limitaciones más importantes para el estudio de la migración femenina consistía en la invisibilización del fenómeno producida por problemas conceptuales y metodológicos en la medición y construcción de los datos sobre migración. En este sentido muchos estudiosos han reconocido un sesgo masculinizante en la investigación sobre migración, ya que aún cuando el término migrante se ha utilizado generalmente sin especificar el sexo, el mismo ha sido invariablemente referido de forma tácita al género masculino. Como contraparte, las mujeres han tendido a ser representadas según un estereotipo de "dependientes pasivas" ya sea como madres, esposas o hijas del migrante varón en busca de empleo, pero no en tanto migrantes autónomas. El diseño de los cuestionarios utilizados en los relevamientos actuaba en el mismo sentido y, presuponiendo el carácter masculino del concepto de migrante y utilizando preguntas basadas en la experiencia migratoria masculina, producía un efecto semejante al observable en relación con la subestimación de la participación de la mujer en la fuerza de trabajo en países en desarrollo (Szasz, 1999, Hugo 1991). De esta forma, la migración por mucho tiempo ha sido tenida como un fenómeno eminentemente masculino, minimizándose la importancia numérica de la migración de la mujer y reconociéndola sólo en tanto subsidiaria de la migración del varón.
59. ‎"La mujer migrante en el Ecuador"  
   Quito, Ecuador : IECAIM, 1994* ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
60. Las migraciones en América Latina : políticas, culturas y estrategias  
   Susana Novick, Buenos Aires, Argentina : CLACSO : Catálogos, 2008
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Creado en el año 2004, el Grupo de Trabajo de CLACSO "Migración, cultura y políticas" ha realizado dos reuniones. La primera, convocada bajo el lema: Perspectivas sobre migración transnacional desde la Región Andina y el Cono Sur, se desarrolló en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, del 30 de noviembre al 2 de diciembre de 2005, en el ámbito del Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP). La segunda, titulada Migraciones en América Latina y el Caribe: Una perspectiva crítica desde el Sur, se llevó a cabo en Quito, Ecuador, los días 27 y 28 de octubre de 2007, en el recinto de FLACSO Ecuador. Estas actividades se realizan gracias al financiamiento estable de la Agencia Sueca de Desarrollo Internacional (ASDI).
Nuestro Grupo pretende generar un pensamiento crítico acerca de los desplazamientos que se observan en nuestra región, analizando experiencias del pasado, del presente y proyecciones futuras; desde múltiples perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas. Se intenta mostrar, documentar y explicar las complejidades, tensiones, contradicciones y ambigüedades relacionadas con el fenómeno migratorio a nivel local, nacional o transnacional, así como sus transformaciones y sus efectos. Nos planteamos un esfuerzo colectivo para descubrir otra visión de las migraciones, colocando el énfasis en los procesos de redefinición de clase, etnicidad, género y generación entrelazados con los de movilidad humana desde ópticas estructurales e individuales, que reflejen aspectos económicos, culturales, demográficos, políticos y sociales.
El libro que aquí presentamos incluye ponencias elaboradas por varios miembros del Grupo a las reuniones citadas, así como trabajos de investigadores invitados a ellas, que recogen, en gran medida, hallazgos y reflexiones derivados de los estudios que sobre el tema vienen realizando. Los autores son cientistas sociales de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Cuba, Chile, Ecuador y México vinculados, en su casi totalidad, a Centros Miembros de CLACSO.  Los artículos abordan un complejo objeto de estudio. Sólo artificialmente podríamos agruparlos, dado que en cada uno de ellos se entrecruzan dimensiones de análisis que dificultan su inclusión en una taxonomía. Parte de ellos dedican su atención a las prácticas, estrategias y mecanismos desarrollados por los migrantes en diferentes contextos, como el trabajo de Roberto Benencia: "Migrantes bolivianos en las ciudades argentinas: procesos y mecanismos tendientes a la conformación de territorios productivos y mercados de trabajo"; el de Sergio Caggiano: "Racismo, fundamentalismo cultural y restricción de la ciudadanía: formas de regulación social frente a inmigrantes en Argentina"; el de Gioconda Herrera Mosquera: "Mujeres ecuatorianas en el trabajo doméstico en España. Prácticas y representaciones de exclusión e inclusión"; y el de Carolina Stefoni: "Gastronomía peruana en las calles de Santiago y la construcción de espacios transnacionales y territorios".
61. Las migraciones en la zona centro-sur de Bolivia : análisis de los comportamientos migratorios en los departamentos de Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Tarija y Potosí, y en las provincias Vallegrande, Florida y Caballero del departamento de Santa Cruz 
Antonio Jiménez Lara; Jaime Aranibar del Alcázar; República de Bolivia, Ministerio de Trabajo y Desarrollo Laboral, Dirección General de Emple, 1984**
    Tags: 
62. Las migraciones internas recientes en Bolivia 
Johannes Bartlema; Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Bolivia). Departamento de Estadísticas Sociales, 1980**
    Tags: 
63. La trata de personas en Bolivia. 
Washington, D.C. :La Paz, Bolivia : Organization of American States ; OIM, 2007* ‎
Worldcat: Link 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
64. La visibilización de las migraciones transnacionales en Bolivia
   Alfonso Hinojosa Gordonava, PIEB, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente artículo establece el estado de situación de la investigación sobre migraciones transnacionales de bolivianos y sus efectos en las sociedades de origen, enfatizando en las miradas y perspectivas planteadas en 46 proyectos de investigación presentados a la convocatoria "Impacto económico y efectos socioculturales de la migración transnacional en Bolivia".
Los 46 proyectos de investigación presentados a la convocatoria nacional del Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia (PIEB) "Impacto económico y efectos socioculturales de la migración transnacional en Bolivia" son el referente del presente estado de situación de la investigación sobre migraciones transnacionales de bolivianos y sus efectos en las sociedades de origen. Este ejercicio analítico es oportuno y se suma a las preocupaciones e inquietudes que tanto desde la academia, el Estado en sus múltiples instancias pero, sobre todo, desde los medios de comunicación, han posicionado el tema migratorio en la agenda pública. Y es que la magnitud, las características y las extensas y profundas implicaciones e impactos que generan los actuales flujos poblacionales del país al exterior así lo ameritan. En este sentido, la nutrida respuesta de proyectos a la convocatoria del PIEB se constituye en una muestra altamente representativa de la diversidad de enfoques y entradas que hoy en día se plantean al tema desde las ciencias sociales. Es claro también que existen muchos vacíos temáticos por ser abordados y ahondados en una dinámica que seguirá en aumento en los próximos decenios a nivel mundial. La misma adscripción de los proyectos a los ejes temáticos de la convocatoria subraya los vacíos y marca los retos a encarar hacia el futuro.
65. Los conventillos, vivienda en alquiler en el centro de La Paz ‎
Frans Beijaard, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario, 1988
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 7288.8 .B62 L323 1988
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
66. Los efectos y consecuencias socio-economicos, culturales y políticos de la migración internacional en los lugares de origen de los emigrantes Bolivianos
Theo Ronchen, Alan Forsberg, PIEB, Accion Andina, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La desigualdad económica es un factor concordante en impulsar movimientos de personas a nivel munidal.  Citando a un informe de la PNUD, Gil señala en el siglo XX una fuerte tendencia a la disparidad entre el quinto de la población que vive en los países mas ricos, y el quinto que vive en los países mas pobres y cuya relación paso del 30:1 en 1960, a 60:1 en 1990 y 74:1 en 1997.  Gil destaca incluso un impacto contraproducente en las actuales medidas de control a la inmigración por parte de los países receptores: "En la actualidad todos los Estados ejercen o pretenden ejercer un duro control sobre sus fronteras.  Esta resistencia a los movimientos migratorios ha intensificado desigualdades y, si bienno ha conseguido detener la inmigración, si ha modificado la dirección de los flujos."
67. Marriage process and household formation : the impact of migration in a peasant society 
Jorge Balán; Jorge Dandler; Institute for Development Anthropology (Binghamton, N.Y.), 1986**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The impact of migration on family formation and fertility in peasant societies in Bolivia and Argentina was the focus of a large-scale research project. The project, conducted throughout 1984 and 1985, examined marriage patterns among peasants from rural communities in Bolivia who had settled in 3 locations: a lowland agricultural area; a provincial capital; and Buenos Aires, Argentina. The study sought to discover the interrelationship between economic diversification, land shortage, urban migration, and the onset of fertility decline, by comparing behavior patterns of younger and older (above age 30) respondents. The household is the basic structural unit of the Andean peasant region. Land is given to adult children after marriage, thereby maintaining the size of landholdings. There were significant differences, however, between mountain and valley communities. Age at marriage was 3 years younger in the mountain village, a pattern maintained when mountain peasants migrated to agricultural areas. In both communities, generational independence was achieved through access to the land. In valley communities, young females provide a source of labor and cash income for their families, while young males leave home, if only temporarily, to find work. Both these factors contribute to raise the age of marriage and delay household formation. But, young men who have migrated and then return follow the marriage patterns of the village mountain area. This is not true of those who migrate to the city, where contraceptive use is increasing and a fertility decline is evident. Migration to cities engenders a change in family formation, household autonomy, and a wage-earning rather than a land-based economic structure. In mountains and frontier communities, no contraception is practiced, nor is it available as it is in the cities and Buenos Aires. Family planning programs need to address the need for local contraceptive information and services.
68. Metropolización en Bolivia 
Edgar Benavides Castro; Consejo de Población para el Desarrollo Sostenible (Bolivia), Colegio de Arquitectos de La Paz, 2006**
    Tags: 
69. Migración e identidad : reorganizaciones, adopciones y adaptaciones territoriales en un mundo abierto 
Nelson Antequera Durán; et al, Instituto Superior de Filosofía y Humanidades Luis Espinal : Editorial Verbo Divino, 2008**
    Tags: 
70. Migraciones : actualidad y pastoral  ‎
Encuentro Bolivariano de Pastoral de Migraciones, Secretariado de Pastoral de la Movilidad Humana : Centro de Publicaciones del CELAM, 1989*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
71. Migraciones de la población económicamente activa. 
    La Paz, Bolivia : Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 1997* ‎
    Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO HB 2021 .M53 1997
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
72. Migraciones internas en el Ecuador, 1950-1982  
Delaunay, Daniel, Quito, Ecuador : Centro Ecuatoriano de Investigacion Geograafica (CEDIG), 1987*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, EC HB 1952 .D45 1987
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
73. Migraciones laborales en sudamerica: la comunidad andina
Ponciano Torales, M. Estela González, Nora Pérez Vichich, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2003
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El objeto del presente estudio es analizar la situación migratoria laboral en la Comunidad Andina (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela) y caracterizar a los trabajadores migrantes en la región. Asimismo, procura conformar una aproximación a la problemática central en esta materia de cada uno de los países durante el último decenio.  Respecto de los derechos humanos en general, y de los derechos de los trabajadores migrantes en particular, la situación no resulta visible debido a la falta de investigación concreta sobre el particular que tenga referencias específicas a las migraciones laborales en la región. Las condiciones en que se desenvuelven los trabajadores en cada país, la pobreza, la marginalidad o la exclusión y el desmejoramiento progresivo de la calidad del empleo, las condiciones de vida de la población, y las reformas estructurales producidas en años recientes son causa de generación de emigración hacia las áreas más desarrolladas del mundo. La preocupación por el tráfico y la trata de migrantes laborales suscita un interés creciente y se ha detectado que hay proyectos de tipo bilateral que podrían abarcar las fronteras de Ecuador con Colombia y Perú relativos a la trata de migrantes, así como otros de alcance más general respecto de los derechos humanos de los migrantes en la región andina.
En este último sentido, es importante anotar que en la actualidad el tema dominante respecto de las migraciones en los diferentes países - excepto quizás en el caso de Bolivia -, es el de la emigración de nacionales hacia el exterior, y que persiste la percepción de que la inmigración laboral es escasa y de poco o ningún interés. El panorama de la emigración de miles de ecuatorianos, colombianos o peruanos hacia el exterior, por ejemplo, prevalece en la escena de las preocupaciones públicas y privadas sobre el particular, dejando en un segundo plano la visualización de la importancia de los cambios aparentemente producidos en los últimos años respecto de la inmigración laboral. El fenómeno de las remesas, convertido prácticamente en una variable macroeconómica, es un resultado directo de la importancia de las migraciones internacionales.
La magnitud de la eventual inmigración irregular en los países considerados, hecho determinante, por ejemplo, de la inmigración colombiana a Ecuador es por definición difícil de estimar. La firma de acuerdos entre países receptores y países generadores de emigración, como es el caso de Colombia y Ecuador con España, por ejemplo, darían lugar a una emigración ordenada acordada en forma bilateral, lo que representa un gran avance en materia migratoria en la actualidad, pero que no se repite respecto de las migraciones laborales intrarregionales, subordinando estas consideraciones a pactos preexistentes, o a mejorar la libre circulación fronteriza (por ejemplo entre Colombia y Ecuador), un marco estructural definido que ha influido enormemente en la dinámica migratoria, a la que se suma, sin duda, el peso de situaciones conflictivas de gran trascendencia en ciertas áreas específicas, como las fronterizas entre Ecuador y Colombia y entre Colombia y Venezuela.
Los procesos migratorios en América Latina en general y en la región andina en particular han cambiado de manera sustancial en el decenio de los noventa. Ello tiene que ver con la globalización y con los cambios estructurales que, de modo particular en cada país de la región, han sido producidos de acuerdo con un modelo homogéneo de adaptación a los nuevos marcos de referencia mundiales.‎
74. Migraciones: un juego con cartas marcadas
Francisco Hidalgo, Ecuador, 2004*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
75. Migración interna de los pueblos indígenas : sistematizando y analizando información censal relevante para actualizar las imágenes, mejorar el conocimiento y fortalecer las intervenciones 
   Rodríguez, Jorge, Cuenca, Ecuador : PYDLOS Ediciones, 2008* ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
76. Migracion interna e intrarregional en Bolivia una de las caras del neoliberalismo
Victor Vacaflores, Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Ecuador, 2003
    Tags: 
Abstract El fenómeno migratorio en Bolivia, sea la interna o la externa, está rodeada de niveles intolerables de discriminación y exclusión. La migración interna, como fenómeno de masas es el resultado de la Revolución de 1952, cuando las masas alzadas en armas terminaron sin el poder, pero imponiendo la Nacionalización de Minas, el Voto Universal y en especial la Reforma Agraria. Miles de "indios" (2), quechuas o aymaras como consecuencia de ese extraordinario momento histórico se hacen presentes en las ciudades de manera notoria y gradual. La apertura hacia el agro del oriente y la construcción de un Estado Nacional en medio de las mas grandes diversidades, hace presente en las urbes, a una población que el 1950 se concentraba en un 74 % en el área rural. 
La migración campo-ciudad, pese a los beneficios que reporta para la población urbana, en tanto mano de obra barata, servidumbre, productos agrícolas diversos y a bajos precios, es un fenómeno tolerable pero discriminatorio en extremo, tal cual, antes en gran parte de las ciudades capitales, se prohibía que los "indios" ingresen a la Plaza Principal. Los "indios", campesinos modernamente, eran vistos como animales de carga, de trabajo, de servidumbre. Esta mentalidad, si bien ha cambiado en algo, subsiste en amplios sectores de la población, una mentalidad neocolonial, un colonialismo interno, que incluso demanda comprensión y entendimiento de los indios-campesinos que "no quieren entender las políticas de su incorporación a la Nación Boliviana en la que se esfuerzan los gobiernos y el Estado". 
La emigración de bolivianos hacia países con mejores condiciones laborales, encontró en la Argentina una plaza para la mano de obra barata, la sumisión y la sobreexplotación, alcanzando según se calcula, los 2 millones de bolivianos en dicho país. Los "bolitas" o "cabecitas negras" son algo así como hombres de trabajo de más de 8 hrs. diarias, que no reclaman, no protestan y pueden acomodarse a cualquier condición laboral, en especial aquellas duras, de alta resistencia física. Los niveles de humillación y discriminación de "los bolitas" no tiene parangón en esta parte de Sudamérica. Mirando hacia otras latitudes, el estigma del narcotráfico también ha hecho presa a los bolivianos que buscan salir de la extrema pobreza o que simplemente desean un mejor futuro que el país no puede proporcionar.  En suma, estimamos que un 30 a 35% de la población boliviana vive en el exterior.
77. Migración interna : estudios de los movimientos poblacionales en Bolivia 
   Consejo de Población para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CODEPO), Bolivia, 2002**
    Tags: 
78. Migración laboral en el área de influencia de Quito  
   Santiago, Chile : PREALC, 1980*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
79. Migracion laboral, temporal y circular de trabajadores entre Colombia y Espana: Un modelo a consolidar y replicar
Richard Zapata, Rocio Faundez, Elena Sanchez, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract Introducción: escenario humano y escenario laboral de la migración temporal y circular: La Migración Laboral Temporal (MLT) comenzó a desarrollarse como fenómeno tras el fin de la II Guerra Mundial, cuando numerosos trabajadores escasamente cualificados de países en vías de desarrollo emigraron por períodos parciales a Estados Unidos y a Europa, como respuesta a las necesidades de la reconstrucción nacional y la escasez de mano de obra de baja cualificación. En general, la gestión de esta migración se caracterizó por ser fuertemente centralizada desde los Estados de los países de destino. En los inicios del S. XXI nos encontramos con un nuevo auge de la MLT, que comparte algunos rasgos con la anterior, pero que a su vez también tiene unas características propias distintivas.‎
80. Migración rural-rural en Bolivia : el caso de las colonias  
   La Paz, Bolivia : Ediciones CERES, 1980*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
81. Migracion temporal y articulación al mercado urbano de trabajo: estudio de caso
Gilda Farrell, Quito: Centro de Planificación y Estudios Sociales, 1981**
    Tags: 
82. Migración temporal y trabajo urbano 
   Farrell, Gilda, Quito, Ecuador : Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1985*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
83. Migración y colonización en Bolivia: bibliografía anotada. 
La Paz : Consejo Nacional de Población, Centro de Documentación en Población y Desarrollo, 1989*
   Worldcat: Link
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO Z 7164 .D3 M55 1989
    Tags: 
84. Migracion y desarrollo: caso de America Latina
Banco Interamericano de desarrollo, CEPAL, 2007 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El proyecto BID/CEPAL sobre Migración y Desarrollo: el caso de América Latina fue diseñado y ejecutado por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), y recibió el patrocinio del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). Su propósito principal fue incrementar el conocimiento regional de los principales determinantes e impactos sobre el desarrollo económico del proceso migratorio internacional e interno en América Latina y el Caribe. Buscó, además, entregar antecedentes analíticos y empíricos relevantes para la toma de decisiones de política pública en el área migratoria en la región.  
El proyecto se organizó en torno a dos componentes sustantivos: i) migraciones internacionales, a cargo de la División de Desarrollo Económico y bajo la responsabilidad y supervisión técnica de Andrés Solimano y ii) migraciones internas, a cargo del Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (CELADE/División de Población de la CEPAL), bajo la responsabilidad y supervisión técnica de Jorge Rodríguez.  Adicionalmente, consideró un tercer componente de difusión, con actividades y objetivos específicos. Justamente sobre estas actividades trata el cuerpo de este informe.
85. Migracion y educacion: Causas, efectos y propuestas de cambio para la situacion actual de migracion escolar
PIEB, Miguel Vera, Susana Gonzales, Juan Carlos Alejo, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La presente investigación relaciona la migración rural-urbana con resultados educativos como la repitencia y el retraso escolar. En primer lugar encuentra una medición que aproxima la migración de estudiantes entre municipios del país. Sobre esta base estima los movimientos migratorios internos. En segundo lugar compara los resultados educativos alcanzados por los niños/niñas migrantes con aquellos que obtienen los residentes. En tercer lugar analiza con detenimiento las características, condiciones y resultados educativos de ambos grupos (migrantes y residentes) en la ciudad de El Alto. Este análisis permite una mejor comprensión de las dificultades que enfrentan los estudiantes migrantes en contextos urbanos y también permite precisar la influencia de esta condición en el retraso escolar. Sobre esta base se plantean conclusiones y recomendaciones de política pública. Las estimaciones muestran que el número de estudiantes que se registra en unidades educativas ubicadas en lugares distintos a sus sitios de nacimiento puede llegar hasta el medio millón. La Tasa Neta de Migración Estudiantil (TNME) que, calculada a nivel municipal, asciende al 18,8% sugiere que en determinados municipios la llegada de estudiantes supera la salida de los mismos. Este indicador no permite determinar hasta qué punto dicha movilidad se asocia con migración reciente (en el último año), migración de los últimos cinco años o migración antigua, pero denota una movilización estudiantil dinámica y flexible.
La movilidad estudiantil se evidencia con mayor intensidad entre los alumnos de secundaria, en cuyo caso la Tasa Neta de Migración Estudiantil (22%) supera a las tasas de migración en alumnos de educación inicial (14%) y primaria (18%). Esta situación señala la escasa oferta de educación secundaria en los lugares de origen, que no satisface las necesidades o preferencias de las familias con hijos en edad escolar, y también refleja la mayor tendencia de los jóvenes a mejorar sus oportunidades laborales y/o educativas al migrar, sobre todo a las ciudades capitales. 
La migración definida como movilidad resulta heterogénea entre las regiones del país. Los departamentos receptores de estudiantes inmigrantes son Pando, Tarija, Santa Cruz, Cochabamba y Oruro; mientras que Beni, Potosí, La Paz y Chuquisaca son los que expulsan alumnos. Las diferencias en la dinámica económica y comercial (vinculadas con la agricultura, la agropecuaria, la actividad maderera y el cultivo y venta de la hoja de coca, cuya escala es mayor en las ciudades receptoras), así como las diferentes condiciones de la oferta educativa, podrían explicar este patrón.
86. Migración y empleo en Bolivia : los casos de las ciudades de La Paz y Santa Cruz. 
Regional Employment Program for Latin America and the Caribbean; Oficina Internacional del trabajo, PREALC, 1988**
    Tags: 
87. Migración y estructura comunal andina : una aproximación teórica al estudio de la migración y relaciones sociales en el agro andino 
   David Llanos, La Paz, Bolivia : IDIS-UMSA, 2001**
    Tags: 
88. Migracion interna, Pobreza y Desarrollo Territorial en el Cono Sur de América Latina: Impactos Sociodemográficos de la Migración Interna a nivel de Divisiones Administrativas Mayores en Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil y Chile
   Gustavo Busso, CEPAL, 2006
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Este trabajo aborda las relaciones entre migración interna, pobreza y desarrollo territorial, tomando como referencia las Divisiones Administrativas Mayores (DAM) de cuatro países del cono sur de América Latina: Provincias en Argentina, Departamentos en Bolivia, Estados en Brasil y Regiones en Chile. Se analiza y compara la situación de estos países alrededor del año 2000, última fecha en que se disponen censos nacionales de población que permiten realizar la comparación. Se divide el trabajo en tres partes. En una primera se exponen las inter relaciones entre pobreza, migración y desarrollo, enfatizando en tres temas: 1) las continuidades y cambios en el debate teórico; teñido inicialmente por el contexto político del modelo de sustitución de importaciones, las migraciones rurales urbanas y el crecimiento de las grandes metrópolis, pero a inicios de siglo existen otros temas que diversifican y que articulan los temas anteriores para el estudio de las migraciones internas a diversas escalas territoriales (descentralización, desarrollo local y territorial, competitividad sistémica, integración económica y comercial, análisis prospectivo territorial, etc.) 2) el uso del enfoque de pobreza en el estudio de las migraciones internas, con la tradición teórica, empírica y de política a lo largo de todo el siglo XX y 3) las limitaciones del enfoque de pobreza y las complementariedades con otros enfoques para enriquecer el estudio de los flujos migratorios y las carencias o desventajas de los migrantes. En una segunda parte se presentan, por un lado, los impactos sociodemográficos de la migración interna en los cuatro países a nivel de DAM en la dimensión demográfica (edad promedio, porcentajes de adultos mayores y de niños e índice de masculinidad) y educativa (años promedio de estudio y porcentaje de profesionales) y, por otro, las brechas en el ámbito del empleo (ocupación sectorial, tasa de participación laboral y tasa de desempleo) y de las carencias en el hogar (pobreza por NBI y porcentaje de jefes de hogar propiestarios) entre migrantes recientes y no migrantes. El objetivo es comparar impactos de la migración interna en los cuatro países seleccionados en relación a las políticas de desarrollo territorial, en particular las referidas a la reducción de la pobreza y el fortalecimiento de la competitividad territorial. Por último, en las conclusiones, se discuten los impactos, las tendencias probables y las implicancias de política que tiene la migración interna en el proceso fortalecer las capacidades para el desarrollo humano en los diversos territorios de los países del cono sur latinoamericano de cara al Siglo XXI.‎
89. Migrantes, campesinos de Licto y Flores : Mariano, Alfonso, José, Lorenzo, Manuel : historias de vida recopiladas y comentadas  
   Quito, Ecuador : Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1985*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
90. Migrants and markets : perspectives from economics and the other social sciences 
   Holger Kolb; Henrik Egbert; Amsterdam University Press, 2008**
   Google Preview: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Over the course of their interaction, economics and migration research have treated each other with mutual indifference. When migration research attempted to overstretch its bounds, economics reduced its analytical scope to those areas that originally seemed to belong to the genuine economic sphere. This volume considers eleven case studies that aim to overcome the artificial barrier between the two disciplines by applying the economic method to migratory phenomena, utilizing economic theories in order to explain migratory patterns, and regarding the structure and development of markets as crucial to the shaping of population stocks and the flow of migrants.
91. Migration and the breakdown of a peasant economy in Central Bolivia 
Carlos A Pérez-Crespo, Binghamton, N.Y., USA : Institute for Development Anthropology, 1991**
    Tags: 
92. Migration and violence: two important aspects of the lives of Bolivian women : experiences of migrant women in the city of Cochabamba, Bolivia 
    Marieke de Ruiter, 2001** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
93. Modelo socio-economico de migraciones internas en el Ecuador
Jacques Gaude, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos (Ecuador), 1980*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: EC JV 6217 .G38 1980
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
94. Movilidad ocupacional y mercados de trabajo
Regional Employment Program for Latin America and the Caribbean, Ginebra, Suiza : PREALC, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 1983*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: A.L. HD 5715.5 .L3 M68 1983
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
95. Movimiento de población y la creación de empleo : introducción a la problemática ecuatoriana 
Alan Middleton; Juan María Carrón, Quito : Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 1977**
    Tags: 
96. Mujeres ecuatorianas : entre las crisis y las oportunidades, 1990-2004  
   Mercedes Prieto, Quito : CONAMU ; FLACSO, 2005* ‎
   Worldcat: Link
   Reporte: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El libro editado por Mercedes Prieto recoge 8 articulos de 13 autoras/es.  Los ejes del libro, siempre interesado en mostrar una panorámica de la historia reciente de las mujeres ecuatorianas, engloban temas como las tendencias demográficas, política y ciudadanía, derechos sociales y nuevas generaciones.  
97. Mujeres que migran : empoderadas o empobrecidas? : el impacto del "Plan Nacional de Empleo y Emergencia" en las ciudades de El Alto y Tarija. 
RED, Mujeres y Economía Bolivia : REMTE, 2004** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
98. Mujer y conflictos socio-culturales : el caso de las migrantes de Caquiaviri en la ciudad de La Paz
   Criales, Lucila, La Paz : Aruwiyiri : Taller de Historia Oral Andina, 1994 ‎
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Contemporary examination of women from the Caquiaviri zone of the Altiplano who migrated to La Paz. Thin volume discusses the ethnic and gender discrimination they experienced, as well as the entrepreneurial success some achieved. Demonstrates the complexities and ambiguities of assimilating the dominant Western culture, while also asserting one's own culture within an urban milieu.‎
99. Mujer y migración : alcances de un fenómeno nacional y regional  
   Ecuador : Abya Yala : ILDIS, 1995*
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, EC HQ 1557 .M838 1995
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
100. New towns: a major change in the rural settlement pattern of highland Bolivia. 
    David A Preston, 1969**
    Tags: 
Abstract During the period since the Revolution of 1952 and the later agrarian reform a new settlement type has been created in the northern Altiplano and the sub-tropical valleys of the Yungas of La Paz. New nucleated settlements have been built by the rural people, largely spontaneously, and they represent a break with the dispersed pattern of dwellings that was the characteristic form of rural settlement prior to 1952.
101. Notas para el estudio de la movilidad urbana de los sectores populares de Quito  
   Vásconez, Mario, Quito, Ecuador : Centro de Investigaciones CIUDAD, 1986*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
102. Organización Internacional para las Migraciónes en Ecuador  
    Ecuador : Organización Internacional para las Migraciónes , 2009*
    Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
103. Partir para quedarse : supervivencia y cambio en las sociedades campesinas andinas (Bolivia) 
   Geneviève Cortes, La Paz, Bolivia : Plural Editores : IRD : IFEA, 2004** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
104. Peoples ecological movement and habitat selection among the Aymara and Quechua ethnic groups. 
    Hugo Romero Bedregal, Madison, 1972**
    Tags: 
105. Perfil migratorio del Ecuador‎  
   Serrano, Alexandra, Quito : Organizacion Internacional para las Migraciones, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The Ecuadorian Mission of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) developed the Migration Profile of Ecuador (MPE) in July 2006. The following work is an update of the original Migration Profile as of July 2008.  This document allows readers to understand the current status of human mobility in Ecuador by presenting migration-related data. Such data relates to migration policies, public and private institutions, actors, protection frameworks, general information on the population and other aspects which help to create a picture of the migration situation. The MPE is divided into four chapters: Introduction, Migratory Flows and their Impacts, Legal and Institutional Framework, and finally Conclusions and Recommendations.
106. Place, migration, and development in the Third World : an alternative view  
   Brown, Lawrence A
   London ;New York : Routledge, 1991
   Online Preview: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Provides a fresh examination of the nature of Third World development, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of particular places as influences on behaviour and the links between population movements and national changes.
107. Población, migración y desarrollo en Bolivia / 
    Bolivia : BID : EPB : IOM-OIM : UNFPA, 2002*
    Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract La población es el sujeto principal del desarrollo y todas las políticas y estrategias se refieren de una u otra manera a las diversas relaciones que se establecen entre ella y los demás factores, recursos y condiciones en los variados ámbitos en que se discurre la vida económica, social y política de los pueblos. Con miras a contribuir a elevar las condiciones de vida y de trabajo de la población, en las nuevas condiciones derivadas de la globalización, se precisan reflexiones y estudios novedosos que den cuenta cabal de las transformaciones que vienen ocurriendo en las relaciones de la población con el territorio de los recursos naturales, así como en cuanto a la cada vez mayor movilidad interna e internacional de amplios segmentos de la población.
Habiendo coincidido en tal enfoque, el BID, la CEPB, la OIM y el UNFPA decidieron emprender un esfuerzo conjunto con miras a colocar estos problemas en la agenda nacional. Hubo coincidencia también en que la realización próxima de elecciones generales constituía una ocasión propicia para alimentar los debates correspondientes mediante una publicación que proporcione un examen preliminar de las diversas articulaciones y nexos entre la población y el desarrollo.‎
108. Población, migración y empleo en el Ecuador‎ 
   Simón Pachano; César Cisneros; et al, Quito, Ecuador : ILDIS, 1988
    Tags: 
Abstract La demanda de trabajadores en la segunda mitad el siglo XIX, está constituida desde tres sectores principales: a) las haciendas; b) las obras públicas, y e) la agricultura costeña. Lo que organiza la dotación de mano de obra, las condiciones de trabajo, la movilidad. etc., es el concertaje como institución que expresa una forma de trabajo teóricamente voluntaria. El concertaje es una envoltura que encubre variadas relaciones laborales, que irán expresando a lo largo del Siglo XIX, formas muy cercanas al trabajo asalariado, o combinadas con este.  Los procesos de trabajo en las haciendas. se asientan sobre un núcleo de trabajadores permanentes que hacen su residencia en la hacienda y un conjunto variable de trabajadores eventuales. También habían campesinos que establecen relaciones de aparcería. y aparte de esto, comunidades externas que tienen relaciones de renta en trabajo y especie con las haciendas, Todas estas vinculaciones con la hacienda no son excluyentes sino que pueden encontrarse coexistiendo. y dependían también del tipo de unidad de producción, la zona donde estén implantadas, a la escasez de trabajadores. etc. La condición básica es la expansión de la pequeña propiedad mestiza e indígena y la subsistencia de comunidades, que serán las fuentes de oferta de trabajadores.‎
109. Population distribution and migration : proceedings of the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution and Migration, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 18-22 January 1993, convened in preparation for the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 
United Nations. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, New York : United Nations, 1998*
Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, U.N. ST/ESA SER.R 133
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Contains the report and recommendations of the Expert Group Meeting and the papers submitted to it. The Expert Group, which was one of the six convened as part of the substantive preparations for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, appraised current trends in population distribution and migration and their interrelations with development. It concluded that migration was a rational response on the part of individuals and families to interregional differences in opportunities. Urbanization was viewed as an intrinsic part of development and recommendations were made to increase government's capacity to manage urban development and respond to the needs of urban dwellers, especially the poor. Measures to increase rural productivity and improve the linkages between rural and urban areas were also proposed. With regard to international migration, the processes leading to increasing migration pressures were reviewed and suggestions were made on how to reduce them. 
110. Poniendo tierra de por medio : migración forzada de colombianos en Colombia, Ecuador y Canadá‎ 
Medellín : Corporación Región ; UBC, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract Colombia ha sido epicentro de historicos y complejos procesos de movilidad humana y, desde la segunda mitad de los anos ochenta, de intensos flujos migratorios en los que figuran, de manera predominante, los desplazamientos internos forzados y el refugio transfronterizo. Este libro analiza ejemplos de estos dos tipos de migracion forzada de colombianos en tres contextos nacionales: Colombia, Ecuador y Canada.  Colombia ocupa el segundo lugar en el mundo, por contar con las tasas mas elevadas de desplazamiento interno; y, junto con Sudan e Irak, concentraban, en el 2007, el 50% del total de personas desplazadas en el mundo (Norwegian Refugee Council, 2008). El fenomeno del desplazamiento interno en Colombia se caracteriza por su duracion prolongada: durante mas de una decada ha presentado crecimiento continuo; por su distribucion a lo largo del territorio nacional: en el 87% de sus municipios se han producido desplazamientos forzosos y el 71% de los municipios han recibido a personas desplazados (Conferencia Episcopal & CODHES, 2006); y por las insuficientes o inexistentes condiciones para que el retorno opere como solucion duradera para el restablecimiento de los derechos y la proteccion de los factores que pusieron en riesgo las vidas de las personas.‎
111. Prendas con pies : migraciones indígenas y supervivencia cultural en la Audiencia de Quito 
   Powers, Karen Vieira, Quito : Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1994* ‎
   Worldcat: Link
   Version Electronoica: Link 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La autora investiga los movimientos indígenas poblacionales y etnográficos en la Audiencia de Quito desde 1534 hasta 1700. Estas migraciones empezaron como estrategias de sobrevivencia -tras la imposición del tributo y trabajo forzado en sus comunidades- y terminaron teniendo un efecto determinante sobre la evolución socio-política tanto de la sociedad indígena como de la colonia española.‎
112. Problemas de los asentamientos humanos en el Ecuador / 
   Luzuriaga C., Carlos, 1980*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
113. Procesos migratorios transnacionales en Bolivia y Cochambamba
Alfonso Hinojosa Gordonava, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Alrededor de 25 millones de personas han emigrado de su país de origen durante los últimos años en Latinoamérica, si bien estas corrientes migratorias tienen como destino principal Norteamérica y Europa, también son importantes los destinos laborales al interior de la misma región, sobre todo Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica y Venezuela (en la mayoría de los casos migración fronteriza). En este escenario las proyecciones y estimaciones de los estudios e informes sobre el tema apuntan a señalar que es muy probable que la migración internacional continúe incrementándose en los próximos decenios. En la misma o quizá mayor medida, las remesas económicas generan impactos de amplio espectro y de diversa índole en las estructuras básicas de la sociedad pero también a niveles macroeconómicos. Es así que las remesas económicas constituyen un aspecto cada vez más importante para la transferencia de recursos de los países desarrollados receptores de migrantes, hacia los países expulsores de esos migrantes.  Los envíos monetarios constituyen un significativo aporte de recursos económicos "frescos" que se insertan en diferentes sectores de las economías locales, regionales y nacionales; estimándose que dichos recursos en algunos países sobrepasan los montos de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo. Para el año 2005 el BID previó que las cifras de remesas a América Latina ascenderían a 55 mil millones de dólares. En todo caso estos envíos de dinero y sus implicaciones tienen una amplia serie de consecuencias en las sociedades de los países receptores. Hay que señalar sobre este punto que para algunos autores junto a las remesas económicas hay que distinguir también las llamadas remesas colectivas o sociales y los intercambios de conocimiento e información que generan alteraciones en las relaciones sociales así como en los imaginarios colectivos.
A nivel nacional Bolivia es ya un país en diáspora. El sostenido crecimiento de sus diversos colectivos migrantes y la importancia de sus impactos al interior de sus fronteras obligan a considerar el caso boliviano entre los más significativos para el estudio de la migración internacional latinoamericana. Todos los estudios consultados con la intención de determinar la cantidad actual de los migrantes internacionales bolivianos coinciden en señalar la imposibilidad de un cálculo de seguridad plena. Las cifras que Cancillería maneja hablan de alrededor de 2,5 millones de bolivinanos/as fuera de las fronteras nacionales, es decir, el 25 por ciento de la población total; en la misma línea, un documento de la Defensoría del Pueblo de Bolivia (2006) establece que aproximadamente existen dos millones 600 mil bolivianos y bolivianas viviendo en el exterior del país.
114. Program for improving central bank reporting and procedures on remittances: Bolivia
IDB, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract The importance of international remittance flows to Latin American and Caribbean economies has increased substantially, both in terms of macroeconomic stability given the magnitude of these capital inflows, and of economic Development in view of their impacto n financial inclusión and poverty alleviation.‎
115. Receptores de remesas en Ecuador: Una investigación del mercado
FOMIN, BID, Pew Hispanic Center, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Ecuador es un ejemplo especial e interesante que ilustra cómo las remesas son causantes de patrones migratorios, factores importantes para el desarrollo de un país, y elementos importantes para entender los flujos de personas y de dinero dentro de un mundo cada vez más integrado.‎
116. Regionalismo y migración / 
   Estrada Ycaza, Julio, Guayaquil : Archivo Histórico del Guayas, 1977*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
102. Remittance Recipients In Ecuador: A Market Research Study‎ 
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) & Pew Hispanic Center (PHC) & Bendixen & Amandi, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract A vast and widespread flow of remittances from migrants to their home countries is a key characteristic of today's world economy, accounting for more than $32 billion of money transfers to Latin America and the Caribbean last year. In Ecuador about one million people-14 percent of the adult population-receives remittances from relatives who live in a foreign country, according to a study by the Multilateral Investment Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank (MIF) and the Pew Hispanic Center (PHC). The amount of money sent home by Ecuadorians living abroad is on the order of $1.5 billion a year and is increasing rapidly. That very large sum, which is equivalent to nearly one-third of the value of all of Ecuador's exports, was dispatched in many thousands of transactions involving relatively small amounts of money. The study found that the average remittance sent to Ecuador is approximately $175.
103. Remittances and Life Cycle Deficits in Latin America
Ricardo Bebczuk & Diego Battistón, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The paper investigates the effect of remittances on the coverage of financial deficits arising during youth and retirement years and their influence on some household behaviors. To this end, household survey information is used from Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua to perform a number of econometric tests exploring the linkage between remittances and a battery of health, education and work outcomes dealing with young and elderly household members. The main overall finding is that, with variations across countries and regression specifications, remittances generally appear to exert a positive and robust impact. In particular, with few exceptions, remittances (a) respond to the lack of pensions and especially to overall household financial deficits; (b) encourage co-residence of the elderly with younger relatives; (c) facilitate elderly's retirement; (d) increase household expenditures in health and education; (e) foster public and private school attendance, inhibits child labor, and improve anthropometric measures.
117. Rural emigration and agricultural development in highland Ecuador : final report 
David A Preston; Gerardo A Taveras; Rosemary A Preston, School of Geography, University of Leeds, 1979**
    Tags: 
118. Rural migration in Bolivia. The impact of climate change, economic crisis and state policy‎ 
Carlos Balderrama Mariscal; International Institute for Environment and Development; Centro Mainumby Ñakurutú.; et al, London] : IIED, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This case study analyses current migration dynamics in two regions of Bolivia: Northern Potosí, one of the main areas of outmigration in Bolivia, and the municipality of San Julián in the Department of Santa Cruz, a major destination for internal migrants, some of whom come from Northern Potosí.  The research was qualitative in nature, with specific attention to breadth and accuracy in the information and analysis. The methods used were participative and the research was done in collaboration with the rural and indigenous organisations in the two selected areas: the Federation of Indigenous Ayllus of Northern Potosí (Federación de Ayllus Originarios Indígenas del Norte de Potosí Charka Qhara Qhara - FAOI-NP) and the Federation of Intercultural Communities of San Julián (Federación de Comunidades Interculturales de San Julián). The information gathering process examined a wide range of factors that may trigger migration, including the possible influence of climate change and public policies on migration. 
The key challenge was to understand current patterns of migration, the processes involved and the social, cultural, economic and political causes and effects, taking into account issues that are increasing in importance, such as climate change, and seeking to discover the extent of their influence in the midst of other factors that drive migration. 
It is well known that migration is not a simple occurrence. In fact, it involves a series of processes, motivations, causes and decisions. Because it is a collective rather than an individual process, it takes on the character of a "social phenomenon" that is historically and geographically determined.  In many cases, there are cultural practices of transhumance, such as agriculture on different ecological levels or the use of winter and summer pastures. This involves people moving from one place to another, sometimes travelling long distances and crossing districts for several months at a time. These transhumance practices add a further layer of complexity to the analysis of migration. 
In general terms, migration may be related to state policy stimuli such as the drive to settle the country‟s territory, reduce pressure on the land or improve living conditions, or it may be a spontaneous social response of adaptation to political, socio-economic or environmental changes. 
This paper analyses migration dynamics in two rural contexts that may be considered diametrically opposed. The first location is the region of Northern Potosí on the high plateau, with a cold climate and an altitude of more than 3,000 metres, whose inhabitants are highland indigenous people who have lived there for thousands of years: the Charka Qhara Qhara Nation. Since colonial times, this region has been affected by economic crises and the environmental phenomena of desertification and drought; excluded from state policies, it is considered the poorest region of Bolivia and has the highest rate of out-migration in the country. The second location is the municipality of San Julián in the Amazon lowlands, with a tropical climate and an altitude of less than 300 metres, whose inhabitants are indigenous and non-indigenous migrants. In recent years, this region has been favoured by state policies and it is currently considered one of the main destinations for migrants due to the agro-export economy based on soya. 
119. Rural urban migration in Bolivia: advantages and disadvantages‎ 
   Lykke E Andersen, La Paz, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of rural-urban migration, and shows that the costs of increased urbanization (crime, pollution, congestion, etc) in Bolivia are rather small compared to the costs experienced in other Latin American countries. The benefits, on the other hand, may be large. Encouraging rural-urban migration may be one of the cheapest ways of reducing poverty in Bolivia because it is so much cheaper to provide basic services like electricity, piped water, schools, and health services to people when they are gathered in towns or cities. In addition, economies of scale in the cities bring economic opportunities and increase people's income.
120. Rural urban migration in Latin America: a framework for the comparative analysis of geographical and temporal patterns
International Migration Review, Robert V. Kemper **
    Tags: 
Abstract Despite the importance of rural-urban migration of Latin America urban development, scholarly attention has been concentrated on this phenomenon in only the last dozen years; in fact, the Santiago "Seminar on Urbanization in Latin America," held in 1959, perhaps marked the start of intensive research on the significance of migration to the demographic and socioeconomic development of the continent. However, only very recently has substantial progress been made beyond the conclusions of the Santiago Seminar; only now are enough case studies available for satisfactory comparative analysis of rural-urban migration streams. Within the past year, the publication of two significant articles has illustrated some of the possibilities and difficulties inherent in any comparative analysis of the available data on migrants to Latin American cities. On the one hand, Balán performs a structural analysis of migrant-native socioeconomic differences based upon four variables: (1) the rural-urban continuum (here dichotomized), which is used to reflect community characteristics such as degree of social differentiation, inter-dependence, and ease of communication; (2) the rate of economic development in communities, both rural and urban; (3) the rate of creation of jobs in sectors of high productivity, within the cities of destination; and (4) the degree of "credentialism" within cities of destination; that is, the degree to which formal entry requirements (e.g., high school diplomas, letters of recommendation) are built into a city's occupational structure. He concludes that we need to know much more about the communities of origin and destination, rather than individual migrants, in order to help better explain differential success of migrants in the city. 
121. Santa Cruz de la Sierra : crecimiento urbano y situación ocupacional
Roberto Casanovas Sainz, Santa Cruz : CEDLA : CIDCRUZ, 1988* ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: BO HD 5751 .S26 C37 1988
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Investigación, concebido y desarrollado a partir de una permanente preocupación por los estudios urbanos. Sobre la base de un análisis histórico del rol económico y regional jugado por la Ciudad de Santa Cruz, este estudio se vuelca al tratamiento de los aspectos poblacionales, migratorios y socio-laborales más importantes de ese centro urbano. De un modo concreto, este aporte para el conocimiento de la realidad socio-económica de Santa Cruz se refiere al proceso histórico de urbanización de la región, el crecimiento demográfico y los procesos migratorios, la crisis económica y los cambios de la situación ocupacional.
122. Ser, un migrante en "las Europas" : manual de sobrevivencia en el "viejo mundo" 
   Omar Montecinos Escalier, La Paz, Bolivia : Grupo Grito del Sujeto, 2008** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Esta publicación es una novela corta que es una cronica de todas las experiencias vividas del escritor en su situación de migrante en un país del viejo mundo, un relato real de cómo viven los migrantes latinos específicamente en el país de Suecia, lejos de sus familias, sin ningún tipo de derechos ni obligaciones siendo simplemente considerados "mano de obra barata" en tal situación son explotados, abusados, maltratados y discriminados en muchos casos por sus mismos compatriotas y también por el sistema en sí.  En este libro el autor paralelamente de narrar sus vivencias también cuenta las experiencias de otros bolivianos y latinoamericanos que al igual que él fueron tras el "sueño europeo" y tropezaron con un sin fin de obstáculos. SER UN MIGRANTE EN LAS EUROPAS es una publicación corta, pero no por esto deja de ser interesante, amena y además muy crítica.
123. Sistema de contratación y migración laboral temporal en Santa Cruz
Roberto Villar Burgoa, Carlos Samaniego, La Paz, Bolivia : República de Bolivia, Ministerio de Trabajo y Desarrollo Laboral, Dirección General de Empleo, 1981**
    Tags: 
124. Situación de las mujeres migrantes del norte de Potosí. 
La Paz : Defensor del Pueblo, 2007** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
125. Ten Years of Innovation in Remittances: Lessons Learned and Models for the Future
Joan Hall, Independent Review of the Multilateral Investment Fund Remittance Portfolio, 2010
     Tags: 
Abstract This document is a review of the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)'s remittance program since its inception in 2000. The review focuses primarily on the portfolio of remittance projects undertaken by the MIF from 2001 to 2009, and secondarily on the MIF's research and dissemination activities during that same period. The review took place between May and September 2009. Information for the review is based on:
•• Interviews with MIF staff members in Washington, D.C.
•• In situ visits to seven executing agencies (EAs) in Mexico, five in El Salvador, and three in the Dominican Republic, along with site visits to two sub-grants of a MIF regional project in the Dominican Republic.
•• Face-to-face interviews with five MIF country staff in Mexico, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic.
•• Telephone interviews with project coordinators or other officials from the executing agencies not visited in person (see Annex One for list of people interviewed and their affiliations). 
•• Telephone interviews with MIF country staff who were not visited in person.
•• Review of documents on MIF remittance activities. 
The purpose of this exercise is to provide the MIF and outside parties interested in expanding their knowledge on remittance projects with an historical overview of the MIF's experience in this area. The document includes an assessment of the models used and a summary of each individual project's successes, challenges, and lessons learned. Finally, the review offers recommendations, both from a design and an operational perspective, on how the MIF and other practitioners can improve the impact, reach, and sustainability of remittance programs.‎
126. The administration of resettlement in Bolivia / 
   Mirtenbaum, Chil Zenamon, Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University American Studies Program, 1986*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
127. The Andean exodus : transnational migration from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru‎ 
Ton Salman, Amsterdam Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation 2002
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract  This publication is based on the findings of the workshop "Passing the Boundaries - Dispersed Livelihoods and Transnational Identities" which took place on 26 and 27 November 2001, in Amsterdam. It was organized by the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (SCA/VU), in conjunction with the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation (CEDLA), and was attended by a small group of researchers from Latin America, Europe and the US.
The aim of the workshop was to analyse and discuss the origins, features and implications of transnationalism, focusing on the way it has been presenting itself in various regions. The objective was to reflect upon the various aspects, intricacies and applications pertaining to the idea of transnational identities and to connect this to people's worldspanning migrations and quests for alternative or complementary livelihoods. In recent years, the theme of transnationality has drawn much attention in research and writing, but both critical case studies and conceptual reflection continue to be needed. The workshop was divided into two parts. The first day focused on cases of transnational migration from the Andes (Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru), assessing in detail the socio-economic and cultural implications for the areas of origin and destination. During the second day, the scope of the discussions was broadened, and cross-cultural comparisons were made with examples of transnationalism elsewhere in the world. The workshop was bi-lingual (Spanish and English), as is reflected in this publication.
128. Tinku, transición y conflicto : los jóvenes de las comunidades andinas en los centros urbanos 
Ángela Lara Lara Delgado; et al, La Paz : Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia, 2005* ‎
   Reporte: Link
   Google Preview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El aprehender una parte de la brigarrada realidad no solo ha implicado construcciones objetivas de esta realidad sino deconstrucciones subjetivas de cada uno de los miembros del equipo, para situarnos en el parco del "ser migrante" que todos llevamos dentro, de una forma u otra, manifiesta o encubiertamente.  Los hallazgos encontrados en el transcurso de la investigación acerca de los procesos de transición que experimentan los migrantes que salen de las comunidades de Marcha al norte de Potosi hacia las ciudades intermedias de frontera y su posterior ingreso al norte de Argentina, son como haber desenhebrado un ovillo: una tarea que siempre implica nuevas preguntas a ser resueltas sobre la intrincada relacioin entre migración e identidad, transición y conflicto.  Los y las jóvenes emigrantes en los procesos de transición revelan una construcción identitaria en los momentos de salida, una desconstrucción en sus retornos y una creconstruccion en las salidas posteriores.
129. Trafico de migrantes en Bolivia : documento de información 
   International Organization for Migration.; Bolivia, Geneva 1994** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
130. Transnational peasants : migrations, networks, and ethnicity in Andean Ecuador / 
   Kyle, David, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, EC JV 7491 .K95 2000
   Google Preview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Why do two groups from the same country pursue radically different economic strategies of transnational mobility? David Kyle examines the lives of people from four rural communities in two regions of the Andean highlands of Ecuador. Migrants from the southern province of Azuay shuttle back and forth to New York City, mostly as undocumented laborers. In contrast, an indigenous group of Quichua-speakers from the northern canton of Otavalo travel the world as handicraft merchants and musicians playing Andean music. In one village, Kyle found that Otavalans were migrating to 23 different countries and returning within a year. Transnational Peasants provides an intriguing historical and sociological exploration of a contemporary migration mystery.
131. Tras nuevas raíces-- : migraciones internas y colonización en Bolivia 
Carlos García-Tornell; Proyecto Políticas de Población (Bolivia); La Paz, Bolivia : Proyecto Políticas de Población, Ministerio de Planeamiento, UNFPA, 1984*
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente trabajo se centra fundamentalmente en una descripción del volumen de los flujos y de la dirección de los de los mismos y responde primordialmente a la necesidad de conocer las implicancias y concecuencias del fenómeno migratorio en la combinación con los estudios sobre el crecimiento de la población y el desarrollo global del país.
132. Trayectoria de los estudios migratorios en Bolivia
Yolanda Alfaro Aramayo, Sistema de información sobre migraciones andinas SIMA, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La migración y el establecimiento de bolivianos/as fuera de su lugar del origen es un hecho social que forma parte del desarrollo de la historia de Bolivia. En los distintos periodos históricos del siglo XIX y XX las migraciones internas, intra-regionales e internacionales fueron marcando gran parte de la dinámica económica y sociocultural del país.
133. Tu siempre jalas a los tuyos: cadenas y redes migratorias de las familias ecuatorianas hacia Espana
Claudia Pedone, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 2005
    Tags: 
Abstract A finales de la década de 1990, el Ecuador sufre una de las más graves crisis sociopolítica y económica de su historia que genera, entre otras cosas, un nuevo movimiento migratorio internacional que alcanzó una magnitud sin precedentes, con un destino específico: España. El punto máximo de la crisis económica del país andino acelera el proceso migratorio de la región sur, diversifica el tipo de personas que migra y se extiende a todo el territorio nacional, sobre todo en las zonas urbanas, aumentando su magnitud.
134. Urbanización, migraciones y empleo en la ciudad de Cochabamba
Escobar de Pabón, S., Ledo García, C., Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Regional, La Paz, Bolivia, 1988 ‎
   Biblioteca Felipe Herrera: Link, BO HB 2022 .C63 E8 1988
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract  Este estudio, se vuelca al tratamiento de los aspectos poblacionales, migratorios y socio-laborales más importantes de ess centro urbano. De un modo concreto, este aporte se refiere, en el orden demográfico, a las tasas de crecimiento y a la composición y características poblacionales, en el orden migracional, al contenido histórico y las características del proceso migratorio, y en el orden socio-laboral, a la participación social en la actividad económica, la evolución del desempleo abierto y los cambios en la estructura del empleo.  Bajo el titulo de Urbanizacion, Migraciones y Empleo en la ciudad de Cochabamba, las investigadoras Silvia Escobar de Pabon, del Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario (CEDLA), y Carmen Ledo, del Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Regional (ClORE) nos presentan un importante trabajo de investigacion, concebido y desarrollado a partir de una permanente preocupacion e in teres institucionales por los estudios urbanos.  Sobre la base de una comprension historica del rol economico y regional jugado por la ciudad de Cochabamba, este estudio se vuelca al tratamiento de los aspectos poblacionales, migratorios y socio -laborales mas importantes de ese centro urbano. De un modo concreto, este aporte para el conocimiento de la realidad urbana cochabambina se refiere, en el orden demografico, a las tasas de crecimiento y a Ia com posicion y características poblacionales; en el orden migracional, al contenido historico y las caracteristicas del proceso migratorio; y en el orden socio - laboral, a la participacion social en la actividad economica, la evolucion del desempleo abierto y los cambios en Ia estructura del empleo.
Sobre estos aspectos y a partir del procesamiento de información estadistica obtenida a traves de diferentes encuestas institucionales y el Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivienda, Silvia Escobar de Pabón y Carmen Ledo nos muestran una ciudad de Cochabamba demognificamente joven y receptiva de importantes flujos migratorios yen la que el37% de su población tiene menos de 15 años de edad, y el 78% de sus pobladores migrantes provienen de areas urbanas, principalmente de las ciudades capitales de La Paz, Oruro y Potosi. 
135. Viaje e identidad : la génesis de la elite kichwa-otavaleña en Madrid, España / 
   Atienza de Frutos, David, Quito, Abya Yala, 2009* ‎
   Worldcat: Link 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El viaje y el comercio han sido desde tiempos prehispánicos una característica identitatia de los kichwa-octavaleños. El abandono de la agricultura como principal soporte económico y el crecimiento de la demanda de productos textiles otavaleños durante los años 60 a los 90 del siglo XX han reconfigurado la emigración hacia el primer mundo elevándolo en su carga simbólica y expandiendo el alcance geográfico y humano del tradicional mindaláe. De este modo, la emigración se resemantiza y asume la forma y la función de un rito de paso necesario para acceder a la élite indígena kichwa-otavaleña. Al mismo tiempo la emigración, el crecimiento económico que potencia y la reconfiguración cognitiva que produce, permiten a los kichwa-otavaleños establecer un diálogo con Occidente para genera una nueva identidad indígena que se engrana perfectamente dentro de los mecanismos y exigencias de un mundo posmoderno y globalizado. Este proceso de supervivencia identitatia tiene algunos costes que también forman parte del proceso sin poder saber hasta qué punto son necesarios o anecdóticos. El viaje y el contacto con el mercado occidental incrementan al individualismo de los kichwa-otavaleños y aumentan las desigualdades sociales provocando el crecimiento del deseo mimético; es decir, de la envidia y de las tensiones intraétnicas. Ante sta nueva envidia, ante esta tensión intraétnica antes mínima, los antiguos rituales profiláctico son inadecuados. Surgen de este modo nuevos rituales "globalizados" soportados por una nueva mitología de laboratorio que dan una respuesta profiláctica a la nueva envidia global. Estos rituales como el Pawkar Raymi o el Inti Raymi, por su adaptabilidad el contexto global, tienen también una función de etnogénesis. Es necesario generar o inventar una neo-comunidad de élite que pueda curar la envidia y superar la violencia intraétnica que amenaza con diluir la identidad kichwa-otavaleña en la indiferencia.
Contenido:
1.- Introducción 
2.- El registro académico sobre los kichwa-otavaleños 
3.- Tensión étnica e identidad indígena en San Pablo del Lago - Ecuador 
4.- El viaje occidente, el caos y la violencia 
5.- Mecanismo de control del caos: el pawkar Raymi de Madrid 
6.- La construcción virtual del discurso mítico identitario 
7.- El ritual profiláctico: Inti Raymi en las aguas del Alberche 
8.- Conclusiones: La emigración como iniciación 
9.- Bibliografía 
‎
Otros


Empleo

1. Actualidad Estadistica: Bolivia 2010
Reporte estadistico, INE, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
2. All that glitters-- : gold mining in contemporary Ecuador 
   Video, Christopher Mercer, 2001
Tags: 
3. Anuario Estadistico, 2009
Reporte Estadistico, INE Bolivia, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
4. Anuario Estadistico, 2010
Glosario
Reporte Estadistico, INE Bolivia, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
5. Boletin Laboral
Boletin, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
6. Bolivia: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989‎
Growth and Structure of the Economy, Debt, Foreign Assistance, Labor, Organized Labor, The Peasantry, The Private Sector, The Working Class
    Tags: 
7. Bolivia: Country Profile 2006
World Bank Enterprise Survey, 2006
    Tags: 
8. Bolivia: Ley general del trabajo
Ley, actualizada 1992
    Tags: 
9. Bolivia's nationalized mines: a comparison of a cooperative and a state-managed community 
   Tesis, Doris E Widerkehr, 1975*
    Tags: 
10. Capitalization and Privatization in Bolivia: An Approximation to an Evaluation
Presentacion, Center for Global Development
    Tags: 
11. ‎¿Cómo han enfrentado los países de América Latina los riesgos de desempleo?‎
 El caso de Uruguay
Presentacion, Verónica Amarante, Instituto de Economía - Universidad de la República, 2011
    Tags: 
12. Constitucion Politica del Estado‎ ‎
Ley, Bolivia, 2009
    Tags: 
13. Creación de Empleos Productivos ‎
Video, CNN/BID
14. ‎¿Cuáles son los principales riesgos de desempleo que enfrentan los países de América Latina y el Caribe?
Presentacion, Veronica Alaimo, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
15. Diagnóstico situacional de la niñez trabajdora en la ciudad de Cochabamba 
CD, Mosoj Yan (Organization), 2009  ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
16. Doing Business: Bolivia
Resultados, World Bank, 2011
    Tags: 
17. Do Minimum Wages Reduce Poverty? Evidence from Central America
Reporte, International Development Research Center, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract Minimum wages are designed to reduce poverty and inequality. This key labour market policy intervention represents a common social protection policy in many Latin American countries. Raising minimum wages has traditionally been considered a way to protect poor workers and their families and boost their chances of climbing out of poverty. However, the effect of raising minimum wages remains an empirical question in the literature. Little country-specific evidence has been provided to show how effective these policies are. Heated debates arise when the time comes for setting a new minimum wage.
18. Ecuador: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
The Economy
Growth and Structure of the Economy
Workers
Human Resources and Income
Organized Labor
Labor
    Tags: 
19. Educacion y Empleo
Cuadro Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
20. Effects of Privatization on Income & Wealth Distribution
Presentacion, John Nellis, Center for Global Development
    Tags: 
21. Effects of structural characteristics and personal attributes upon labor mobility in Ecuador : a dissertation 
   Tesis, Jorge Avelino Brea-Porteiro; Ohio State University. Dept. of Geography, 1986*
    Tags: 
22. Empleo exportador en Bolivia
Presentacion, UDAPE
    Tags: 
23. En 2010, el salario minimo nacional tendrá un aumento de Bs 239 con relación a 2005
Boletin informativo, Ministerio de economía y Finanzas Públicas de Bolivia, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract El Gobierno del Presidente, Evo Morales, cambió la política salarial de la época del neoliberalismo que mantenía congelado el incremento al salario de los trabajadores porque obedecía las recetas del Fondo Monetario Internacional. El Salario Mínimo Nacional en 2010 tendrá un incremento real de Bs239 con relación al definido en el año 2005, cuando estaba en vigencia el modelo neoliberal, esto se debe a que el Gobierno del Presidente Evo Morales realizó un manejo responsable de la economía nacional. En 2005, el Salario Mínimo Nacional estaba congelado en Bs440 y en 2010 será de Bs679, es decir que hubo un aumento real de Bs239 en beneficio de los trabajadores.El presente estudio de investigación se llevó a cabo entre los límites de los PP.JJ. de Alto San Martín y Miguel Grau pertenecientes a la Provincia de Arequipa, lugar donde está ubicada la Cooperativa Minera San Jerónimo, con la finalidad de determinar la asociación entre factores de riesgo y las alteraciones de la salud de estos trabajadores que se dedican a la extracción de agregados de construcción. Identificando a aquellos que tienen mayor riesgo. El estudio utiliza el método epidemiológico de casos y controles en terminos expuestos y no expuestos, las cuales permiten determinar el riesgo en las diferentes alteraciones; como instrumento se utilizó el formulario de entrevista estructurada aplicado al grupo expuesto y no expuesto y la guía de observación directa para determinar la protección personal del grupo expuesto. Mediante el examen físico se obtuvo los diagnósticos de las alteraciones que padecían las unidades de observación.‎
24. Entrevistas y Opiniones del Dr. Manuel Posso Zumárraga, Consultor Privado y experto en seguridad social y productividad, y del Ab. Joaquín Viteri Llanga
    Entrevistas y Reportes, Quito, 2005-2008
La jornada laboral y las causas de terminación del contrato de trabajo
   	Tags: 
25. Estadisticas de Empleo
Cuadro Estadistico, INE Bolivia
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
26. Estadisticas de Desempleo
Cuadro Estadistico, INE Bolivia
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
27. Estadisticas de Pobreza
Cuadro Estadistico, INE Bolivia ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
28. Estadisticas del registro de comercio de Bolivia
Reporte Estadistico, Fundempresa, 2011
    Tags: 
29. Estadisticas del Sector Publico
Cuadro Estadistico, Banco Central de Bolivia, 2011
    Tags: 
30. Estudio: Mercado Laboral en Bolivia
Boletin, 2011
    Tags: 
31. Factores de riesgo y morbilidad del trabajador de agregados de construccion en cooperativa minera San Jeronimo: Arequipa-1995. 
    Tesis, Martha Iris Del Carpio Cardenas; Patricia Estela Perochena Manrique** 
    Tags: 
Abstract El presente estudio de investigación se llevó a cabo entre los límites de los PP.JJ. de Alto San Martín y Miguel Grau pertenecientes a la Provincia de Arequipa, lugar donde está ubicada la Cooperativa Minera San Jerónimo, con la finalidad de determinar la asociación entre factores de riesgo y las alteraciones de la salud de estos trabajadores que se dedican a la extracción de agregados de construcción. Identificando a aquellos que tienen mayor riesgo. El estudio utiliza el método epidemiológico de casos y controles en terminos expuestos y no expuestos, las cuales permiten determinar el riesgo en las diferentes alteraciones; como instrumento se utilizó el formulario de entrevista estructurada aplicado al grupo expuesto y no expuesto y la guía de observación directa para determinar la protección personal del grupo expuesto. Mediante el examen físico se obtuvo los diagnósticos de las alteraciones que padecían las unidades de observación.
32. Factories and families : urban working women in La Paz, Bolivia 
Tesis, Valerie Anne Estes, University of California, Berkeley, 1984 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
33. Formacion continua y capacitacion a lo largo de la vida: avances, desafíos y oportunidades
    Nota de discusión, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2011
    Tags: 
34. From Indian to miner and back again : small scale mining in the Jukumani Ayllu, northern Potosi, Bolivia 
Tesis, Ricardo A Godoy, Columbia University, 1983**
    Tags: 
35. Fuentes de Informacion Laboral: OIT
   Bibliografia, OIT, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Es el tercer número de la nueva serie bibliográfica digital publicada por la Biblioteca Regional de la OIT para América Latina y el Caribe. Recopila la documentación generada por la OIT en el tema del empleo y otros temas vínculados a él, en especial de la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Editado sólo en versión PDF, ya que incluye acceso a los documentos en línea, bases de datos, páginas web,  reuniones, etc. 
36. Gems of Hope in Bolivia
   Video, Gems of Hope, Coady International Institute*
    Tags: 
Abstract Gems of Hope is a Canadian microfinance institution which provides small loans for the small business sector of Bolivia with the intention of increasing the profit margin so people's lives may be better. (10:20 min)
37. Indicadores de Competitividad del Comercio Exterior de Bolivia
INE Bolivia, 2009
    Tags: 
38. Indice de volumen físicso de la industria manufacturera : INVOFIM. 
   Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Bolivia). Area de Estadísticas Económicas**
    Tags: 
39. International Coalition of Women Credit
Coady International Institute* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This video is from Bolivia and features a woman and her family who make costumes for a living. Her small business has made a profit and she has been able to increase the number of employees that she hires. The video documents her work and studies her way of life and how she survives.(21:45 min.)
40. Jóvenes y Empleo 
Video, CNN/BID
41. Labor Market Risks and Policies in Informal Economies: A case study of Bolivia
Presentacion, Werner Hernani-Limarino, Fundacion ARU ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
42.  Las teorías y sus implicaciones socio-politicas: el caso de la economía informal boliviana
   HCF Mansilla, CEBEM Bolivia
     Tags: 
Abstract A pesar de que las causas y la importancia de la economía informal, y muy especialmente de su florecimiento inusitado en los últimos tiempos, ya han sido estudiadas desde el punto de vista de las ciencias económicas y las disciplinas afines, se puede advertir la carencia de estudios sociológicos y politológicos acerca de esta temática, lo cual es evidente en el caso boliviano. Al mismo tiempo, se puede observar un marcado desinterés por vincular la expansión de la economía informal con los procesos de modernización que tienen lugar en forma acelerada desde la llamada Revolución Nacional de 1952. A pesar de todos los reveses y contratiempos sufridos en las últimas décadas, Bolivia ha ingresado indefectiblemente a la senda de la urbaniza- ción, a la era del consumo masivo contemporáneo y al terreno de las pautas modernas de comportamiento social. Se trata de un proceso reputado generalmente como irreversible, sostenido por los estratos sociales más diversos y apoyado por las más distintas corrientes político-ideológicas; el surgimiento de la economía informal y, sobre todo, su inesperada dilatación parecen ahora encarnar un notable freno respecto de las ilusiones concomitantes de progreso material permanente, modernización rápida y desarrollo coherente. La economía informal adquiere ahora, por lo menos parcialmente, el carácter de una economía clandestina, situada literalmente a la sombra del quehacer lícito y del desenvolvimiento normal, es decir, como un factor nada favorable a los designios de modernidad que comparte una porción muy grande de la sociedad boliviana.‎
43. La crisis en el mercado hipotecario subprime en los Estados Unidos y su efecto en la economía boliviana
Boletin Informativo, Banco Central de Bolivia, 2009
    Tags: 
44. La discriminacion salarial por genero en Bolivia: un analisis mediante la metodologia Oaxaca
Presentacion: Link
Tesis, German Quevedo, Universidad Privada Boliviana
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Se dice que la discriminación en el mercado laboral tiene inicio el momento en el que dos trabajadores igualmente productivos reciben distintos tratos. En este sentido, podemos resaltar aquellas situaciones en las que el empleador ofrece distintas remuneraciones por un mismo puesto de trabajo (Bravo-Sanhueza, 2008).
En términos económicos, podemos definir la discriminación como aquella situación en la que características superficiales (ajenas a la productividad del individuo) de las personas, que no están relacionadas con una asignación eficiente de recursos, se traducen en salarios distintos que remuneran a un mismo trabajo. Esto es conocido como una falla de mercado (Romero, 2007).
Existen dos tipos de discriminación a las que se puede enfrentar un mercado laboral. Estas son: (i) la discriminación pre-mercado y, (ii) la discriminación post-mercado. La discriminación pre-mercado se da cuando existen diferencias en la inversión de capital humano en ciertos grupos pertenecientes a la sociedad. A su vez, la discriminación post-mercado se da cuando el individuo es ya parte del mercado laboral pero a pesar de su experiencia, nivel de educación y habilidades homogéneas es tratado inferiormente en el acceso a ocupaciones, condiciones, oportunidades y remuneración.‎
45. La hormiga contra el elefante : copper mining in Ecuador and the transformation of a small Andean community--the case of Junín 
Tesis, Nicole Lohman Pacino, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2007**
    Tags: 
46. La protección frente al desempleo en un contexto de alta rotación, informalidad e inequidad
Parte II
Video informativo, CNN
47. Legislación cooperativa en Bolivia. 
Centro de Promoción Minera, La Paz, 1993**
    Tags: 
48. Ley general de cooperativas
Ley, Bolivia, 1958
    Tags: 
49. Ley General del Trabajo
   Ley, Bolivia, 1942‎
     Tags:
50. Los empleadores y la formacion professional en America Latina y‎ el Caribe‎
Reporte
     Tags: 
Los empleadores y la formacion professional en America Latina y el Caribe: Presentacion de Bolivia
CINTERFOR, 2001
     Tags: 
51. Making Mining Work: Bringing poverty-stricken small-scale miners into the formal private sector
   Reporte, International Development Research Center, Marty Logan
     Tags: 
Abstract Thousands of miners are reportedly digging for gold in the Las Cristinas mine in Venezuela's Bolivar State - but few of them actually work for mine owner, Toronto-based Crystallex. Instead, it is estimated that 87% of the workers are engaged in artisanal or small-scale mining (ASM). They scratch out a living independently or alongside their spouse and children; some families have even built wooden or plastic houses underground.
52. Mejorando las oportunidades de insercion laboral de jovenes en America Latina
Presentacion, BID-LMK, 2012
     Tags: 
Abstract Motivacion y Objetivo:
• Programas de capacitación e inserción para jóvenes son muy frecuentemente implementados en la región
• Sin embargo, conocimiento sobre la efectividad y funcionamiento de los programas es limitado.
En esta nota buscamos:‎
• Examinar de manera crítica la evidencia que se tiene sobre la efectividad de los programas y sugerir una agenda de investigación
• Analizando el diseño y contexto de los programas, presentamos recomendaciones de política. 
53. Microenterprise credit-lending and the potential for the socioeconomic empowerment of Bolivian women workers in the informal sector 
   Tesis, Donna Ann Kerner, 1994** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
54. Minas estatales en Bolivia : fin de una era
    Boletin Informativo, Farthing, L., 1992
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
55. Participación laboral femenina en las ciudades de La Paz, Cochabamba y Santa Cruz 
   Tesis, Jaime Valencia Valencia, Universidad Catolica Boliviana,1980** 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
56. Plan for the Evaluation of Program to Support Employment for Adults and the Employment Service
    Evaluacion, Adriana Kugler, Georgetown University and NBER
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The plan is to evaluate both the program of on-the-job training for adults as well as the intermediation service provided by employment offices. There are many good pieces in the "Plan de Monitoreo y Evaluación" and in the "Diseño de Contenido del Sistema de Información del Servicio Plurinacional de Empleo." However, I raise some issues here about the proposed evaluation methods and I suggest alternative impact evaluations. In addition, I propose changing somewhat the content and the way of doing the questionnaires.
57. Poblacion economicamente activa
Cuadro Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
58. Poblacion e indicadores demograficos
Cuaddro Estadistico, UDAPE ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
59. Poblacion, salarios y remuneraciones
Cuadro Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
60. Primer Encuentro Regional de Cooperativas Mineras : memoria [Ponce Enríquez - Azuay, 3-4 Noviembre de 1989 
    CECCA (Cuenca, Ecuador), 1989**
    Tags: 
61. Programa de apoyo al trabajador decente: Bolivia
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La presente propuesta pretende abordar todos los temas coincidentes con las prioridades establecidas en la propuesta el Programa de Trabajo Decente para Bolivia (PTDP), como instrumento programático. Primero, la de promoción de los derechos fundamentales en el trabajo y el mejoramiento del marco legal para su vigencia. Segundo, la generación de empleo a través de políticas de empleo focalizadas en poblaciones particularmente vulnerables: jóvenes, mujeres y población indígena. En tercer lugar, la modernización de sectores de la administración pública, en particular el Ministerio de Trabajo, como instituciones necesarias para la ejecución de las políticas y programas. Con esta integración entre el PTDP y este proyecto se espera hacer un aporte efectivo para avanzar en el logro del objetivo de trabajo decente en Bolivia.‎
62. Programa del muchacho trabajador (P.M.T.) : memoria 1983-1984. 
   Banco Central del Ecuador, 1984**
   Reporte: Link
   Metodos: Link
    Tags: 
63. Programas de Trabajo Decente por País de la OIT: Guía‎ ‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La presente guía tiene por objeto proporcionar a todos los colegas de la OIT, en las oficinas exteriores y las unidades de la sede, informaciones más pormenorizadas sobre los PTDP: qué son, por qué se necesitan, cómo se elaboran y se ponen en práctica. Se presta una atención particular a las funciones y responsabilidades de los directores de las oficinas exteriores y de las unidades técnicas en la sede. 
64. Q&A With Economist Albert Berry
Entrevista, International Development Research Center
    Tags: 
Abstract In 2002, a highly publicized survey by the Latinobarómetro polling firm found that 40% of Latin Americans identified  employment as the region's  biggest problem - ahead of corruption, poverty, and violence.
Audio: Link
65. ‎¿Qué debe hacer Chile para mejorar su sistema de capacitación laboral? ‎
Video, BID
66. Reducir el deficit de trabajo decente - un desafio global: Memoria del director general
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2001
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La gente aspira a un futuro que le ofrezca oportunidades de trabajo decente en un entorno sostenible. Dichas aspiraciones se refieren al reconocimiento y la dignidad, a la seguridad y la participación, y a la igualdad de género y la solidaridad. Ahora bien, existe un déficit global de trabajo decente que es un reflejo de las diversas desigualdades de nuestras sociedades, lo cual es un motivo de profunda preocupación. 
67. School attendance and achievement in a population of Ecuadorian underage street workers 
   Tesis, Rossana Viteri, 1995**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
68. Sistema de Pagos
Boletin, Banco Central de Bolivia, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract El sistema de pagos nace de la necesidad de transferir valor para la realización de pagos como resultado de la obtención de un bien o servicio.  La transferencia de fondos puede realizarse de manera directa entre personas, empresas (públicas o privadas) y gobierno, o con la intervención de entidades financieras. Consta de instrumentos, procedimientos y reglas para la transferencia de fondos entre los participantes del sistema. En un sentido amplio, el sistema de pagos es la infraestructura a través de la cual se moviliza el dinero en una economía.
69. Streams of gold 
   DVD, John Bayard Tweedy; Beret E Strong; Marcia Jarmel; Landlocked Films, 2004
    Tags: 
70. The influence of sectoral composition of employment on internal migration in Ecuador 
   Tesis, John Thomas Cook, 1990**
    Tags: 
71. The determinants of rural non-farm employment and incomes in Bolivia‎ 
Tesis, Valeria Sanchez, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract This thesis examines the factors influencing non-farm employment and income among rural households in Bolivia. Two econometric models are used to estimate the determinants of a) participation in nonagricultural employment, b) the determinants of the intensity of participation and c) the income level of rural households by sector. To estimate participation and intensity of participation, a double hurdle model is applied whereas to estimate income determinants, ordinary least squares (OLS) and tobit models are implemented.
The results suggest that gender plays an important role in participation, intensity of participation and level of income. Women tend to focus on nonagricultural self employment activities. Education is also an important determinant in all three models especially nonagricultural wage employment and highly skilled employment. The ecoregion also influences whether a household engages in agricultural work or not.  Finally, those individuals who reside in dispersed rural areas are less likely to find employment other than agricultural wage labor.  Education must be an important component of any policy intervention, focused on training, and recognizing the heterogeneity of the ecoregions. Policy makers should also note the high share of nonagricultural wage employment in household activities.
72. The devil's miner 
   Documental, Independent Television Service.; Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.), 2006**
    Tags: 
73. The impact of microfinance programmes on the empowerment of women in Ecuador 
   Tesis, Alexandra Arcos, 2000**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity 
74. The mirage of development : oil, employment, and poverty in Ecuador, 1972-1990 
    Tesis, Carlos Larrea, National Library of Canada, 1993*
Tags: 
75. Theories of Behavioral Change in Youth
Estudio Economico del BID, 2011
    Tags: 
76. The power of Partnership : The Impact of Women's Work on Gender Relations among Low-income Urban Couples, La Paz, Bolivia [Ph.D. thesis]‎ 
Tesis, Julie Koch; Roskilde, International Development Studies, 2001
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
77. The World Bank's employment programs in Ecuador and beyond : empowering women, domesticating men, and resolving the social reproduction dilemma 
Tesis, Kate Bedford, Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services, 2005**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
78. Trabajo decente: memoria del director general
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 1999
    Tags: 
Abstract La presente Memoria propone una finalidad primordial para la OIT, la disponibilidad de un trabajo decente para los hombres y las mujeres del mundo entero. Es la necesidad más difundida, que comparten los individuos, las familias y las comunidades en todo tipo de sociedad y nivel de desarrollo. El trabajo decente es una reivindicación mundial con la que están confrontados los dirigentes políticos y de empresa de todo el mundo. Nuestro futuro común depende en gran parte de cómo hagamos frente a ese desafío. 
79. Trabajo infantil en America Latina y el Caribe: su cara invisible
   Boletin, UNICEF, 2009
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
80. Training catalogue 2012
Reporte, OIT, 2012
     Tags: 
Abstract The Centre is the training arm of the International Labour Organization. It has over 45 years' experience of providing training and learning opportunities and services to policymakers, managers, practitioners and trainers from governments, workers' organizations and employers' organizations, and other partner organizations who promote decent work and sustainable development. Its services are also available to the United Nations System as a whole, and in particular to ILO staff.‎
81. Tratado de Libre Comercio - Bolivia-EEUU - Estudio de impacto sobre crecimiento‎ económico‎
Universidad Privada Boliviana, Ernesto Cupe, 2005
     Tags: 
Abstract En este artículo se determina, bajo diferentes escenarios base de aprovechamiento del ATPDEA, el impacto que tendría sobre el crecimiento de Bolivia la suscripción o no de un Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) con Estados Unidos. Se usa un modelo de multiplicadores tipo Leontieff, el cual permite medir los impactos directos, a través de los sectores exportadores identificados como potencialmente beneficiarios del acuerdo, e indirectos, a través de sectores proveedores de insumos y servicios. El tema es abordado desde una perspectiva que sitúa al TLC entre Bolivia y Estados Unidos como parte de una ola mundial de tratados de liberalización del comercio que está presente en la región.‎
82. Una avanzada de bolivianidad en los Lípez : historia de la Cooperativa Minera Litoral Ltda., 1963-1972 
Pedro Claver Mamani, La Paz, Bolivia, 2004**
    Tags: 
83. Under rich earth [videorecording] / 
Video, Toronto, Ontario: Rye Cinema, 2008*
Worldcat: Link
Youtube: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract "In the remote mountain valley in Ecuador, farmers face eviction from their land to make way for a massive mining project. As the company's men move deeper into the valley, the tension between the mineros and the opposition reaches a breaking point. Abandoned by the police and ignored by their government, the farmers prepare to stand down the invaders on their own. Their resistance leads to a remarkable and historic confrontation with a band of mysterious armed men hiding in the cloud forest."‎
‎84. 26.76% de la población ocupada trabaja en la actividad del comercio y la reparacion
Nota de Presna, INE BOLIVIA, 2009 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
85. The Vocational Training System in Mexico: Main traits, actors, strengths, and weaknesses
Prestenacion, Arnulfo Arteaga Garcia, Sergio Sierra Romero, Roberto Flores Lima, 2005
    Tags: 
86. With the Weight of the World on their Shoulders-Bolivia
Video, World Bank ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity



Productividad

1. Andean Agriculture Project for the Altiplano
YouTube Video, International Development Research Center
    Tags: 
2. Boletin Estadistico: diciembre 2010
Reporte estadistico, Banco Central de Bolivia
    Tags: 
3. Bolivia: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
Agricutlure, Crops, Electricity, Engergy, Farming Technology, Forestry and Fishing, Land Tenure, Land Reform and Land Policy, Land Use, Livestock, Mining, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Manufacturing and Construction, Banking and Financial Services, Transportation, Tourism, Foreign Trade, Balance of Payments
    Tags: 
4. Cadenas Productivas en Bolivia
Reporte, Camara Nacional de Industrias
    Tags: 
5. Costos de producción ganadera de pequeños productores en el altiplano central 
Tesis, Alfredo Benito Lopéz, 2001*
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Refleja los alcances en la determinación de costos de producción y de los posibles beneficios a partir de la aplicación de la propuesta metodológica expuesta, la misma que fue validada por el proyecto con la colaboración de los agricultores; esperamos que su aplicación se constituye en un referente para otras instituciones dedicadas al apoyo de la actividad productiva, en zonas de subsistencia y en zonas con excedentes comercializables.
6. Departamento de La Paz: Estadisticas e indicadores sociodemograficos, productivos y financieros por municipio
Reporte estadístico, INE BOLIVIA, UDAPE, 2005 ‎
    Tags: 
7. Ecuador: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
Agriculture
Crops
Livestock and Poultry
Fishing
Forestry
Natural Resources and Energy
Mining and Minerals
Electric Power
Manufacturing
Services
Tourism
    Tags: 
8. El PIB Bruto de Bolivia creció en 5,03%
Boletin, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Bolivia, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract De enero a junio del año 2011, el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)1 de Bolivia registró crecimiento de 5,03%, respecto a similar período de 2010. Las actividades económicas registraron las siguientes variaciones: Petróleo Crudo y Gas Natural 9,06%; Transporte y Almacenamiento 7,45%; Electricidad, Gas y Agua 7,37%; Construcción 7,02%; Establecimientos Financieros, Seguros, Bienes Inmuebles y Servicios Prestados a las Empresas 5,63%; Servicios de la Administración Pública 5,82%; Agricultura, Pecuaria, Silvicultura, Caza y Pesca 3,23 Otros Servicios 2,92%; %; Industria Manufacturera 2,70%; Comunicaciones 2,66%; y Minerales Metálicos y No Metálicos 0,62%, según datos preliminares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE).A solicitud del Gobierno de Bolivia (GdB), el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) aprobó los programas de financiamiento denominado "Fondo de Apoyo a las Micro y Pequeñas Empresas - FAMYPE (Contrato de Préstamo 1739/SF-BO, firmado en septiembre 2006), "Marco Programático de Apoyo a la Implementación del Sistema Nacional de Financiamiento para el Desarrollo (Contrato de Préstamo 1937/BL-BO, suscrito en enero 2008). 
   Ambas iniciativas tenían como objetivo primordial el facilitar el acceso de empresas productivas privadas viables a financiamiento en condiciones más favorables. Con un aporte conjunto del BID de US$ 22,3MM, el Banco de Desarrollo Productivo (BDP), en su calidad de entidad de 2do Piso, se constituyó en el Organismo Ejecutor de estas dos operaciones. Hasta mediados de 2011, este Banco canalizó la totalidad de ambos financiamientos a instituciones de crédito intermediarias (ICI) para que estas atiendan la demanda de las MIPyME para fines productivos.‎
9. Evaluacion final de los programas 1937/BL-BO y 1739/SF-BO del BID
  Consultoria para el Banco de Desarrollo Productivo de Bolivia, Guillermo Monje, 20110
    Tags: 
Abstract A solicitud del Gobierno de Bolivia (GdB), el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) aprobó los programas de financiamiento denominado "Fondo de Apoyo a las Micro y Pequeñas Empresas - FAMYPE (Contrato de Préstamo 1739/SF-BO, firmado en septiembre 2006), "Marco Programático de Apoyo a la Implementación del Sistema Nacional de Financiamiento para el Desarrollo (Contrato de Préstamo 1937/BL-BO, suscrito en enero 2008). 
   Ambas iniciativas tenían como objetivo primordial el facilitar el acceso de empresas productivas privadas viables a financiamiento en condiciones más favorables. Con un aporte conjunto del BID de US$ 22,3MM, el Banco de Desarrollo Productivo (BDP), en su calidad de entidad de 2do Piso, se constituyó en el Organismo Ejecutor de estas dos operaciones. Hasta mediados de 2011, este Banco canalizó la totalidad de ambos financiamientos a instituciones de crédito intermediarias (ICI) para que estas atiendan la demanda de las MIPyME para fines productivos.‎
10. Exportaciones
Cuadro Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA
    Tags: 
11. Farm size and productivity : an empirical analysis of the farm size-productivity relationship in Ecuador 
   Tesis, Kimberly Langedyk, University of Florida, 2001
    Tags: 
Abstract This study examines the relationship between farm size and productivity in the northern highlands of Ecuador using data collected from a sample of forty-three farms in the region. The data were collected between October, 1998 and August, 1999.   The relationships between farm size and land productivity and between farm size and total factor productivity are determined. This study concludes that a significant inverse relationship exists between farm size and land productivity, but that the relationship between farm size and total factor productivity in the region is significant and positive. This throws into doubt the argument that redistributing land from large to small farms would increase agricultural productivity in developing countries. Furthermore, this study finds that when land quality indicators and variables on farmer age and education are included in the analysis of the farm size-land productivity relationship, the inverse relationship is no longer significant.
12. Improving agriculture in the Altiplano
Internet Video, International Development Research Center
    Tags: 
13. Indice de precios al consumidor
  Reporte, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Bolivia, 2011
    Tags: 
14. Informe de la Reunión Regional de Expertos sobre el Crecimiento Económico y Reducción de la Pobreza por medio de la diversificación agropecuaria orientada por el comercio
Informe, México, CEPAL, 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract Realizada en la ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, los días 4 y 5 de marzo de 2009, bajo el auspicio y organización conjunta de la Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Sede Subregional en México.. Durante 25 años, uno de los elementos principales de los objetivos de la política exterior de Estados Unidos para reducir la pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe ha sido el avance del crecimiento impulsado por el comercio. Con el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Centroamérica y República Dominicana (DR-CAFTA) se busca cubrir este objetivo y es de gran interés para una amplia gama de actores, como los encargados de formular políticas, los productores, las empresas y los inversionistas, las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG), las agencias donantes y otras contrapartes en el campo de la asistencia al desarrollo. 
El DR-CAFTA sitúa en una encrucijada al sector agropecuario y en general a la economía rural de los países participantes. Por una parte, si las naciones involucradas fracasan en su intento de explotar las oportunidades que permite el acuerdo, les será muy difícil acelerar su expansión económica, que no ha sido lo suficientemente eficiente para reducir considerablemente la incidencia de la pobreza. Por otra parte, este acuerdo comercial cuenta con el potencial de catalizar la diversificación agrícola impulsada por el comercio, así como de una mayor integración de las empresas rurales a las cadenas de valor de los agronegocios, que puede aumentar el ingreso de estas empresas y de los productores en las zonas rurales. 
Los países partes del DR-CAFTA no están bien preparados para aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrece el tratado, y así lograr la diversificación agrícola impulsada por el comercio. En la presente etapa, la agricultura es el componente crítico que estos países deben desarrollar para lograr mayores beneficios económicos. La reciente crisis global -el alza en los precios de los alimentos- destaca la importancia del sector, mientras ofrece también un elemento fundamental para acelerar las reformas que se necesitan para lograr una diversificación agrícola impulsada por el comercio.
15. Informe sobre las relaciones comerciales Ecuador-Japón
Informe, CORPEI, Corporación de Promoción de Exportaciones e Inversiones del Ecuador, 2007
    Tags: 
Abstract Japón representa actualmente para el Ecuador, el mercado más importante de Asia, con una población de alrededor de 127 millones de habitantes caracteriz ados por un elevado poder de compra ($28,700 al año) pero al mismo tiempo por una alta exigencia en la calidad y presentación de los productos demandados.
   Presentacion, Ramos, Alejandro, Buenos Aires: INTAL, 2010
    Tags: 
16. Irrigation in the Andean Community: A Social Construction
   Coady International Institute
    Tags: 
Abstract This video focuses on the successful participatory processes for gender-balanced community-based rural development in Licto, Ecuador. (23 min.)
17. La sostenibilidad de mercado de las acciones colectivas: Ecuador, the land of fine cocoa "Arriba" 
Presentacion, Lorena Solórzano, 2007
    Tags: 
18. Legacy for Efrain
Coady International Institute
    Tags: 
Abstract From the Andes of Bolivia to the killing fields of Cambodia, struggling families are finding new hope through livestock--goats, cows, water buffalo & llamas--which provide food and income. Produced by Heifer Project International. (19 min. 24 sec.)
19. Manufacturing development in Ecuador : duality and x-efficiency 
   Tesis, Denisard Cneio de Oliveira Alves,Yale University, 1977**
    Tags: 
20. Markets at La Paz : patterns of living and land use at Vilaque and near Lake Titicaca 
Video, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1996**
    Tags: 
21. Micro-Credit: The Business of Survival
Coady International Institute
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Micro-credit has become so successful that it is being used in the United States to help low-income people help themselves. Private, nonprofit organizations are the major creators of micro-credit. Micro-Credit travels to three Latin American countries - Bolivia, Guatemala, and Colombia, and to two U.S. locations - Chicago and North Carolina to show how these programs are working. (57 min.) 
22. Microfinanzas
Cuadro Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA
    Tags: 
23. Mineria hoy: desarrollo regional y conflicto
Boletin, CEDLA, 2008
    Tags: 
24. Mining Industry in Bolivia
   Reporte y cuadro estadístico, 2008
    Tags: 
25. National economic policies, local variations in structure of production, and uneven regonal [i.e. regional] development : the case of Ecuador 
   Tesis, Victoria A Lawson, Ohio State University, 1986**
    Tags: 
26. Nutritional status and production practices of three Ecuadorian communities 
Tesis, Jairo Andrade, 1996**
    Tags: 
27. Participatory Market Chain Approach: Methodologies to Foster Pro-Poor Innovation
Boletin Informativo, 2008
    Tags: 
28. Poverty, production, and power : capital accumulation and petty manufacturing in Ecuador / 
   Doctoral Thesis, Alan  Middleton, Univeresity of Sussex, 1979*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
29. Produccion-Cuadros Estadisticos
INE Bolivia, UDAPE
Produccion Producto Interno Bruto
Produccion Agricola y Forestal
Produccion: Construccion
Produccion: Ganaderia
Produccion: Hidrocarburos
Produccion: Industria Manufacturera 
* Encuesta Manufacturera Chuquisaca
* Encuesta Manufacturera La Paz
* Encuesta Manufacturera Cochabamba
* Encuesta Manufacturera Oruro
* Encuesta Manufacturera Potosi
* Encuesta Manufacturera Tarija
* Encuesta Manufacturera Santa Cruz
* Encuesta Manufacturera Beni
* Encuesta Manufacturera Pando
Produccion: Mineria
Servicios Basicos: Electricidad y Agua
Telecomunicaciones
Produccion: Transporte
Productividad Turismo
     Tags: 
30. Production characteristics of peasant farms : a case study in Tiraque Cochabamba-Bolivia 
Tesis, Nieves Rivero Caron, University of Delaware, 1998**
    Tags: 
31. Productivity in the textile industry in Bolivia 
   Tesis, Freddy Jorge Bascope, University of Texas Austin, 1983**
    Tags: 
32. Producto Interno Bruto
Reporte, INE BOLIVIA, 2006
    Tags: 
33. Programa de apoyo integral a la pequeña y microempresa
Informe de Terminacion de Proyecto, Bolivia, 2006
    Tags: 
Abstract  En el marco de la Estrategia de País del Banco para Bolivia (EPB) vigente en el año 1997, el Banco se propuso apoyar la mejora de la productividad y competitividad de las pequeñas y microempresas bolivianas facilitándoles el acceso a servicios financieros y no financieros de manera sostenible en el tiempo involucrando como intermediarias de los mismos a entidades con capacidad y experiencia de trabajo con el sector. En consecuencia, se planteó contribuir al fortalecimiento de la economía de la MYPE como medio para generar nuevos empleos y reducir la pobreza a través de: (i) la otorgación de subpréstamos a Instituciones Financieras Intermediarias (ICI) no bancarias del sistema orientadas al microcrédito urbano y rural consolidando en ellas su vocación por este sector; (ii) el cofinanciamiento de servicios de asistencia técnica, capacitación, transferencia de tecnología, comercialización y otros por intermedio de instituciones especializadas, consultores calificados y ONG no financieras; y (iii) la adecuación y modernización del marco regulatorio de la MYPE.
Para conseguir los objetivos del proyecto se presupuestaron US$43,75 millones de los cuales el Banco financiaría hasta US$35,0 millones. Se determinó que el Organismo Ejecutor del Subprograma de Crédito fuera la Nacional Financiera Boliviana S.A.M. (NAFIBO) como banco de segundo piso. Los Organismos Ejecutores seleccionados para el Subprograma de Cooperación Técnica fueron el Servicio de Asistencia Técnica (SAT) y el Viceministerio de la Microempresa (VME) para sus dos respectivos componentes. Los recursos de contrapartida vendrían de las ICI, el VME, el SAT así como de los pequeños y microempresarios beneficiarios.La nueva legislación de pensiones se promulga el 10 de diciembre de 2010. El cambio fundamental que se declara como objetivo de la reforma es el de ampliar la cobertura. Efectivamente la cobertura de pensiones medida por el número de afiliados alcanza al 24% de la población económicamente activa. Se deben buscar modalidades que la amplíen aunque se debe tener presente principalmente que la gran mayoría de los trabajadores en Bolivia realizan sus labores en el sector informal. Tal situación acarrea elevados costos de operación y una gran dificultad operativa. 
Los cambios introducidos en la Seguridad Social de Bolivia por la Ley 65 tienen la importante innovación de crear el Fondo Solidario (FS) destinado principalmente a aumentar el monto de las pensiones a personas que aportaron 10 o más años al antiguo régimen de reparto o al de capitalización individual. También ayuda a mejorar la pensión de las personas cuyos sueldos están por debajo los 4.500 Bolivianos. 
Sin embargo, la creación de este fondo no impulsará considerablemente el aumento de la cobertura aunque se lo muestra como el pilar fundamental para lograr la universalidad de las pensiones. La razón para esta limitación está en que no se ha diseñado la forma para alcanzar efectivamente a sectores informales. Los independientes que ahora se ven en la obligación de cotizar son principalmente consultores que antes no cotizaban porque no había obligatoriedad de hacerlo. Estos si llegan a recibir un aporte del FS será en función de que lleguen a cotizar por un período de 10 años.
Lo de universal del Sistema Integral de Pensiones (SIP), ahora denominado así, se debe a la Renta Dignidad que sí tiene ese carácter. En el caso del Fondo Contributivo, que sigue sin mayores modificaciones a lo creado por la Ley 1732, la cantidad de personas que no logrará abrir las puertas del SIP para alcanzar mayor cobertura es la mayoría de la PEA. Además el Fondo Contributivo para alcanzar una pensión digna  requiere en torno a los 30 años de aportes.
La Ley 65 también modifica la administración privada, que todavía ejecutan las AFP en un período de transición que puede durar hasta abril de 2012, por una administración pública que estará en manos de una entidad estatal que se denominará Gestora Pública de la Seguridad Social (GPSS).‎
34. The dynamic economic effects of soil erosion on agricultural productivity : the case of Ecuador 
   Tesis, Cecilia Ortiz, Utah State University, 2002**
    Tags: 
35. The social organization of production in Quimiag, Ecuador : a case study of small-farmer production systems in the highland Andes  
   Doctoral Thesis, Cornick, Tully, Cornell University, 1983*
       Worldcat: Link 
    Tags: 
36. Turismo
Reporte Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA
    Tags: 
 


Seguridad Social

1. Bolivia: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
    Tags: 
Health and Social Security
2. Diagnostico sobre el estado de la seguridad social en Bolivia
Borrador, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La nueva legislación de pensiones se promulga el 10 de diciembre de 2010. El cambio fundamental que se declara como objetivo de la reforma es el de ampliar la cobertura. Efectivamente la cobertura de pensiones medida por el número de afiliados alcanza al 24% de la población económicamente activa. Se deben buscar modalidades que la amplíen aunque se debe tener presente principalmente que la gran mayoría de los trabajadores en Bolivia realizan sus labores en el sector informal. Tal situación acarrea elevados costos de operación y una gran dificultad operativa. 
Los cambios introducidos en la Seguridad Social de Bolivia por la Ley 65 tienen la importante innovación de crear el Fondo Solidario (FS) destinado principalmente a aumentar el monto de las pensiones a personas que aportaron 10 o más años al antiguo régimen de reparto o al de capitalización individual. También ayuda a mejorar la pensión de las personas cuyos sueldos están por debajo los 4.500 Bolivianos. 
Sin embargo, la creación de este fondo no impulsará considerablemente el aumento de la cobertura aunque se lo muestra como el pilar fundamental para lograr la universalidad de las pensiones. La razón para esta limitación está en que no se ha diseñado la forma para alcanzar efectivamente a sectores informales. Los independientes que ahora se ven en la obligación de cotizar son principalmente consultores que antes no cotizaban porque no había obligatoriedad de hacerlo. Estos si llegan a recibir un aporte del FS será en función de que lleguen a cotizar por un período de 10 años.
Lo de universal del Sistema Integral de Pensiones (SIP), ahora denominado así, se debe a la Renta Dignidad que sí tiene ese carácter. En el caso del Fondo Contributivo, que sigue sin mayores modificaciones a lo creado por la Ley 1732, la cantidad de personas que no logrará abrir las puertas del SIP para alcanzar mayor cobertura es la mayoría de la PEA. Además el Fondo Contributivo para alcanzar una pensión digna  requiere en torno a los 30 años de aportes.
La Ley 65 también modifica la administración privada, que todavía ejecutan las AFP en un período de transición que puede durar hasta abril de 2012, por una administración pública que estará en manos de una entidad estatal que se denominará Gestora Pública de la Seguridad Social (GPSS).
3. Ecuador: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
Health and Social Security
Employment Indicators and Benefits
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
4. Ecuador: Boletín estadístico 
Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social. Dirección Nacional del Seguro Social Campesino, Quito, 1988
    Indice
    Capitulo 1: Informacion de Cobertura
    Capitulo 2: Informacion Economico Financiera
    Capitulo 3: Informacion Prestacional
    Capitulo 4: Informacion de Pensionistas
    Capitulo 5: Accidente de Trabajo por Ocupacion y Género
    Capitulo 6: Accidente de Trabajo por Rama de Actividad y Provincia
    Capitulo 7: Accidentes de Trabajo por Rama de Actividad y Lugar de Ocurrencia
    Capitulo 8 Informacion del Seguro Social Campesino
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
5. El impacto de la reforma de pensiones en Bolivia
Presentacion "Reunion de Expertos", Flavia Marco, Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo, Comision Economica para America Latina y el Caribe CEPAL, 2003
   Antecedentes: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
6. Entrevistas y Opiniones del Dr. Manuel Posso Zumárraga, Consultor Privado y experto en seguridad social y productividad, y del Ab. Joaquín Viteri Llanga
Entrevistas y Reportes, Quito, 2005-2008 ‎
* Acción de amparo, interpuesta por los Tecnólogos Médicos contra el Director del IESS
* Amos de la Jubilaicon
* Análisis situacional del IESS
* Antecedentes al proceso de reforma al Seguro Social
* Atención y protección a personas de la tercera edad
* Decisión política del Consejo Directivo del IESS
* Declaran nulidad en juicio Aguilar Cabezas contra el IESS
* Dialogo nacional sobre la Seguridad Social
* El ABC para cambiar la imagen del IESS
* El conflicto o paro del IESS y sus implicaciones
* El desbloqueo de la Ley del IEES
* El pago de la deuda social
* El Seguro Social Campesino
* El sistema de Seguridad Social
* El proyecto de municipalizar la seguridad social
* El sistema de la historia laboral del IESS mediante Internet
* Estructura legal vigente del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social
* Inconstitucionalidad de la Ley de Seguridad Social
* Incremento de pensiones y deuda del Estado al IESS
* La administración de fondos de salud y de pensiones en la nueva Ley de Seguridad Social Ecuatoriana y en Chile
* La carta de intensión, el FMI y el IESS
* La gestión económica - financiera para el IESS
* La incapacidad de inversión del IESS
* La jubilación‎ ‎
* La Jubilación Patronal
* La nueva Ley de Seguridad Social transforma a los hospitales del IESS en empresas de negocios
* La nueva Ley de Seguridad Social
* La planificación como aprendizaje continuo para el IESS
* La privatización del Seguro Social Ecuatoriano
* La propuesta de Nebot, frente al sistema de seguridad social
* La propuesta para la salud y riesgos del trabajo
* La Reforma Legal del IESS en salud y pensiones
* Las reformas al Seguro Social y su privatización
* La Resolución No. 137 de la Comisión Interventora, interpretativa de la nueva Ley de Seguridad Social‎ ‎
* La Seguridad Social de cara a la reforma
* La Seguridad Social que los ecuatorianos necesitamos
* La seguridad social y la ley topo
* La simulación del sistema de pensiones público del Ecuador
* La solidaridad, la ética, la justicia, la integridad y la honestidad
* La Superintendencia Bancos dictó normas para el funcionamiento de las administradoras privadas del IESS
* Los fondos de reserva de los trabajadores
* Los hospitales del IESS, funcionarán como empresas de negocio
* Los miembros del Consejo Directivo y las políticas fundamentales del IESS
* Los préstamos hipotecarios del IESS
* Los Reglamentos para la contratación laboral por horas del Ejecutivo y el IESS
* Manejo administrativo, económico, financiero y contable del IESS
* Manual de bolsillo para el servidor del IESS
* Mito o realidad
* Monitoreo de sentencias dictadas por el IESS
* Motivaciones para la reforma al sistema de la Seguridad Social en el Ecuador
* Orientación para los empleadores
* Para una nueva Seguridad Social
* Planeación estratégica para la autogestión y unidad de la clase jubilada, pensionista y tercera edad del Ecuador
* Política de los créditos hipotecarios del IESS a través de mutualistas y cooperativas
‎* ¿Por qué fracasa la política de préstamos hipotecarios del IESS?
* Prestaciones y servicios que se mejoran y que se afectan con la nueva Ley de Seguridad Social
* Prestaciones y servicios que son afectados en la nueva Ley de Seguridad Social
* Propuesta de lineamientos y objetivos generales para un nuevo IESS
* Protección para las personas de la Tercera Edad
* Proyecto de Reglamento a la Ley de Seguridad Social
* Proyecto para municipalizar la Seguridad Social a debate
‎* ¿Qué tanto sabe dobre la Ley de Seguridad Social y la historia laboral ?
* Reformas a la Seguridad Social
* Responsabilidad contractual y extracontractual
* Seguridad Social para los trabajadores migrantes
* Terapia intensiva para el área médica del IESS
* Terminología Básica de Seguridad Social
* Ventajas y desventajas de los préstamos quirografarios
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
7. Estudio comparativo de las legislaciones de seguridad social de Chile y Bolivia 
Tesis, Margarita Labarca Goddard; Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Derecho, 1962**
    Tags: ‎
‎8.  Labor Market effects of Non-Contributory Pensions: The cases of Brazil and Argentina
Presentacion del BID, Mariano Bosch, Jarret Guajardo, Anna Popova, 2011‎
Tags: 
Abstract
9. La economia politica de las instituciones en Bolivia
‎3ra conferencia boliviana en desarrollo económico, James A. Robinson, Universidad de Harvard, 2011
    Tags: 
   Abstract Bolivia es un país pobre debido sus instituciones económicas pues estas no han creado los inventivos y oportunidades necesarias para el desarrollo económico.  Detrás de estas instituciones económicas se encuentran las instituciones políticas las cuales han concentrado un poder político sin restricciones en sectores muy estrechos de la población.  Hoy quiero hablar de cómo Bolivia llegó a tener estas instituciones y qué aspectos de éstas deben ser reformadas de forma crítica para estimular el crecimiento económico.  También quiero preguntar si en la última década ha habido cambios fundamentales en las instituciones políticas y en la distribución del poder político en la sociedad de tal forma que se induzca a tal cambio.‎
10. La represión de la "Marcha por la sobrevivencia" : violencia estatal contra jubilados, jubiladas y rentistas en Bolivia. 
Video o Libro, La Paz: Instituto de Terapia e Investigación, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Analiza las consecuencias que la violencia de Estado causa en la vida psíquica de los individuos y las colectividades, presenta a la opinión pública, la epopeya de los jubilados y jubiladas y de quienes participaron en la marcha por la sobrevivencia realizada en enero del 2003, la brutal represión que aconteció en Calamarca y el espíritu heroico de los machistas.
11. La seguridad social: su historia y sus fuentes
Analisis histórico, Ricardo Nugent
    Tags: 
12. Pensiones y seguros
Cuadro Estadistico, INE BOLIVIA, UDAPE ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
13. Perspectivas de la jubilación en el nuevo marco institucional
Tesis, Flores Corrales, Illin, Farah Henrich, Ivonne, 2002*
Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract La crisis económica y la reforma en America Latina han tenido costos sociales muy elevados que han perjudicado en especial a los grupos laborales de escasos ingresos del país; por ejemplo, se han incrementado el numero de trabajadores informales, desempleados, pobres y el Estado no ha tenido capacidad de respuesta ante estos problemas que cada vez se hacen mas grandes y visibles en America Latina y en especial en Bolivia. A principios de la década de los noventa y por la imposición de las instituciones internaciónales de financiamiento, las limitaciones financieras impuestas a los gobiernos en America Latina y el exito del modelo chileno de reforma de pensiones, piónero de la privatización, condujo a un creciente movimiento de reforma de la seguridad social en toda la región, (Mesa Lago; 1985:17). Hoy en Bolivia, la seguridad social de largo plazo ha sido reformada a partir de noviembre de 1996, mediante Ley No 1732, que crea las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFPs), que son sociedades anonimas con el objeto exclusivo de administrar un fondo, que se denomina fondo de pensiones. Los fondos de pensiones están formadas por las cotizaciónes de los afiliados, aportes de los voluntarios y aportes adicionales. En este nuevo marco institucional entonces, se ha analizado cual es el futuro de la jubilación de la población boliviana, si se considera que esta depende de muchos factores como el aporte de cada uno de los afiliados, que no es identico, el numero de años aportados, la cobertura alcanzada (asalariados y voluntarios), el acercamiento que han tenido las instituciones de seguridad social hacia la población para lograr mayor cobertura, de igual manera se trata de determinar cual es la perspectiva de la población al acceso a la jubilacion. Es asi que la seguridad social ha sido un tema de preocupación a través del tiempo, no solo por la preocupación del trabajor ante los recursos de trabajo, enfermedades o desempleo, sino por la forma como se generan los recursos necesarios que permitan brindar la seguridad social que los trabajadores requieran, sin olvidarnos que el objetivo de la seguridad social es promover un mecanismo de ahorro obligatório y aliviar la pobreza entre los ancianos. En el ambito macroeconómico, ser parte de la generación de ahorro interno para ser colocado en el aparató productivo naciónal y de esta manera ayudar a la recuperación económica.
14. Reglamento de la ley de pensiones
‎  "Fichas Constitucionales," Guillermo Aponte, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract  La presente Ficha Constitucional analiza en forma sintética el Decreto Supremo Nº 0822 emitido el 16 de marzo de 2011, que reglamenta la Ley de Pensiones Nº 0651 en materia de Prestación de Vejez, Pensión Solidaria de Vejez, Riesgos de Invalidez, Pensión por Muerte y otros beneficios. 
La Ley Nº 065 disminuye el monto de la pensión, incorpora una pensión mínima financiada por nuevos impuestos sobre el ingreso de las personas e instituye la gestión de un monopolio público donde todas las facultades normativas, reglamentarias, administrativas, técnicas, financieras, de control y supervisión, están concentradas en el Órgano Ejecutivo que es juez y parte2.
La nueva Ley de Pensiones dispone la transferencia a título gratuito del Fondo de Capitalización Individual conformado con el ahorro obligatorio de los aportantes3 y transfiere a un "Fondo de Vejez" el saldo acumulado de las cuentas individuales de propiedad privada de más de un millón trescientos mil afiliados. El Decreto Supremo Nº 0822 consta de 180 artículos agrupados en los siguientes títulos: 
 Disposiciones Transitorias 
 Disposiciones Comunes 
 Compensación de Cotizaciones 
 Prestación de Vejez y Prestación Solidaria de Vejez 
 Riesgo Común, Riesgo Profesional y Riesgo Laboral. 
 Pensión por Muerte 
 Otros beneficios 
La Ley Nº 065 cambia el nombre al Seguro Social Obligatorio (SSO) y lo denomina Sistema Integral de Pensiones (SIP), conformado por tres regímenes administrados por una gestora pública: 
 El Contributivo que comprende las prestaciones de vejez, invalidez, las pensiones por muerte y gastos funerarios. 
 El No Contributivo que comprende la Renta Dignidad y Gastos Funerales. 
 El Semicontributivo que financia la prestación solidaria de vejez, la pensión por muerte y gastos funerarios. 
Mediante decreto supremo se debe establecer el periodo de transición para el inicio de actividades de la Gestora Pública de la Seguridad Social de Largo Plazo.5 
La ley establece que una vez finalizado el periodo de transición, los contratos y adendas suscritos por las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP) con la Ex Superintendencia de Pensiones y la Ex Superintendencia de Pensiones, Valores y Seguros, quedarán resueltos. 
Las obligaciones, activos, pasivos y patrimonio del Fondo de Capitalización Individual a cargo de las AFP, serán transferidos a los fondos administrados por la Gestora Pública de la Seguridad Social de Largo Plazo, según corresponda, en los plazos, modalidades y procedimiento a ser determinados en reglamento.6 
Las acciones de las empresas capitalizadas que al 10 de diciembre de 2010 se encontraban en el Fondo de Capitalización Colectiva (FCC), deben ser transferidas a título gratuito a un fideicomiso administrado por la Gestora Pública de la Seguridad Social de Largo Plazo, asimismo los dividendos de las empresas capitalizadas nacionalizadas deben ser transferidos al Fondo de la Renta Universal de Vejez. La liquidez del FCC pasará a formar parte del Fondo de la Renta Universal de Vejez. 
Las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones deben cobrar los aportes en mora y continuar realizando todas las obligaciones determinadas mediante el Contrato de Prestación de Servicios suscrito con el Estado Boliviano en el marco de la Ley de Pensiones No. 1732, los Decretos Supremos y normativa regulatoria reglamentaria, así como lo dispuesto en la Ley Nº 065 y disposiciones del Sistema Integral de Pensiones, asumiendo las obligaciones, atribuciones y facultades conferidas a la Gestora Pública de la Seguridad Social de Largo Plazo, mientras dure el periodo de transición7.
15. Renta Dignidad
Definicion, Seguros Vitalicia
    Tags: 
16. Salud y seguridad en el trabajo: fuentes de informacion
   Bibliografia, OIT, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Es el segundo número de la serie bibliográfica digital publicada por la Biblioteca Regional de la OIT para América Latina y el Caribe. Recopila la documentación generada por la OIT en el tema de la salud y seguridad en el trabajo y ramas afines, en especial en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Editado sólo en versión PDF ya que incluye, acceso a todos los documentos en línea, bases de datos, páginas web,  reuniones, etc. 
17. Social security systems and private pension funds : problems, and proposed solutions for Ecuador 
   Tesis, Magdalena Barreiro, 1992**
    Tags: 
‎


Migracion

1. Alfonzo: a long way from home
Video, United Nations Journal Films
    Tags: 
2. An Economic assessment of pioneer settlement in the Bolivian lowlands. 
Tesis, Kelso Lee Wessel, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968**
    Tags: 
3. A struggle for shelter 
Video, Jorge Enrique Hardoy; National Film Board of Canada.; Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Audio-Visual Center, 1990
    Tags: 
4. ‎"Being left behind" : an ethnographic study of Ecuadorian primary school children and their experience of parental and peer migration 
   Yvonne Dicketmüller, Saarbrücken, 2008**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract International migration is a well studied phenomenon that has attracted the interest of scholars from across various academic disciplines. However, to date little is known about children''s participation in processes of global migration. The present study attempts to fill this gap in the migration literature by providing detailed descriptive accounts on primary school aged children''s experience with parental and peer migration. The central research questions that are addressed in this book focus on the ideas of migration and children''s sociality that circulate in children's immediate surrounding; children's actual experience of parental and peer migration; and the transformations that family structures and relationships undergo upon migration. A broad descriptive approach and anthropological research methods are employed to access children''s worlds at home and at school and to shed light on their experience of migration. This book is directed at educators, international migration agencies, educational departments, migration and childhood researchers, and anyone interested in children''s experience of parental and peer migration.
5. Bolivia: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
Migration , Urbanization
    Tags: 
6. Bolivia: migración, remesas y desempleo
Periodico, Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior, 2008 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
7. Can using a global perspective help control migration? : Ecuador and Spain's Proyecto Codesarrollo Canñar-Murcia 
Tesis, Christina L Velasquez, University of California, San Diego, 2010**
    Tags: 
Abstract Current trends in immigration policy suggest that international cooperation policies are becoming increasingly common as a means for nation-states to attain their immigration policy objectives. This thesis aims to analyze the impacts of these policies on the communities and individuals involved by examining the micro-level effects of bilateral agreements and co-development projects between Ecuador and Spain through a study of the communities involved in the Cañar-Murcia Co-development Project (CMCP). The CMCP is a co-government funded pilot model designed to facilitate the economic and social development in the migrants' community of origin and their community of residence. It is comprised of a large number of state and non-state actors - including the migrants themselves - at the national, provincial and local level of both countries. The specific aim of this thesis is to determine the degree to which the CMCP has been implemented, present the obstacles it has faced, and to then analyze its effect on the members of the Cañari populations in both Cañar and Murcia. I then look at the impacts of the project on social networks, transnational activities, migration patterns, and integration. I find that the success of these types of projects depends largely on the existing political, social and cultural situations in both communities, as conflicts can be created or exacerbated with the power and money introduced by these projects.‎
8. Colonization east of the Andes : responding to a new ecology 
   John Peter Ekstrom, 1979**
    Tags: 
9. Ecuador: A Country Study
Estudios por tema, Library of Congress, 1989
Migration and Urbanization
    Tags: 
10. Ecuador: Migracion y Remesas Año 2009
Reporte, Galo VIteri Diaz, 2009*
    Tags: 
Abstract Las remesas son el principal sustento de miles de familias en el Ecuador y una importante fuente de divisas para el país. En este contexto, resulta valioso conocer, en base a la información disponible, respecto a la situación de las remesas en el Ecuador durante el año 2009, para lo cual el presente documento desarrolla los siguientes puntos.
11. Emigration and changes : experience in southern Ecuador 
   David A Preston, University of Leeds, Dept. of Geography, 1974**
    Tags: 
12. European Union social changes: migrations, participation and democracy
Oscar Santacreu, 2005
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Del 18 al 20 de abril de 2005 el Observatorio Europeo de Tendencias Sociales organizo en la Universidad e Alicante el I Encuentro europeo de jóvenes investigadores, tomando como tema principal las transformaciones sociales en el actual contexto de integración y ampliación de la UE, con especial énfasis en los procesos de identidad, socialización y migraciones.
13. From the mine to Buenos Aires : gender and social change in migration 
   Tesis, Tanja Bastia, University of Wales Swansea Centre for Development Studies, 2005**
    Tags: 
14. From the uplands to the lowlands : an economic analysis of Bolivian rural-rural migration 
Tesis, Hernan Zeballos-Hurtado, 1975**
    Tags: 
15. Global migration and development  
Ton van Naerssen, Ernst Spaan, Annelies Zoomers, New York : Routledge, 2008* ‎
Worldcat: Link
Google Preview: Link
Capitulo Recomendado: Capitulo 4 - Migrant Remittances and Development in Bolivia and Mexico: A Comparative Study (p 66 de Google Preview)
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This volume addresses the question: to what extent and under what conditions does international migration contribute to local and national development?  The debate on international migration and development currently focuses on South-North migration, transnationalism, remittances and knowledge transfer. The potential positive role of migration for countries and regions the emigrants originate from has recently been acknowledged by, among others, the World Bank, United Nations Commissions and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This volume addresses the question: to what extent and under what conditions does international migration contribute to local and national development? By presenting novel insights and themes on the basis of new empirical evidence from various countries, this volume is an indispensable addition to the international discussion on migration.‎
16. Hidden people, hidden identity : socio-cultural and linguistic change among Quechua migrants in lowland Bolivia‎ 
Tesis, Leonardo Miguel Martínez-Acchini, University of Florida, 2009**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This research is about cultural and linguistic change among western Bolivian highland and valley peasants who have been migrating to the country's eastern lowlands in the recent years, a very widespread phenomenon in developing economies of the Andean neo-tropics today. In particular, I want to know how Quechua-speaking people from the highlands and valleys adapt to lowland culture; which ethnic traits and linguistic resources they keep, and which ones they abandon; and which strategies they utilize to ease the process of adaptation.
The results indicate that highland migrants who settled in the lowland community of Cuatro Cañadas (department of Santa Cruz) speak less Quechua among themselves, and especially with their children, although they assign great importance to the maintenance of this language. Four specific cultural practices that were selected as indicators of Quechua mode of life were measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there is a substantial reduction of these practices in the lowlands. Also, inter-ethnic marriage (highlanders seeking lowlanders), thought to be an important strategy of adaptation, was found to be a preference for a reduced proportion of both the single migrant population and the married population. Therefore, migrants in Cuatro Cañadas are reducing their traditional linguistic behavior and the practice of specific cultural traditions,but their alliance patterns are still somewhat conservative.
In spite of this process of acculturation, the theoretical framework used in this research argues that highland migrants do not fully own Cuatro Cañadas: they are trapped between traditional, modern and globalizing codes, and just embrace the hybrid nature of their identities, which makes them speak and behave in certain ways depending on which ethnic identity they want to activate.
17. Education and migration and their relationship to the occupational opportunities of rural people in highland Ecuador 
Rosemary A Preston, School of Geography, University of Leeds, 1978**
    Tags: 
Abstract The level of education generally available in rural Ecuador does not permit the rural child the same educational and occupational opportunities as those of a town child. The lack of secondary education opportunities is one reason for this, but inadequacies in the primary schools are a more formidable obstacle. Rural schools rarely offer more than four primary grades, the teachers generally have less training than their city counterparts, and several grades are usually taught by a single teacher. Moreover, at present major government planning policies "see no need to further educate the rural labour force". For a rural resident, the first step to upward mobility is to procure a non-agricultural job, and to do this, he must migrate to an urban area. Of the five case study areas examined in this report, 61 percent of those with five years or more of school experience left their rural communities. Even though they were the best educated from the countryside, these people could only aspire to the worst jobs in town. Manpower requirement predictions for 1980 indicate that people with no more than primary education will be unqualified for anything other than unskilled occupations or farming. Because of their place of birth and abode, half the working population of Ecuador will be relegated to the lowest levels of the occupational ladder. This trend will continue as long as education provision of rural areas is so far behind that of towns.‎
18. Inequality, in-migration and agriculture : a study of differentiation among peasants in post-reform south eastern Bolivia 
   Tesis, Paul E Buksmann, University of Sheffield, 1982** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
19. La emigracion procedente de Iberoamerica: aspectos demográficos y sociológicos.  Los emigrantes de Colombia, Ecuador y Republica Dominicana
Presentacion, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2004 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
18. Landscapes of remittances : migration and agricultural change in the highlands of south-central Ecuador  
   Thesis, Jokisch, Brad David, Clark University, 1998*
   Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
20. Let Their People Come
Presentacion, Lant Pritchett, Center for Global Development, 2006
    Tags: 
21. Migracion
Reporte, 2005 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
22. Migración campesina y sus causas en el altiplano norte
Tesis, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Sonia Galvarro E., 1987*
   Acceso en Bolivia: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Introducción. II.Marco teórico. Tipología general de la migración. Migracion primitiva, Las migraciones forzosas e impulsadas. Algunas consideraciones sobre un marco análitico para las migraciones rurales-urbanas. factores de migración. Una teoría de las migraciones. Definición de las migraciones. Estudio estructural de los movimientos poblacionales en América Latina. III.Metodología. IV.Presentación zona de estudio. El altiplano norte. Los cultivos tradicionales. Distribución de la tierra. El sistema de comercialización campesino. V.Análisis de la problematica de la zona de estudio. Población. Estructura agraria. Principales cultivos. Calidad de los suelos. Comercialización. Empleo agrícola. Empleo y migraciones. VI.Conclusiones. VII.Anexo, bibliografía
23. Migracion en Colombia
Presentacion
    Tags: 
24. Migration and the environment in the Galapagos
Cuadro Estadistico, Ecuador
    Tags: 
25. Migration, education, and health policy : a closer look into the reasons behind poor health outcomes in rural Ecuador 
   Tesis, Lauren Harris, University of South Florida, 2010**
    Tags: 
Abstract Despite an increase in the number of Ecuadorian medical professionals, health outcomes in rural areas of the country have steadily declined over the past decade. Using a political economic framework and data collected from interviews with Ecuadorian doctors, government officials, policy makers, and local rural populations, this thesis investigates how the interplay among medical migration, educational structures, and public health policy contributes to growing health disparities between urban and rural dwellers. Addressing each of these factors both individually and collectively, this thesis also outlines a series of policy recommendations that will allow the Ecuadorian healthcare system to better meet the needs of its rural population.
26. Migration, education and rural development : evidence from Ecuador 
   David A Preston; Rosemary A Preston, School of Geography, University of Leeds, 1983**
    Tags: 
27. Movilidad espacial en Bolivia : reflexiones sobre su carácter temporal
Parte 2‎
J.J. Blanes, CERES, La Paz, Bolivia, 1984, Reunión: Seminario sobre Migraciones Temporarias en América Latina, 20-30 nov. 1984, Quito, EC 
    Tags: 
Abstract En Bolivia el problema poblacional nunca se presento como es frecuente en otros países donde se carcteriza por un rápido crecimiento poblacional y una acelerada concentración de la misma en una o dos ciudades.   Mas bien parecería que en Bolivia no existe un problema poblacional sino en términos de la persistencia de la población extremadamente pobre, la mas pobre de America Latina, concentrada en las zonas de agricultura mas pobres y la existencia, por otro  lado, de grandes extensiones de tierra deshabilitadas.  Visto asi el problema, Bolivia se define como "país deshabilitado," a pesar de la existencia de los problemas poblacionales graves: altísimas tasas de mortalidad infantil, bajísimos niveles de vida.
28. Negotiating Migrant Identities: Young People in Bolivia and Argentina 
Internet Resource, Samantha Punch, 2009 Taylor & Francis** ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In rural Bolivia, like many rural areas of the majority world, there are few opportunities for permanent employment and most young people do not have access to their own land. Consequently, many young people in southern Bolivia migrate seasonally to Argentina and their migratory experience provides them with a sense of collective identity during periods spent within their home community. It also enables them to access consumer goods as well as to continue to maintain interdependent family ties by contributing financially to their households. This paper, based on ethnographic fieldwork in rural Bolivia, considers the positive and negative ways in which the young migrant identity offers young people alternative youth transitions as well as enhances their social and economic autonomy.‎
29. Peasant adaptations to urban life in highland Bolivia 
Tesis, Andrew Simon Weiss, Yale University, 1975**
    Tags: 
30. Peasant migration in historical context : the case of Cochabamba, Bolivia 
   Tesis, Thomas Peter Harkins, State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993**
    Tags: 
31. People, land, and context : multi-scale dimensions of population mobility in the Ecuadorian Amazon 
   Tesis, Alisson Flávio Barbieri, 2005**
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Since the 1970s, in-migration has driven swelling human presence and dramatic physical landscape changes in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon. Particularly in recent years, population growth and redistribution has engendered important consequences on deforestation and on the incipient but increasing urbanization. This research aims to understand what factors motivate decisions of settler colonists to move from their farm households, or to stay in the farm. Two types of population mobility are considered: out-migration between 1990 and 1999, and off-farm employment in the last 12 months. While mobility decisions are ultimately a matter of individual choice, factors associated with the farm household and the local community also play key roles in decision-making. Little empirical research, however, has been done on the identification of such factors and their effects on population mobility. This research develops a multi-scale conceptual framework and uses longitudinal and multilevel statistical models to study population mobility from rural households in the Ecuadorian Amazon between 1990 and 1999, as a result of factors at multiple spatial levels and over time. The results show important differences between movers and non movers in personal characteristics, human capital, household life cycle, migration networks, land use and management, farm environmental conditions, transportation access, access to community services, community size and labor markets. The research also identifies the effects of policy-relevant variables on migrants' choices of rural versus urban destinations.‎
32. Reconnaissance surveys in the Andes 
   Tesis, L F Ivanho, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1946
    Tags: 
33. Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean: Money, Markets and Costs
Presentacion, Inter-American Development Bank, Manuel Orozco, 2010
    Tags: 
34. Social and economic change in a Bolivian highland valley peasant community : the impact of migration and coca 
   Tesis, Harry Sanabria, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1989**
    Tags: 
35. Tacana and highland migrant land use, living conditions, and local organizations in the Bolivian Amazon 
   Tesis, Sondra Wentzel, 1989**
    Tags: 
36. The administration of resettlement in Bolivia 
Tesis, Chil Zenamon Mirtenbaum, Cornell University American Studies Program, 1986**
    Tags: 
37. The influence of sectoral composition of employment on internal migration in Ecuador 
   Tesis, John Thomas Cook, 1990** ‎
    Tags: 
‎
Perspectivas Globales


Empleo

1. Achieving decent work by giving employment a human face
International Labor Office, 2004
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract En este documento, profesor Juan W. Budd, de la Carlson School of Management de la Universidad de Minnesota, analiza el "empleo con rostro humano". Esto, como se enfatiza, puede ser visto como la declaración clásica de los principios básicos que subyacen al estudio y la práctica moderna de los recursos humanos y las relaciones laborales. Como sabemos, las relaciones laborales pueden ser un aporte importante al buen gobierno y empujar hacia adelante la estrategia del trabajo decente para todos, de la OIT. La misma, tiene que estar basada en nuevas formas y contenidos del diálogo social, al examinar nuevas formas de interrelacionar la competitividad con la cohesión social, al crear mejores perspectivas de empleo y mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en que se vive. 
2. Aplicación del Programa Global de Empleo
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En su reunión de noviembre de 2005, la Comisión pidió a la Oficina que elaborara un documento en el que se propusieran modalidades para la evaluación del PGE en el contexto de los PTDP. De manera más específica, la Comisión expresó su deseo de que dicha evaluación sirviera para informar acerca de dos cuestiones: a) la repercusión o el valor añadido que aporta la labor de la Oficina, tanto la de la sede como la de las estructuras exteriores, en lo que atañe a la formulación y aplicación de las estrategias nacionales de empleo en los planos sectorial o local, y b) la contribución del PGE, es decir, determinar si el PGE y su marco operativo han influido sobre la política de empleo del país y, en caso afirmativo, de qué manera. La Comisión consideraba que se trataba de un proceso gradual, sobre la base de algunos de los mecanismos existentes y de la mejora de los mismos, y sugería para el futuro una evaluación más rigurosa de las repercusiones a más largo plazo. En la fase actual, el objetivo es proceder al examen de herramientas y mecanismos de información simples pero eficaces que permitan asegurarse de que la labor que desarrolla la OIT en el ámbito del empleo en el plano nacional se basa en el PGE y de que las discusiones en la Comisión ESP relativas al PGE permitan extraer enseñanzas de los resultados obtenidos en el terreno.‎
3. Aspectos clave del dialogo social nacional: un documento de referencia sobre el dialogo social
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El objetivo de este documento de referencia es presentar los diversos conceptos de diálogo social y las condiciones necesarias para que este funcione con eficacia, así como demostrar empíricamente aquellas características positivas del diálogo social. Aunque el diálogo social puede tener lugar a diversos niveles, es decir, nacional, regional, sectorial o de empresa, este libro se centra en el diálogo social a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, la información que se facilita en el puede aplicarse también al diálogo social de ámbito provincial, regional o estatal, especialmente en aquellos países que tienen una estructura federal. 
4. Cambios en el mundo de trabajo
Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 2006
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El trabajo ocupa el centro de la vida de la gente. De él dependen la estabilidad y el bienestar de las familias y las comunidades. El trabajo se encuentra en la sustancia misma de las políticas locales y nacionales. Sin embargo, como resultado de los cambios sociales y económicos sin precedentes que están afectando a todos los sectores de la actividad económica y a todos los países, el futuro del trabajo suscita hoy un sentimiento generalizado de incertidumbre. Para muchos, los cambios traen consigo las oportunidades que esperaban de obtener un trabajo más gratificante y satisfactorio y de forjarse una vida mejor. Para otros, los cambios son fuente de inquietud y vienen a cerrar, más que a abrir, las posibilidades de mejorar las condiciones de vida y de trabajo.‎
5. Comparing Informal Firms in Buenos Aires and Chaco
Mohammad Amin, World Bank, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract  This note highlights differences between informal businesses in two regions of Argentina- Buenos Aires and Chaco. Labor productivity is much higher in Buenos Aires than Chaco. This difference is partly due to higher sales and partly due to lower employment in firms in Buenos Aires. Relative to Buenos Aires, firms in the Chaco region are more likely to use machinery and vehicles in the production process and they also face larger seasonal fluctuations in sales. Firms are more likely to report various benefits from registering-including better access to finance, markets and government subsidies, less bribes to pay and being able to issue receipts-in Chaco than in Buenos Aires. Important firm-characteristics, such as the level of education of the owner of the firm, and the perception of corruption and crime as obstacles to business, also differ sharply across the two regions. These findings suggest a greater need to design policies towards the informal sector at the local level rather than at the national level.‎
6. Decent working time: new trends, new issues
International Labor Office, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This collection, comprised of papers from some of the leading international scholars in the field, reflects on the profound changes in the nature of working time, and indeed the nature of employment itself in the industrialized world.
Including international comparative analysis alongside national case studies, this volume offers a wealth of information on the new trends which have emerged over the past decades - all of which were discussed at the recent 9th International Symposium on Working Time, Paris (2004). It looks at the increasing use of results-based employment relationships for managers and professionals, and the increasing fragmentation of time to more closely tailor staffing needs to customer requirements (e.g., short-hours, part-time work). Moreover, as operating/opening hours rapidly expand toward a 24-hour and 7-day economy, the book considers how this has resulted in a growing diversification, decentralization, and individualization of working hours, as well as an increasing tension between enterprises' business requirements and workers' needs and preferences regarding their hours.
This new reality has raised some other challenging issues as well and the volume addresses those such as increasing employment insecurity and instability, time-related social inequalities, particularly in relation to gender, workers' ability to balance their paid work with their personal lives, and even the synchronization of working hours with social times, such as community activities. In addition, the book offers valuable insights on how policy-makers, academics, and the social partners can together help further develop and refine an effective policy framework for advancing 'decent working time.' 
La duración del trabajo ha sido siempre un objetivo primordial y un tema de gran importancia desde el comienzo de la Revolución Industrial y un tema central en la política laboral. Esto también se refleja en el hecho de que es material del primer convenio de la OIT. 
En esta publicación se ha seleccionado documentos presentados en el Simposio de Paris y representa un importante contribución para desarrollar nuestro conocimiento en base a las experiencias en el campo. Provee una buena información para los que diseñan las políticas, académicos y ayuda de la OIT para desarrollar y afinar las propuestas, dentro del marco de política sobre "Trabajo Decente y horas de trabajo". ‎
7. Diagnóstico y análisis institucional de ministerios de trabajo en América Latina.
Informe de Consultoría para el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Mario D. Velásquez Pinto, 2011
Presentacion
     Tags: 
Abstract En este Informe se desarrolla un análisis del cuadro institucional de los diferentes ministerios e instituciones involucradas en las políticas de capacitación laboral e intermediación laboral en Chile, Colombia, Paraguay y Perú, y se propone un mecanismo de diagnóstico de la capacidad institucional de los diferentes Ministerios de Trabajo en la región.
8. Economic Freedom of the World: 2011 Annual Report
James Gwartney, Robert Lawson, Joshua Hall, Jean-Pierre Chauffour, Muchael D. Stroup
     Tags: 
Abstract The index published in Economic Freedom of the World measures the degree to which the policies and institutions of countries are supportive of economic freedom. The cornerstones of economic freedom are personal choice, voluntary exchange, freedom to compete, and security of privately owned property. Forty-two data points are used to construct a summary index and to measure the degree of economic freedom in five broad areas:
1 Size of Government: Expenditures, Taxes, and Enterprises;
2 Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights;
3 Access to Sound Money;
4 Freedom to Trade Internationally;
5 Regulation of Credit, Labor, and Business.‎
9. Effectiveness of Interventions Aimed at Improving Women's Employability and Quality of Work: A Critical Review
Petra E. Todd, 2011
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Policy interventions in developing countries often aim to improve the employment prospects of low income individuals and their families, particularly those facing severe labor market shocks or credit constraints. Some interventions specifically target women, under the view that women have an inequitable share of power in household decision-making, that women are more likely to face barriers to labor market entry, and/or that women spend resources more effectively than men, for example, on investment in children. Other policies, such as active labor market programs, do not explicitly target women but may affect men and women in different ways.
This paper examines the effectiveness of a variety of policy interventions that have been tried in developing and transition economies with the goal of improving women's employability and quality of work. The programs include active labor market programs, education and training programs, programs that facilitate work (such as child care subsidies, parental leave programs and land titling programs), microfinance programs, entrepreneurship and leadership programs, and conditional cash transfer programs. The programs studied are heterogeneous, differing in scope, content, targeting and eligibility criteria, as well as in objectives. Common objectives are to reduce unemployment, increase wages, provide social protection, and/or increase women's empowerment in the household. The populations served by the programs are also heterogeneous in terms of demographics and labor markets. They reside in rural and urban settings in Latin America, Africa, Europe and Asia. Because the coverage of this survey is broad, we consider only a subset of relatively recent programs that have the subject of rigorous impact evaluations. Also, we focus on programs that aim to directly affect employment and earnings outcomes and do not consider programs oriented towards education or health, which may also influence labor market prospects. In reviewing the literature, we discuss the merits of alternative evaluation studies and attempt to synthesize results across multiple studies.‎
10. El programa de trabajo decente en el centro de los documentos de estrategia de lucha contra la‎ pobreza (DELP): acontecimientos recientes‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2007 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Desde el inicio de la participación de la OIT en el proceso de elaboración de los documentos de estrategia de lucha contra la pobreza (DELP), en 2001/2002, la Comisión ha examinado periódicamente los progresos y los efectos obtenidos 1. En la reunión de 2006 de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo (CIT), la Comisión de la Cooperación Técnica examinó y recalcó la estrecha relación que existe entre el Programa de Trabajo Decente, los programas de trabajo decente por país (PTDP) y el proceso de los DELP.
En el presente documento se reseñan los acontecimientos recientes relacionados con el proceso de las ELP en todo el mundo y con el debate correspondiente sobre las políticas.  También se reseñan los progresos alcanzados para integrar el Programa de Trabajo Decente en el proceso de las ELP en todos los países, subrayándose algunos de los resultados más innovadores derivados de la participación de la OIT en este proceso, con inclusión de la integración con el proceso de los programas de trabajo decente por país (PTDP). En su conclusión se extraen lecciones para la labor futura.
Para enero de 2006, 52 países habían preparado DELP completos, 26 de ellos en Africa, 11 en Asia, nueve en Europa y en Asia Central, cinco en América Latina y el Caribe, y uno en los países árabes. Había varios documentos más en preparación. Además, en unos diez países más, en su mayoría afectados por conflictos o que salían de conflictos, se había preparado un documento provisional de estrategia de lucha contra la pobreza (DELP provisional), pero el proceso para ultimarlo estaba detenido o se estaba haciendo a un ritmo más lento.‎
11. El trabajo decente para un desarrollo sostenible
Introduccion del director general a la conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 2007 GD‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En la Memoria de este año se tratan algunas de las cuestiones clave inherentes a la promoción del trabajo decente para un desarrollo sostenible. En ella se destacan puntos del orden del día de la reunión de la Conferencia, en los que, a juicio del Director General, el tripartismo y el diálogo social se enfrentan con retos importantes y respecto de los cuales la OIT, debe mostrarse dispuesta a pensar de manera innovadora y a actuar con urgencia, tanto en la formulación de políticas como en la mejora de su capacidad institucional. 
12. El trabajo decente y el sector informal en los‎ países del istmo centroamericano‎
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2002 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El presente estudio, integra de manera coherente otros ejercicios de medición y análisis realizados respectivamente para los distintos países de la subregión y tiene la gran virtud de mostrar una visión subregional del sector informal, en cuanto a la dimensión del empleo u ocupación en dicho segmento, las características de la fuerza laboral, y los indicadores sobre sus condiciones de empleo y de trabajo (salarios, ingresos, jornadas de trabajo, etc.). Se intenta, así, aportar algunas evidencias sobre las condiciones de trabajo decente en el sector informal, teniendo como referente la compleja heterogeneidad del mismo. 
13. El trabajo decente y la reducción de la pobreza en la economía mundial
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2000 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En este documento se presentan ideas de la OIT sobre el impacto social de los aspectos más destacados de la evolución de la economía mundial con posterioridad a la Cumbre Mundial sobre Desarrollo Social, celebrada en 1995. Se destaca que se han intensificado desde entonces los efectos de la mundialización en lo que se refiere al comercio, las inversiones y la liberalización financiera, así como a los progresos tecnológicos. Dada la importancia creciente de unas redes mundiales de producción y unas transacciones transnacionales más libres, es necesario adoptar un enfoque mundial de las políticas económica y social que no sea el internacional tradicional. Un quehacer prioritario para la comunidad internacional es una gobernación mundial que se base en el consenso y en unos acuerdos internacionales más libremente decididos.
En el presente documento se insiste asimismo en que, pese a los múltiples logros de la mundialización, la forma que reviste actualmente no ha conseguido que los mercados actúen en beneficio de todos. Las ventajas que depara la mundialización están repartidas de un modo muy desigual entre las naciones y en cada una de ellas. Al mismo tiempo, han surgido, o se han agudizado, muy diversos problemas, agravando las penalidades, la inseguridad y la zozobra de muchos en todo el mundo y suscitando una viva hostilidad. A consecuencia de todo ello, la mundialización, en su forma presente, está viviendo una crisis de legitimidad, al haber menguado el apoyo popular.
Es evidente que no van a desaparecer los grandes progresos tecnológicos que impulsan la mundialización, y también que procede introducir ciertos cambios en las políticas económicas y sociales vigentes, para que vuelva a ser respetable y respetada. Se ha dicho que hay que dar una apariencia humana a la economía mundial.  Para resolver esta crisis, es indispensable que el período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre el seguimiento de la Cumbre Social, que va a celebrarse en junio de 2000, tome iniciativas ingeniosas y audaces. De hecho, la mayor parte del presente documento apunta a demostrar la utilidad de ciertas iniciativas de particular importancia a juicio de la OIT. A continuación se resumen las propuestas correspondientes.‎
14. Estrategias de empleo para los programas de trabajo decente por país: conceptos, enfoque y herramientas para la aplicación del Programa Global de Empleo
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La visión de la OIT respecto de los desafíos en materia de empleo con que se enfrentan los países y la economía mundial, así como la OIT y sus mandantes, está implícita en el concepto de trabajo decente. El objetivo de esta visión es lograr el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos, en particular las mujeres y los jóvenes. La labor encaminada a la consecución de este objetivo es la misión fundamental de la OIT. Hay referencias a esta visión y a los desafíos conexos en una serie de documentos clave: en los documentos en que se explica y analiza el concepto del trabajo decente, en el Convenio sobre la política del empleo, 1964 (núm. 122), y el Programa Global de Empleo (PGE).‎
15. Gender and Informality in Latin America
Mohammad Amin, World Bank, 2011
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Recently collected data on informal or unregistered firms in Argentina and Peru show significant differences between male- and female-owned firms. Compared with male-owned firms, female-owned firms are smaller in size, have lower labor productivity and are less likely to use equipment such as machinery and vehicles. Some of the commonly held perceptions, such as lower education among women entrepreneurs, fewer numbers of owners among firms that have a female as the largest shareholder and greater difficulty faced by women in accessing credit, are only weakly supported in the data. However, as documented in the literature, women managers have fewer years of experience in running a business and they are also more likely to operate from inside than outside the household premises in order to take advantage of better working hours and location. Some gender-based differences in the willingness to register and the potential costs of registering are also observed in the data.‎
16. Global Employment Trends, 2011
International Labor Office, 2011
Español: Link
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This report is the first to take stock of the labour market situation during the recovery from the global economic crisis. It incorporates the most recent labour market information available to explore the state of the labour market globally and regionally.
Chapter 1 focuses on the macroeconomic context for growth and employment, and notes that the persistently high levels of unemployment stand in stark contrast to the recovery seen in several key macroeconomic indicators: global GDP, consumption, world trade and many equity markets had all recovered by 2010, surpassing pre-crisis levels. Despite rapid economic growth in 2010 the global unemployment rate stood at 6.2% versus 6.3% in 2009 and well above the 5.6% rate in 2007.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of global trends in employment, unemployment, labour force participation, vulnerable employment, working poverty and other key indicators. The report finds that there were around 40 million more working poor at the extreme US$ 1.25 level in 2009 than would have been expected in the absence of the global economic crisis. An estimated 630 million workers (one in five workers in the world) were living with their families at the extreme US$ 1.25 a day level in 2009. Globally, an estimated 1.53 billion workers were in vulnerable employment in 2009, which corresponds to a vulnerable employment rate of 50.1%.
Chapter 3 looks at developments across the various regions of the world. In both Chapters 2 and 3, extensive use is made of country-level data to enrich the global and regional analysis, but also to draw attention to important differences in terms of trends and challenges within regions. Chapter 4 offers policy considerations. It warns that a 'narrow' focus on reducing fiscal deficits without addressing job creation will further weaken employment prospects for the 205 million unemployed in 2010. 
A central theme of this Global Employment Trends 2011 report is that while global economic growth is rebounding on a better than expected trajectory, the global labour market is, in many respects, behaving as anticipated in the middle of the crisis and highlighted in the Global Employment Trends 2010 report: stubbornly elevated unemployment and slow employment generation in developed economies coupled with widespread decent work deficits in even the fastest-growing developing economies. In the context of a robust, though uncertain and unbalanced economic recovery, these labour market challenges represent a serious threat. Without a sound and sustainable recovery in labour markets - one that helps to address the global imbalances that contributed to the crisis - the broader macroeconomic recovery will find itself resting on an uncertain and weakening foundation.‎
17. Global Employment Trends for for Youth
International Labor Office, 2008 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract "Work" is inexorably tied up with humanity. At some point in their life, either within the age span that traditionally defines youth or later, the majority of the world's population will enter the world of work as both a path toward social integration and a means to earn income and support themselves and their families. The typical path from youth to adulthood is indefinable in separation from the context of the culture, gender, nation of origin and place of residence of the individual. However, there is one common denominator, and this is the eventual engagement in the labour market, either to work or to look for work. There is no doubt that what young people strive for is the chance of a decent and productive job.
This third Global employment trends for youth updates the world and regional youth labour market indicators presented in previous reports (2004 and 2006). Instead of the thematic approach utilized in the previous report, this report aims to highlight those regions that are making progress in the economic integration of young men and women. The report is, therefore, organized according to nine sections containing regional analyses. Our readers are encouraged to make use of both reports; this one for the latest set of indicators3 and more in-depth analyses of the youth labour market situation within regions, and the previous report to gain a better understanding of themes which impact heavily on youth labour markets and development (working poverty, inactivity and vulnerability, and the school-to-work transition). The "misconceptions concerning youth and youth labour markets" outlined in the Global employment trends for youth, October 20064 (henceforth, GET Youth 2006) have not changed and can help demystify prejudices regarding youth labour markets.‎
18. Igualdad de genero y trabajo decente
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Esta nueva edición de "Promoviendo la igualdad de género - Guía de los convenios y recomendaciones de la OIT de interés particular para las trabajadoras", parecido en 2004, reproduce los instrumentos claves de la OIT en relación con los principios y derechos fundamentales al trabajo:  
a) La libertad de asociación y la libertad sindical y el reconocimiento efectivo del derecho de negociación colectiva; 
b) La eliminación de todas las formas de trabajo forzoso u obligatorio;c) La abolición efectiva del trabajo infantil; y 
d) la eliminación de la discriminación en materia de empleo y ocupación.También se incluye otros convenios con referencias específicas a la igualdad de género, en particular los relativos a la promoción del empleo, las condiciones de trabajo y los trabajadores migrantes. ‎
19. La igualdad en el trabajo: afrontar los retos que se presentan
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2007 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La igualdad en el trabajo: afrontar los retos que se plantean examina la problemática de la discriminación y la desigualdad en el trabajo, al tiempo que se estudian las medidas que permitirán erradicarlas. También se evalúa la eficacia de los instrumentos normativos tradicionales y de los nuevos, como las políticas activas de mercado de trabajo y la contratación pública, para crear lugares de trabajo más heterogéneos y equitativos.‎
20. La promocion del empleo decente por medio de la iniciativa empresarial
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2004 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La iniciativa empresarial es la fuerza motriz de las nuevas ideas empresariales, y de la movilización de recursos físicos, financieros y humanos, que permite constituir y ampliar empresas y crear puestos de trabajo. En todos los países, la inmensa mayoría de los empleos se crean en las pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector privado, incluidas las cooperativas. Todas estas empresas contribuyen de manera significativa a proporcionar nuevos empleos a los jóvenes. Las pequeñas empresas, que van desde pequeñas empresas modernas de la economía formal a microempresas y empresas autónomas de la economía informal, representan también un alto porcentaje de los empleos actuales. Sin embargo, el sector de la pequeña empresa se caracteriza por una gran turbulencia y unos bajos índices de supervivencia. Además, los ingresos, la productividad, la seguridad en el trabajo, la salud y la seguridad y las oportunidades de formación y de representación de los trabajadores y empleadores de estas empresas tienden a ser inferiores a los de las empresas más grandes. Por tanto, el reto principal consiste en promover los objetivos paralelos de lograr que hombres y mujeres gocen de derechos en el trabajo y de seguridad, y asegurarse al mismo tiempo que la normativa aplicable a los productos y al comercio no entorpece la expansión del desarrollo empresarial y el aumento del empleo independiente 1. En el marco del Programa Global de Empleo, el presente documento examina los elementos principales de los esfuerzos que se están realizando para promover el trabajo decente mediante los enfoques, estrechamente ligados, de la iniciativa empresarial y del desarrollo de la pequeña empresa. En el documento también se destacan las enseñanzas extraídas, se definen algunas de las prioridades para la labor futura y se solicita la orientación de la Comisión en una serie de áreas.‎
21. Los programas de trabajo decente por pais y el papel de la cooperacion tecnica
Oficina Internacional del trabajo, 2006 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El Consejo de Administración ha expresado en varias ocasiones, la última de ellas en noviembre de 2003, su pleno apoyo a la elaboración y ejecución de programas de la OIT coherentes en los países, y, a partir de 2006-2007, la Oficina convertirá los programas de trabajo decente por país (PTDP) en el principal mecanismo de programación y prestación de sus servicios en los países 1. La puesta en práctica del trabajo decente en cada país es una de las preocupaciones prioritarias de la Comisión de Cooperación Técnica 2. En su reunión de noviembre de 2005, la Comisión solicitó que se examinara la función de la cooperación técnica en la evolución del proceso de aplicación de los PTDP.‎
22. Micro-Level Estimation of Poverty and Inequality
   Chris Elbers, Jean O. Lanjouw, Peter Lanjouw
     Tags: 
Abstract Recent theoretical advances have brought income and wealth distributions back into a prominent position in growth and development theories, and as determinants of specific socio-economic outcomes, such as health or levels of violence. Empirical investigation of the importance of these relationships, however, has been held back by the lack of suficiently detailed high quality data on distributions. Household surveys that include reasonable measures of income or consumption can be used to calculate distributional measures but at low levels of aggregation these samples are rarely representative or of suficient size to yield statistically reliable estimates. At the same time, census (or other large sample) data of suficient size to allow disaggregation either have no information about income or consumption, or measure these variables poorly. This note outlines a statistical procedure to combine these types of data to take advantage of the detail in household sample surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a census. It extends the literature on small area statistics (Ghosh and Rao (1994), Rao (1999)) by developing estimators of population parameters which are non-linear functions of the underlying variable of interest (here unit level consumption), and by deriving them from the full unit level distribution of that variable.‎
23. News, noise, and fluctuations: an empirical estimation
    NBER, Olivier J. Blanchard, Jean-Paul L'Huillier, Guido Lorenzoni, 2009
     Tags: 
Abstract We explore empirically models of aggregate fluctuations with two basic ingredients: agents form anticipations about the future based on noisy sources of information; these anticipations affect spending and output in the short run. Our objective is to separate fluctuations due to actual changes in fundamentals (news) from those due to temporary errors in the private sector's estimates of these fundamentals (noise). Using a simple model where the consumption random walk hypothesis holds exactly, we address some basic methodological issues and take a first pass at the data. First, we show that if the econometrician has no informational advantage over the agents in the model, structural VARs cannot be used to identify news and noise shocks. Next, we develop a structural Maximum Likelihood approach which allows us to identify the model's parameters and to evaluate the role of news and noise shocks. Applied to postwar U.S. data, this approach suggests that noise shocks play an important role in short-run fluctuations.‎
24. Politicas para fomento del empleo y trabajo decente: un proceso con los actores sociales en Centroamerica y Republica Dominicana
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2005
     Tags: 
Abstract Cap.I.- Desafíos y políticas para el fomento del empleo y el trabajo decente en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Cap.II.- Las políticas económicas en los países centroamericanos y República Dominicana y su efecto sobre el empleo. Desafíos y propuestas de política. Cap.III.- Mercados laborales y trabajo decente en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Situación, desafíos y políticas. Cap.IV.- Políticas de fomento de la micro y pequeñas empresas en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Cap.V.- Fomento rural y empleo agrícola en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Propuestas de políticas. Anexos. 
25. Politicas para pequeñas empresas: crear el entorno adecuado para un empleo digno
    Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, Reinecke, Gerhard; White, Simon, 2004**‎
     Tags: 
Abstract Esta obra -realizada tras los estudios llevados a cabo en siete países tales como Chile, Guinea o Pakistán- analiza el conjunto de normas y políticas que rodean a este tipo de empresas. Con la idea de ser una herramienta para mejorar la calidad de los empleos en las MPE, la misma disecciona los pasos, fases, y elementos a tener en cuenta a lo largo de ese proceso de desarrollo. Las conclusiones que se extraen de este trabajo tienen el potencial de aplicarse más allá de los países objeto del estudio y merecen la atención de los encargados de diseñar políticas, profesionales del desarrollo e investigadores de todo el mundo. 
26. Por una globalización justa: crear oportunidades para todos
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2004
     Tags: 
Abstract Informe del Director General presentada en la 92º reunión de la CIT, 2004. El informe se inicia con una visión general respecto de la manera en que la OIT puede desarrollar una recomendación fundamental que hace la Comisión, a saber, que el trabajo decente se convierta en un objetivo global, y no únicamente en un objetivo de la OIT. Se tratan, además de otros temas de alcance general: las políticas nacionales para abordar la globalización; el trabajo decente en los sistemas globales de producción; la coherencia política global con miras al crecimiento, la inversión y el empleo. 
27. Productivity differences between and within countries
Journal of Economic Literature, Daron Acemoglu and Melissa Dell, 2010*
     Tags: 
Abstract We document substantial within-country (cross-municipality) differences in incomes for a large number of countries in the Americas. A significant fraction of the within-country differences cannot be explained by observed human capital. We conjecture that the sources of within-country and between-country differences are related. As a first step toward a unified framework, we propose a simple model incorporating differences in technological know-how across countries and differences in productive efficiency within countries.‎
28. Reducing the decent work deficit in infrastructure and construction sectors
International Labor Office, 2004 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La presente publicación forma parte del Programa de Inversiones Intensivas en Empleo en la cual nos da una mirada a la agenda del programa OIT. Focaliza en la generación de empleo y reducción del déficit del trabajo decente en los sectores de infraestructura y construcción. 
29. The allocation of time and welfare within rural households: evidence from Tanzania
Jennifer Golan, 2010‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Using data on individual consumption and time use from Tanzania, this paper analyses the distribution of well-being within rural couples using Browning & Gortz's (2007) collective household model.  We find that the relative wage has a positive impact on relative private consumption and a negative impact on leisure. The results also suggest that women are better off in richer households and that inter-generational inuences, such as parental education, impact on the female position within the household.  While these findings are consistent with non-unitary household behaviour, we find little evidence in support of the collective model. Only restricting the sample to couples with individual incomes for both partners allows recovering structural parameters of the model and provides partial support of collective behaviour.‎
30. The White House and the World
Nancy Birdsall, Center for Global Development
    Tags: 
31. Trabajo decente: del programa piloto a los programas por país
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006
     Tags: 
Abstract Los programas por país se introducen progresivamente en todos los países miembros de la OIT interesados, y esta publicación es una contribución a la enseñanza institucional y a la síntesis de las mejores prácticas. Pretende compartir ampliamente las enseñanzas del PPTD sobre las formas en las que se pueden enfocar, integrar, controlar a nivel nacional y orientar hacia los resultados los programas por país de la OIT y proporcionar un apoyo eficaz. 
32. Training Effectiveness for Working People
Philip Ammermann, 2011 Presentation at IDB
     Tags: 
Abstract  Main Findings:
a. Payroll levy systems have created a supply side-driven expansion of enterprise training in the countries studied. The levy ranges from 0.35-0.50% of total payroll costs of enterprises. Public sector payrolls are often exempted from the levy.
b. Many countries exclude independent professionals or artisans or public sector staff from the training opportunities offered, since they are not direct contributors to the levy. As European economies change to a more fluid, knowledge-worker service industry, the fairness of this exclusion should be evaluated.
c. Many countries show a bias towards large companies in terms of enterprise participation.  These enterprises have full-time HR managers and are in a position to comply with administrative reporting procedures.
d. Many countries may also show a "deadweight" effect, where the training funds are used to fund training which would have been funded in any case by certain enterprise categories. 
e. Most payroll levy schemes show a surplus, indicating low take-up or absorption of funds. Some, like the HRDA, have accumulated a major financial surplus over the years.
f. The role of training intermediaries requires further investigation. Since many firms do not have an adequate diagnosis of internal training needs, and do not define their own training programmes, this role falls to specialised intermediaries such as training centres and consultancies. The quality of these intermediareis requires investigation.
g. Few national training funds appear to have a comprehensive quality management scheme which extends to measuring more than participant satisfaction, i.e. level 1 on a Kirkpatrick or Philips evaluation system. Even participant satisfaction surveys are not used to systematically upgrade or improve training at the level of training centres, curricula or training providers.
h. Few NTFs appear to commission the systematic impact evaluation of their activities based on an OECD or other methodology.
i. NTFs appear to work better when they are organisationally separate from Ministries of Labour or other larger frameworks.
j. NTFs appear to work better when they are organisationally independent and are allowed to focus on a long-term strategy for national, regional and HR skills development, in conjunction with social partners.
k. Most NTFs have taken steps to provide employment support, e.g. training of unemployed workers, training of disadvantaged groups, employment subsidies, as a response to the financial crisis. The validity of such schemes should be evaluated on a cost-benefit basis alongside more traditional Labour Ministry interventions.
l. All NTFs observed have social partner representation (trade unions, employers organisations) on their boards of directors.
m. No NTF seen establishes quotas on training subjects to restrict the duplication of training. This often results in a "training fashion" observed. In Cyprus, for instance, there was a "boom" in training of secretaries, followed by training of family enterprises, followed by leadership. This is driven by the marketing efforts of training intermediaries, many of whom support themselves to a large degree by NTF-funded training.
n. If participant evaluation is confined to a satisfaction survey, then the risk is that training becomes a form of entertainment, where the participant's feedback is influenced by factors such as the opulence of the training facility or the personal training style of the trainer.
o. Training statistics gathered by NTFs often focus on numerical criteria for participation or fund absorption. Few focus on training outcomes or impacts.
p. The efficiency of state-financed National Training Funds, i.e. where the employees of such funds are state employees, requires review.‎
33. What works and for whom: a review of OECD countries' experiences with active labour market policies
John P. Martin, David Grubb, OECD, 2001
Abstract High and persistent unemployment has been a major blot on the economic and social record of most OECD countries since the early 1970s: the OECD average standardised unemployment rate rose from an estimated 3 per cent in 1973 to a peak of 8 per cent in 1993 before falling back to 6.4 per cent in 2000. In response to growing political concerns about the seemingly inexorable rise in unemployment, various policy blueprints were developed in the 1990s to improve labour market performance on a durable basis. Prime examples include the OECD Jobs Strategy launched in 1994 and the EU mployment Guidelines which were launched in 1997 following the Amsterdam summit.
34. World Development Report: Jobs Outline
World Bank, 2011 ‎
     Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Recent world events have put jobs at the center of the policy debate. The global financial crisis has resulted in massive job losses in both emerging and industrial countries. In the latter, there is concern about a jobless recovery; in the former, a comeback cannot hide workers' vulnerability to shocks. Political upheavals in the Arab world have highlighted the discontent of educated youth whose employment opportunities fall short of their expectations. These political upheavals could boost transparency and accountability in the region, but if jobs do not follow they may also result in increased instability.‎




Productividad

1. Causal Ordering Between Inflation and Productivity of Labor and Capital: An Empirical Approach for Pakistan
Karrar Hussain, CID Graduate Student and Postdoctoral Fellow Working Paper No. 39, October 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract This study attempts to analyze the causal relationship between inflation and productivity of labor and capital, in Pakistan's economy by covering the period from 1960-M1 to 2007-M12. For this purpose Vector Autoregression (VAR) approach is used, which is based on error correction model (ECM). Using this approach we have showed the causal ordering between inflation and exchange rate management policy controlling for, monetary variables like broad money (M-2) and discount rate, which are endogenous in case of Pakistan. We considered the relationship of inflation with two measures of productivity (average and marginal productivity) of labor and capital controlling for capital labor ratio. The objective of this paper is to identify the relative importance of each of these inflation channels by generating Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) to confirm the response of a shock on a variable upon itself and other variables over the four years of time span. Our study concludes that there is a unidirectional causality from inflation to labor productivity through capital labor ratio. And also, there is bidirectional causality between inflation and capital productivity through capital labor ratio. And lastly each channel takes almost fifteen months (on average) for input productivities to affect or affected by inflation.
2. Credit frictions and unexpected Credit Crunches
Central Bank of Chile, Sergio Salas, 2011
     Tags: 
Abstract In this paper I develop a simple model of dynamic general equilibrium similar to the neoclassical growth model, but where credit flows are created by agents stochastically receiving investment opportunities that allow them to create new capital. Hence they may switch status over time from investors to workers and vice versa. Agents can issue equity up to a given fraction, so they can partially finance their investment costs externally and are in effect borrowing constrained. I characterize steady states and transitional dynamics in this environment and analyze the effects on allocations, asset prices and returns of a sudden, unexpected credit crunch: an exogenous, unanticipated decrease in the maximum fraction of investment costs that can be financed externally. I find that this type of unexpected shock generates a contraction in output and produces an heterogeneous response in the return on assets, depending on the agent's status.‎
3. In the River They Swim: Essays from around the World on Enterprise Solutions to Poverty
Edited by Michael Fairbanks, Malik Fal, Marcela Escobari-Rose, and Elizabeth Hooper
Templeton Press, 2009*‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In the era of total global competition for scarce resources, where ethnic groups are at war and the rich are getting richer, where values are being tested and transformed faster than we may reflect upon them, enterprise and technology solutions to poverty represent, perhaps, the best hope for poor nations.
In the River They Swim gathers a unique mix of participants who reflect on their experiences in the struggle to close the global development gap. From the fresh perspective of advisors on the frontlines of development to the insight of leaders like President Paul Kagame of Rwanda and Pastor Rick Warren, In the River They Swim tells the story of change in the microcosms of emerging businesses, industries, and governments.
These authors demonstrate that eradicating poverty will not be achieved by sentimentality or a generic list of policy measures. The answers, we learn, are to be found in a heretical mix of history, economic theory, business strategy and practice, culture, leadership, and the most precious of human activities, integrative thinking.
There is a personal nature to the authors' efforts that rigorous analysis alone cannot convey. Essays allow the authors to become the crucibles in which their own experiences are tested, and provide the freedom to explore a learning process that is iterative, messy, and sometimes deeply introspective.
4. Female Labor Force Participation
International Labor Office, Lin Lean Lim
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract One of the most striking phenomena of recent times has been the extent to which women have increased their share of the labour force; the increasing participation of women in paid work has been driving employment trends and the gender gaps in labour force participation rates have been shrinking. Especially in the 1980s and early 1990s, labour force growth was substantially higher for women than for men for every region of the world except Africa. In the developed industrialized countries, increasing female labour force participation has been linked to the completion of the fertility transition. In many developing countries, however, fertility decline has been slow or stalled.‎
5. Mapeamento institucional e de medidas de política com impacto sobre a inovaçao produtiva e a diversificaçao das exportações
Pacheco, Carlos Américo; Corder, Solange, 2009‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Este artigo procura fazer faz uma avaliação da experiência brasileira de promoção da inovação e do estímulo ao comercio exterior. As hipóteses a serem testadas, propostas no Termo de Referencia desse trabalho, são de que: 
• existe desde a segunda metade da década de 1960 uma estrutura expressiva de agências de fomento e incentivos às exportações, que embora tenham variado no tempo permanecem em destaque em comparação com outras economias da região; 
• da mesma forma, e com oscilações talvez menos pronunciadas, existe uma estrutura de destaque para a promoção da inovação; 
• o grau de interação entre essas duas estruturas é escasso; 
• em parte essa baixa interação se explica pelo peso relativo dos produtos industrializados na pauta exportadora e pelos graus de liberdade limitados segundo as normas da OMC. 
6. Moving Out of Poverty: Success from the Ground Up
Deepa Narayan, Lant Pritchett and Soumya Kapoor* ‎
2009, Palgrave and World Bank
‎-Existe una version en video
‎	Overview: Link
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
7. OECD imports: diversification of suppliers and quality search
   World Bank, 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper explores the evolution of OECD imports over time, measuring their concentration across origin countries at the product level. The authors find evidence of diversification followed, in the very last years of the sample period (post-2000), by a slight re-concentration. This re-concentration is entirely explained by the growing importance of Chinese products in OECD imports. They also find evidence of relatively more volatile concentration levels for goods with high quality heterogeneity, with temporary phases of re-concentration on goods with higher unit values. Both findings are consistent with a simple model of adverse selection and quality screening by OECD buyers predicting that diversification happens by "bouts" rather than continuously, with temporary re-concentration on higher-quality suppliers.
7. Other People's Money: Debt Denomination and Financial Instability in Emerging Market Economies
Edited by Barry Eichengreen, Ricardo Hausmann, 2005, University of Chicago Press*‎
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Recent crises in emerging markets have been heavily driven by balance-sheet or net-worth effects. Episodes in countries as far-flung as Indonesia and Argentina have shown that exchange rate adjustments that would normally help to restore balance can be destabilizing, even catastrophic, for countries whose debts are denominated in foreign currencies. Many economists instinctually assume that developing countries allow their foreign debts to be denominated in dollars, yen, or euros because they simply don't know better." "Presenting evidence that even emerging markets with strong policies and institutions experience this problem, Other People's Money recognizes that the situation must be attributed to more than ignorance. Instead, the contributors suggest that the problem is linked to the operation of international financial markets that prevent countries from borrowing in their own currencies. A comprehensive analysis of the sources of this problem and its consequences, Other People's Money takes the study one step further by proposing a solution that would involve having the World Bank and regional development banks themselves borrow and lend in emerging market currencies." "Painstakingly researched, this volume combines case studies, mathematical analysis, historical analysis, and public policy to provide students, economists, policymakers, and others with a state-of-the-art overview of the debt denomination problem and its potential solutions.‎
8. Performance Pay and Productivity
   American Economic Review, Lazear, Edward, P.*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Much of the theory in personnel economics relates to effects of monetary incentives on output, but the theory was untested because appropriate data were unavailable. A new data set for the Safelite Glass Corporation tests the predictions that average productivity will rise, the firm will attract a more able workforce, and variance in output across individuals at the firm will rise when it shifts to piece rates. In Safelite, productivity effects amount to a 44-percent increase in output per worker. This firm apparently had selected a suboptimal compensation system, as profits also increased with the change.
9. Productivity Growth in World Agricutlure: Sources and Constraints
Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vernon W. Ruttan, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract During the last half-century, advances in crop production came from expansion in areas irrigated from more intensive application of fertilizers and crop protection chemicals, and from crop varieties that were more responsive to technical inputs and management. Advances in animal production came from genetic improvements and advances in animal nutrition. Differences among developed and developing countries in output per hectare and per worker have widened. If these gaps are to be narrowed agricultural research capacity in developing countries will have to be substantially strengthened.
10. R&D Investment, Exporting, and Productivity Dynamics
American Economic Review, Bee Yan Aw, Mark J. Roberts and Daniel Yi Xu, 2011*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper estimates a dynamic structural model of a producer's decision to invest in R&D and export, allowing both choices to endogenously affect the future path of productivity. Using plant-level data for the Taiwanese electronics industry, both activities are found to have a positive effect on the plant's future productivity. This in turn drives more plants to self-select into both activities, contributing to further productivity gains. Simulations of an expansion of the export market are shown to increase both exporting and R&D investment and generate a gradual within-plant productivity improvement.
11. Real Business Cycles in Emerging Countries?
American Economic Review, Javier García-Cicco, Roberto Pancrazi and Martín Uribe, 2010*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract We use more than a century of Argentine and Mexican data to estimate the structural parameters of a small-open-economy real-business-cycle model driven by nonstationary productivity shocks. We find that the RBC model does a poor job of explaining business cycles in emerging countries. We then estimate an augmented model that incorporates shocks to the country premium and financial frictions. We find that the estimated financial-friction model provides a remarkably good account of business cycles in emerging markets and, importantly, assigns a negligible role to nonstationary productivity shocks.
12. Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation
American Economic Review, Christopher A. Parsons, Johan Sulaeman, Michael C. Yates and Daniel S. Hamermesh, 2011* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences when they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g., fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct and indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward. The results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups' behavior generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted for in generating measures of wage discrimination.
13. The Economics of Growth
Phillipe Aghion, Peter Howitt, MIT Pess, 2009*‎
Worldcat: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract This comprehensive introduction to economic growth presents the main facts and puzzles about growth, proposes simple methods and models needed to explain these facts, acquaints the reader with the most recent theoretical and empirical developments, and provides tools with which to analyze policy design. The treatment of growth theory is fully accessible to students with a background no more advanced than elementary calculus and probability theory; the reader need not master all the subtleties of dynamic programming and stochastic processes to learn what is essential about such issues as cross-country convergence, the effects of financial development on growth, and the consequences of globalization. The book, which grew out of courses taught by the authors at Harvard and Brown universities, can be used both by advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and as a reference for professional economists in government or international financial organizations.
The Economics of Growth first presents the main growth paradigms: the neoclassical model, the AK model, Romer's product variety model, and the Schumpeterian model. The text then builds on the main paradigms to shed light on the dynamic process of growth and development, discussing such topics as club convergence, directed technical change, the transition from Malthusian stagnation to sustained growth, general purpose technologies, and the recent debate over institutions versus human capital as the primary factor in cross-country income differences. Finally, the book focuses on growth policies-analyzing the effects of liberalizing market competition and entry, education policy, trade liberalization, environmental and resource constraints, and stabilization policy-and the methodology of growth policy design.
All chapters include literature reviews and problem sets. An appendix covers basic concepts of econometrics.
14. The private sector in agricultural research systems: Will it fill the gap?  ‎
World Development, The World Bank, Carl E. Pray and Dina Umali-Deininger*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract This article examines whether the private sector can fill the gap of declining public research in developing countries. Economic theory suggests private for-profit research will focus on areas where returns to research are appropriable and reasonable profits are generated. Actual private for-profit research activities concentrate on countries and industries with large markets, appropriable returns, strong science infrastructure, and favorable government policies. Governments and donors can promote private research by easing constraints to private entry and operations. But, if governments stop funding research on public goods and technologies with limited market potential, the private sector is unlikely to fill the gap completely.
15. Trade openness reduces growth volatility
World Bank, Haddad, Mona E.; Lim, Jamus Jerome; Saborowski, Christian, 2010
    Tags: 
Abstract This paper assesses the global economic implications of the proposed strict documentation requirements on traded shipments of potentially genetically modified (GM) commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. More specifically, we evaluate the trade diversion, price, and welfare effects of requiring all shipments to bear a list of specific GM events (the does contain rule) in the maize and soybean sectors. Using a spatial equilibrium model with 80 maize- and 53 soybean-trading countries, we show that information requirements would have a significant effect on the world market for maize and soybeans. But they would have even greater effects on trade, creating significant trade distortion that diverts exports from their original destination.
16. Trade policies, investment climate, and exports
  World Bank, Murat Seker, 2011
    Tags: 
   Abstract There is a large body of research that explores international trade as a source of the dispersion in income levels and growth performances across countries. The trade liberalization policies undertaken between 1950 and 2006 led to an almost 30 fold growth in the volume of international trade. However this increase has not been homogeneous across countries. This study investigates a possible reason that prevents convergence of countries in export performance. It shows that regulatory quality, customs efficiency, quality of infrastructure, and access to finance among other factors increase export performance. Furthermore, it shows that countries that are relatively more constrained in accessing to foreign markets benefit more from improvements in investment climate than the countries with easier foreign market access. Hence attaining a favorable investment climate for private sector development should be an important policy objective for relatively closed economies to achieve convergence in export volumes with countries that have more liberal trade policies.‎
17. Tropical Underinvestment
Harvard CID Working Paper, Jeffrey Sachs, 2000
    Tags: 
Abstract Most recent cross-country analyses of economic growth have neglected physical geography as a determinant of economic growth. This paper reviews the distinctive development challenges faced by economies situated in tropical climates. Using geographic information system (GIS) mapping, the paper presents evidence that production technology in the tropics has lagged behind temperate zone technology in the two critical areas of agriculture and health, and this in turn opened a substantial income gap between climate zones. The difficulty of mobilizing energy resources in tropical economies is emphasized as another significant contributor to the income gap. These factors have been amplified by geopolitical power imbalances and by the difficulty of applying temperate-zone technological advances in the tropical setting. The income gap has also been amplified because poor public health and weak agricultural technology in the tropics have combined to slow the demographic transition from high fertility and mortality rates to low fertility and mortality rates. The analysis suggests that economic development in tropical ecozones would benefit from a concerted international effort to develop health and agricultural technologies specific to the needs of the tropical economies.
18. Tropical and diversification products : strategic options for developing countries
Santiago Perry, Geneva ICTSD, 2008
    Tags: 
Abstract The purpose of this Issue Paper (No. 11) by Santiago Perry is to identify options for liberalising trade in tropical and diversification products. The paper seeks to balance the position of a group of Latin American countries that are seeking fullest liberalisation of trade in tropical and diversification products under the World Trade Organization (WTO) with that of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries that have expressed their concerns that a multilateral elimination of tariffs might result in their loss of preferential access to the markets of developed countries. A possible methodology to help developing countries identify the tropical and diversification products of major interest to national development is proposed.‎
19. Tropics, Gems, and Crops
Center for Global Development, William Easterly and Ross Levine, 2002
    Tags: 
Abstract Does economic development depend on geographic endowments like temperate instead of tropical location, the ecological conditions shaping diseases, or an environment good for grains or certain cash crops? Or do these endowments of tropics, germs, and crops affect economic development only through institutions or policies? We test the endowment, institution, and policy views against each other using cross country evidence. We find evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect development through institutions. We find no evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect country incomes directly other than through institutions, nor do we find any effect of policies on development once we control for institutions.
20. Winning in Emerging Markets: A Road Map for Strategy and Execution
Tarun Khanna, Krishna G. Palepu, 2010, Harvard Business Press*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract The best way to select emerging markets to exploit is to evaluate their size or growth potential, right? Not according to Krishna Palepu and Tarun Khanna. In Winning in Emerging Markets, these leading scholars on the subject present a decidedly different framework for making this crucial choice. The authors argue that the primary exploitable characteristic of emerging markets is the lack of institutions (credit-card systems, intellectual-property adjudication, data research firms) that facilitate efficient business operations. While such "institutional voids" present challenges, they also provide major opportunities--for multinationals and local contenders. Palepu and Khanna provide a playbook for assessing emerging markets' potential and for crafting strategies for succeeding in those markets. They explain how to: Spot institutional voids in developing economies, including in product, labor, and capital markets, as well as social and political systems. Identify opportunities to fill those voids; for example, by building or improving market institutions yourself. Exploit those opportunities through a rigorous five-phase process, including studying the market over time and acquiring new capabilities. Packed with vivid examples and practical toolkits, Winning in Emerging Markets is a crucial resource for any company seeking to define and execute business strategy in developing economies.‎



Seguridad Social

1. Complementary and private pensions throughout the world 2008 
    Paris :Geneva : OECD ; ISSA ; Paris : International Organisation of Pension Supervisors, 2008*‎
   Worldcat: Link 
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Complementary and Private Pensions throughout the World 2008 highlights the increasingly important role that complementary and private pension schemes play in national social protection systems and in providing for an adequate income in retirement. ‎
Covering in-depth information on the regulation and supervision of voluntary and mandatory occupational pension plans as well as mandatory private pension schemes in 58 countries and territories, Complementary and Private Pensions throughout the World 2008 constitutes a unique reference guide for
- policy makers;
- pension regulators, supervisors and practitioners
- pension fund, human resources and insurance professionals;
- employee benefits consultants and financial advisors;
- academics and other specialists in the areas of economics, law, finance, actuarial science, and social protection.
Complementary and Private Pensions throughout the World 2008 is the product of the cooperative efforts of three key international bodies in the area of pensions: the International Social Security Association (ISSA), the International Organisation of Pension Supervisors (IOPS) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
2. Development and welfare in the presence of an urban informal sector: a three-sector general equilibrium approach
The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, Ajitava Raychaudhuri & Sandip Chatterjee 1997*
    Tags: 
   Abstract Existing theoretical models on the urban informal sector (UIS) are extensions of the Harris-Todaro (H-T) framework of rural-urban migration. Thus the models are partial equilibrium in nature stressing the supply-side adjustments; and policy ranking is guided by an SWF which is solely based on greater resource utilization in terms of unemployment reduction. The present paper allows UIS development to be spontaneous, unlike most H-T-type models. The model also emphasizes that general equilibrium modelling highlights the importance of demand-side adjustments along with supply-side; and that policy ranking should try to admit the hazardous aspect of UIS which might be independent of the unemployment problem in the economy and as such makes the H-T-type model conclusions ambiguous.
3. Intergenerational Risk-Sharing via Social Security when Financial  Markets are Incomplete
American Economic Review, Dirk Krueger, Felix Kubler, 2002*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Academic research on the role of social security for intergenerational risk-sharing in models with aggregate uncertainty remains limited. In this article, the authors argue that the assumption of complete financial markets is the one crucial assumption underlying the limitations of the research. They attempt to show, via a numerical example, that when these markets are incomplete the introduction of social security into the competitive economy can lead to a welfare-improving consumption allocation in the Pareto sense. They also argue that in a realistically calibrated closed economy with production the risk-sharing benefits of an unfunded social-security system tend to be dominated by its negative effects on capital accumulation and hence mean aggregate consumption. They conclude that future research must show whether the same qualitative conclusions apply in an economy where social security also provides partial insurance against intragenerational idiosyncratic income and lifetime uncertainty.
4. La maternidad en el trabajo
Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2010 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract En el presente informe se examinan las disposiciones legislativas nacionales que rigen la protección de la maternidad en 167 Estados Miembros, poniendo especial énfasis en la manera en que las disposiciones de los países se ajustan al Convenio sobre la protección de la maternidad, 2000 (núm. 183) y la Recomendación (núm. 191) que le acompaña. El estudio concluyó que la totalidad de los 167 Estados Miembros cuentan con legislación en materia de protección de la maternidad, no habiéndose detectado aún ningún Estado Miembro que carezca de ella.
Una parte del estudio abarca tres aspectos centrales de las disposiciones en materia de licencia de maternidad: la duración, la prestación que se remunera y la fuente de financiación (ver Anexo I). En ella se comparan las disposiciones jurídicas vigentes en 167 Estados Miembros de la OIT con las normas más recientes de la Organización, tanto por separado como englobadas por región. Esta evaluación indica, con las limitaciones de los datos disponibles, que el 30 por ciento del conjunto de los Estados Miembros satisface plenamente las prescripciones del Convenio núm. 183 en sus tres aspectos: contemplan un mínimo de 14 semanas de licencia, retribuidas al menos dos tercios de las ganancias anteriores, y costeadas con cargo a la seguridad social, a fondos públicos o de la manera que determine la legislación y la práctica nacionales cuando no es el empleador el único responsable del pago. Las regiones que tienen la proporción más elevada de países que están en conformidad con estos aspectos del Convenio son Asia Central y Europa, mientras que esa conformidad es especialmente baja en Asia y el Pacífico y en Oriente Medio.
Analizando por separado las disposiciones esenciales del Convenio núm. 183 sobre la duración de la licencia, la cuantía de la remuneración y la fuente de financiación, la proporción de países que satisfacen las normas varía según la disposición de que se trate. La mitad de los países estudiados en 2009 proporcionan al menos 14 semanas de licencia. Con respecto al pago de las prestaciones pecuniarias durante la licencia, el 42 por ciento de los países alcanza la norma de dos tercios como mínimo de las ganancias durante al menos 14 semanas. Una pequeña minoría de países no prevé prestaciones pecuniarias durante la licencia de maternidad.
5. Normas para el siglo XXI: Seguridad Social
Matilde Humbelt y Roslinda Silva, Organizacion Internacional del Trabajo, 2002 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract La OIT siempre ha dado una gran importancia a la seguridad social de conformidad con el mandato que le confiere su Constitución, que consiste, entre otras cosas, en mejorar las condiciones del trabajo a través de "la lucha contra el desempleo,...la protección del trabajador contra las enfermedades, sean o no profesionales, y contra los accidentes de trabajo,... las pensiones de vejez e invalidez". Desde su primera reunión, que tuvo lugar en 1919, la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo ha adoptado 31 convenios y 23 recomendaciones sobre seguridad social. Como veremos, se considera que sólo algunas de estas normas están actualizadas y deben ser objeto de actividades de promoción por parte de la OIT. Las normas más recientes en este ámbito fueron adoptadas en junio de 2000 y tratan de la protección de la maternidad.  En general, el conjunto de estos instrumentos se divide en tres "generaciones" de normas, que corresponden a acercamientos distintos.
Las normas de la primera generación se basaban principalmente en el concepto de seguro social. Estas normas sólo se aplicaban a ciertas categorías de trabajadores y no al conjunto de la población. Cada uno de los instrumentos cubría un riesgo específico; además, para ciertos riesgos, se adoptaron instrumentos distintos para diferentes sectores de actividad (industria y agricultura, entre otros).
Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las normas de la segunda generación se inspiraron en el concepto más general de seguridad social desarrollado en el Informe Beveridge1. La Declaración de Filadelfia, adoptada en 1944, redefinió los objetivos de la OIT, incluyendo la extensión de las medidas de seguridad social con vistas a garantizar unos ingresos básicos a todos los que necesitan dicha protección, así como asistencia médica completa. Esta concepción inspiró asimismo a la Conferencia cuando adoptó el Convenio (núm. 102) sobre la seguridad social (norma mínima), 1952. Como su título indica, este Convenio prevé un nivel mínimo de prestaciones para cada una de las nueve ramas de seguridad social que cubre. Teniendo en cuenta las cláusulas de flexibilidad del Convenio núm. 102, este nivel mínimo constituye un objetivo que los 175 Estados Miembros de la OIT deberían alcanzar - o en el caso de ciertos Estados superar - sea cual sea su nivel de desarrollo económico.
Los instrumentos adoptados posteriormente constituyen las normas de la tercera generación. Están redactados siguiendo el modelo del Convenio núm. 102, aunque ofrecen una protección superior en términos de población cubierta y de nivel de prestaciones.  Es importante hacer hincapié en que las normas de la OIT sobre seguridad social han tenido una importante repercusión fuera de la Organización. Por ejemplo, la Carta Social Europea dispone que las partes contratantes se comprometan a mantener un nivel de protección al menos igual al requerido para la ratificación del Convenio núm. 102. Además, el Código Europeo de Seguridad Social, adoptado bajo los auspicios del Consejo de Europa con la colaboración de la OIT, retoma las disposiciones substantivas del Convenio núm. 102, a excepción de las relativas a la igualdad de trato.
6. Political Determinants of Social Policy Allocations in Latin America
   Cambridge Journals, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Carl Stone, 1975**‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Certain analysts have argued in support of liberal democratic rule that this method of structuring political power through parliaments, mass political parties and specialized interest groups is both responsive to mass needs and imbued with high capabilities for public welfare and resource redistribution. Critics of this view contend that liberal democratic government merely provides a facade of mass legitimacy that obscures and masks the control of public policy and decision making by privileged and affluent classes that own or control the means of production. This paper attempts to examine these conflicting views on the policy responsiveness of liberal-democratic rule to mass welfare needs in the context of the mainly capitalist societies of Latin America.
7. Puesta en practica de los programas de trabajo decente por pais: lista de comprobacion de las areas de politica relativas a la proteccion social
  Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract El objeto del presente documento es explicar cuáles son las principales herramientas con que cuenta la Oficina para apoyar la integración de las metas y políticas relativas a la protección social en los programas de trabajo decente por país. En él también se:
establece la visión estratégica de la labor del Sector de Protección Social;
resumen las principales áreas de política cubiertas en los objetivos de la protección social;
destaca la naturaleza interrelacionada del conjunto de las políticas relativas a la protección social en una perspectiva de ciclo de vida, y
demuestra la importante contribución de la protección social en las estrategias de trabajo decente y en el desarrollo nacional e internacional en un mundo globalizado.‎
8. Reexamining the link between gender and corruption: the role of social institutions
Boris Branisa (University of Mannheim & University of Goettingen)*, Maria Ziegler (University of Mannheim and Deutsches Institut fur Entwicklungspolitik), 2011‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract In this paper we reexamine the link between gender inequality and corruption.  We review the literature on the relationship between representation of women in economic and political life, democracy and corruption, and bring in a new previously omitted variable that captures the level of discrimination against women in a society: social institutions related to gender inequality.  Using a sample of developing countries we regress corruption on the representation of women, democracy and other control variables. Then we add the subindex civil liberties from the OECD Gender, Institutions and Development Database as the measure of social institutions related to gender inequality. The results show that corruption is higher in countries where social institutions deprive women of their freedom to participate in social life, even accounting for democracy and representation of women in political and economic life as well as for other variables. Our findings suggest that, in a context where social values disadvantage women, it might not be enough to push democratic reforms and to increase the participation of women to reduce corruption.‎
9. Shifts in public-private provision of retirement income
  Research on Aging, Brian Gran, 2008*
    Tags: 
   Abstract In the midst of governmental budget battles in the late 20th century, many countries' public pension programs faced challenges. In some countries, private provision grew in importance, but shifts from public to private retirement income did not automatically occur. The author examined retirement income programs in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, and New Zealand from 1980 to 1995 to evaluate the components of pension programs, both public and private, that were or were not protected from cutbacks. The author explores ways in which the public sector cooperates with the nonpublic sectors to form retirement income policy in these four countries. He then evaluates the explanatory frameworks scholars use to study social policy change by examining parts of pension programs that were maintained and those that were reduced. The author suggests that some factors take on greater explanatory importance for the diminution and durability of pension programs when both public and private pension programs are considered. 
10. The Wage Gap and Public Support for Social Security
American Economic Review, Assaf Razin, Efraim Sadka and Phillip Swagel, 2002*‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
11. Trabajo decente y proteccion social
  Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2003 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Afirmar que la globalización ha producido transformaciones sustantivas en las relaciones laborales es un hecho que no precisa de grandes medios de prueba. Si se analiza lo que ha acontecido en el ámbito del trabajo se encontrará que hay un conjunto de temas recurrentes que se reiteran en los diagnósticos sobre lo laboral en los debates sobre las tendencias de los cambios productivos, en las preguntas relevantes sobre el empleo y en las condiciones de trabajo y, particularmente, en las tensiones por las que atraviesan los actores de la relación laboral, tanto desde la perspectiva de las empresas como desde la de los trabajadores.‎
12. Travelling the distance: a GPS-based study of the access to birth registration services in Latin America
  Inter-American Development Bank, Ana Corbacho, Rene Osorio, 2011
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
   Abstract Birth registration is essential to guarantee a child's right to an identity. Without proper documentation on their identity, children have limited access to health, education, and social assistance, laying the foundation for lifelong exclusion. Geographic distance to registration facilities is often cited as a significant barrier in qualitative surveys. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) data, this article quantifies the impact of distance on birth registration in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic and Peru. Instrumental variable estimates suggest that an increase in distance of 17 km (the mean) from the household to a registry office is associated with an 81 percent increase in the probability of not registering a child's birth in Bolivia, while in the Dominican Republic an increase of 5 km (the mean) increases the probability of not registering by 47 percent. These effects are as important or more than other socioeconomic characteristics that also affect birth registration, such as mother's education and birth delivery in a health center.  In Peru, distance did not appear to be statistically significant, in line with both the lowest percentage of unregistered births and the most even geographic distribution of access to civil registries among the three countries considered.‎



Migracion

1. Boom Towns and Ghost Countries: Geography, Agglomeration, and Population Mobility
Center for Global Development, Lant Pritchett, 2004
    Tags: 
Abstract Ghost towns dot the West of the United States. These cities boomed for a period and then, for various reasons, fell into a process of decline and have shrunk to a small fraction of their former population. Are there ghost countries-countries that, if there were population mobility, would only have a very small fraction of their current population? This paper carries out four empirical illustrations of the potential magnitude of the "ghost country" problem by showing that the "desired population" of any given geographic region varies substantially. First, the variance of growth rates of populations due to mobility across regions of the same country is often twice large as the variance across all developing countries in the world. While the variance of per capita output or income growth is much smaller. The ratio of the variance of the growth of population to the variance of the growth of output per head across regions within countries is 4 to 14 times as large as the same ratio across developing countries. Second, using county level data I construct "ghost regions" of the United States -contiguous collections of counties that are the size of many countries and have only a third the population they would have had without out-migration. Third, I compare the historical evolution of labor force and real wages of Ireland in the nineteenth century to the response of labor force and wages (or output per head) to negative shocks when labor mobility is restricted. Fourth, I calculate the changes in the labor force that would restore GDP per capita to its previous peak. All of these calculations suggest that even with thorough going "globalization" -the free mobility of goods and capital- and complete "policy reform" -common economic institutions and policies- there will remain substantial pressures for labor mobility. This also implies there will be both boom towns and ghost countries.
2. Controlling a new migration world  
    London ; New York : Routledge, 2001*‎
    Worldcat: Link
    Look Inside: Link
    Tags: 
Abstract Controlling a New Migration World explores the factors that drive recent migration control policies and, in turn, sheds light on the unintended consequences of policies for the new character of migration. This book asks how we can account for the immigration policies More...of liberal states. Is the recent linkage between migration and security a rhetorical invention of elites or a reflection of changing migrant profiles? Are states' control policies effectively containing or only redirecting unwanted migration flows? This increasingly relevant issue will be of great use to anyone working in comparative politics, sociology and studying ethnicity or international migration, as well as professionals working in the migrant/asylum and public law fields.
3. Emigration and Democracy
Frédéric Docquier, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Hillel Rapoport and Maurice Schiff, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 217, January 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract Migration is an important and yet neglected determinant of institutions. The paper documents the channels through which emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. We find that emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries in the short run and for many countries in the long run once incentive effects of emigration on human capital formation are accounted for.‎
4. Evaluating the Economic Impact of International Remittances on Developing Countries Using Household Surveys: A Literature Review
Journal of Development Studies, Richard H. Adams, 2010
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This literature review covers 50 recent empirical studies of the economic impact of international remittances on the developing world that are based on household survey data. It begins by reviewing the considerable methodological problems confronting economic work on international remittances, and then examines the strengths and weaknesses of various economic studies of the impact of remittances in the developing world on such outcomes as: poverty and inequality, health and education, investment and savings, labour supply and participation, and economic growth. It finds that while international remittances generally have a positive impact on poverty and health in the developing world, remittances can have negative effects on labour supply, education and economic growth.‎
5. En busqueda de trabajo: migración internacional de las mujeres latinoamericanas y caribeñas
Silke Staab, CEPAL, 2003 *****bibl ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Esta bibliografía seleccionada sobre migración de las mujeres de América Latina y el Caribe por motivos de trabajo forma parte de las actividades del Proyecto CEPAL/GTZ "Políticas laborales con enfoque de género", cuyo objetivo principal es fomentar la implementación de medidas a favor de la equidad de género en las políticas de empleo y de mercado de trabajo.  En las últimas décadas, la región ha presenciado la emigración de un gran número de su población hacia los países con mayor desarrollo económico. Más recientemente, han surgido corrientes de migración intrarregional, las que, a partir del decenio de 1980, se han caracterizado por un creciente predominio femenino. 
La presente bibliografía seleccionada sobre migración laboral internacional de las mujeres de la región se centra en el mercado de trabajo, uno de los ámbitos en los que se visualiza con nitidez la desigualdad y la discriminación que las afecta. Entre los rasgos e implicaciones particulares que distinguen la migración femenina de la masculina, se destacan su segregación ocupacional en empleos precarios y con alto riesgo de explotación, como la prostitución y el servicio doméstico, así como su mayor vulnerabilidad durante el proceso de traslado, particularmente si se trata de tráfico de personas.  La creciente feminización de los procesos migratorios y los desafíos políticos para los países de destino y de origen que de ellos resultan, hacen imprescindible un análisis de género, así como su consideración en las políticas públicas.
Esta bibliografía pretende sistematizar la información disponible sobre el tema y facilitar el acceso a ella. La selección de los documentos, su sistematización y análisis muestran el estado actual de la literatura, sus contribuciones y los temas de interés; pero también señala los vacíos y los desafíos para investigaciones futuras y, fundamentalmente, para la adopción de políticas públicas que respeten los derechos de las migrantes. Para su mejor consulta, se anexan tres índices: alfabético de autores, temático y geográfico. De manera complementaria, se adjuntan tres listados que permiten acceder a nuevas fuentes de información sobre acuerdos internacionales de referencia, principales instrumentos nacionales y sitios web de interés.‎
6. Globalization, Brain Drain and Development
Frederic Docquier and Hillel Rapoport, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 219, March 2011‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the recent exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's IT sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context.
7. Globalization for Development: trade, finance, aid, migration, and policy
World Bank, Ian Goldin, Kenneth Reinert, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Globalization has been taking place for centuries, moving from the colonization of the inhabited parts of the world to the appearance of nations, from conquests to independent countries, from sailboats and caravans to steamboats, truck fleets and cargo planes, from trade in a few commodities to global production and distribution networks and to the present explosion of international flows of services, capital, and information. This book also helps to shatter a false dichotomy that holds that policies that favor the poor cannot be pro-market. There is an enormous set of pro-poor and pro-market policies that allow for more equal market competition among and within countries, and that ask that policy take account of externalities as much as possible. The sheer size of today's global economy is a testament to the speed of change: in 2005, world economic output total US$35 trillion an amount likely to double by 2030, assuming modest continued growth. In this book the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to key aspects of globalization trade, finance, aid, and migration, and their complex linkages with poverty and development. This book also helps to shatter a false dichotomy that holds that policies that favor the poor cannot be pro-market. There is an enormous set of pro-poor and pro-market policies that allow for more equal market competition among and within countries, and that ask that policy take account of externalities as much as possible.‎
8. Immigration and Inequality
American Economic Review, David Card, 2009* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Immigration is often viewed as a proximate cause of the rising wage gap between high- and low-skilled workers. Nevertheless, there is controversy over the appropriate framework for measuring the presumed effect, and over the magnitudes involved. This paper offers an overview and synthesis of existing knowledge on the relationship between immigration and inequality, focusing on evidence from cross-city comparisons in the U.S. Although some researchers have argued that a cross-city research design is inherently flawed, I show that evidence from cross-city comparisons is remarkably consistent with recent findings from aggregate time series data. Both designs provide support for three key conclusions: (1) workers with below high school education are perfect substitutes for those with a high school education; (2) "high school equivalent" and "college equivalent" workers are imperfect substitutes; (3) within education groups, immigrants and natives are imperfect substitutes. Together these results imply that the impacts of recent immigrant inflows on the relative wages of U.S. natives are small. The effects on overall wage inequality (including natives and immigrants) are larger, reflecting the concentration of immigrants in the tails of the skill distribution and higher residual inequality among immigrants than natives. Even so, immigration accounts for a small share (5%) of the increase in U.S. wage inequality between 1980 and 2000.
9. Immigration, Social Security, and Broader Fiscal Impacts
American Economic Review, Ronald Lee and Timothy Miller, 2000*‎
    Tags: 
10. Indicadores Demograficos y Migratortios
Cuadro Estadistico, INE Bolivia ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
11. International Migration and Gender Discrimination among Children Left Behind 
American Economic Review , Antman, Francisca M, 2011* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This paper considers how international migration of the head of household affects the allocation of resources toward boys relative to girls within households remaining in the home country. I address the endogeneity of migration with a differences-in-differences style regression model that compares those households in which migrants have already returned home with those in which migrants are still away. The evidence suggests that while the head of household is away a greater fraction of resources are spent on girls relative to boys, but upon his return, this pattern is reversed.
12. ‎ Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility
Lant Pritchett, 2006
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract In an increasingly liberalized and integrated global economy, with more open capital and goods and services markets, the highly restricted and heavily regulated markets for global labor are an oddity. In this controversial book, CGD non-resident fellow Lant Pritchett examines the potentials and perils of greater cross-border mobility of unskilled labor -- within poor world regions and between poor and rich countries. Pritchett argues that irresistible demographic forces for greater international labor mobility are being checked by immovable anti-immigration ideas of rich-country citizens. He highlights the difficult political and ethical issues that the movement of people across national borders presents to the current system and proposes breaking the gridlock through policies that support development while also being politically acceptable in rich countries. These include greater use of temporary worker permits, permit rationing, reliance on bilateral rather than multilateral agreements, and protection of migrants' fundamental human rights. Pritchett's discussion of ways to break the deadlock is a provocative contribution to the growing debate on one of the most important and difficult issues of the 21st century.
supported. However, many open issues remain.
13. Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Patricia Cortes and Jose Tessada, 2011* ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services.
14. Migration, FDI and the Margins of Trade
Maurice Kugler and Hillel Rapoport, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 222, June 2011
    Tags: 
Abstract Standard neoclassical trade theory models trade, migration and FDI as substitutes in the sense that factor movements reduce the scope for trade and vice versa. This neglects the potential for migration to favor trade and FDI through a reduction in bilateral transaction costs, as emphasized by recent literature on migration and diaspora networks. This paper investigates the relationships between trade, migration and FDI in a context of firms' heterogeneity. We first present a model of exports and FDI-sales by heterogeneous firms where a (migration-induced) reduction in the fixed costs of setting up either an export or a production facility abroad results in an increase in trade (under certain conditions), FDI-sales and most importantly in the FDI-sales to trade ratio. We then test these predictions in a gravity framework using recent bilateral data on migration, trade and FDI. We find that migration - and especially skilled migration -- positively affects trade and FDI (at both the extensive and intensive margins), and more so for the latter, resulting in an increase in the FDI to trade ratio, as predicted by our model.
15. Migration, Remittances, and Male and Female Employment Patterns
American Economic Review, Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes and Susan Pozo, 2006*‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
16. Mujeres migrantes latinoamericanas en Alemania: entre las fronteras nacionales, de genero, étnicas y raciales
Berenice Hernandez, FU-Berlin ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract El siguiente análisis tiene dos objetivos principales.  El primero es ubicar la participación de mujeres migrantes del "Tercer mundo" como agentes sociales y políticas en la diversidad de procesos sociales migratorios en épocas de globalización, en contraposición con la imagen de migrantes indirectas, promovida por algunos estudios de migración. Un segundo, es mostrar el cómo éstas -en su calidad de "mujeres/extranjeras/tercermundistas"- son expuestas a situaciones de discriminación y estigmatización social en un orden jerárquico global, definido por fronteras nacionales, de género, etnicistas, y raciales. Ofreciendo como ejemplo el estudio de caso de los procesos de migración de mujeres latinoamericanas a Alemania.
17. People Flows in Globalization
Journal of Economic Perspectives, Richard B. Freeman, 2006
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The policy debate over globalization in the past decade has largely bypassed the international mobility of labor. Restrict trade and cries of protectionism resound. Suggest linking labor standards to trade and it's protectionism in disguise. Limit capital flows and the International Monetary Fund is on your back. But restrict people flows? That's just an accepted exercise of national sovereignty! During the last few decades, when most countries reduced barriers to trade in goods and services and liberalized financial capital markets, most also sought to limit immigration. In this essay, I examine what we know about the causes and consequences of immigration. I argue that people flows are fundamental to creating a global economy and that the interplay among immigration, capital and trade is essential to understanding the way globalization affects economies. I consider ways to reduce barriers to immigration that could improve the well-being of workers around the world.‎
18. Remittances and the Brain Drain Revisited: The microdata show that more educated migrants remit more
Albert Bollard, David McKenzie, Melanie Morten, Hillel Rapoport, Harvard CID Working Paper No. 190, December 2009
    Tags: 
Abstract Two of the most salient trends surrounding the issue of migration and development over the last two decades are the large rise in remittances, and an increased flow of skilled migration. However, recent literature based on cross-country regressions has claimed that more educated migrants remit less, leading to concerns that further increases in skilled migration will hamper remittance growth. We revisit the relationship between education and remitting behavior using microdata from surveys of immigrants in eleven major destination countries. The data show a mixed pattern between education and the likelihood of remitting, and a strong positive relationship between education and the amount remitted conditional on remitting. Combining these intensive and extensive margins gives an overall positive effect of education on the amount remitted. The microdata then allow investigation as to why the more educated remit more. We find the higher income earned by migrants, rather than characteristics of their family situations explains much of the higher remittances.‎
19. Report: Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
Jorge Bustamante, 2011 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract This is the final report submitted to the Human Rights Council by the outgoing Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Jorge Bustamante. In the first, substantive part of the report he recapitulates some of the main thematic issues he has focused on since his nomination, namely irregular migration and criminalization of migrants, protection of children in the migration process and the right to housing and health of migrants. In the second part, he proposes a few themes where he considers further research by the mandate could add value to the protection of the human rights of migrants.  The two themes he considers important for further research and discussion are migration in the context of climate change, and the political participation and civil rights of migrants.
20. Report: UN Comission on Human Rights
Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro, UN. Commission on Human Rights. Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, Geneva : UN, 2004
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract The present report is the fifth to be submitted to the Commission on Human Rights by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Ms. Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro, pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 2004/53.
Chapter I documents the Special Rapporteur's activities during the period under review.  Chapter II reports on progress in the areas of investigation identified by the Special Rapporteur, in her first report to the Commission, as priorities for the mandate, namely (a) racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia directed against immigrants; and (b) migrant women and unaccompanied minors. This chapter also summarizes the working methods settled on by the Special Rapporteur. Chapter III contains her final comments and recommendations.  Addendum 1 to this report summarizes the communications sent by the Special Rapporteur in 2004 and the replies received from the Governments concerned. It also includes the Special Rapporteur's comments on the situations described in the allegations transmitted and statistics on the communications sent by this special public mechanism since 1999. During the period under review, the Special Rapporteur undertook official visits to the Islamic Republic of Iran (22-29 February 2004), Italy (7-18 June) and Peru (20-30 September). The reports on these visits are contained in addenda 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
21. Stolen Lives or Lack of Rights?  Gender, Migration and Trafficking‎.
Tanja Bastia, 2006 ‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Despite an internationally recognized definition of trafficking that encompasses migration and exploitation in any economic sector, research and action on trafficking of adults has largely focused on migrant women working in the sex sector. This narrow focus on women and sex work has enabled a development of a women-centred framework but at the expense of paying due attention to gender issues in trafficking. This article identifies the lack of gender analysis in trafficking as a current lacuna in research and sketches ways in which it can be redressed. Firstly, it argues that trafficking needs to be understood as part of labour migration. Secondly, the analysis addresses the two essential elements encompassed within the concept of trafficking, namely movement and exploitation. Using illustrations from Latin America, the paper identifies social and economic processes that lead to gendered migration as well as those that increase migrant's vulnerability to trafficking. Case study material is used to show that moving away from the victimization of people who have been affected by trafficking towards recognising migrant's agency is a first step in ensuring that human and labour rights of migrant workers, who have been trafficked, are protected.‎
22. Task Specialization, Immigration, and Wages 
Peri, Giovanni, and Chad Sparber. 2009, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics*‎
    Tags: 
Abstract Large inflows of less educated immigrants may reduce wages paid to comparably-educated, native-born workers. However, if less educated foreign- and native-born workers specialize in different production tasks, because of different abilities, immigration will cause natives to reallocate their task supply, thereby reducing downward wage pressure. Using occupational task-intensity data from the O*NET dataset and individual US census data, we demonstrate that foreign-born workers specialize in occupations intensive in manual-physical labor skills while natives pursue jobs more intensive in communication-language tasks. This mechanism can explain why economic analyses find only modest wage consequences of immigration for less educated native-born workers. ‎
23. The Effect of Migration on Wages: Evidence from a Natural Experiment 
American Economic Review, De Silva, Dakshina G., Robert P. McComb, Young-Kyu Moh, Anita R. Schiller, and Andres J. Vargas. 2010*‎
    Tags: 
24. The Effects of Recent Immigration on Racial/Ethnic Labor Market Differentials
American Economic Review, Deborah Reed and Sheldon Danziger, 2007*‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
25. The Labor-Market Impact of High-Skill Immigration
American Economic Review, George J. Borjas, 2005*‎
    Tags: 
26. Trabajadoras y trabajadores migrantes: Hacia una igualdad de derechos y oportunidades
Organización Internacional de Trabajo,  2009‎
    Tags: Gender&Diversity
Abstract Las migraciones internacionales, es decir, el flujo de mujeres y hombres que se desplaza de un pais a otro en busca de oportunidades laborales decentes y de una vida mejor, han estado presentes a lo largo de la historia. Sin embargo, en los labores del siglo XXI, este tema se ha transformado en una de las cuestiones mundiales mas relevantes, y ha ganado un lugar de prioridad en los programas politicos nacionales, regionales e internacionales. Hoy dia, casi todos los paises se ven afectados por las migraciones, ya sea como paises de origen, de transito o de destino y, a menudo, dentro de una combinacion de estas tres modalidades. Las disparidades en cuestion de ingresos y riqueza, oportunidades de trabajo decente, seguridad humana, tendencias demograficas y extension de redes sociales constituyen el motor que impulsa a estas migraciones en el mundo globalizado actual.‎