{"help": "https://data.iadb.org/api/3/action/help_show?name=datastore_search", "success": true, "result": {"include_total": false, "limit": 100, "records_format": "objects", "resource_id": "d7d3eb2c-7d87-4d00-ac8b-df562080dd7b", "total_estimation_threshold": null, "last_id_operator": "gt", "records": [{"_id":1,"id":"cispol_R0001","title":"Street‐Level Drug Law Enforcement: A Meta‐Analytic Review","authors":"Mazerolle, Lorraine; Soole, David W.; Rombouts, Sacha","publication_year":2007,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2007.2","doi":"10.4073/csr.2007.2","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The fight against street‐level drug crime cannot be won by spending more resources on traditional, reactive style police work. Rather, partnerships between the police and other “third parties” should be applied, such that police work cooperatively with third parties to analyse underlying problems, target hotspots and establish cooperative partnerships with e.g. housing associations, local businesses, and government regulators.               The conclusion of this Campbell Systematic Review is based on a comprehensive search of the evaluation literature in the field. The review compares the results of 14 studies of police intervention aimed at drug‐related crime. All of the studies were carried out in the USA, the majority in the early or mid‐1990s. All the studies measure the effect by comparing an intervention group with a control group.                                         ABSTRACT                                Background:                 An atmosphere of ineffectiveness regarding the ability of police to address crime problems in general and street‐level drug problems in particular prevailed in the 1980s. Law enforcement tactics in the 1980s were typically reactive, unfocused and generally failed to disrupt street‐level drug market activity. Development of focused proactive policing strategies during the 1990s, such as problem‐oriented policing and partnerships with third parties, led to a renewed faith in the capacity of the police to efficaciously deal with street‐level drug problems.                                               Objectives:                 To utilize meta‐analytic procedures to assess the relative effectiveness of police‐led drug law enforcement interventions. Specifically, we examined the relative effectiveness of a number of policing approaches, including problem‐oriented policing, community‐wide policing, and hotspots policing compared to the standard, reactive mode of drug law enforcement that dominated police practice until the 1990s.                                               Search Strategy:                 We identified relevant studies using a guided, iterative search process utilizing appropriate keyword searches of major databases from various disciplines. In addition, we hand searched key journals in the law enforcement literature, trawled discipline relevant websites, consulted key researchers, postgraduate students, and criminal justice librarians, and cross‐checked the reference list of each identified study.                                               Selection Criteria:                                    We restricted our meta‐analysis to interventions initiated, managed and/or implemented by the police to reduce or prevent                   illicit                   drug use, drug dealing and associated problems at drug dealing places. We investigated the impact of these interventions on a number of outcome variables, including drug outcomes using drug‐related calls for service and reported offenses, as well as reported offenses and calls for service outcomes for non‐drug specific outcomes such as property crime, violent offences, and disorder. The review imposed no time restrictions (i.e. publication year) and we included unpublished literature (i.e. dissertations, reports, etc) and non‐English language studies. Included studies all needed, at a minimum, a pre‐test/post‐test, comparison group design. Our review included quasi‐experimental designs given the lack of methodologically sound evaluations in this area.                                                                Data Collection & Analysis:                 We used meta‐analytic techniques to investigate the effectiveness of various drug law enforcement approaches on the outcome variables of interest. Specifically, we used the odds ratio to assess pre‐test to post‐test intervention effects, using a random effects model. We analysed separately the effect of drug law enforcement on each of the outcomes of interest.                                               Main Results:                 Our results show that problem‐oriented and community‐wide policing approaches are more effective at reducing drug calls for service and drug incidents than law enforcement approaches that target drug hotspots. We also find that problem‐oriented policing is more effective than community‐wide policing in dealing with both drug‐related and total calls for service. But the simple tactic of geographically focusing law enforcement resources on drug hotspots is a marked improvement over the deployment of “standard” law enforcement tactics (such as preventive patrols) that are geographically unfocused.                 In regards to non‐drug outcomes, community‐wide policing approaches tend to reduce disorder‐related activity more than law enforcement‐only activities that target drug hotspots. Hotspots approaches aimed at disrupting street‐level drug market have a more desirable impact on person (e.g. street assaults) and property crime (motor vehicle theft) outcomes than problem‐oriented or community‐wide policing approaches.                                               Reviewer's Conclusions:                 Our results reveal that geographically targeted problem‐oriented policing interventions, involving cooperative partnerships between police and third parties, tend to be more effective at disrupting street‐level drug markets than policing efforts that involve partnerships but are spread across a community. Yet our results suggest that both problem‐oriented policing and community‐wide partnerships are more effective at disrupting street level drug markets than traditional, law enforcement‐only interventions, whether they are focused on hotspots or not. Our results suggest that rather than simply increasing police presence or intervention (e.g. arrests) at drug hotspots, street‐level drug law enforcement should (1) focus on forging productive partnerships with third parties, (2) target drug hotspots rather than spreading intervention efforts across neighborhoods, and (3) make efforts to alter the underlying criminogenic conditions that exist in places with street‐level drug market problems.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug-related offenses","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de Campbell Collaboration que comparó los resultados de 14 estudios llegó a la conclusión de que esto trabajo policial tradicional resulta ineficaz cuando se aplica a través de un abordaje de tipo reactivo. A la vez, cuando la policía colabora con terceros para analizar los problemas subyacentes, detectar los puntos calientes y establecer asociaciones de cooperación y   alianzas con otras \"terceras partes\" locales, como empresas locales, autoridades gubernamentales y asociaciones habitacionales, la intervención suele tener mejores resultados (reducción de las llamadas y de los incidentes relacionados con las drogas).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":2,"id":"cispol_R0002","title":"Street-level drug law enforcement: An updated systematic review","authors":"Mazerolle, Lorraine; Eggins, Elizabeth; Higginson, Angela","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.379385946414662","doi":"10.52922/ti04640","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Australian Institute of Criminology","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The Global Policing Database is used to update a 2007 systematic review of the impact of street-level law enforcement interventions on drug crime and drug-related calls-for-service. A total of 26 studies (reported in 29 documents) were eligible for this updated review. Eighteen of the 26 studies reported sufficient data to calculate effect sizes. We find that, overall, street-level policing approaches are effective in reducing drug crime, particularly those involving partnerships. We also find that geographically targeted law enforcement interventions are more effective in reducing drug crime than standard, unfocused approaches. Approaches that target larger problem areas for intervention are more effective for reducing drug crime (but not calls-for-service) than approaches that focus on micro problem places.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Canada|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug-related offenses","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis comparó resultados de 26 estudios cuantitativos y encontró que el trabajo policial basado en estrategias proactivas y centrado en puntos de venta de droga en la calle es eficaz para reducir los delitos relacionados con las drogas, pero no hay evidencia de que reduzca las llamadas de servicio. A su vez, el trabajo policial tradicional, de tipo reactivo, es menos eficaz para los delitos relacionados con la venta de drogas y nada eficaz para reducir las llamadas de servicio. En contraste, el policiamiento orientado por problemas (POP, por sus siglas en inglés), el policiamiento de puntos calientes (HSP, por sus siglas en inglés),o el policiamiento comunitario son eficaces en ambos puntos. En general, las intervenciones geográficamente focalizadas son más efectivas en reducir los delitos de drogas que las intervenciones genéricas. Asimismo, las intervenciones que trabajan en áreas problemáticas más grandes para intervención son más eficaces para reducir los delitos de drogas (pero no las llamadas de servicio) que los enfoques que se centran en micro territorios problemáticos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":3,"id":"cispol_R0003","title":"Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review","authors":"Werb, Dan; Rowell, Greg; Guyatt, Gordon; Kerr, Thomas; Montaner, Julio; Wood, Evan","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395911000223","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.02.002","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"International Journal of Drug Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Violence is amongst the primary concerns of communities around the world and research has demonstrated links between violence and the illicit drug trade, particularly in urban settings. Given the growing emphasis on evidence-based policy-making, and the ongoing severe drug market violence in Mexico and other settings, we conducted a systematic review to examine the impacts of drug law enforcement on drug market violence. We conducted a systematic review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Specifically, we undertook a search of English language electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, Social Service Abstracts, PAIS International and Lexis-Nexis), the Internet (Google, Google Scholar), and article reference lists, from database inception to January 24, 2011. Overall, 15 studies were identified that evaluated the impact of drug law enforcement on drug market violence, including 11 (73%) longitudinal analyses using linear regression, 2 (13%) mathematical drug market models, and 2 (13%) qualitative studies. Fourteen (93%) studies reported an adverse impact of drug law enforcement on levels of violence. Ten of the 11 (91%) studies employing longitudinal qualitative analyses found a significant association between drug law enforcement and drug market violence. Our findings suggest that increasing drug law enforcement is unlikely to reduce drug market violence. Instead, the existing evidence base suggests that gun violence and high homicide rates may be an inevitable consequence of drug prohibition and that disrupting drug markets can paradoxically increase violence. In this context, and since drug prohibition has not meaningfully reduced drug supply, alternative regulatory models will be required if drug supply and drug market violence are to be meaningfully reduced.","region":"East Asia and Pacific|North America","country":"Australia|United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Violence related to alcohol or drugs","outcome2":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype2":"Homicides","outcome3":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug abuse","outcome4":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype4":"Gun violence","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática, que identificó 15 estudios que evaluaron estrategias centradas en el combate del tráfico de drogas en puntos de venta situados en las calles, sugiere que es poco probable que el aumento del policiamiento en aplicación de las leyes sobre drogas reduzca la violencia en el mercado de las drogas. Diez de estos estudios identificaron una fuerte relación entre el aumento de la actividad policial contra el tráfico de drogas y un incremento de la violencia letal debido a la desestabilización entre los distintos grupos de traficantes. En estos estudios no se observó ninguna reducción del consumo de drogas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":4,"id":"cispol_R0004","title":"Project D.A.R.E. Outcome Effectiveness Revisited","authors":"West, Steven L.; O’Neal, Keri K.","publication_year":2004,"url_link":"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.94.6.1027","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.94.6.1027","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Journal of Public Health","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives. We provide an updated meta-analysis on the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. in preventing alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among school-aged youths.             Methods. We used meta-analytic techniques to create an overall effect size for D.A.R.E. outcome evaluations reported in scientific journals.             Results. The overall weighted effect size for the included D.A.R.E. studies was extremely small (correlation coefficient = 0.011; Cohen d = 0.023; 95% confidence interval = −0.04, 0.08) and nonsignificant (z = 0.73, NS).             Conclusions. Our study supports previous findings indicating that D.A.R.E. is ineffective.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Alcohol abuse","outcome2":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug abuse","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un metaanálisis, que incluyó 11 estudios experimentales y cuasi experimentales publicados en revistas académicas, encontró que la magnitud de los efectos ponderados del D.A.R.E. fue extremadamente pequeña en general (unas 20 veces más pequeña que la magnitud que se suele aceptar como “pequeña” en las investigaciones de este tipo), aunque algunos estudios hayan apuntado resultados en la dirección correcta. Los autores del metaanálisis también realizaron un test de significancia acumulativa para determinar si existían diferencias entre los participantes del D.A.R.E. y los que no participaron en él. Este test obtuvo resultados no significativos y, por lo tanto, los autores concluyeron que estas intervenciones son generalmente ineficaces.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":5,"id":"cispol_R0005","title":"Truth and D.A.R.E.: Is D.A.R.E.’s new Keepin’ it REAL curriculum suitable for American nationwide implementation?","authors":"Caputi, Theodore L.; McLellan, Thomas A.","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731","doi":"10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The study investigates the effectiveness and appropriateness of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Keepin’ it REAL (KiR) curriculum – America’s most prevalent in-school prevention programme – using a modified systematic review procedure as adapted from the Cochrane Handbook. No published studies research the D.A.R.E. version of KiR, and so we consider the Keepin’ it REAL intervention as a whole. After reviewing the abstracts of 677 studies matching relevant keyword searches, 11 studies matched inclusion criteria (e.g. testing effectiveness on substance use). The systematic review yields mixed results for the effectiveness of the Keepin’ it REAL intervention. Concerns remain regarding the appropriateness of the KiR D.A.R.E. programme: (1) KiR has only been tested on a narrow audience and may not be appropriate for D.A.R.E.’s larger audience, (2) KiR may not be effective in reducing substance use among elementary school students and (3) the specific versions of KiR implemented by D.A.R.E. (KiR D.A.R.E. and KiR D.A.R.E. Elementary) have yet to be tested for efficacy. The authors recommend independent, randomised trials for the KiR D.A.R.E. curriculum and the development of a standardised measure and evaluation system for in-school substance use prevention programmes.","region":"North America|Latin America and Caribbean","country":"United States|Mexico","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Alcohol abuse","outcome2":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug abuse","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The systematic review revealed major shortfalls in the evidence basis for the KiR D.A.R.E. programme. Without empirical evidence, the authors cannot conclusively confirm or deny the effectiveness of the programme. However, they stated that it was possible to conclude that the evidence basis for the D.A.R.E. version of KiR is weak, and that there is substantial reason to believe that KiR D.A.R.E. may not be suited for nationwide implementation.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":6,"id":"cispol_R0006","title":"The Effects of “Pulling Levers” Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Weisburd, David L.","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2012.6","doi":"10.4073/csr.2012.6","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review assesses the effectiveness of focused deterrence strategies known as “pulling levels” in reducing crime. The review summarises findings from 10 studies, all of which report evidence from programmes in the US.               Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies are associated with a medium‐sized crime reduction effect. Nine out of 10 studies reported a statistically significant positive effect. There is a strongly significant medium size effect average effect across all studies.               Gang or group intervention programs had the largest effect, followed by the drug market intervention programs, with the smallest but still statistically significant effect for the high‐risk individuals programs.               All included studies use non‐randomized experimental designs, which have a risk of over‐stating impact. However, the effect size is large enough to have reasonable confidence in the effectiveness of these programs.                                         Abstract                                BACKGROUND                 A number of American police departments have been experimenting with new problem‐oriented policing frameworks to prevent gang and group‐involved violence generally known as the “pulling levers” focused deterrence strategies. Focused deterrence strategies honor core deterrence ideas, such as increasing risks faced by offenders, while finding new and creative ways of deploying traditional and non‐traditional law enforcement tools to do so, such as directly communicating incentives and disincentives to targeted offenders. Pioneered in Boston to halt serious gang violence, the focused deterrence framework has been applied in many American cities through federally sponsored violence prevention programs. In its simplest form, the approach consists of selecting a particular crime problem, such as gang homicide; convening an interagency working group of law enforcement, social‐service, and community‐based practitioners; conducting research to identify key offenders, groups, and behavior patterns; framing a response to offenders and groups of offenders that uses a varied menu of sanctions (”pulling levers”) to stop them from continuing their violent behavior; focusing social services and community resources on targeted offenders and groups to match law enforcement prevention efforts; and directly and repeatedly communicating with offenders to make them understand why they are receiving this special attention. These new strategic approaches have been applied to a range of crime problems, such as overt drug markets and individual repeat offenders, and have shown promising results in the reduction of crime.                                               OBJECTIVES                 To synthesize the extant evaluation literature and assess the effects of pulling levers focused deterrence strategies on crime.                                               SELECTION CRITERIA                 Eligible studies had to meet three criteria: (1) the program had to have the core elements of a pulling levers focused deterrence strategy present; (2) a comparison group was included; (3) at least one crime outcome was reported. The units of analysis had to be people or places.                                               SEARCH STRATEGY                 Several strategies were used to perform an exhaustive search for literature fitting the eligibility criteria. First, a keyword search was performed on an array of online abstract databases. Second, we reviewed the bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of pulling levers focused deterrence programs. Third, we performed forward searches for works that have cited seminal focused deterrence studies. Fourth, we searched bibliographies of narrative reviews of police crime prevention efforts and past completed Campbell systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts. Fifth, we performed hand searches of leading journals in the field.                                               DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                 For our ten eligible studies, we complete a narrative review of effectiveness and a formal meta‐analysis of the main effects of these programs on reported crime outcomes.                                               MAIN RESULTS                 Based on our narrative review, we find that nine of the ten eligible evaluations reported statistically significant reductions in crime. It is important to note here that all ten evaluations used nonrandomized quasi‐experimental designs. No randomized controlled trials were identified by our search strategies. Our meta‐analysis suggests that pulling levers focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall statistically‐significant, medium‐sized crime reduction effect.                                               CONCLUSIONS                 We conclude that pulling levers focused deterrence strategies seem to be effective in reducing crime. However, we urge caution in interpreting these results because of the lack of more rigorous randomized controlled trials in the existing body of scientific evidence on this approach.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention3":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype3":"Focused deterrence targeting open-air drug markets","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug-related offenses","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Crime displacement","outcome5":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype5":"Youth victimization","outcome6":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype6":"Violent crimes","outcome7":"Property crime","outcome_subtype7":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome8":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype8":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome9":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype9":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome10":"Group violence","outcome_subtype10":"Gang violence","evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies are associated with a medium-sized crime reduction effect. Nine out of 10 studies reported a statistically significant positive effect. There is a strongly significant medium size effect average effect across all studies. Gang or group intervention programs had the largest effect, followed by the drug market intervention programs, with the smallest but still statistically significant effect for the high-risk individuals programs. Evaluations of focused deterrence strategies targeting gangs and criminally-active groups reported large statistically-significant reductions in violent crime; these results included: a 63% reduction in youth homicides in Boston, 44% reduction in gun assault incidents in Lowell, 42% reduction in gun homicides in Stockton, 35% reduction in homicides of criminally-active group members in Cincinnati, 34% reduction in total homicides in Indianapolis, and significant short-term reductions in violent crime in Los Angeles. The two drug market intervention evaluations also reported statistically significant crime reductions (55% reduction in illegal drug possession incidents in Nashville and 22% reduction in non-violent offense, including property, drug, and nuisance crime incidents, in Rockford). The one high-risk individuals-focused study included in the systematic review (Chicago's Project Safe Neighborhoods - PSN) found a 37% reduction in homicide, while it was also associated with statistically significant decreases in gun homicide incidents and aggravated assault incidents. Two of the three studies that measured possible crime displacement and diffusion effects reported noteworthy diffusion of crime control benefits associated with the focused deterrence intervention. The other one did not report neither statistically significant crime displacement or diffusion effects. All included studies use non-randomized experimental designs, which have a risk of over-stating impact. However, the effect size is large enough to have reasonable confidence in the effectiveness of these programs.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data for gun homicides and gun assault incidents)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"officially recorded youth homicides (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome7_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome8_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome9_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome10_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)"},{"_id":7,"id":"cispol_R0007","title":"Focused deterrence strategies effects on crime: A systematic review","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Weisburd, David; Turchan, Brandon","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1051","doi":"10.1002/cl2.1051","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"2.1 Background Focused deterrence strategies, also known as “pulling levers” policing programs, have been increasingly implemented in the United States and other countries to reduce serious violent crime committed by gangs and other criminally active groups, recurring offending by highly active individual offenders, and crime and disorder problems generated by overt street-level drug markets. 2.2 Objectives To synthesize the extant evaluation literature and assess the effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime. 2.3 Search methods Multiple search strategies were used to identify eligible studies. These strategies included a keyword search of online abstract databases, hand searches of relevant journals, consultation with policing experts, and searches of bibliographies of past narrative, empirical, and systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts. 2.4 Selection criteria Eligible studies had to evaluate programs with the core elements of a focused deterrence strategy present, use quasi-experimental or randomized experimental designs, and report at least one crime outcome. 2.5 Data collection and analysis Twenty-four studies evaluating focused deterrence interventions were identified and full narratives of these studies were reported. A formal meta-analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects of the eligible studies. 2.6 Results Our meta-analysis suggests that focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall statistically significant, moderate crime reduction effect. However, effect sizes varied by program type and were smaller for evaluations with more rigorous research designs. 2.7 Authors' conclusions The available empirical evidence suggests these strategies may generate crime reduction impacts. However, more rigorous program evaluations are needed. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY/ABSTRACT 3.1 Background Focused deterrence strategies, also known as “pulling levers” policing programs, have been increasingly implemented in the United States and other countries to reduce serious violent crime committed by gangs and other criminally active groups, recurring offending by highly active individual offenders, and crime and disorder problems generated by overt street-level drug markets. These strategies are framed by an action research model that is common to both problem-oriented policing and public health interventions to reduce violence. Briefly, focused deterrence strategies seek to change offender behavior by understanding underlying crime-producing dynamics and conditions that sustain recurring crime problems and implementing an appropriately focused blended strategy of law enforcement, community mobilization, and social service actions. Direct communications of increased enforcement risks and the availability of social service assistance to target groups and individuals are defining characteristics of focused deterrence strategies. 3.2 Objectives To synthesize the extant evaluation literature and assess the effects of pulling levers focused deterrence strategies on crime. 3.3 Search methods Several strategies were used to perform an exhaustive search for literature fitting the eligibility criteria. First, a keyword search was performed on an array of online abstract databases. Second, we reviewed the bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of pulling levers focused deterrence programs. Third, we performed forward searches for works that have cited the original focused deterrence review and seminal focused deterrence studies. Fourth, we searched bibliographies of narrative reviews of police crime prevention efforts and past completed Campbell systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts. Fifth, we performed hand searches of leading journals in the field. 3.4 Selection criteria Eligible studies had to meet three criteria: (a) the program had to have the core elements of a focused deterrence strategy present; (b) a comparison group was included, or a one-group-only interrupted time-series design was used; (c) at least one crime outcome was reported. The units of analysis had to be people or places. 3.5 Data collection and analysis Twenty-four studies evaluating focused deterrence interventions were identified and full narratives of these studies were reported. All selected studies used quasi-experimental designs. A formal meta-analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects of the eligible studies. Random effects models were used to calculate mean effect sizes. 3.6 Results Nineteen of the 24 evaluations of focused deterrence strategies reported at least one noteworthy crime reduction effect associated with the approach. It is important to note here that, even with the addition of 14 recent evaluations to this updated review, none employed a randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the intervention. Our meta-analysis suggests that pulling levers focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall statistically significant, moderate crime reduction effect. However, program effect sizes varied by program type and was smaller for evaluations with more rigorous research designs. 3.7 Authors' conclusions The available empirical evidence suggests these strategies may generate crime reduction impacts. These encouraging results suggests that policymakers and practitioners should continue to implement these programs to control serious crime problems. However, investments still need to be made to strengthen the overall rigor of program evaluations and improve our understanding of key program activities associated with observed crime","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention3":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype3":"Focused deterrence targeting open-air drug markets","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime displacement","outcome6":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype6":"Youth victimization","outcome7":"Group violence","outcome_subtype7":"Gang violence","outcome8":"Property crime","outcome_subtype8":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome9":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype9":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome10":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype10":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"This systematic review evaluated the three existing types of focused deterrence: targeted on violent groups, on highly violent individuals, and on open drug markets. The evidence indicates that targeted deterrence is an effective mechanism for reducing crime and violence, in general, in disregard of its specific types/modality. However, analyses of targeted deterrence interventions on violent groups indicate that these programs produce a statistically significant effect on crime and delinquency that is three times larger than the one observed in the case of interventions targeting violent individuals, and almost eight times the size of the effect of interventions targeting open drug markets. Although programs targeting open drug markets generate an average effect that is considered modest (albeit statistically significant) in reducing crime, and the effect size is the smallest of the three types of intervention, it is worth noting that when only interventions without implementation fidelity problems (five of the nine studies included in the systematic review) are analyzed, the effect produced by this type of focused deterrence doubles in size. Five of the included studies examined possible crime displacement and diffusion of crime control benefit impacts that may have been generated by the focused deterrence interventions, and none of them reported significant crime displacement effects. These evaluations on displacement/diffusion were carried on by either testing if areas proximate to treatment locations experienced changes in crime levels, or whether the focused deterrence intervention influenced the criminal behavior of gangs socially connected to targeted gangs through rivalries and alliances. Of the four studies that measured whether crime levels were impacted in areas immediate proximate to treatment areas reported noteworthy diffusion of crime control benefits associated with the focused deterrence intervention. Both the studies that investigate the existence of displacement and diffusion effects on the criminal behavior of gangs that were socially connected to targeted groups found that focused deterrence interventions also created spillover deterrent effects onto other (non-focused) gangs.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data for gun homicides and gun assault incidents)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":"officially recorded youth homicides (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome7_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome8_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome9_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)","outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome10_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime (including crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data)"},{"_id":8,"id":"cispol_R0008","title":"Reducing gang related crime: a systematic review of ‘comprehensive’ interventions","authors":"Hodgkinson, James; Marshall, Sally; Berry, Geoff; Newman, Mark; Reynolds, Peter; Burton, Elizabeth; Dickson, Kelly; Anderson, James","publication_year":2009,"url_link":"https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Portals/0/PDF%20reviews%20and%20summaries/Gang%20Violence%20TRWEB.pdf?ver=2009-08-11-150732-780","doi":null,"study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Who wants to know and why? Gang related crime and anti-social behaviour continue to be issues of concern at both a national and local level for communities,  government at all levels and service delivery agencies.  The review advisory group decided that the in-depth review should focus on ’comprehensive‘ interventions because: social problems such as gangs are multi-dimensional in nature and cause;  these types of initiatives are consistent with current government policy which promotes multi-agency partnership working; and the literature in this field suggests that multi-faceted approaches are more likely to be successful; What did we find? The meta-analysis of nine studies found that, overall, the comprehensive interventions had a positive, but not statistically significant, effect in reducing crime outcomes compared to usual service provision (i.e. whatever was in place either in a comparison area or before the specific intervention). None of the studies included in the review considered the cost-benefit of any of the interventions. This kind of information is important to facilitate a more informed decision when choosing between different strategies. Any advantage of comprehensive interventions over non-comprehensive interventions may, for example, come at a greater financial cost. The analysis also suggested that comprehensive interventions that included: Case management/provision that was personalised to individual offenders Community involvement in the planning of interventions Community involvement in the delivery of interventions Expertise shared between agencies Delivery of incentives to gang members to change offending behaviour, as part of a wider comprehensive intervention approach; for example educational opportunities, tattoo removal, financial assistance, recreational activities may be more effective than those that did not contain one or more of these components.  What are the implications? The evidence is not strong enough to justify firm policy recommendations to use, or not use, comprehensive interventions as a means of tackling gang related criminal activity.  The results, however, suggest a small positive effect in favour of comprehensive interventions which warrants further investigation. The difficulties in evaluating gang prevention and reduction interventions are well documented and, perhaps unsurprisingly, this review found very few high quality evaluations of gang-related interventions. All of the interventions included in this review took place in the USA; therefore their transferability into a UK context would need careful management to ensure relevance and suitability.  Comprehensive interventions certainly warrant further rigorous evaluation in a UK context and policy-makers should only support the use of such interventions in the context of a rigorous assessment. The design of comprehensive interventions in a UK context should allow further investigation of those specific mechanisms of change which the analysis carried out and which suggest they are important for the design of successful comprehensive interventions. How did we get these results? A thorough search strategy was developed and all of the main social science databases were searched for relevant research.  In addition, ‘handsearching’ of bibliographies and searches of the so-called ‘grey’ literature were undertaken.  The initial searches identified 20,672 papers. From this group only seventeen studies evaluating this type of intervention were identified and synThesised to explore the relationships between the characteristics of the intervention; the types of outcomes Published reported; and the key mechanisms identified as driving changes in behaviour.  Nine of the seventeen studies Published reported crime reduction or criminal justice related outcomes (e.g. crime rates, arrests and court appearances) which met the quality criteria for statistical synThesis. The results of these studies were pooled using meta-analysis.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive gang intervention","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Group violence","outcome_subtype1":"Gang violence","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The synthesis found that, overall, the comprehensive interventions had a positive, but not statistically significant, effect on reducing crime outcomes compared with usual service provision (i.e. whatever was in place either in a comparison area or before the specific intervention). Of the nine studies that met the quality criteria for statistical synThesis (meta-analysis), eight had positive effect sizes and one negative. However, for none of these studies was the effect size statistically significant. For the five medium/high quality studies, the pooled estimate of effect was d=0.09 (a small effect size according to Cohen's (1998) classification). This suggests that on average the interventions had a positive effect. i.e. reduced crime and anti-social behaviour, but, at the same time, the result did not exclude the possibility of ‘no effect’, or even that the effect size was negative. In other words, the evidence in this review suggests that comprehensive interventions may be more effective than non-comprehensive interventions but there is insufficient evidence so far to confirm that this is the case. The review identified a number of mechanisms of change which were present in those interventions associated with positive outcomes. These included: i. case management / provision of a personalised holistic approach; ii. community involvement in the planning of interventions; iii. community involvement in the delivery of interventions; iii. expertise shared between agencies; iv. delivery of incentives to change offending behaviour, as part of a wider comprehensive intervention approach. However, it is not clear whether only one of these mechanisms of change is the effective one, or if more than one of these mechanisms is needed to produce the desired outcome (and in which combination). In addition, the evidence does not suggest that the actual number of components in a comprehensive intervention is associated with effect size.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"pooled effect size based on multiple measurements  (including homicide victimization, gang crime/offences, narcotic and drug-related crime, violent crime/offences, self-reported delinquency, shootings, gun assault incidents, arrests, court appearances, court sentences, property offences, loitering and disorderly conduct, and recidivism)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":9,"id":"cispol_R0009","title":"Police crackdowns on illegal gun carrying: a systematic review of their impact on gun crime","authors":"Koper, Christopher S.; Mayo-Wilson, Evan","publication_year":2006,"url_link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11292-006-9005-x","doi":"10.1007/s11292-006-9005-x","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"journalArticlenal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper presents a systematic review of the impact of police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms on gun crime, including directed patrols, monitoring of probationers and parolees, weapon reporting hotlines, and others. Four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of seven nonrandomized tests of directed patrols focused on gun carrying in three American cities (five tests) and two Colombian cities (two tests). Six of the seven tests (not all of which were independent) suggest that directed patrols reduced gun crime in high-crime places at high-risk times. However, conclusions and generalizations must be qualified based on the small number of studies, variability in study design and analytic strategy across the studies, preintervention differences between intervention and comparison areas, and limited data regarding factors such as implementation, crime displacement, and long-term impact.","region":"North America|Latin America and Caribbean","country":"United States|Colombia","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Firearms-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Gun violence","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of seven nonrandomized tests of directed patrols focused on gun carrying in three American cities (five tests) and two Colombian cities (two tests). Six of the seven tests (not all of which were independent) suggest that directed patrols reduced gun crime in high-crime places at high-risk times. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"gun carrying","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":10,"id":"cispol_R0010","title":"Police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms: effects on gun crime","authors":"Koper, Christopher S.; Mayo‐Wilson, Evan","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/64683","doi":"10.4073/csr.2012.11","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review examines the impacts of police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms on gun crime. Examples include gun detection patrols in high‐crime areas, enhanced surveillance of probationers and parolees, weapon reporting hotlines, consent searches, and other similar tactics.               Four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of seven non‐randomized tests of directed patrols focused on gun carrying in three American cities (five tests) and two Colombian cities (two tests).               These studies suggest that directed patrols focused on illegal gun carrying prevent gun crimes. However, conclusions and generalizations must be qualified based on the small number of studies, variability in study design and analytic strategy across the studies, pre‐intervention differences between intervention and comparison areas, and limited data regarding factors such as implementation, crime displacement, and long‐term impact. There is also a strong need for rigorous study of other strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms.                                         Executive summary/Abstract                                BACKGROUND                 Criminal misuse of firearms is among the world's most serious crime problems. Strategies to reduce gun violence include efforts to restrict the manufacture and sale of firearms, interrupt the illegal supply of guns, deter gun possession, reduce gun carrying in public places, toughen responses to illegal gun use, reduce demand for firearms, promote responsible ownership of guns, and address community conditions that foster gun crime. In this review, we examine research on the effectiveness of selected law enforcement strategies for reducing gun crime and gun violence.                                               OBJECTIVES                 This review examines the impacts of police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms on gun crime. Examples include gun detection patrols in high‐crime areas, enhanced surveillance of probationers and parolees, weapon reporting hotlines, consent searches, and other similar tactics.                                               CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION OF STUDIES                 Studies using randomized designs or quasi‐experimental designs involving a nonintervention condition were eligible for inclusion. Eligible studies had to include pre and post‐intervention measurements of the outcome measure(s) for an intervention area(s) or group(s) and at least one comparison area or group without the intervention. However, we also included studies involving repeated interventions with one group or area in which the intervention and comparison units consisted of samples of time with and without the intervention. Eligible studies also had to measure gun‐related crime (e.g., gun murders, shootings, gun robberies, gun assaults). The review does not include studies in which eligible interventions were implemented simultaneously with other new crime‐reduction efforts.                                               SEARCH STRATEGY                 We searched 11 national and international databases for published and unpublished literature available through the end of 2009; examined 25 reviews and compilations of research on policing, gun control, and violence reduction; and searched the websites of five prominent police and criminal justice organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom. Four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of 7 non‐randomized tests of directed patrols focused on gun carrying in three American cities (5 tests) and two Colombian cities (2 tests).                                               DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                 From each included study, we extracted data pertaining to research design, subject characteristics, intervention(s), and outcome measure(s). We present a detailed narrative assessment of each included study, followed by a qualitative and quantitative synThesis of key features and results across studies. Our synThesis does not include a statistical meta‐analysis of the results due to variability in the study designs and problems in computing a usable standardized effect size index for the studies.                                               MAIN RESULTS                 Six of the seven tests (not all of which were independent) suggest that directed patrols reduced gun crime in high‐crime places at high‐risk times. The Colombian studies, which were based on before and after changes from repeated interventions measured at the city level, estimated that crackdowns on gun carrying reduced firearm homicides 10% to 15%. Estimated effects were generally larger and more variable in the American studies, which examined before and after changes in smaller target areas (beats or patrol zones) relative to changes in comparison areas. With one exception, the American studies found that gun crime declined by 29% to 71%, depending on the outcome measures and statistical techniques used. Authors' Conclusions: These studies suggest that directed patrols focused on illegal gun carrying prevent gun crimes. However, conclusions and generalizations must be qualified based on the small number of studies, variability in study design and analytic strategy across the studies, pre‐intervention differences between intervention and comparison areas, and limited data regarding factors such as implementation, crime displacement, and long‐term impact. There is also a strong need for rigorous study of other strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean|North America","country":"Colombia|United States","income_level":"Upper middle income|High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Firearms-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática realizada por Campbell Collaboration evaluó el impacto de siete estrategias de acción policial centradas en la incautación de armas de fuego ilegales. Las acciones se llevaron a cabo en las ciudades de Kansas, Indianápolis, Pittsburgh (EE.UU.) y Cali y Bogotá (Colombia). Se observó una reducción de las tasas de homicidios en seis de las siete ciudades evaluadas. En Pittsburgh, las llamadas por tiroteos disminuyeron un 34% y las llamadas por heridas de armas de fuego, un 71%. En Kansas City, los homicidios se redujeron en un 29% y en Bogotá y Cali, entre un 10% y un 15%. Sin embargo, los autores de la revisión sistemática reportan que es necesario matizar estas conclusiones y tener cautela en términos de la generalización de estos hallazgos, debido al reducido número de estudios, la variabilidad en el diseño y la estrategia analítica de los mismos, las diferencias previas a la intervención entre las zonas de intervención y las de comparación, y la escasez de datos sobre factores como la calidad de la implantación, el desplazamiento de la delincuencia y el impacto a largo plazo.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":11,"id":"cispol_R0011","title":"Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime","authors":"Braga, Anthony","publication_year":2007,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2007.1","doi":"10.4073/csr.2007.1","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review synthesizes the existing published and non-published empirical evidence on the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at high-activity crime places and will provide a systematic assessment of the preventive value of focused police crime prevention efforts at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement.\n\nStudies that used randomized controlled experimental or quasi-experimental designs were selected. Nine eligible studies were included in this review.\n\nThe results of this systematic review support the assertion that focusing police efforts at high activity crime places can be effective in preventing crime. Whatever the impact, we need to know more about the effects of hot spots policing approaches on the communities that the police serve.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Crime displacement","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Vote counting","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The results of this systematic review support the assertion that focusing police efforts at high activity crime places can be effective in preventing crime. Moreover, the review also found that of five studies that had examined displacement and diffusion effects, none reported “substantial immediate spatial displacement of crime into areas surrounding the targeted locations,” and four of these studies identified diffusion of benefit effects.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"violence calls","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"disorder calls","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"property calls","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":12,"id":"cispol_R0012","title":"Hot spots policing effects on crime","authors":"Braga, Anthony; Papachristos, Andrew; Hureau, David","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2012.8","doi":"10.4073/csr.2012.8","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review examines the effects of focusing police crime prevention efforts on crime ‘hot spots’, and whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e. crime moving around the corner) or diffusion (i.e. crime reduction in surrounding areas) of crime control benefits. The review includes 19 studies covering 25 cases. Seventeen of the studies were conducted in the USA.               Investing police agencies' limited resources on hot spot policing in a small number of high‐activity crime places will prevent crime in these and surrounding areas, reducing total crime. Problem oriented policing approach allows for developing tailored responses to specific recurring problems in high activity crime spots. Implementing situational prevention strategies that reduce police reliance on aggressive enforcement strategies may also have positive benefits for police‐community relations. The reactions of local communities to hot spot policing must be considered. Residents may welcome efforts to reduce crime. But if policing programmes are seen as heavy‐handed, or focus too much on particular population groups, they may end up driving a wedge between the police and those they are trying to help.                                         Abstract                                BACKGROUND                 In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing crime prevention efforts on crime places. A number of studies suggest that there is significant clustering of crime in small places, or “hot spots,” that generate half of all criminal events. A number of researchers have argued that many crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. The appeal of focusing limited resources on a small number of high‐activity crime places is straightforward. If we can prevent crime at these hot spots, then we might be able to reduce total crime.                                               OBJECTIVES                 To assess the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e., crime moving around the corner) or diffusion (i.e., crime reduction in surrounding areas) of crime control benefits.                                               SEARCH STRATEGY                 A keyword search was performed on 15 online abstract databases. Bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of police crime control programs were reviewed and forward searches for works that cited seminal hot spots policing studies were performed. Bibliographies of past completed Campbell systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts and hand searches of leading journals in the field were performed. Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were obtained.                                               SELECTION CRITERIA                 To be eligible for this review, interventions used to control crime hot spots were limited to police enforcement efforts. Suitable police enforcement efforts included traditional tactics such as directed patrol and heightened levels of traffic enforcement as well as alternative strategies such as aggressive disorder enforcement and problem‐oriented policing. Studies that used randomized controlled experimental or quasi‐experimental designs were selected. The units of analysis were limited to crime hot spots or high‐activity crime “places” rather than larger areas such as neighborhoods. The control group in each study received routine levels of traditional police enforcement tactics.                                               DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                 19 studies containing 25 tests of hot spots policing interventions were identified and full narratives of these studies were reported. Ten of the selected studies used randomized experimental designs and nine used quasi‐experimental designs. A formal meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects in the eligible studies. Random effects models were used to calculate mean effect sizes.                                               RESULTS                 20 of 25 tests of hot spots policing interventions reported noteworthy crime and disorder reductions. The meta‐analysis of key reported outcome measures revealed a small statistically significant mean effect size favoring the effects of hot spots policing in reducing citizen calls for service in treatment places relative to control places. The effect was smaller for randomized designs but still statistically significant and positive. When displacement and diffusion effects were measured, unintended crime prevention benefits were associated with the hot spots                                               AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS                 The extant evaluation research provides fairly robust evidence that hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy. The research also suggests that focusing police efforts on high‐activity crime places does not inevitably lead to crime displacement and crime control benefits may diffuse into the areas immediately surrounding the targeted locations.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific|Latin America and Caribbean","country":"United States|Australia|Argentina","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime displacement","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Hot spots policing programs produced statistically-significant positive mean effect sizes for violent crime, property crime, drug offense, and disorder offense outcomes (though for property crime the effect was smaller statistically significant at a less restrictive level - p<.10, instead of p<.05). Moreover, when displacement was measured by the studies included in the systematic review, it was found to be very limited, whereas diffusion of unintended crime prevention benefits was, on average, more likely to be associated with the hot spots policing programs. It is noteworthy that the largest crime control effects were reported by quasi-experiments, whereas randomized controlled trials generally reported smaller crime control effects. The study also provided a narrative review which documented that hot spots policing programs that adopted problem-oriented policing strategies produced a larger overall mean effect size both compared to increased traditional policing (twice the overall mean effect size) and relative to increased policing interventions in all crime outcome categories. The most noteworthy differences were in property crime category. Furthermore, \"problem-oriented policing hot spots programs\" produced a small but statistically-significant overall diffusion of benefits effect, whereas those that relied solely on increased policing did not produce a statistically significant diffusion of benefits to surrounding areas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":13,"id":"cispol_R0013","title":"The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Papachristos, Andrew V.; Hureau, David M.","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2012.673632","doi":"10.1080/07418825.2012.673632","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Taylor & Francis Online Top  Full Article  Figures & data  References  Citations  Metrics  Reprints & Permissions Read this article Share Abstract In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing police crime prevention efforts on crime places. Research suggests that there is significant clustering of crime in small places or “hot spots.” A number of researchers have argued that crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. In this article, we update and improve upon a previously completed Campbell Collaboration systematic review of the effects of hot spots policing and crime. Meta-analyses were used to determine the size, direction, and statistical significance of the overall impact of hot spots policing strategies on crime. The results of our research suggests that hot spots policing generates small but noteworthy crime reductions, and these crime control benefits diffuse into areas immediately surrounding targeted crime hot spots. Our analyses find that problem-oriented policing interventions generate larger mean effect sizes when compared to interventions that simply increase levels of traditional police actions in crime hot spots. We also find that only a small number of studies examine the impacts of hot spots policing on police-community relations. The extant research on this topic, however, suggests that community members have positive reactions to these focused policing actions.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific|Latin America and Caribbean","country":"United States|Australia|Argentina","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime displacement","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome7":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype7":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The results of the research suggests that hot spots policing generates small but noteworthy crime reductions, and these crime control benefits diffuse into areas immediately surrounding targeted crime hot spots. More specifically, hot spots policing programs produced statistically-significant positive mean effect sizes for violent crime, property crime, drug offense, and disorder offense outcomes (though for property crime the effect was smaller statistically significant at a less restrictive level - p<.10, instead of p<.05). The authors found that the nine quasi-experimental designs were associated with a much larger within-group effect size (.325, p < .05) relative to the 10 randomized controlled trial designs (.116, p < .05). Moreover, it was also found that problem-oriented policing interventions generate larger mean effect sizes when compared to interventions that simply increase levels of traditional police actions in crime hot spots. Only three evaluations considered the impacts of these police programs on community members. These three evaluations revealed the community members had positive opinions and experiences when subjected to hot spots policing initiatives. However, it is important to note that these three evaluations interviewed or surveyed residents and business owners in hot spot areas and did not interview individuals arrested, detained, and/or interrogated as a result of these focused police actions. It is possible these individuals may have very different opinions and experiences when compared to community members who do not experience direct law enforcement actions.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":"officially recorded levels of crime at places such as crime incident reports, citizen emergency calls for service, and arrest data","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome7_metric":"Survey","outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":14,"id":"cispol_R0014","title":"Hot spots policing and crime reduction: an update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Turchan, Brandon S.; Papachristos, Andrew V.; Hureau, David M.","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3","doi":"10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives This updated systematic review assesses the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement or diffusion of crime control benefits. Methods Systematic review protocols and conventions of the Campbell Collaboration were followed to identify eligible hot spots policing studies, and meta-analytic techniques were used to assess the impact of hot spots policing on crime and investigate the influence of moderating variables. Results The search strategies identified 65 studies containing 78 tests of hot spots policing interventions. Meta-analyses revealed a small statistically significant mean effect size favoring the effects of hot spots policing in reducing crime outcomes at treatment places relative to control places. Crime displacement and diffusion effects were measured in 40 tests. Meta-analyses favored a small statistically significant diffusion of crime control benefits over displacement. Conclusion The extant evaluation research provides fairly robust evidence that hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy. Focused police intervention at hot spot locations does not seem to result in the spatial displacement of crime into areas immediately surrounding targeted locations. Rather, crime control benefits seem to diffuse into proximate areas.","region":"North America|Latin America and Caribbean|Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and Pacific|South Asia","country":"United States|Colombia|Argentina|Trinidad and Tobago|Sweden|United Kingdom|Denmark|Australia|India","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income|Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis de Campbell Collaboration identificó 65 estudios (experimentales y cuasi experimentales) que evaluaron el impacto de las intervenciones policiales en puntos calientes en diversos países. El metaanálisis mostró que, en general, la estrategia contribuyó con la prevención del delito. El efecto promedio de la intervención fue pequeño pero estadísticamente significativo para todos los delitos. Esta intervención produjo reducciones estadísticamente significativas para los delitos de drogas, desorden, delitos contra la propiedad y delitos violentos (con grado de impacto decreciente entre los delitos mencionados: mayor en los primeros delitos, menor en los últimos)","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":15,"id":"cispol_R0015","title":"Does Hot Spots Policing Have Meaningful Impacts on Crime? Findings from An Alternative Approach to Estimating Effect Sizes from Place-Based Program Evaluations","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Weisburd, David L.","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10940-020-09481-7","doi":"10.1007/s10940-020-09481-7","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives Prior meta analyses of hot spots policing show that the approach reduces crime, but report relatively small mean effect sizes based on Cohen’s d. The natural logarithm of the relative incidence rate ratio (log RIRR) has been suggested as a more suitable effect size metric for place-based studies that report crime outcomes as count data. We calculate the log RIRR for hot spots policing studies to assess whether it changes interpretation of hot spots policing’s impact on crime. Methods Cohen’s d and log RIRR effect size metrics were calculated for 53 studies representing 60 tests of hot spots policing programs. Meta-analytic techniques were used to compare the estimated impacts of hot spots policing on crime and investigate the influence of moderating variables using the two differing effect size metrics. Results The Cohen’s d meta-analysis revealed a “small” statistically significant mean effect size favoring hot spots policing in reducing crime outcomes at treatment places relative to control places (d = .12) of approximately 8.1%. In contrast, the log RIRR meta-analysis suggests that hot spots policing generated a more substantive 16% (d = .24) statistically significant crime reduction. The two metrics also produced differing rank orders in magnitudes of effect for the same studies. Conclusion Cohen’s d provides misleading results when used to calculate mean effect size in place based studies both in terms of the relative ranking of the magnitude of study outcomes, and in the interpretation of average impacts of interventions. Our analyses suggest a much more meaningful impact of hot spots policing on crime than previous reviews.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Sweden","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"El policiamiento de puntos calientes es una estrategia que, según una segunda revisión y el metaanálisis de 50 estudios, generó una reducción del 19% de los delitos violentos, del 16% de los delitos contra la propiedad y del 20% de los desórdenes y delitos relacionados con las drogas","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"assaut, aggravated assault, violent incidents, and robbery","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":16,"id":"cispol_R0016","title":"Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives: a meta-analytical review","authors":"Bowers, Kate J.; Johnson, Shane D.; Guerette, Rob T.; Summers, Lucia; Poynton, Suzanne","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-011-9134-8","doi":"10.1007/s11292-011-9134-8","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives To undertake a systematic review of the extent to which geographically focused policing initiatives appear to displace crime (simply relocate it to other places) or diffuse benefits (lead to reductions elsewhere). Methods Evaluation research which assessed whether such schemes may have led to displacement or diffusion of benefit to nearby areas was identified, obtained and coded. Research reports were assessed in terms of their methodological rigor and the quantitative estimates of outcomes collected. A hierarchy for estimates of displacement was established. For 16 studies, meta-analysis was used to produce a collection of results that had two sets of outcome information in terms of effect sizes (the success of the intervention and the extent to which it may have caused displacement or diffusion). Results The main findings of the meta-analysis suggested that on average geographically focused policing initiatives for which data were available were (1) associated with significant reductions in crime and disorder, and (2) that, overall, changes in catchment areas were non-significant but there was a trend in favor of a diffusion of benefit. Conclusion The results demonstrate that in the case of geographically focused police efforts, displacement is far from inevitable, and in fact, on balance, that the opposite, a diffusion of crime control benefits, appears to be the more likely outcome. This in turn demonstrates that such endeavors on average have an overall reductive impact on crime.","region":"East Asia and Pacific|Europe and Central Asia|North America","country":"Australia|Sweden|United Kingdom|United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype2":"Proximity policing","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype2":"Crime displacement","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Aggregating the results of 16 independent tests of geographically focused policing initiatives, this systematic review found a statistically significant effect of these interventions over crime and delinquency. This finding indicates that crime and delinquency decreased in treatment areas targeted by geographically focused policing initiatives relative to control areas. Moreover, the systematic review did not find evidence of crime displacement. Instead, it did report a significant, positive diffusion of crime benefit for catchment areas, which indicates that the geographically focused policing initiatives implemented in treatment areas contributed to significant crime reduction in nearby areas that did not directly receive the treatment.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":17,"id":"cispol_R0017","title":"Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review","authors":"Mazerolle, Lorraine; Bennett, Sarah; Davis, Jacqueline; Sargeant, Elise; Manning, Matthew","publication_year":2013,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2013.1","doi":"10.4073/csr.2013.1","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review assesses the direct and indirect benefits of public police interventions that use procedurally just dialogue. The review summarises findings from 30 studies conducted in Australia, the USA and England. The participants were individuals (citizen, victim, offender etc.), groups (e.g. community) and third parties (e.g. religious advisors).               Police‐led interventions specifically aimed at increasing legitimacy have a significant impact on public satisfaction with and confidence in the police. Such interventions are also associated with significantly increased public compliance/cooperation, procedural justice (fairness, neutrality, etc.) and legitimacy (obligation to obey police/law). Interventions also had a minor effect on reoffending.                                         Executive Summary/Abstract                                BACKGROUND                 Police require voluntary cooperation from the general public to be effective in controlling crime and maintaining order. Research shows that citizens are more likely to comply and cooperate with police and obey the law when they view the police as legitimate. The most common pathway that the police use to increase citizen perceptions of legitimacy is through the use of procedural justice. Procedural justice, as described in the literature, comprises four essential components. These components are citizen participation in the proceedings prior to an authority reaching a decision (or voice), perceived neutrality of the authority in making the decision, whether or not the authority showed dignity and respect toward citizens throughout the interaction, and whether or not the authority conveyed trustworthy motives.                 Police departments throughout the world are implicitly and explicitly weaving the dialogue of these four principles of procedural justice (treating people with dignity and respect, giving citizens “voice” during encounters, being neutral in decision making, and conveying trustworthy motives) into their operational policing programs and interventions.                                               OBJECTIVES                 This review synthesizes published and unpublished empirical evidence on the impact of interventions led by the public police to enhance citizen perceptions of police legitimacy. Our objective is to provide a systematic review of the direct and indirect benefits of policing approaches that foster legitimacy in policing that either report an explicit statement that the intervention sought to increase legitimacy or report that there was an application of at least one of the principles of procedural justice: participation, neutrality, dignity/respect, and trustworthy motives.                                               SEARCH STRATEGY                 Studies were identified using six electronic databases (CSA, Informit, Ingenta Connect, Ovid, Proquest and Web of Knowledge) and two library catalogues (National Police Library and the Cambridge University Library and dependent libraries). We also searched the reference list of each eligible study, and reviewed the biographies and publication lists of influential authors in the field of procedural justice and police legitimacy, to determine if there were any relevant studies not retrieved in the original search.                                               SELECTION CRITERIA                 Studies were included if they described any type of public police intervention (e.g. routine patrols, traffic stops, community policing, reassurance policing, problem‐oriented policing, conferencing) that either explicitly stated that the intervention was aimed at improving police legitimacy (through either a directive, training or organizational innovation) or explicitly used at least one of the principles of procedural justice. Studies had to include at least one direct outcome, such as citizen compliance, cooperation, or satisfaction with police, aimed at improving legitimacy, and could also include indirect outcomes, such as reduction in reoffending, or crime and social disorder. We included only studies that evaluated interventions if they were led by public police from any level of government (i.e., local, state and federal law enforcement officers). To be included in the systematic review, studies must have used one of the following research designs: an experimental (randomized) design involving at least two conditions, with one condition being the intervention and the other a control condition; a quasi‐experimental (non‐randomized) design involving at least two conditions, with one condition being the intervention and the other a comparison condition; a quasi‐experimental interrupted time‐series design that involved measurement of an aggregate outcome, such as crime rate, in equally spaced time intervals prior to and following the initiation of the police‐led intervention.                                               DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                                    The systematic search identified 963 unique studies on police legitimacy and/or procedural justice and policing, of which 933 were obtained. Of those, 163 studies reported on police‐led interventions. A final set of 30 studies, containing 41 independent evaluations, was eligible for meta‐analysis. Data analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis 2.0 (CMA), a statistical meta‐analysis software package. We conducted separate meta‐analyses using random effects models for each outcome of policing interventions that had been measured by at least two evaluations. The outcomes analyzed were: Direct – legitimacy, procedural justice, cooperation/compliance, and satisfaction/confidence; Indirect – revictimization or reoffending. We obtained or calculated a single effect size per study per outcome, either a standardized mean difference (                   g                   ) for a continuous outcome, or an odds ratios for outcomes reported as dichotomous.                                  We also explored possible moderators of policing legitimacy including intervention type, research design, respondent type, crime type, year of publication, and country of publication, using analogs to the ANOVA implemented via subgroup analyses in CMA. In addition, we conducted a series of sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results to the following: inclusion of studies where data was imputed, inclusion of poor quality studies (e.g. lack of treatment integrity), and we inspected possible sources of bias in the data, including publication bias and small‐study effects.                                               RESULTS                                    There were 41 independent evaluations available for meta‐analysis: 7 assessed legitimacy as an outcome, 14 assessed procedural justice, 8 assessed compliance/cooperation, 29 assessed satisfaction/confidence, and 26 assessed reoffending. The direct outcome satisfaction/confidence showed the highest overall effect that was statistically significant (OR 1.75, 95% confidence limits 1.54, 1.99), followed by compliance/cooperation (OR 1.62, 95% confidence limits 1.13, 2.32), and procedural justice (OR 1.47, 95% confidence limits 1.16, 1.86). The estimated effect size for the direct outcome legitimacy (OR 1.58, 95% confidence limits 0.85, 2.95), while quite large, has a wide confidence interval, indicating a high degree of uncertainty around the estimate. Interventions showed a marginal effect on reoffending as an indirect outcome measure (                   g                   = ‐0.07, 95% confidence limits ‐0.14, 0.00). When reoffending was broken down by measurement method, studies that measured reoffending using official police data and self‐reported reoffending showed no effect (                   g                   = 0.03, 95% confidence limits ‐0.05, 0.11); however, studies that measured self‐reported victimization showed a large decrease in revictimization as a result of the interventions (                   g                   = ‐0.13, 95% confidence limits ‐0.23, ‐0.05).                                                                AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS                 The main finding of this review is that the effects of legitimacy policing interventions on each direct outcome measure are in a positive direction. For all but the legitimacy outcome, the results were statistically significant. We note that there is a clear lack of randomized experiments in the international research literature that specifically seek to isolate and test the component parts of a legitimacy policing intervention. Notwithstanding the variability in the mode in which legitimacy policing is delivered (i.e., the study intervention) and the complexities around measurement of legitimacy outcomes, our review shows that the dialogue component of front‐line police‐led interventions is important for promoting citizen satisfaction, confidence, compliance and cooperation with the police, and for enhancing perceptions of procedural justice. In practical terms, this means that police can achieve positive changes in citizen attitudes to police through adopting procedurally justice dialogue as a component part of any type of police intervention. We conclude that the type of police intervention (the vehicle for delivering a procedurally just encounter) is secondary to the procedurally just dialogue that underpins the intervention.                                                        Plain Language Summary               Police require voluntary cooperation from the general public to be effective in controlling crime and maintaining order. Research shows that citizens are more likely to cooperate with the police and obey the law when they view the police's authority as legitimate. One way that the police can increase their legitimacy and gain cooperation and respect from citizens is by using “procedurally just” dialogue that adopts language that treats citizens with dignity and respect, conveys trustworthy motives, allows citizens to speak up and express their views during encounters, and by not “profiling” people based on race, gender or any other characteristic. The objective of our review was to systematically assess the direct and indirect benefits of interventions led by the public police that contained elements of this type of procedurally just dialogue. The systematic search found 163 studies that reported on police‐led interventions, and a final set of 30 studies contained data suitable for meta‐analysis. The direct outcomes analyzed were legitimacy, procedural justice, and citizen cooperation/compliance and satisfaction/confidence in the police. In addition, an indirect outcome, reoffending, was also analyzed. The main finding of this review is that police interventions that comprised dialogue with a procedural justice component (or stated specifically that the intervention sought to increase legitimacy) did indeed enhance citizens' views on the legitimacy of the police, with all direct outcomes apart from legitimacy itself being statistically significant. Our review shows that by police adopting procedurally just dialogue, they can use a variety of interventions to enhance legitimacy, reduce reoffending, and promote citizen satisfaction, confidence, compliance and cooperation with the police.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Australia|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Procedural justice","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype1":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome2":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype2":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática realizada por Campbell Collaboration concluyó que las intervenciones dirigidas por la policía y destinadas específicamente a aumentar su legitimidad repercuten de modo positivo en la confianza en la policía y en la satisfacción de los ciudadanos con los servicios prestados. También se asocian a un aumento de la cooperación y la obediencia de los ciudadanos hacia las leyes y la policía. Las intervenciones también tuvieron un efecto positivo y estadísticamente significativo, aunque modesto, en la baja de la reincidencia de los infractores","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":18,"id":"cispol_R0018","title":"Broken (windows) theory: A meta-analysis of the evidence for the pathways from neighborhood disorder to resident health outcomes and behaviors","authors":"O'Brien, Daniel T.; Farrell, Chelsea; Welsh, Brandon C.","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027795361830649X","doi":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.015","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Social Science & Medicine","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The criminological \"broken windows\" theory (BWT) has inspired public health researchers to test the impact of neighborhood disorder on an array of resident health behaviors and outcomes. This paper identifies and meta-analyzes the evidence for three mechanisms (pathways) by which neighborhood disorder is argued to impact health, accounting for methodological inconsistencies across studies. A search identified 198 studies (152 with sufficient data for meta-analysis) testing any of the three pathways or downstream, general health outcomes. The meta-analysis found that perceived disorder was consistently associated with mental health outcomes, as well as substance abuse, and measures of overall health. This supported the psychosocial model of disadvantage, in which stressful contexts impact mental health and related sequelae. There was no consistent evidence for disorder's impact on physical health or risky behavior. Further examination revealed that support for BWT-related hypotheses has been overstated owing to data censoring and the failure to consistently include critical covariates, like socioeconomic status and collective efficacy. Even where there is evidence that BWT impacts outcomes, it is driven by studies that measured disorder as the perceptions of the focal individual, potentially conflating pessimism about the neighborhood with mental health.","region":"North America|Sub-Saharan Africa|Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and Pacific|Latin America and Caribbean|Middle East and North Africa","country":"United States|Canada|South Africa|United Kingdom|Belgium|Netherlands|Portugal|Italy|France|Germany|Hungary|Slovak Republic|Lithuania|Switzerland|New Zealand|Australia|Taiwan, China|Jamaica|Mexico|Brazil|Israel","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The meta-analysis found that perceived disorder was consistently associated with mental health outcomes, as well as substance abuse, and measures of overall health. This supported the psychosocial model of disadvantage, in which stressful contexts impact mental health and related sequelae. There was no consistent evidence for disorder's impact on physical health or risky behavior. Further examination revealed that support for Broken Windows Theory (BWT) related hypotheses has been overstated owing to data censoring and the failure to consistently include critical covariates, like socioeconomic status and collective efficacy. Even where there is evidence that BWT impacts outcomes, it is driven by studies that measured disorder as the perceptions of the focal individual, potentially conflating pessimism about the neighborhood with mental health.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"disorder as the perceptions of the focal individual","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":19,"id":"cispol_R0019","title":"LESS DEBATE, MORE ANALYSIS: A META ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE ON BROKEN WINDOWS POLICING","authors":"Distler, Michael Robert","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1cd97bc3-d916-46af-ba91-813e0d96acff/content","doi":null,"study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In their broken windows Thesis, Wilson and Kelling (1982) propose that social and physical disorder leads to a breakdown in informal social controls, thereby allowing more serious crime to occur. This framework had a tangible impact on policy, though research has shown mixed results with regard to its effectiveness. This Thesis conducts a meta-analysis of 66 effect sizes, nested within eleven studies, in order to better understand the effect of broken windows policing on crime according to the literature. Results show that broken windows policing does have an effect on crime and that methodological characteristics of the studies are related to the effect. The discussion section considers the relationship between these findings and other metaanalyses on policing innovations, such as hot spots and problem-oriented policing","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Robbery","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Description of a range of effect sizes","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Results indicate that overall the implementation of a broken windows (BW) policing strategy is successful in reducing crime, including robbery and property crimes and serious crimes (murder, rape, aggravated assault). This meta-analysis found that there is a negative relationship between BW policing and crime such that implementation of a BW policing strategy is followed by a statistically significant reduction in crime. This finding shows that this policing strategy does seem to have some overall effect when looking at violent and property crime. Magnitude of the effect size appears to be greater when the outcome is robbery and/or property crime (-.169). The difference from the violent crime estimate (-.109), however, is not significant. Looking at the research design variable, this systematic review found that methodological characteristics of the studies are related to the effect. Effect size estimate for experimental studies is over seven times larger in magnitude than the quasi-experimentally designed studies. Lastly, the results indicate that BW policing has a greater effect on crime when it is advanced as part of a \"package\", i.e., in concert with other policing innovations (such as problem-oriented or hot spots policing, Compstat, etc.), rather than as part a stand-alone policy.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"serious crimes (murder, rape, aggravated assault).","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Robbery/Property Crime","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"Robbery/Property Crime","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":20,"id":"cispol_R0020","title":"Can Policing Disorder Reduce Crime? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Welsh, Brandon C.; Schnell, Cory","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022427815576576","doi":"10.1177/0022427815576576","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objective:               Crime policy scholars and practitioners have argued for years that when police address social and physical disorder in neighborhoods they can prevent serious crime, yet evaluations of the crime control effectiveness of disorder policing strategies yield conflicting results. This article reports on the results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime.                                         Methods:               Systematic review protocols and conventions of the Campbell Collaboration were followed, and meta-analytic techniques were used to assess the impact of disorder policing on crime and investigate the influence of moderating variables.                                         Results:               We identified 30 randomized experimental and quasi-experimental tests of disorder policing. Our meta-analysis suggests that policing disorder strategies are associated with an overall statistically significant, modest crime reduction effect. The strongest program effect sizes were generated by community and problem-solving interventions designed to change social and physical disorder conditions at particular places. Conversely, aggressive order maintenance strategies that target individual disorderly behaviors do not generate significant crime reductions.                                         Conclusion:               The types of strategies used by police departments to control disorder seem to matter, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. Further research is needed to understand the key programmatic elements that maximize the capacity of these strategies to prevent crime.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Zero tolerance policing","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Los autores de la revisión sistemática advierten sobre la relevancia de forma/táctica a través de la cual se aplica la estrategia, ya que cuando el procedimiento se aplica a través de estrategias asociadas al mantenimiento del orden agresivo (tolerancia cero) no se generan reducciones significativas de la criminalidad, mientras que cuando se aplica mediante estrategias de policiamiento comunitario orientado a problemas, sí se generan.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":21,"id":"cispol_R0021","title":"Disorder policing to reduce crime: A systematic review","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Welsh, Brandon C.; Schnell, Cory","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8356497/","doi":"10.1002/cl2.1050","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"2 BRIEF ABSTRACT 2.1 Background Crime policy scholars and practitioners have argued for years that when police address social and physical disorder in neighborhoods they can prevent serious crime, yet evaluations of the crime control effectiveness of disorder policing strategies yield conflicting results. This review reports the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime. 2.2 Objectives To assess the effects of disorder policing interventions on crime. 2.3 Search methods Multiple search strategies were used to identify eligible studies. These strategies included a keyword search of online abstract databases, hand searches of relevant journals, consultation with policing experts, and searches of bibliographies of past narrative, empirical, and systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts. 2.4 Selection criteria Suitable interventions included tactics such as aggressive disorder enforcement as well as community and problem-oriented policing explicitly designed to control crime by addressing disorder. Studies that used randomized experimental or quasiexperimental designs were selected. 2.5 Data collection and analysis Twenty-eight studies containing 30 tests of disorder policing interventions were identified. A formal meta-analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects of the eligible studies. 2.6 Results Policing disorder strategies are associated with an overall statistically significant, modest crime reduction effect. Community and problem-solving interventions generated crime reductions while aggressive order maintenance strategies did not. 2.7 Authors' conclusions The types of strategies used by police departments to address disorder seem to matter in controlling crime, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3.1 Background Crime policy scholars and practitioners have argued for years that when police address social and physical disorder in neighborhoods they can prevent serious crime, yet evaluations of the crime control effectiveness of disorder policing strategies yield conflicting results. This review reports on the results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime. 3.2 Objectives To assess the effects of disorder policing interventions on crime. The review also examined whether policing disorder actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e., crime moving around the corner) or diffusion of crime control benefits (i.e., crime reduction in surrounding areas). 3.3 Search methods A keyword search was performed on 15 online abstract databases. Bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of police crime control programs were reviewed and forward searches for works that cited seminal disorder policing studies were performed. Bibliographies of past completed Campbell systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts and hand searches of leading journals in the field were performed. Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were obtained. This review includes eligible studies completed before 2013. 3.4 Selection criteria To be eligible for this review, interventions used to control disorder were limited to police enforcement efforts. Suitable police enforcement efforts included tactics such as directed patrol aggressive disorder enforcement as well as community and problem-oriented policing explicitly designed to control crime by addressing disorder. Studies that used randomized controlled experimental or quasiexperimental designs were selected. The control group in each study received routine levels of traditional police enforcement tactics. 3.5 Data collection and analysis Twenty-eight studies containing 30 tests of disorder policing interventions were identified and full narratives of these studies were reported. Nine of the selected studies used randomized experimental designs and 21 used quasiexperimental designs. A formal meta-analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects of the eligible studies. Random effects models were used to calculate mean effect sizes. 3.6 Results Nineteen of 30 tests of disorder policing interventions reported noteworthy crime reductions. Our meta-analysis suggests that policing disorder strategies are associated with an overall statistically significant, modest crime reduction effect. The strongest program effect sizes were generated by community and problem-solving interventions designed to change social and physical disorder conditions at particular places. Conversely, aggressive order maintenance strategies that target disorderly behaviors by individuals in specific areas did not generate significant crime reductions. Crime displacement and diffusion effects were measured in 15 policing disorder tests. Our meta-analysis suggests disorder policing interventions are associated with diffusion of crime control benefits in areas surrounding targeted locations. 3.7 Authors' conclusions The types of strategies used by police departments to address disorder seem to matter in controlling crime, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. Further research is needed to understand the key programmatic elements that maximize the capacity of these strategies to prevent crime.","region":"Europe and Central Asia|North America","country":"United Kingdom|United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Zero tolerance policing","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome7":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype7":"Crime displacement","outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"This systematic review found that policing disorder through community and problem-solving policing is associated with reductions in crime, but aggressive, order maintenance approaches are not. In addition to an overall reduction in crime, disorder policing through community and problem-solving is associated with a reduction in property crime, violent crime, and disorder/drug crime. Lastly, community and problem-solving disorder policing interventions are also associated with diffusion of crime control benefits in areas surrounding targeted locations.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":22,"id":"cispol_R0022","title":"Use of DNA testing in police investigative work for increasing offender identification, arrest, conviction and case clearance","authors":"Wilson, David B.; Weisburd, David; McClure, David","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2011.7","doi":"10.4073/csr.2011.7","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The use of DNA testing as part of police investigative work has increased substantially since its emergence in the 1980s. The objective of this Campbell systematic review has been to synthesize the existing evidence on the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of routine police investigative practices compared to other more traditional forms of investigation.               We have identified five studies that clearly addressed the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of a criminal investigation to improve criminal justice system outcomes. The evidence suggests that DNA testing has positive value when used to investigate a broad range of crime types. There are caveats. Other than a methodologically sound evaluation in five U.S. jurisdictions, the evidence of the utility of DNA testing for serious violent crimes is based on studies with clear methodological weaknesses.                                         Synopsis               The use of DNA testing as part of police investigative work has increased substantially since its emergence in the 1980s. The objective of this review has been to synthesize the existing evidence on the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of routine police investigative practices compared to other more traditional forms of investigation. We have identified five studies that clearly addressed the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of a criminal investigation to improve criminal justice system outcomes. The evidence suggests that DNA testing has positive value when used to investigate a broad range of crime types. There are caveats. Other than a methodologically sound evaluation in five U.S. jurisdictions, the evidence of the utility of DNA testing for serious violent crimes is based on studies with clear methodological weaknesses.                                         Abstract                                BACKGROUND                 The use of DNA testing as part of police investigative work has increased substantially since its emergence in the 1980s. Initially used primarily in serious cases, such as homicides and rapes, recent use has expanded to include additional crimes, such as property offenses. The science behind the accuracy of DNA testing is substantial. With the growth of DNA databases, the possibility of comparing DNA evidence collected from a crime scene against a DNA database to identify suspects has become feasible. An important empirical question is whether wide scale use of DNA testing as part of routine police investigative practices will improve case outcomes.                                               OBJECTIVES                 The objective of this review has been to synthesize existing evidence on the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of routine police investigative practices compared to other more traditional forms of investigation.                                               SEARCH CRITERIA                 We were inclusive with respect to research design, including both experimental RCT designs and observational or quasi‐experimental studies. All studies must have provided an estimate of the effect of DNA testing (yes/no or degree of) as part of the investigative phase of a criminal case on a criminal justice system outcome, such as the identification of a suspect or a conviction.                                               SELECTION STRATEGY                 We searched 35 electronic databases and reviewed the references of seminal works in the area. This produced more than 10,000 titles that we scanned for potentially eligible works. These potentially eligible works were examined more carefully and evaluated against our eligibility criteria. This process resulted in five studies that met our inclusion criteria. Four of these five studies were dissertations or government reports.                                               DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                 Studies were coded with respect to a range of methodological and substantive features. When possible, odds‐ratios were computed to reflect the effect of DNA testing on criminal justice system outcomes. Given the diversity of designs, we did not meta‐analyze results across studies. We did, however, use meta‐analysis to synthesize results across multiple sites within two of the five studies.                                               MAIN RESULTS                 Across studies we found generally positive results regarding the utility of DNA testing. The results from the single experimental study on the effectiveness of DNA for property crimes were consistently positive across the included sites. A time‐series analysis found a relationship between the size of a local DNA database and clearance rates for most crime types. Two of the remaining three quasi‐experimental designs found positive, and sometimes large, effects for the benefits of DNA testing. A study of homicides found a negative effect of the value of DNA. Clear alternative explanations for this finding are plausible.                                               REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS                 The evidence suggests that DNA testing has value when used to investigate a broad range of crime types. There are caveats to this conclusion, and additional high quality evaluations are needed to establish the robustness and generalizability of these findings. Other than a methodologically sound evaluation in five U.S. jurisdictions, the evidence of the utility of DNA testing in investigative practices for serious violent crimes is based on studies with clear methodological weaknesses.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Advanced forensic techniques and technologies","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Efficiency and/or effectiveness of the criminal justice system in holding offenders accountable","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de Campbell Collaboration localizó cinco evaluaciones de impacto sobre el uso del ADN en las investigaciones y encontró que el uso de la identificación genética dio como resultado un mayor número de sospechosos identificados, detenidos y procesados. De los cinco estudios, cuatro son cuasi experimentales y uno solo es experimental. Las pruebas de ADN triplicaron las probabilidades de identificar a un sospechoso y realizar un arresto, y duplicaron las probabilidades de que un caso fuera aceptado para enjuiciamiento. \nEn comparación con el uso de la identificación papiloscópica (huellas dactilares), el ADN demostró ser cinco veces más eficaz en la identificación de sospechosos. La revisión encontró la mayor evidencia del uso de las pruebas de ADN para los delitos contra la propiedad y los delitos sexuales. Asimismo, el estudio encontró una asociación positiva entre el tamaño de la base de datos de ADN local y las tasas de resolución para la mayoría de los tipos de delitos","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Numero de sospechosos identificados, detenidos y procesados","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"probabilidades de identificar a un sospechoso y realizar un arresto","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"probabilidades de que un caso fuera aceptado para enjuiciamiento","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":23,"id":"cispol_R0023","title":"Interview and interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions","authors":"Meissner, Christian A.; Redlich, Allison D.; Bhatt, Sujeeta; Brandon, Susan","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2012.13","doi":"10.4073/csr.2012.13","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We conducted a systematic review of the published and unpublished literatures on the interview and interrogation of suspects. Our focus was to examine the impact of accusatorial versus information gathering approaches on the elicitation of confessions.               Two meta‐analytic reviews were conducted: one that focused on observational and quasi‐experimental field studies of actual suspects in which ground truth (i.e., veracity of the confession statement) was unknown, and another that assessed experimental, laboratory based studies in which ground truth was known. To be eligible, field studies must have included 1) at least one coded and quantified interviewing/interrogation method and 2) data on confession outcomes tied to the questioning style. Experimental studies must have included 1) at least two distinct interviewing or interrogation styles (e.g., direct questioning and accusatorial approach) and 2) sufficient data on true and/or false confession outcomes.               Following an exhaustive search, 5 field studies and 12 experimental studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in the analyses. Results revealed that while both information‐gathering and accusatory methods were similarly associated with the production of confessions in field studies, experimental data indicated that the information‐gathering method increased the likelihood of true confessions, while reducing the likelihood of false confessions. Given the small number of independent samples, the current findings are considered preliminary, yet suggestive of the benefits of information‐gathering methods in the interrogative context.                                         Abstract                                BACKGROUND                 The interviewing and interrogation of suspects can be particularly important to securing convictions against the guilty and freeing the wrongly accused. There are two general methods of questioning suspects: information‐gathering and accusatorial. The information‐gathering approach, used in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and elsewhere, as more generally in Western Europe, is characterized by rapport‐building, truth‐seeking, and active listening. The accusatorial approach, used primarily in the United States and Canada, is characterized by accusation, confrontation, psychological manipulation, and the disallowing of denials. Which method is more effective has become a hotly debated topic as the number of false confessions identified continues to rise.                                               OBJECTIVES                 Our objective was to systematically and comprehensively review published and non‐published, experimental and observational studies on the effectiveness of interviewing and interrogation methods. We focus on the questioning of suspects using information‐gathering and accusatorial methods seeking to elicit confessions.                                               SELECTION CRITERIA                 We conducted two separate meta‐analyses. The first meta‐analysis focused on observational or quasi‐experimental field studies that assess the association between certain interrogation methods and elicitation of a confession statement. Field studies must have included: 1) at least one coded and quantified interviewing/interrogation method; and 2) data on confession outcomes tied to the questioning style. The second meta‐analysis focused on experimental, laboratory‐based studies in which ground truth is known (i.e., whether the confession is factually true or false). Experimental studies must have included: 1) a comparison of at least two distinct interviewing or interrogation styles (e.g., control method and accusatorial); and 2) sufficient data on either true and/or false confession outcomes. Both meta‐analyses focus on the interrogation of “criminal” suspects. We note that whereas the aim of the accusatorial methods is to obtain confessions, the primary aim of information‐gathering methods is to obtain information. Nevertheless, because of the importance placed on confessions in the extant literature and given the current focus on confessions in the analyses reviewed, our primary outcome measure was confession rather than the amount of information gained.                                               SEARCH STRATEGY                 Several strategies were utilized to locate eligible studies: 1) keyword searches of more than 20 databases; 2) reviewing bibliographies of several relevant books and compendiums; 3) reviewing abstracts from recent conferences; and 4) requests of researchers and practitioners, individually and via listservs.                                               DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                 We located 5 studies eligible for the field study meta‐analysis and 12 studies eligible for the experimental study meta‐analysis. We coded outcomes from both study types and report mean effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. A random effects model was used for analysis of effect sizes. Moderator analyses were conducted when appropriate.                                               MAIN RESULTS                 We located 5 studies eligible for the field study meta‐analysis and 12 studies eligible for the experimental study meta‐analysis. We coded outcomes from both study types and report mean effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. A random effects model was used for analysis of effect sizes. Moderator analyses were conducted when appropriate.                                               AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS                 The available data support the effectiveness of an information‐gathering style of interviewing suspects. Caution is warranted, however, due to the small number of independent samples available for the analysis of both field and experimental studies. Additional research, including the use of quasi‐experimental field studies, appears warranted.                                               Summary                 We conducted a systematic review of the published and unpublished literatures on the interview and interrogation of suspects. Our focus was to examine the impact of accusatorial versus information‐gathering approaches on the elicitation of confessions. Two meta‐analytic reviews were conducted: one that focused on observational and quasi‐experimental field studies of actual suspects in which ground truth (i.e., veracity of the confession statement) was unknown, and another that assessed experimental, laboratory‐based studies in which ground truth was known. To be eligible, field studies must have included 1) at least one coded and quantified interviewing/interrogation method and 2) data on confession outcomes tied to the questioning style. Experimental studies must have included 1) at least two distinct interviewing or interrogation styles (e.g., direct questioning and accusatorial approach) and 2) sufficient data on true and/or false confession outcomes. Following an exhaustive search, 5 field studies and 12 experimental studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in the analyses. Results revealed that while both information‐gathering and accusatory methods were similarly associated with the production of confessions in field studies, experimental data indicated that the information‐gathering method increased the likelihood of true confessions, while reducing the likelihood of false confessions. Given the small number of independent samples, the current findings are considered preliminary, yet suggestive of the benefits of information‐gathering methods in the interrogative context.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|Canada|United Kingdom|Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Criminal investigation practices improvement and strengthening","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Los resultados de una revisión sistemática con dos metaanálisis elaborada por la Campbell Collaboration (basada en cinco estudios de campo y 12 estudios experimentales) indican que tanto los métodos acusatorios como los de obtención de información son eficaces para obtener confesiones, independientemente de que los sospechosos sean efectivamente inocentes o culpables. En contextos experimentales, los resultados indican que ambos métodos aumentan las posibilidades de obtener una confesión verdadera de un participante culpable. Los resultados del grupo de control, sin embargo, indican que el método acusatorio aumenta la probabilidad de inducir a los participantes inocentes a confesar. El método de recogida de información, por el contrario, reduce la posibilidad de obtener confesiones falsas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"obtención de información y confesiones","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":24,"id":"cispol_R0024","title":"The effects of drink-driving checkpoints on crashes—A meta-analysis","authors":"Erke, Alena; Goldenbeld, Charles; Vaa, Truls","publication_year":2009,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0001457509001067","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2009.05.005","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"A meta-analysis has been conducted on the effects on crashes of DUI-checkpoints (DUI, driving under the influence). The results indicate that crashes involving alcohol are reduced by 17% at a minimum and that all crashes, independent of alcohol involvement, are reduced by about 10–15%. In a moderator analysis the effects of a number of factors that may affect the effectiveness of DUI-checkpoints were investigated by means of subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Those moderator variables that were found to be most relevant, are the time period studied, country, and study design. DUI-checkpoints were found to be most effective during the first half year. Australian checkpoints were found to be more effective than checkpoints in other countries. Smaller crash reductions were found in studies that have applied a control group than in other studies. Testing all drivers who are stopped at a checkpoint may improve the effectiveness of DUI-checkpoints. The results do not indicate that DUI-checkpoints have greater effects on more severe crashes or that the use of paid publicity improves the effectiveness. Most likely there are further factors that affect the effectiveness of DUI-checkpoints that could not be investigated in the present analysis.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|Canada|United Kingdom|France|Netherlands|Sweden|Australia|New Zealand","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Traffic accidents","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"La plataforma Crime Solutions presenta un metaanálisis con 40 estudios que identificó que los puntos de control de alcoholemia tienen un efecto significativo en la reducción del número de colisiones de vehículos. Los investigadores apuntan a una reducción global del 13% en el número de colisiones en los lugares en los que se implantaron los controles de alcoholemia.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Car Crashes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":25,"id":"cispol_R0025","title":"Publicized Sobriety Checkpoint Programs","authors":"Bergen, Gwen; Pitan, Adesola; Qu, Shuli; Shults, Ruth A.; Chattopadhyay, Sajal K.; Elder, Randy W.; Sleet, David A.; Coleman, Heidi L.; Compton, Richard P.; Nichols, James L.; Clymer, John M.; Calvert, William B.","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379714000506","doi":"10.1016/j.amepre.2014.01.018","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background: Numerous population-based surveys indicate that overweight and obese patients can benefit from lifestyle counseling during routine clinical care. Purpose: To determine if natural language processing (NLP) could be applied to information in the electronic health record (EHR) to automatically assess delivery of weight management–related counseling in clinical healthcare encounters. Methods: The MediClass system with NLP capabilities was used to identify weight-management counseling in EHRs. Knowledge for the NLP application was derived from the 5As framework for behavior counseling: Ask (evaluate weight and related disease), Advise at-risk patients to lose weight, Assess patients’ readiness to change behavior, Assist through discussion of weight-loss methods and programs, and Arrange follow-up efforts including referral. Using samples of EHR data between January 1, 2007, and March 31, 2011, from two health systems, the accuracy of the MediClass processor for identifying these counseling elements was evaluated in postpartum visits of 600 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to manual chart review as the gold standard. Data were analyzed in 2013. Results: Mean sensitivity and specificity for each of the 5As compared to the gold standard was at or above 85%, with the exception of sensitivity for Assist, which was 40% and 60% for each of the two health systems. The automated method identified many valid Assist cases not identified in the gold standard. Conclusions: The MediClass processor has performance capability sufficiently similar to human abstractors to permit automated assessment of counseling for weight loss in postpartum encounter records.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|New Zealand","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Traffic accidents","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Description of a range of effect sizes","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un metaanálisis con 15 estudios encontró efectos positivos de los programas policiales de controles de alcoholemia en las muertes por colisiones relacionadas con el alcohol. Se observó una reducción media del 8,9% en este tipo de colisiones.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Muertes y/o lesiones por colisiones relacionadas con el alcohol","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":26,"id":"cispol_R0026","title":"Effectiveness of Sobriety Checkpoints for Reducing Alcohol-Involved Crashes","authors":"Elder, Randy W.; Shults, Ruth A.; Sleet, David A.; Nichols, James L.; Zaza, Stephanie; Thompson, Robert S.","publication_year":2002,"url_link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15389580214623","doi":"10.1080/15389580214623","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Traffic Injury Prevention","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The goal of sobriety checkpoints is to deter drinking and driving by systematically stopping drivers for assessment of alcohol impairment, thus increasing the perceived risk of arrest for alcohol-impaired driving. This review examines the effectiveness of random breath testing (RBT) checkpoints, at which all drivers stopped are given breath tests for blood alcohol levels, and selective breath testing (SBT) checkpoints, at which police must have reason to suspect the driver has been drinking before demanding a breath test. A systematic review of the effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints in reducing alcohol-involved crashes and associated injuries and fatalities was conducted using the methodology developed for the Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide) . Substantial reductions in crashes were observed for both checkpoint types across various outcome measures and time periods. Results suggest that both RBT and SBT checkpoints can play an important role in preventing alcohol-related crashes and associated injuries.","region":"Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and Pacific|North America","country":"France|United Kingdom|Australia|United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Traffic accidents","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Description of a range of effect sizes","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un metaanálisis con 23 estudios encontró que cualquier contacto con los puestos de control, ya sea al acercarse o simplemente al pasar cerca de ellos, refuerza la percepción de la gente de una mayor actividad policial y contribuye a aumentar la percepción de riesgo de detención por conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol. A través de este mecanismo, los puestos de control pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la prevención de los accidentes relacionados con el alcohol y las lesiones asociadas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Muertes y/o lesiones por colisiones relacionadas con el alcohol","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Percepção de aumento da atividade policial","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":27,"id":"cispol_R0027","title":"Increased police patrols for preventing alcohol-impaired driving","authors":"Goss, Cynthia W; Van Bramer, Lisa D; Gliner, Jeffrey A; Porter, Todd R; Roberts, Ian G; DiGuiseppi, Carolyn","publication_year":2008,"url_link":"https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD005242.pub2","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005242.pub2","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background Road traffic injuries cause 1.2 million deaths worldwide each year. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of traffic crashes, especially fatal crashes. Increased police patrols aim to increase both the perceived and actual likelihood of being caught driving while alcohol‐impaired, potentially reducing alcohol‐related driving, crashes and injuries. Objectives To assess the effects on injuries and crashes of increased police patrols that target alcohol‐impaired driving. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register (5/2006), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to 5/2006), TRANSPORT (1968 to 5/2006), C2‐SPECTR (2/2005), NCJRS (1/1951 to 5/2006), PsycINFO (1872 to 5/2006), Social Science Citation Index (1974 to 5/2006), SIGLE (1980 to 2/2006), Science Citation Index Expanded (1970 to 5/2006), Dissertation Abstracts (1870 to 5/2006), NTIS (1964 to 12/2004), conference proceedings, and reference lists. We contacted authors of eligible studies. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials, controlled trials, controlled before and after studies, interrupted time series (ITS) studies, and controlled ITS studies evaluating increased police patrols, either alone or combined with other interventions, targeting alcohol‐impaired motor vehicle drivers. Data collection and analysis Two investigators independently screened citations, extracted data, and assessed quality criteria. We compared intervention and no‐intervention geographical areas or time periods. We re‐analyzed study data as required. Results are presented narratively. Main results The 32 eligible studies included one randomized controlled trial, eight controlled before‐after studies, 14 controlled ITS studies, six ITS studies, and three studies with both ITS and controlled before‐after analyses. Most interventions targeted only alcohol‐impaired driving (69%) and included additional interventions such as media campaigns or special training for police officers (91%). Only two studies reported sufficient information to assess study quality completely. Two‐thirds of studies were scored 'not adequate' on at least one feature. Five of six studies evaluating traffic fatalities reported reductions with the intervention, but differences were statistically significant in only one study. Effects of intervention on traffic injuries were inconsistent in the six studies evaluating this outcome, and no results were statistically significant. All four controlled studies evaluating fatal crashes reported reductions with the intervention, which were statistically significant in one study. All 12 controlled studies assessing injury crashes reported greater reductions with the intervention, though effects were minimal or not significant in several studies. ITS studies showed less consistent effects on fatal crashes (three studies) and injury crashes (four studies), and effect estimates were typically imprecise. Thirteen of 20 studies showed reductions in total crashes and about two‐thirds of these were statistically significant. Authors' conclusions Studies examining increased police patrol programs were generally consistent in reporting beneficial effects on traffic crashes and fatalities, but study quality and reporting were often poor. Methodological limitations included inadequate sample size, dissimilar baseline measures, contamination, and inadequate data analysis. Thus existing evidence, although supportive, does not firmly establish whether increased police patrols, implemented with or without other intervention elements, reduce the adverse consequences of alcohol‐impaired driving.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Australia|New Zealand|Ireland","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Traffic accidents","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Description of a range of effect sizes","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"En cuanto a las patrullas policiales en movimiento, no hay evidencias suficientes para establecer una correlación entre el aumento de las patrullas y la reducción de los resultados adversos asociados a la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Muertes y/o lesiones por colisiones relacionadas con el alcohol","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":28,"id":"cispol_R0028","title":"Segurança pública baseada em evidências : a revolução das evidências na prevenção à violência no Brasil e no mundo","authors":"Kopittke, Alberto","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/211476","doi":null,"study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Portuguese","abstract":"This Thesis aims to analyze the history and main characteristics of the Crime Prevention Evidence-Based Paradigm and assess what scientific evidence exists in Brazil today on what works and what does’t work to reduce homicides, robberies and rapes in Brazil, through the first Systematic Review ever made in the country and in Latin America on the effectiveness of public security programs. The first chapter presents how the evolution of the scientific paradigm impact the public manager model, through the four phases of the Evidence Revolution described by White (2019), the second chapter describes how this revolution occurred in the area of crime prevention and has overcome the Traditional Model of Public Security. The third chapter presents the principles of Crime Prevention Evidence-Based and the main and most up-to-date 10 international evidence that demonstrates its relevance. The fourth chapter analyzes how the evidence revolution has occurred in Brazilian public management and recent aspects in the area of Public Security. The fifth chapter presents the methodology and results of the Systematic Review we conducted using the same methodology as the Maryland Report (Sherman et al, 1997), which in 1997 reviewed the studies already produced in English and was a milestone in the consolidation of Crime Prevention Evidence-Based. The Review resulted in a total of 13,352 studies analyzed, of which 41 met the inclusion criteria, which provided evidence on 24 types of interventions, eight of which were effective in reducing homicides and two in reducing theft. In line with international evidence, the Brazilian results demonstrated that proactive, focused, and integrated programs are much more effective than reactive actions, without focus, integration, and without concern for legitimacy, such as the actions traditionally cited in the country as a solution for the area. Although still timid and lagging behind other countries, we demonstrated that the revolution of evidence in Public Security has already begun in the country, through occasional experiences and that the paradigm of Crime Prevention EvidenceBased has great potential to increase the effectiveness of public spending in the area, help the country to reduce violence, consolidate its democracy and overcome decision-making processes based on beliefs, corporatism, prejudice and political populism","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Results-oriented management","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una Revisión Sistemática identificó 13 evaluaciones de impacto realizadas en Brasil sobre programas de gestión por resultados. A partir del análisis de 3 de ellas (que cumplieron con los estándares de la revisión) el autor concluye que es una intervención efectiva para la disminución de los homicidios y robos. A partir de dos estudios con resultados estadísticamente significativos, puede decirse que este tipo de intervención contribuyó a reducir entre un 9% y un 17% las tasas de homicidio, un 16% los crímenes contra las personas y un 47% los crímenes contra la propiedad.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":29,"id":"cispol_R0029","title":"Body‐worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review","authors":"Lum, Cynthia; Koper, Christopher S.; Wilson, David B.; Stoltz, Megan; Goodier, Michael; Eggins, Elizabeth; Higginson, Angela; Mazerolle, Lorraine","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1112","doi":"10.1002/cl2.1112","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"2.1|BackgroundIn the past decade, many communities have experienced high‐profile police‐involved shootings and deaths in custody, as well ascitizen protests and demands for greater police accountability andtransparency. These events have helped spur the rapid adoption ofBWCs by law enforcement agencies, with the expectation thatcameras might improve police conduct, accountability, and trans-parency, especially regarding use of force. At the same time, bothpolice and community leaders have expressed privacy concernsabout cameras and fears that BWCs might discourage citizens fromreporting crimes or cause officers to pull back on their duties. Suchexpectations and concerns, in the face of the rapid adoption of thistechnology, have been met with significant levels of research andevaluation of BWCs’effects to better inform decisions about BWCpurchases and use.2.2|ObjectivesThe objective of this Campbell systematic review is to synthesize theevaluation research on the impacts of BWCs on several officer andcitizen behaviors, including officer use of force, citizen complaintsagainst officers, arrest, assaults/resistance against officers, dis-patched calls for service, officer self‐initiated calls, pedestrian andtraffic stops, and other behaviors.2.3|Search methodsThis review applied a systematic search strategy to the GlobalPolicing Database (GPD) from 2004 to December 2018, whichcontains all published and unpublished experimental and quasi‐experimental evaluations of policing interventions conductedsince 1950. The GPD search was supplemented by an additionalsearch to obtain studies of BWCs from January 2019 toSeptember 2019.2.4|Selection criteriaExperimental and quasi‐experimental designs were eligible for thisreview. Additionally, studies must have examined the use of BWCs bylaw enforcement officers and measured police or citizen behaviors(rather than their perceptions). .5|Data collection and analysisIn total, 30 independent studies were found across 35 eligible docu-ments coded for this review. From these 30 studies, 116 effect sizeswere coded across 12 outcome measures of officer or citizen beha-viors. Inverse‐variance weighted random‐effects meta‐analysis wasused to synthesize the effect sizes. The effect size used was the re-lative incident rate ratio (RIRR). Results on this effect size weretransformed into a mean percent increase or decrease (change) intreatment condition relative to the control condition for the countsassociated with each outcome. Risks of bias, adopted from the Co-chrane risk‐of‐bias tool (Sterne et al.,2019), were recorded at both thestudy and outcome levels. There were no widespread violations of therandomization process or missing data in the studies examined. De-pending on the particular outcome measured, however, the mea-surement or ascertainment of the outcome could have differedbetween intervention groups, and some outcomes likely suffered frombias risk. The risk of contamination bias was also likely in many studies.2.6|ResultsFindings from this Campbell systematic review indicate that BWCscan reduce the number of citizen complaints against police officers(% change =−16.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−30.0 to−0.7]), al-though it remains unclear whether this finding signals an improve-ment in the quality of police–citizen interactions or a change inreporting. The current evidence is insufficient for concluding thatBWCs reduce officer use of force (% change =−6.8, 95% CI [−19.5 to7.9]), but there remains substantial uncertainty in this effect (mod-erator analyses suggest that BWCs may be more likely to reducepolice use of force if agencies highly restrict officers’discretion inhow they use the cameras). BWCs do not seem to affect other policeand citizen behaviors (or to do so in a consistent manner), includingofficers’arrest behaviors (% change =−3.9, 95% CI [−12.7 to 5.8] andself‐initiated activities (% change = 3.8, 95% CI [−5.2 to 13.5]), dis-patched calls for service (% change = 2.6, 95% CI [−3.0 to 8.6]), andassaults or resistance against police officers (% change = 15.9, 95% CI[−4.9 to 41.3]). There is high variability in findings across studies,which suggests that BWCs can have positive, negative, or null im-pacts on police or citizen behaviors under different circumstancesthat are not well understood.It seems that overall, however, the expectations that BWCsmight change officer or citizen behaviors (for better or worse) havenot yet been consistently realized. Research has not addressedwhether BWCs can increase police accountability or police–citizenrelationships more generally.","region":"North America|Latin America and Caribbean|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Uruguay|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police body-worn cameras (BWCs)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype2":"Victimization of police officers","outcome3":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype3":"Resistance to arrest","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de Campbell Collaboration identificó 30 estudios (experimentales y cuasi experimentales) sobre el uso de cámaras corporales que midieron el comportamiento de los agentes de policía y de los ciudadanos. Los resultados obtenidos son muy variados, pero hay indicios de que las cámaras corporales pueden ser eficaces para reducir el número de denuncias contra la policía, ya que se observa una reducción del 16,6% de las mismas. Sin embargo, los resultados no mostraron impactos consistentes para la reducción del uso de la fuerza, pues indican un 6,8% de reducción, pero con poca significancia estadística. Los análisis sugieren que las restricciones a la discreción de los policías para encender la cámara pueden reducir el uso de la fuerza, pero se necesitan más estudios. En cuanto a los efectos sobre la agresión a los agentes de policía, las lesiones de los agentes y la resistencia al abordaje policial, este mismo metaanálisis encontró que podría existir un pequeño (15,9%) aumento de las agresiones o de la resistencia contra los agentes que llevaban las cámaras. Sin embargo, este resultado no es estadísticamente significativo","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":30,"id":"cispol_R0030","title":"Body-Worn Cameras in Policing: Benefits and Costs","authors":"Williams, Morgan; Weil, Nathan; Rasich, Elizabeth; Ludwig, Jens; Chang, Hye; Egrari, Sophia","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w28622.pdf","doi":"10.3386/w28622","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":"NBER","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are an increasingly common tool for police oversight, accountability, and transparency, yet there remains uncertainty about their impacts on policing outcomes. This paper reviews what we know about the benefits of BWCs and how those benefits compare to the costs of this new technology. We make two contributions relative to existing research. First, we update prior meta-analyses of studies of the impacts of BWCs on policing outcomes to incorporate the most recent, and largest, studies carried out to date in this literature. This additional information provides additional support for the idea that cameras may affect a number of policing outcomes that are important from a social welfare perspective, particularly police use of force. Second, we carry out a benefit-cost analysis of BWCs, as financial barriers are often cited as a key impediment to adoption by police departments. Our baseline estimate for the benefit-cost ratio of BWCs is 4.95. Perhaps as much as one-quarter of the estimated benefits accrue to government budgets directly, which suggests the possibility that this technology could, from the narrow perspective of government budgets, even pay for itself.","region":"North America|Latin America and Caribbean|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Uruguay|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police body-worn cameras (BWCs)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype2":"Victimization of police officers","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática respaldó la hipótesis de que las cámaras corporales pueden afectar el uso de la fuerza por parte de la policía y la cantidad de denuncias presentadas por los ciudadanos contra los agentes policiales. El efecto medio encontrado para estos dos resultados ha sido de –9,6% y –16,9%, respectivamente. Sin embargo, aunque el impacto estimado sobre el uso de la fuerza sea un 40% mayor que el presentado en la primera revisión sistemática, los propios autores advierten que este resultado tampoco se considera estadísticamente significativo, según los niveles convencionalmente aceptados en los estudios empíricos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":31,"id":"cispol_R0031","title":"Police‐initiated diversion for youth to prevent future delinquent behavior: a systematic review","authors":"Wilson, David B.; Brennan, Iain; Olaghere, Ajima","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2018.5","doi":"10.4073/csr.2018.5","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review examines the effects police-initiated diversion programs on delinquent behavior, compared to traditional system processing. The review summarizes evidence from nineteen high-quality studies, including 13 randomized controlled trials and six quasi-experimental studies. This review includes studies that evaluated the effects of police-led diversionary practices compared to traditional processing for youth under 18 years of age. We identified a total of 14 manuscripts representing 19 evaluations. Of these 19 evaluations, 13 used randomized controlled designs (random assignment to conditions) and 6 used quasi-experimental designs (no random assignment to conditions). Many of these designs included two or more diversionary conditions compared to a common control (traditional processing) producing 31 treatment-comparison contrasts for analysis. These studies were conducted between 1973 and 2011, inclusively. Most were conducted in the USA (11) with the remaining conducted in Canada (4), Australia (2), and the UK (2). The general pattern of evidence is positive, suggesting that police-led diversion reduces the future delinquent behavior of low-risk youth relative to traditional processing. Assuming a 50 percent reoffending rate for the traditional processing condition, the results suggest a reoffending rate of roughly 44 percent for the diverted youth. This overall benefit of diversion holds for the random assignment studies judged to be free from any obvious risks of bias. No meaningful differences were found across types of diversionary programs. Furthermore, we found no evidence to suggest these findings suffer from publication selection bias.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Canada|Australia|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police-led juvenile diversion programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype1":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un metaanálisis de Campbell Collaboration evaluó el impacto de 31 programas de redireccionamiento desarrollados entre 1979 y 2015 con adolescentes de 10 y 17 años. Este metaanálisis encontró que los programas de redireccionamiento son efectivos en la reducción del comportamiento delictivo futuro en jóvenes de bajo riesgo. Los estudios incluidos en él señalan una modesta pero estadísticamente significativa reducción del 6% en la reincidencia de los jóvenes de bajo riesgo en comparación con los que fueron procesados a través del sistema de justicia tradicional/estándar (grupo de control). Esto indica que este tipo de intervención puede ser una alternativa eficaz al sistema de justicia formal para los jóvenes menores de 18 años y con poca o ninguna participación en el sistema de justicia penal.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":32,"id":"cispol_R0032","title":"The Effectiveness of Neighborhood Watch","authors":"Bennett, Trevor; Holloway, Katy; Farrington, David","publication_year":2008,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.4073/csr.2008.18","doi":"10.4073/csr.2008.18","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The primary aim of this Campbell systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of neighborhood watch in reducing crime. The narrative review was based on 19 studies (covering 43 evaluations) and the meta-analysis was based on 12 studies (covering 18 evaluations). The data used included police-recorded crimes and self-reported victimizations. This review concludes that neighborhood watch is associated with a reduction in crime. Background Neighborhood watch (also known as block watch, apartment watch, home watch and community watch) grew out of a movement in the US during the late 1960s that promoted greater involvement of citizens in the prevention of crime. Since then, interest in neighborhood watch has grown considerably and recent estimates suggest that over a quarter of the UK population and over forty per cent of the US population live in areas covered by neighborhood watch schemes. Objectives The primary aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of neighborhood watch in reducing crime. Criteria for inclusion of studies Neighborhood watch sometimes comprises a stand-alone scheme and sometimes includes additional program elements. The most common combination of program elements is the ‘big three’ (neighborhood watch, property marking and security surveys). Studies were selected for inclusion in the review if they were based on a watch scheme either alone or in combination with any of the other ‘big three’ elements. The main quality control was that the studies should be based on random allocation or a pre-post test design with a comparison area. Search Strategy Studies were identified by searching 11 electronic databases. In addition, studies were sought using on-line library catalogues, literature reviews, lists of references, and published bibliographies. Leading researchers in the field were also contacted when there was a particular need to do so. Data collection and analysis The narrative review was based on 19 studies (covering 43 evaluations) and the meta-analysis was based on 12 studies (covering 18 evaluations). The data used included police-recorded crimes and self-reported victimizations. Main results The main finding of the narrative review was that the majority of the schemes evaluated indicated that neighborhood watch was effective in reducing crime. The main finding of the meta-analysis was that the weighted mean odds ratio for all studies combined was 1.19 using the fixed effects method and 1.36 using the random effects method. The results of both methods show that neighborhood watch was associated with a reduction in crime of between 16 per cent and 26 per cent. Reviewers’ conclusions This review concludes that neighborhood watch is associated with a reduction in crime.","region":"East Asia and Pacific|North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"Australia|Canada|United States|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Neighborhood watch","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de Campbell Collaboration se basó en 19 estudios (que abarcaron 43 evaluaciones) y el metaanálisis se basó en 12 estudios (que abarcaron 18 evaluaciones) referentes a programas de vigilancia vecinal entre 1977 y 1994. El principal resultado del metaanálisis fue que la vigilancia vecinal se relaciona con una reducción modesta pero estadísticamente significativa del delito (fundamentalmente hurtos/robos residenciales) de entre el 16% y el 26%. Sin embargo, la misma revisión sistemática reportó no haber encontrado un impacto estadísticamente significativo en la victimización. Es posible que la falta de significancia estadística se deba al reducido número de muestras de estudio utilizadas en el análisis.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Robos a residencias","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Hurtos a residencias","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":33,"id":"cispol_R0033","title":"Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: a systematic review","authors":"Gill, Charlotte; Weisburd, David; Telep, Cody W.; Vitter, Zoe; Bennett, Trevor","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-014-9210-y","doi":"10.1007/s11292-014-9210-y","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives Systematically review and synthesize the existing research on community-oriented policing to identify its effects on crime, disorder, fear, citizen satisfaction, and police legitimacy. Methods We searched a broad range of databases, websites, and journals to identify eligible studies that measured pre-post changes in outcomes in treatment and comparison areas following the implementation of policing strategies that involved community collaboration or consultation. We identified 25 reports containing 65 independent tests of community-oriented policing, most of which were conducted in neighborhoods in the United States. Thirty-seven of these comparisons were included in a meta-analysis. Results Our findings suggest that community-oriented policing strategies have positive effects on citizen satisfaction, perceptions of disorder, and police legitimacy, but limited effects on crime and fear of crime. Conclusions Our review provides important evidence for the benefits of community policing for improving perceptions of the police, although our findings overall are ambiguous. The challenges we faced in conducting this review highlight a need for further research and theory development around community policing. In particular, there is a need to explicate and test a logic model that explains how short-term benefits of community policing, like improved citizen satisfaction, relate to longer-term crime prevention effects, and to identify the policing strategies that benefit most from community participation.","region":"East Asia and Pacific|Europe and Central Asia|North America","country":"Australia|United Kingdom|United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype1":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype3":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome4":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype4":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis identificó 25 estudios que evaluaban el impacto de los programas de policía comunitaria. El metaanálisis de estas evaluaciones mostró que los programas afectan positivamente a los índices de satisfacción con la policía. También se observó una reducción de la percepción de desorden. Si bien el metaanálisis no encontró resultados estadísticamente significativos, la revisión sistemática sí produjo indícios de mejora en la legitimidad policial. Los autores no encuentran evidencia concluyente de que esta intervención mejore la prevención del delito o el miedo al delito. Tampoco encuentran evidencias concluyentes de un mejor desempeño del policiamiento comunitario cuando incorpora la orientación a problemas. Como nota negativa, sin embargo, el efecto del policiamiento comunitario sobre los resultados oficiales de delincuencia y victimización fue más equívoco. De las 47 comparaciones que midieron este resultado, sólo un 36,2% mostró un efecto positivo, y un porcentaje igual de estudios indicó que la estrategia no fue eficaz. Los autores clasifican la estrategia como \"no eficaz\" para estos resultados, aunque advierten que no significa necesariamente que la estrategia sea perjudicial. En muchos casos, la intervención no produjo ninguna diferencia en las zonas de tratamiento, mientras que las zonas de comparación experimentaron mejoras sustanciales por algún otro motivo. Es importante mencionar las limitaciones del estudio, en virtud de la imprecisión conceptual de la estrategia, que genera intervenciones heterogéneas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"citizens’ perceptions of social and physical disorder in their neighborhood","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome5_metric":"official crime and victimization data","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":34,"id":"cispol_R0034","title":"Community policing does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global South","authors":"Blair, Graeme; Weinstein, Jeremy M.; Christia, Fotini; Arias, Eric; Badran, Emile; Blair, Robert A.; Cheema, Ali; Farooqui, Ahsan; Fetzer, Thiemo; Grossman, Guy; Haim, Dotan; Hameed, Zulfiqar; Hanson, Rebecca; Hasanain, Ali; Kronick, Dorothy; Morse, Benjamin S.; Muggah, Robert; Nadeem, Fatiq; Tsai, Lily L.; Nanes, Matthew; Slough, Tara; Ravanilla, Nico; Shapiro, Jacob N.; Silva, Barbara; Souza, Pedro C. L.; Wilke, Anna M.","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd3446","doi":"10.1126/science.abd3446","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Easier said than done                            High-profile instances of police brutality in the last few years have brought attention to patterns of abuse that have existed since the inception of modern policing. There have been many calls for police reform, a process that in many countries has taken the form of increased police engagement with communities. Blair               et al               . report the results of a large-scale experiment testing the effectiveness of this approach across six countries in the Southern Hemisphere (see the Perspective by Tobon). They found that such community engagement did not increase trust in the police and it did not reduce crime. Improving relationships between police and community may require deeper structural changes before or in addition to approaches such as community policing. —SNV                        ,              Community policing may not improve police community relations in all contexts.           ,                             INTRODUCTION               More than one-fourth of the world’s population lives in conditions of insecurity because of high levels of crime and violence, especially in the Global South. Although the police are central to reducing crime and violence, they are also often perpetrators of unjust harm against citizens. We investigated the effects of community policing, a set of practices designed to build trust between citizens and police, increase the co-production of public safety, and reduce crime. Community policing is meant to improve outcomes by increasing engagement between citizens and police through increased foot patrols, community meetings, and the adoption of problem-oriented policing strategies that address concerns raised by citizens. When cooperation leads to effective police responses, this approach reinforces citizen trust and facilitates further cooperation, creating a virtuous cycle. Community policing has been implemented around the world on every continent. However, although there is evidence for its positive effects in rich countries, there is no systematic evidence about whether community policing effectively generates trust and reduces crime in the Global South.                                         RATIONALE               Working in partnership with local police agencies, we conducted six coordinated field experiments in Brazil, Colombia, Liberia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Uganda. We collaborated with the police to implement locally appropriate increases in community policing practices. We planned for risks involved in partnering with the police by soliciting reports of police abuse and carefully selecting the areas we worked in and the police units we partnered with. We randomly assigned areas to either the community policing practices or a control group. Our interventions reached approximately 9 million people in 516 treated areas. At end line, we surveyed 18,382 citizens and 874 police officers and obtained crime data from the police. We conducted experiments in multiple settings with common measures to strengthen the generalizability of our findings and preregistered a joint analysis of the six studies to reduce the risk of publication bias.                                         RESULTS               Increases in locally appropriate community policing practices led to no improvements in citizen-police trust, no greater citizen cooperation with the police, and no reduction in crime in any of the six sites. Despite a strong commitment from leadership in each context at the outset, the police implemented the interventions unevenly and incompletely. Although citizens reported more frequent and robust exposure to the police in places where community policing was implemented, we have limited evidence of police action in response to citizen reports. Three implementation challenges common to police reforms may have contributed to these disappointing results: a lack of sustained buy-in from police leadership, frequent rotation of police leadership and their officers, and a lack of resources to respond to issues raised by citizens.                                         CONCLUSION               At a time when police departments around the world are considering reform efforts to foster greater trust between citizens and the police, it is more important than ever to ask hard questions about the evidence base for the most popular reform proposals. In contexts with limited incentives and resources to change, the results of our coordinated experiments deliver a clear message. Community policing does not, at least immediately and on its own, lead to major improvements in citizen-police relations or reductions in crime. Structural reforms to the police may be needed to successfully reduce crime while building greater police accountability to citizens.                                                   Evaluating community policing.                   In six field experiments across the Global South conducted in partnership with local police agencies, we assessed the effectiveness of community policing. We found that community policing does not improve citizen-police trust or cooperation and does not reduce crime.                                                                         ,              Is it possible to reduce crime without exacerbating adversarial relationships between police and citizens? Community policing is a celebrated reform with that aim, which is now adopted on six continents. However, the evidence base is limited, studying reform components in isolation in a limited set of countries, and remaining largely silent on citizen-police trust. We designed six field experiments with Global South police agencies to study locally designed models of community policing using coordinated measures of crime and the attitudes and behaviors of citizens and police. In a preregistered meta-analysis, we found that these interventions led to mixed implementation, largely failed to improve citizen-police relations, and did not reduce crime. Societies may need to implement structural changes first for incremental police reforms such as community policing to succeed.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean|East Asia and Pacific|Sub-Saharan Africa|South Asia|North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"Brazil|Colombia|Philippines|Australia|Papua New Guinea|Liberia|Uganda|Pakistan|India|United States|United Kingdom","income_level":"Upper middle income|Lower middle income|High income|Low income","evaluated_case":"Intervenciones de Policía Comunitaria (Múltiples Países)","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype1":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome2":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype2":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome3":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype3":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome4":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype4":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome5":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype5":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"A meta-analysis that encompassed six coordinated field experiments in global south countries found that community policing generated none of the main effects that were hypothesized. In the meta-analysis, the study found no impact of increased community policing practices on any of the primary outcomes: crime victimization, perceptions of insecurity, citizen perceptions of police, police abuse, or citizen cooperation with police. It did, however, find effects on secondary measures of citizen attitudes toward the police in three sites.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":35,"id":"cispol_R0035","title":"Effects of Second Responder Programs on Repeat Incidents of Family Abuse: A Systematic Review","authors":"Davis, Robert C.; Weisburd, David; Taylor, Bruce","publication_year":2008,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.4073/csr.2008.15","doi":"10.4073/csr.2008.15","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper reports the results of a systematic review of the effects of second responder programs on repeat incidents of family violence. An exhaustive search yielded ten studies (including three that were unpublished) that met our criteria that included: (a) following a report of a family violence incident to the police, a second response that included a home visit, (b) a comparison group, and (c) at least one measure of repeat family violence. Fixed and random effects metaanalysis indicated that the second response intervention did not affect the likelihood of new abuse as reported on victim surveys, but did slightly increase the odds of a new report made to the police. We interpret these results to mean that the intervention does not affect the continuation or cessation of family violence, but does somewhat increase victims' willingness to report incidents to the authorities when they occur. Background: Second responder programs are based on the premises that family violence often recurs and that victims are likely to be especially receptive to crime prevention opportunities immediately following victimization. A team usually consisting of a police officer and a victim advocate follow-up on the initial police response to a family violence complaint, provides the victim with information on services and legal options and may warn those perpetrators present at the follow-up of the legal consequences of continued abuse. The purpose of the intervention is to reduce the likelihood of a new offense by helping victims to understand the cyclical nature of family violence, develop a safety plan, obtain a restraining order, increase their knowledge about legal rights and options, and provide shelter placement or other relocation assistance. A secondary aim of the intervention with victims may be to establish greater independence for victims through counseling, job training, public assistance, or other social service referrals. The intervention has spread widely, with support from the U.S. Department of Justice. Objectives: To assess the effect of second responder programs on repeat incidents of family violence. Selection criteria: Three criteria were used to define studies eligible for the review: (a) studies had to be evaluations of a second responder program; that is a program operated by or in cooperation with a municipal law enforcement agency in which, in response to a family violence complaint, the police summon family violence specialists to visit victims at their homes; (b) studies had to include an acceptable comparison group which did not receive a second response; (c) studies had to include at least one measure of new offenses committed by the perpetrator against the same victim. Search strategy: Search strategies included: (a) keyword searches on a variety of online databases, (b) reviews of bibliographies of second responder studies that were located, (c) hand searches of leading journals in the field, (d) a search of the Department of Justice Office of Violence Against Women website, (e) e-mails to authors of papers that described second responder programs, but whose methods did not meet our criteria for inclusion, and (f) e-mails sent to knowledgeable scholars. Data collection and analysis: Narrative reviews were drafted for the ten studies that met the criteria for inclusion. Both fixed and random effects models were used in meta-analyses that examined effect sizes for all included studies and for only experimental studies. Main results: The second response intervention increased slightly the odds that a household would report another family violence incident to the police. No effect of the intervention was found on reports of new abuse based on victim surveys. Conclusions: The results suggest that the second response intervention does not affect the likelihood of new incidents of family violence. However, the intervention slightly increases victims’ willingness to report incidents to the police, possibly as a result of greater confidence in the police.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Second responders programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype2":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome3":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype3":"Propensity to report crimes","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de Campbell Collaboration, basada en 10 estudios (experimentales y cuasiexperimentales), encontró que los programas de segunda respuesta no afectaron de forma estadísticamente significativa a la probabilidad de revictimización, pero aumentaron ligeramente las posibilidades de nuevas denuncias a la policía. Los autores interpretan estos resultados en el sentido de que, si bien la intervención no afecta a la continuación o el cese de la violencia familiar, podría aumentar ligeramente la disposición de las víctimas a denunciar los incidentes a las autoridades. Dado que todos los estudios se realizaron en Estados Unidos y que existían diferencias en el modo de aplicación, se recomendaba que se hicieran nuevas evaluaciones","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":36,"id":"cispol_R0036","title":"Effects of second responder programs on repeat incidents of family abuse: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis","authors":"Petersen, Kevin; Davis, Robert C.; Weisburd, David; Taylor, Bruce","publication_year":2022,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1217","doi":"10.1002/cl2.1217","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background Family abuse is a recurrent phenomenon within a select population of households. This form of abuse can include any physical or psychological harassment that occurs between family or household members, and often involves complex mental and emotional issues that are resistant to intervention. Traditional criminal justice strategies for combating this issue have evolved over time but have frequently demonstrated limited success. Within the past few decades, multiagency programs to address repeat family abuse have gained popularity. One such program, termed “second responders,” teams police officers with social service workers, victim advocates, or counselors to conduct follow-up visits with victims of family abuse following a complaint. Second responders seek to educate victims about the cyclical nature of family abuse, engage in safety planning, and/or provide service referrals. These interventions are based on the premise that victims are more likely to be receptive to crime prevention opportunities immediately following victimization. Second responder interventions have received support from the US Department of Justice and their adoption has spread in both the United States and internationally, however, there remains little conclusive evidence on their effects. Objectives To update and extend the findings of the prior second responders systematic review and meta-analysis by synthesizing the results of published and unpublished second responder evaluations through October of 2021. This review also examines the use of victim services as a secondary outcome and incorporates a number of additional moderator analyses. Search Methods The Global Policing Database (GPD), a repository of all experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of policing interventions conducted since 1950, was searched using keywords related to second responder interventions and repeat family violence from 2004 to December 2019 (https://gpd.uq.edu.au/s/gpd/page/about). This search was also supplemented with additional strategies, such as reference harvesting of prior reviews, searching 2020 and 2021 volumes of leading academic journals, reviewing the reference lists of eligible studies, searching additional gray literature repositories focused on domestic violence, and consulting with eligible study authors. Selection Criteria Eligible studies were required to include a treatment group that received the second responder intervention and a comparison group that did not. Assignment to these conditions could be either experimental or quasi-experimental, but quasi-experimental studies were required to use either matched comparison groups or multivariate analysis methods to control for confounding factors. Eligibility was limited to studies reporting on at least one measure of repeat family abuse, such as intimate partner violence, elder abuse, or general family abuse. Measures of repeat abuse could be based on either official (i.e., police data) or unofficial (i.e., victim survey data) data sources. Data Collection and Analysis Five new studies were identified between 2004 and 2019, all of which contained sufficient data for the calculation of at least one effect size. Along with the 10 studies included in the prior review, a total of 15 studies and 29 distinct effect sizes were analyzed across three outcome constructs. Effect sizes were calculated as logged odds ratios and results were synthesized using random effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Final results were exponentiated to represent the percentage point difference in the odds of a given outcome for treatment groups relative to control groups. Risk of bias was assessed using items adapted from the Cochrane Risk of Bias tools for experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Eligible studies were generally considered to be of low risk of bias, however, issues with survey success/contact rates and the analytical approaches to these problems led to concern in several studies. Results These analyses suggest that second responder interventions produced no significant effects on either police or victim-reported measures of repeat family abuse, in aggregate. However, findings from the more rigorous experimental studies indicated that second responder interventions were associated with a statistically significant 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.04, 1.43]) increase in the odds of a police-reported repeat family abuse incident, with no significant variability in individual study results. Additionally, studies that measured the use of victim services as a secondary outcome were associated with a statistically significant 9% (95% CI [1.02, 1.16]) increase in the odds of service use for treatment groups relative to control groups. Several study characteristics also proved to be important moderators of treatment effects. Increases in the speed of the second response were associated with significant decreases in the odds of a victim-reported repeat incident, and studies that measured repeat family abuse using households were associated with significantly higher odds of a police-reported repeat incident, compared to studies that used the same victim or victim/offender pairing more generally. Authors' Conclusions Second responder interventions are undoubtedly appealing based on their logic and intentions. Yet, well-intentioned programs with sound logic can still backfire, and the results of this updated review provide evidence that may be suggestive of a backfire effect. Even so, any firm conclusions from this review are limited by a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms operating in between the implementation of the second response intervention and the observed effects, as well as the small sample sizes involved in many analyses. While it seems clear that these programs are not producing any broad reductions in self-reported victimization, the increase in police-reported violence seen in experimental studies could indicate either a true increase in abuse or an increased willingness to call the police. The lack of observed impact on victim-reported violence would suggest the latter, but without more specific measures, such conclusions should be avoided. If these results are indicative of increased reporting, however, many may consider this a desirable outcome, particularly given the often-underreported nature of family abuse and the potential for increased reporting to lead to long-term reductions in abuse. Furthermore, these results provide an indication that second responder programs can produce other intended effects, such as increasing the retention of victim services, and that the specific characteristics of these interventions may moderate their effects. It is unclear why elements such as the immediacy of the second response or the unit of analysis being evaluated would impact study results, but these observations are consistent with the theory that domestic violence interventions must capitalize on short windows of opportunity and create separation between victims and offenders to reduce exposure and subsequent victimization. This potential indicates a need for more research on second responder programs, but specifically research that examines these moderating characteristics and mechanisms. Even in light of this potential, second responder programs do not, on average, appear to reduce the prevalence of repeat family abuse. Given the presence of alternative (and possibly more effective) domestic violence interventions that now exist (e.g., Safe Dates, Shifting Boundaries, Green Dot, etc.), it seems that policymakers may wish to look elsewhere for efforts to reduce family abuse.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Second responders programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype2":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome3":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype3":"Propensity to report crimes","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática abarcó 15 estudios experimentales y cuasiexperimentales y no encontró evidencias de que este tipo de intervención redujera la revictimización (la reducción encontrada no es estadísticamente significativa). Sin embargo, los estudios experimentales más rigurosos indicaron que las intervenciones de segunda respuesta se asociaron con un aumento estadísticamente significativo del 22% en las probabilidades de reincidencia en el maltrato familiar denunciado, sin que hubiera una variabilidad significativa en los resultados entre los estudios individuales. Los autores concluyen que las intervenciones de segunda respuesta se asocian a un cierto nivel de reducción de la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres cuando la visita se realiza dentro de las 72 horas siguientes al evento, y que pueden aumentar los riesgos de violencia cuando la visita se realiza después de las 72 horas, pero se necesitan nuevas investigaciones más profundas para confirmar este resultado. Por último, se encontraron evidencias de que hubo un aumento de las denuncias a la policía, pero no se observó un aumento de las denuncias en las encuestas de victimización, lo que puede indicar una mejora en la confianza de las víctimas y en su disposición a ponerse en contacto con la policía.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":37,"id":"cispol_R0037","title":"Problem‐oriented policing for reducing crime and disorder: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis","authors":"Hinkle, Joshua C.; Weisburd, David; Telep, Cody W.; Petersen, Kevin","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1089","doi":"10.1002/cl2.1089","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background Herman Goldstein developed problem-oriented policing (POP) to focus police on more proactively addressing chronic problems, rather than using traditional reactive efforts. POP has been utilized to target a wide range of problems and has become commonly used in agencies across the United States and the world, although implementation is often uneven. POP interventions commonly use the SARA (scanning, analysis, response, assessment) model to identify problems, carefully analyze the conditions contributing to the problem, develop a tailored response to target these underlying factors, and evaluate outcome effectiveness. Objectives To extend and update the findings of the original POP systematic review by synthesizing the findings of published and unpublished evaluations of POP through December 2018 to assess its overall impacts on crime and disorder. The review also examined impacts of POP on crime displacement, police financial costs, and noncrime outcomes. Search Methods Searches using POP keywords of the Global Policing Database at the University of Queensland were conducted to identify published and unpublished evaluations between 2006 and 2018. We supplemented these searches with forward searches, hand searches of leading journals and the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, and consultation with experts. Selection Criteria Eligible studies had to include a target area or group that received a POP intervention AND a control area/group that received standard police services. The control condition could be either experimental or quasi-experimental. Units of analysis could be places or people. We defined POP as studies that generally followed the tenets of the SARA model. Data Collection and Analysis We identified 39 new (published between 2006 and 2018) studies that met our eligibility criteria as an evaluation of POP. Twenty-four of these studies had sufficient data available to calculate an effect size. Along with the 10 studies from our initial systematic review of POP, these 34 studies are included in our meta-analytic review of POP. Nine of these studies were randomized experiments and 25 were quasi-experiments. We calculated effect sizes for each study using Cohen's D and relative incidence risk ratios and used random effects meta-analyses to synthesize studies. Results Our meta-analyses suggest statistically significant impacts of POP. Our relative incident risk ratio analysis of mean effects suggests a 33.8% reduction in crime/disorder in the POP treatment areas/groups relative to the controls. We find no evidence of significant crime displacement as a result of POP and some evidence for a greater likelihood of a diffusion of crime control benefits. Few studies assessed noncrime outcomes, but our narrative review suggests POP is cost-effective, but has limited impacts on fear of crime, legitimacy, and collective efficacy. Authors’ Conclusions Our review provides strong and consistent evidence that POP is an effective strategy for reducing crime and disorder. There is a great deal of heterogeneity in the magnitude of effect sizes across factors such as study type, study rigor and crime type. Despite this heterogeneity, 31 out of 34 studies (91.2%) have effect sizes in favor of a treatment effect and the overall mean effect is positive and significant in all of our models.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Canada|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype3":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome4":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype4":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome5":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype5":"Collective efficacy","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de Cambpell Collaboration sobre POP localizó un total de 34 evaluaciones de impacto sobre esta estrategia de policiamiento. La revisión concluyó que, en general, los programas que utilizaran el POP lograron una reducción media estadísticamente significativa del 34% en los índices de delincuencia y desórdenes, especialmente cuando se aplicaron junto con otras estrategias, como el patrullaje en puntos calientes. Por otro lado, los programas no tuvieron un impacto consistente en la sensación de seguridad y la legitimidad de la policía. En el caso del miedo al delito, la mayoría de los estudios no encontraron ningún impacto de los POP en el temor de los residentes a la delincuencia, y en los estudios que sí encontraron un impacto, los efectos fueron, en general, pequeños. Respecto a la percepción de legitimidad, los resultados en general sugieren que el POP tiene un impacto limitado en la legitimidad de la policía. Por último, solo unos pocos estudios (tres) evaluaron el impacto sobre la eficacia colectiva (tres). En este caso, los resultados de los tres estudios fueron inconsistentes y mixtos. En cuanto a la relación costo-beneficio, el estudio concluyó que el POP puede proporcionar un ahorro sustancial en el gasto policial, ya que utiliza soluciones de bajo costo, en asociación con otros organismos, y es capaz de lograr una reducción sustancial de las llamadas de emergencia, de los incidentes atendidos y de las detenciones realizada.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome5_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":38,"id":"cispol_R0038","title":"Is problem‐oriented policing effective in reducing crime and disorder?: Findings from a Campbell systematic review","authors":"Weisburd, David; Telep, Cody W.; Hinkle, Joshua C.; Eck, John E.","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00617.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00617.x","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology & Public Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research Summary                          We conducted a Campbell systematic review to examine the effectiveness of problem‐oriented policing (POP) in reducing crime and disorder. After an exhaustive search strategy that identified more than 5,500 articles and reports, we found only ten methodologically rigorous evaluations that met our inclusion criteria. Using meta‐analytic techniques, we found an overall modest but statistically significant impact of POP on crime and disorder. We also report on our analysis of pre/post comparison studies. Although these studies are less methodologically rigorous, they are more numerous. The results of these studies indicate an overwhelmingly positive impact from POP.                            Policy Implications                          POP has been adopted widely across police agencies and has been identified as effective by many policing scholars. Our study supports the overall commitment of police to POP but suggests that we should not necessarily expect large crime and disorder control benefits from this approach. Moreover, funders and the police need to invest much greater effort and resources to identify the specific approaches and tactics that work best in combating specific types of crime problems. We conclude that the evidence base in this area is deficient given the strong investment in POP being made by the government and police agencies.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome4":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype4":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome5":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype5":"Drug-related offenses","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The central conclusion of the review is that POP as an approach has significant promise to ameliorate crime and disorder problems broadly defined. The most successful studies in this review covered problems that ranged from parolee recidivism, to violence in hot spots, to drug markets.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":39,"id":"cispol_R0039","title":"Effects of Closed Circuit Television Surveillance on Crime","authors":"Welsh, Brandon C.; Farrington, David P.","publication_year":2008,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.4073/csr.2008.17","doi":"10.4073/csr.2008.17","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Campbell systematic review examines the effects of closed circuit television (CCTV) on property crime and violent crime. The review reports on whether using CCTV results in crime displacement, and also assesses whether using CCTV leads to the spread of crime prevention benefits.               The authors found 44 evaluations. The studies were from the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Norway and Sweden. Most of the studies (34) were from the United Kingdom.               CCTV has a modest impact on crime. Effectiveness varies across settings. Surveillance is more effective at preventing crime in car parks, and less effective in city and town centers, public housing, and public transport. CCTV appears most effective in car parks at reducing vehicle crimes such as thefts from cars or stealing cars. The effectiveness of CCTV surveillance is greater when camera coverage of an area is high. CCTV surveillance does not have an effect on levels of violent crime.               In all six of the CCTV car park studies, CCTV surveillance was an element in a broader package of crime prevention measures, such as extra security guards, better lighting, and fencing. It is not possible to assess the independent effects of each of these different components. The available evidence does not allow a conclusion as to whether CCTV leads to a displacement of crime or a diffusion of crime prevention benefits to other areas.                                         Abstract                                Background                 In recent years, there has been a marked and sustained growth in the use of CCTV to prevent crime in public space in the U.K., United States, and other Western nations. In the U.K., CCTV is the single most heavily funded crime prevention measure operating outside of the criminal justice system. A key issue is how far funding for CCTV has been based on high quality scientific evidence demonstrating its efficacy in preventing crime. There is concern that this funding has been based partly on a handful of apparently successful schemes that were usually evaluated with less than rigorous designs, done with varying degrees of competence, and done with varying degrees of professional independence from government. Recent reviews that have examined the effectiveness of CCTV against crime have also noted the need for high quality, independent evaluation research.                                               Objectives                 The main objective of this review is to assess the available research evidence on the effects of CCTV surveillance cameras on crime in public space. In addition to assessing the overall impact of CCTV on crime, this review will also investigate in which settings, against which crimes, and under what conditions it is most effective.                                               Search strategy                 Four search strategies were employed to identify studies meeting the criteria for inclusion in this review: (1) searches of electronic bibliographic databases; (2) searches of literature reviews on the effectiveness of CCTV in preventing crime; (3) searches of bibliographies of CCTV studies; and (4) contacts with leading researchers. Both published and unpublished reports were considered in the searches. Searches were international in scope and were not limited to the English language.                                               Selection criteria                 Studies that investigated the effects of CCTV on crime were included. For studies involving one or more other interventions, only those studies in which CCTV was the main intervention were included. Studies were included if they had, at a minimum, an evaluation design that involved before‐and‐after measures of crime in experimental and control areas. There needed to be at least one experimental area and one reasonably comparable control area.                                               Data collection & analysis                 Narrative findings are reported for the 44 studies included in this review. A meta‐analysis of 41 of these 44 studies was carried out; the requisite crime data was missing in other 3 studies. The “relative effect size” or RES (which can be interpreted as an incident rate ratio) was used to measure effect size. Results are reported for total crime and, where possible, property and violent crime categories using (mostly) official data. In the case of studies that measure the impact of CCTV programs on crime at multiple points in time, similar time periods before and after are compared (as far as possible). The review also reports on displacement of crime and diffusion of crime prevention benefits.                                               Main results                 The studies included in this systematic review indicate that CCTV has a modest but significant desirable effect on crime, is most effective in reducing crime in car parks, is most effective when targeted at vehicle crimes (largely a function of the successful car park schemes), and is more effective in reducing crime in the U.K. than in other countries.                                               Reviewers’ conclusions                 We conclude that CCTV surveillance should continue to be used to prevent crime in public space, but that it be more narrowly targeted than its present use would indicate. Future CCTV schemes should employ high‐quality evaluation designs with long follow‐up periods.","region":"Europe and Central Asia|North America","country":"Norway|Sweden|United Kingdom|United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Theft","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática de la Campbell Collaboration identificó 44 estudios que evaluaron el impacto del uso de los sistemas de monitoreo con cámaras de video sobre las tasas de criminalidad. Las intervenciones de videovigilancia en calles y otros lugares públicos han causado un pequeño efecto y no estadísticamente significativo para la reducción del crimen. Se alcanza el mejor resultado de videovigilancia en áreas de estacionamientos, donde causa una reducción promedio del 51% en los robos de y desde vehículos. La revisión concluyó que la vídeovigilancia no tiene ningún efecto sobre los niveles de delitos violentos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Robos de vehículos, a residencias, y a peatones","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"Robos de vehículos, a residencias, y a peatones","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":40,"id":"cispol_R0040","title":"Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis","authors":"Welsh, Brandon C.; Farrington, David P.","publication_year":2009,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418820802506206","doi":"10.1080/07418820802506206","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In recent years, there has been a marked and sustained growth in the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras to prevent crime in public places in the USA and other Western nations. Amidst this expansion and the associated public expenditure, as well as concerns about their efficacy and social costs, there is an increasing need for an evidence‐based approach to inform CCTV policy and practice. This paper reports on an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of CCTV on crime in public places. Evaluations were included if CCTV was the main intervention and the design was of high methodological quality. Forty‐four evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest that CCTV caused a modest (16%) but significant decrease in crime in experimental areas compared with control areas. This overall result was largely driven by the effectiveness of CCTV schemes in car parks, which caused a 51% decrease in crime. Schemes in most other public settings had small and nonsignificant effects on crime: a 7% decrease in city and town centers and in public housing communities. Public transport schemes had greater effects (a 23% decrease overall), but these were still nonsignificant. Schemes evaluated in the UK were more effective than schemes evaluated in the USA and other countries, but this was largely driven by the studies in the car parks. Implications for policy and research are discussed.","region":"Europe and Central Asia|North America","country":"United Kingdom|Norway|United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Los resultados del metaanálisis sugieren que la vídeovigilancia provocó una disminución modesta (16%) pero significativa de la delincuencia en las zonas experimentales en comparación con las zonas de control. Este resultado global se debió en gran medida a la eficacia de los sistemas de vídeovigilancia en los aparcamientos, donde provocaron un descenso de la delincuencia del 51%. Los sistemas de videovigilancia tuvieron efectos pequeños y no significativos sobre la delincuencia en la mayoría de los demás entornos públicos: una disminución del 7% en los centros de las ciudades y en las comunidades de viviendas públicas. Los sistemas de transporte público tuvieron mayores efectos (un descenso global del 23%), pero no fueron significativos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Robos de vehículos, a residencias, y en el transporte público","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Robos de vehículos, a residencias, y a peatones","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":41,"id":"cispol_R0041","title":"The effects of closed-circuit television on crime: meta-analysis of an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation","authors":"Farrington, David P.; Gill, Martin; Waples, Sam J.; Argomaniz, Javier","publication_year":2007,"url_link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11292-007-9024-2","doi":"10.1007/s11292-007-9024-2","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This article reports results obtained in an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation of 14 closed-circuit television (CCTV) projects in residential areas, town and city centers, a city hospital, and car parks (parking lots). Both police and victimization data were collected before and after the installation of CCTV in target, control and buffer areas, and police Divisions. The results showed that CCTV was effective in reducing crimes in train station car parks but not in city centers or residential areas, seemed to be effective in reducing vehicle crimes (but not other types of crimes), and was most effective when the degree of coverage by CCTV was high and when CCTV was combined with other interventions such as improved lighting. Implications for situational crime prevention theory are drawn. There was no evidence of displacement or diffusion of benefits. It is concluded that CCTV needs to be implemented more effectively, based on an analysis of the crime problem and its causes, and needs to be evaluated using a randomized experimental design.","region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Los resultados del metaanálisis mostraron que la vídeovigilancia fue eficaz para reducir los delitos en los aparcamientos de las estaciones de tren, pero no en el centro de las ciudades ni en las zonas residenciales. Además, la intervención fue eficaz para reducir los delitos relacionados con vehículos (pero no otros tipos de delitos), y resultó más eficaz cuando el grado de cobertura de la vídeovigilancia fue elevado y cuando la vídeovigilancia se combinaba con otras intervenciones, como la mejora de la iluminación.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Robos de vehículos, y a residencias","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Robos de vehículos, y a residencias","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":42,"id":"cispol_R0042","title":"CCTV surveillance for crime prevention: A 40‐year systematic review with meta‐analysis","authors":"Piza, Eric L.; Welsh, Brandon C.; Farrington, David P.; Thomas, Amanda L.","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12419","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12419","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology & Public Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research Summary: This paper reports on the findings of an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras on crime. Findings show that CCTV is associated with a significant and modest decrease in crime. The largest and most consistent effects of CCTV were observed in car parks. The analysis also generated evidence of significant crime reductions within other settings, particularly residential areas. CCTV schemes incorporating active monitoring generated larger effect sizes than passive systems. Schemes deploying multiple interventions alongside CCTV generated larger effect sizes than schemes deploying single or no other interventions alongside CCTV. Policy Implications: Results of this systematic review—based on 40 years of evaluation research—lend support for the continued use of CCTV to prevent crime as well as provide a greater understanding of some of the key mechanisms of effective use. Of particular salience is the continued need for CCTV to be narrowly targeted on vehicle crimes and property crime and not be deployed as a “standalone” crime prevention measure. As CCTV surveillance continues to expand its reach in both public and private space and evolve with new technology, policy will benefit from high-quality evaluations of outcomes and implementation.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific|Europe and Central Asia","country":"Canada|United States|Korea, Rep.|Sweden|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome2":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug-related offenses","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"CCTV was associated with significant reductions in vehicle crime (OR = 1.164, p = .030) and property crime (OR = 1.161, p = .021). The ORs translate to reductions of approximately 14% for both vehicle crime and property crime. CCTV had the largest effect on drug crime (OR = 1.249, p = .044) for a reduction of approximately 20%. No significant effects were observed for violent crime or disorder","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":43,"id":"cispol_R0043","title":"The Effectiveness of Policies and Programs That Attempt to Reduce Firearm Violence: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Makarios, Matthew D.; Pratt, Travis C.","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011128708321321","doi":"10.1177/0011128708321321","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Crime & Delinquency","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In response to rising rates of firearms violence that peaked in the mid-1990s, a wide range of policy interventions have been developed in an attempt to reduce violent crimes committed with firearms. Although some of these approaches appear to be effective at reducing gun violence, methodological variations make comparing effects across program evaluations difficult. Accordingly, in this article, the authors use meta-analytic techniques to determine what works in reducing gun violence. The results indicate that comprehensive community-based law enforcement initiatives have performed the best at reducing gun violence.","region":"North America|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype2":"Firearms-focused policing","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"This meta-analysis looked at results from 29 studies that examined the effects of policy and community interventions to reduce gun violence. The study found the interventions were associated with a significant decrease in violent gun crime.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":44,"id":"cispol_R0044","title":"Firearms laws and the reduction of violence","authors":"Hahn, Robert A.; Bilukha, Oleg; Crosby, Alex; Fullilove, Mindy T.; Liberman, Akiva; Moscicki, Eve; Snyder, Susan; Tuma, Farris; Briss, Peter A.","publication_year":2005,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379704002855","doi":"10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.005","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The Task Force on Community Preventive Services (the Task Force) is conducting systematic reviews of scientific evidence about diverse interventions for the prevention of violence, and resulting injury and death, including, among others, early childhood home visitation, 1 ,  2 therapeutic foster care, 3 the transfer of juveniles to the adult justice system, school programs for the teaching of prosocial behavior, and community policing. This report presents findings about the effectiveness of firearms laws in preventing violence. Studies of the following firearms laws were included in the review: bans on specified firearms or ammunition; restrictions on firearms acquisition; waiting periods for firearms acquisition; firearms registration; licensing of firearms owners; “shall issue” carry laws that allow people who pass background checks to carry concealed weapons; child access prevention laws; zero tolerance laws for firearms in schools; and combinations of firearms laws.","region":"North America","country":"United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The evidence available from identified studies was insufficient to determine the effectiveness of any of the firearms laws reviewed singly or in combination, which that it is not possible to determine what effect, if any, the law has on an outcome—nor that the law has no effect on the outcome.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":45,"id":"cispol_R0045","title":"Risks and Targeted Interventions: Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence","authors":"Zeoli, April M.; Malinski, Rebecca; Turchan, Brandon","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/epirev/mxv007","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv007","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Epidemiologic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The use of firearms in intimate partner violence (IPV) is widely recognized as an important public health threat. However, what we know about the risks of firearm access on IPV outcomes is limited. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to determine the state of knowledge on 1) the risks of firearm access and use in IPV and 2) the effectiveness of interventions designed specifically to reduce firearm violence in intimate relationships. Only studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 1990 through 2014 were included. Results of the review suggest that, when violent intimates have access to firearms, IPV increases in severity and deadliness; however, increases in severity may not be due to firearm use. Additionally, statutes prohibiting persons under domestic violence restraining orders from accessing firearms are associated with reductions in intimate partner homicide, but certain provisions of these laws and their enforcement may impact their effectiveness. Future research should focus on elucidating the link between firearm access and increased IPV severity and on investigating whether and which specific provisions of domestic violence restraining order laws impact the laws’ effectiveness. Additionally, more evaluations of initiatives designed to improve the enforcement of domestic violence restraining order firearm prohibitions are needed.","region":"North America","country":"United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype2":"Femicides","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Results of the review suggest that when violent intimates have access to firearms IPV increases in severity and deadliness; however, increases in severity may not be due to firearm use. Additionally, statutes prohibiting persons under domestic violence restraining orders from accessing firearms are associated with reductions in intimate partner homicide, but certain provisions of these laws and their enforcement may impact their effectiveness.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"intimate partner homicide","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":46,"id":"cispol_R0046","title":"Juvenile Curfew Effects on Criminal Behavior and Victimization: A Systematic Review","authors":"Wilson, David B.; Gill, Charlotte; Olaghere, Ajima; McClure, Dave","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4073/csr.2016.3","doi":"10.4073/csr.2016.3","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This review synthesizes the evidence on the effectiveness of juvenile curfews in reducing criminal behavior and victimization among youth. Included studies test the effect of an official state or local policy intended to restrict or otherwise penalize a juvenile's presence outside the home during certain times of day. This must have been a general preventive measure directed at all youth within a certain age range and not a sanction imposed on a specific youth. Twelve quantitative evaluations of the effects of curfews on youth criminal behavior or victimization are included in the review.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Youth curfews","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype1":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Youth victimization","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una revisión sistemática realizada por Campbell Collaboration encontró que el efecto medio sobre la delincuencia juvenil durante los toques de queda fue ligeramente positivo (es decir, hubo un ligero aumento de la criminalidad) y cercano a cero cuando se consideró un período de tiempo más largo. Según el mismo estudio, la victimización de los jóvenes tampoco parece haber sido afectada por la imposición de los toques de queda.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":47,"id":"cispol_R0047","title":"The Effectiveness of Juvenile Curfews at Crime Prevention","authors":"Adams, Kenneth","publication_year":2003,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716202250944","doi":"10.1177/0002716202250944","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Juvenile curfew laws have become a pervasive and popular strategy for controlling juvenile crime. Public opinion is solidly behind the use of curfews, and the primary basis for this support is the notion that curfews make streets safer. This article provides preliminary results from a systematic review of empirical research on juvenile curfews, concluding that the evidence does not support the argument that curfews prevent crime and victimization. Juvenile crime and victimization are most likely to remain unchanged after implementation of curfew laws. Other aspects of curfew research, such as efficiency at detecting criminal activity, costs of enforcement, crime displacement, counterintuitive findings, and characteristics of curfew violators also are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Youth curfews","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype1":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Youth victimization","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The systematic review concludes that the evidence does not support the argument that curfews prevent crime and victimization. Juvenile crime and victimization are most likely to remain unchanged after implementation of curfew laws. However, the review suggests that curfews may be useful as a mean to identify young people who are at high risk of criminal offending by being in public spaces during curfew hours, so that social services could then be directed to their families.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":48,"id":"cispol_R0048","title":"Does de‐escalation training work?: A systematic review and call for evidence in police use‐of‐force reform","authors":"Engel, Robin S.; McManus, Hannah D.; Herold, Tamara D.","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12467","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12467","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology & Public Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research Summary               De‐escalation training has been widely implemented by U.S. police agencies in the wake of adverse public reaction to recent controversial police use‐of‐force incidents. Despite vast promotion from politicians, academics, expert panels, and the public, we know little about the effects of de‐escalation training on officers and police–citizen interactions. In this article, we offer findings from a multidisciplinary systematic literature review that demonstrate limited knowledge concerning the impact of de‐escalation training across all professions. We identified 64 de‐escalation training evaluations conducted over a 40‐year period, primarily in the fields of nursing and psychiatry.                                         Policy Implications               Although assessment outcomes reveal few adverse consequences and provide some confidence that de‐escalation trainings lead to slight‐to‐moderate individual and organizational improvements, conclusions concerning the effectiveness of de‐escalation training are limited by the questionable quality of almost all evaluation research designs. As such, important questions regarding the impact of de‐escalation training for police remain. Given the critical impact that de‐escalation training could have on officers and the public they serve, we conclude with a direct call to academics, practitioners, and funders across the field of policing to prioritize as soon as possible the testing of de‐escalation and other police use‐of‐force policies, tactics, and training.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United States|United Kingdom|Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"De-escalation training","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Vote counting","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"En general, los resultados ofrecen cierta confianza en que las capacitaciones en desescalada conducen a mejoras individuales y organizativas de leves a moderadas; sin embargo, las conclusiones sobre la eficacia de estas capacitaciones se ven limitadas por la calidad cuestionable de casi todos los diseños de investigación de evaluación.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome1_metric":"IPV (self-reported/survey)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":49,"id":"cispol_R0049","title":"The validity of risk assessments for intimate partner violence: a meta-analysis","authors":"Hanson, R. Karl; Helmus, Leslie; Bourgon, Guy","publication_year":2007,"url_link":"https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntmt-prtnr-vlnce/index-en.aspx","doi":null,"study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This meta-analysis reviews the predictive accuracy of different approaches and tools that are used to assess the risk of recidivism for male spousal assault offenders. In total, 18 studies were found that examined the relationship between an initial assessment of risk and subsequent spousal assault or general violent recidivism. The various approaches to predicting spousal assault recidivism showed, on average, moderate predictive accuracy. The structured tools specifically designed to assess spousal assault risk showed similar levels of accuracy (average weighted d of .40, 10 studies) as tools designed to predict general or violent recidivism (average weighted d of .54, 4 studies) and global assessments of risk provided by the female partners (average weighted d of .36, 5 studies). The most accurate tools were those in which the items were selected empirically (i.e., based on observed predictors in group data). Further research is needed to determine the extent to which the spousal specific risk tools provide useful information not included in the already well-established risk tools designed for general recidivism or violence. Furthermore, it is possible that increased structure could improve the accuracy of the partners’ assessment of risk.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|Canada|Sweden","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Integrated systems for risk assessment and preventing revictimization","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Capacity to predict domestic violence recidivism","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Los abordajes enfocados en la predicción de la reincidencia en casos de violencia doméstica mostraron, en promedio, una precisión predictiva moderada, con niveles similares a los de los resultados presentados por las herramientas diseñadas para predecir la reincidencia general o violenta y las evaluaciones globales de riesgo proporcionadas por las parejas mujeres. Las herramientas más precisas son aquellas que se desarrollaron empíricamente, mientras que las escalas de riesgo más útiles serían las que identifican los determinantes del riesgo y sugieren formas de reducirlo.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":50,"id":"cispol_R0050","title":"Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","authors":"Petersen, Kevin; Weisburd, David; Fay, Sydney; Eggins, Elizabeth; Mazerolle, Lorraine","publication_year":2023,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1302","doi":"10.1002/cl2.1302","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Campbell Systematic Reviews","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Abstract                            Background               Police‐initiated pedestrian stops have been one of the most widely used crime prevention tactics in modern policing. Proponents have long considered police stops to be an indispensable component of crime prevention efforts, with many holding them responsible for the significant reductions in violent crime observed across major US cities in recent decades. Critics, however, have taken issue with the overuse of pedestrian stops, linking them to worsening mental and physical health, attitudes toward the police, and elevated delinquent behavior for individuals directly subject to them. To date, there has been no systematic review or meta‐analysis on the effects of these interventions on crime and individual‐level outcomes.                                         Objectives               To synthesize the existing evaluation research regarding the impact of police‐initiated pedestrian stops on crime and disorder, mental and physical health, individual attitudes toward the police, self‐reported crime/delinquency, violence in police‐citizen encounters, and police misbehavior.                                         Search Methods               We used the Global Policing Database, a repository of all experimental and quasi‐experimental evaluations of policing interventions conducted since 1950, to search for published and unpublished evaluations of pedestrian stop interventions through December of 2019. This overarching search was supplemented by additional searches of academic databases, gray literature sources, and correspondence with subject‐matter experts to capture eligible studies through December 2021.                                         Selection Criteria               Eligibility was limited to studies that included a treatment group of people or places experiencing pedestrian stops and a control group of people or places not experiencing pedestrian stops (or experiencing a lower dosage of pedestrian stops). Studies were required to use an experimental or quasi‐experimental design and evaluate the intervention using an outcome of area‐level crime and disorder, mental or physical health, individual or community‐level attitudes toward the police, or self‐reported crime/delinquency.                                         Data Collection and Analysis                                We adopted standard methodological procedures expected by the Campbell Collaboration. Eligible studies were grouped by conceptually similar outcomes and then analyzed separately using random effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Treatment effects were represented using relative incident rate ratios, odds ratios, and Hedges'                 g                 effect sizes, depending on the unit of analysis and outcome measure. We also conducted sensitivity analyses for several outcome measures using robust variance estimation, with standard errors clustered by each unique study/sample. Risk of bias was assessed using items adapted from the Cochrane randomized and non‐randomized risk of bias tools.                                                        Results                                Our systematic search strategies identified 40 eligible studies corresponding to 58 effect sizes across six outcome groupings, representing 90,904 people and 20,876 places. Police‐initiated pedestrian stop interventions were associated with a statistically significant 13% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −16%, −9%,                 p                  < 0.001) reduction in crime for treatment areas relative to control areas. These interventions also led to a diffusion of crime control benefits, with a statistically significant 7% (95% CI: −9%, −4%,                 p                  < 0.001) reduction in crime for treatment displacement areas relative to control areas. However, pedestrian stops were also associated with a broad range of negative individual‐level effects. Individuals experiencing police stops were associated with a statistically significant 46% (95% CI: 24%, 72%,                 p                  < 0.001) increase in the odds of a mental health issue and a 36% (95% CI: 14%, 62%,                 p                  < 0.001) increase in the odds of a physical health issue, relative to control. Individuals experiencing police stops also reported significantly more negative attitudes toward the police (                 g                  = −0.38, 95% CI: −0.59, −0.17,                 p                  < 0.001) and significantly higher levels of self‐reported crime/delinquency (                 g                  = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.48,                 p                  < 0.001), equating to changes of 18.6% and 15%, respectively. No eligible studies were identified measuring violence in police‐citizen encounters or officer misbehavior. While eligible studies were often considered to be at moderate to high risk of bias toward control groups, no significant differences based on methodological rigor were observed. Moderator analyses also indicated that the negative individual‐level effects of pedestrian stops may be more pronounced for youth, and that significant differences in effect sizes may exist between US and European studies. However, these moderator analyses were limited by a small number of studies in each comparison, and we were unable to compare the effects of police stops across racial groupings.                                                        Authors' Conclusions               While our findings point to favorable effects of pedestrian stop interventions on place‐based crime and displacement outcomes, evidence of negative individual‐level effects makes it difficult to recommend the use of these tactics over alternative policing interventions. Recent systematic reviews of hot spots policing and problem‐oriented policing approaches indicate a more robust evidence‐base and generally larger crime reduction effects than those presented here, often without the associated backfire effects on individual health, attitudes, and behavior. Future research should examine whether police agencies can mitigate the negative effects of pedestrian stops through a focus on officer behavior during these encounters.","region":"Europe and Central Asia|North America","country":"United Kingdom|Bulgaria|Ukraine|Russian Federation|Croatia|Czech Republic|Slovenia|Hungary|Estonia|Ireland|Portugal|Greece|Austria|Denmark|Poland|France|Spain|Finland|Sweden|Belgium|Switzerland|United States|Slovak Republic","income_level":"High income|Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Stop, question, and frisk (SQF)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype3":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome4":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Mental health issues","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Crime displacement","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Police stop interventions produce meaningful and significant reductions in  crime and disorder when measured using official data (13% decrease in crime for treatment areas relative to control), without evidence of spatial displacement. Instead, the study finds a statistically significant diffusion of crime control benefits, with an average 7% decrease in crime for treatment displacement areas relative to control. However, the review found a deleterious effect of pedestrian stops on self-reported crime/delinquency (measured via questionnaires or surveys). Individuals experiencing direct police stops reported a higher frequency of crime/delinquency, compared to those not experiencing direct police stops (by a statistically significant differential of approximately 15%). Moreover, people subject to stops are associated with significantly less desirable mental and physical health outcomes (statistically significant 46% increase in the odds of a mental health issue for individuals stopped by police relative to those not stopped by police), and attitudes toward police (individuals stopped by police were associated with significantly more negative attitudes than individuals not stopped by police, by a differential of approximately 18.6%). For some outcome measures, the negative effects of pedestrian stops are considerably more pronounced for youth, though the data did not permit a comparison of individual effects by race.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Multiple: official data (e.g., incident and arrest data, calls for service, crime rates), and unofficial crime data (e.g., crime reported by civilians, self-report delinquency via questionnaires or surveys),","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Multiple: official data (e.g., incident and arrest data, calls for service, crime rates), and unofficial crime data (e.g., crime reported by civilians, self-report delinquency via questionnaires or surveys),","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"official data (e.g., incident and arrest data, calls for service, crime rates), and unofficial crime data (e.g., crime reported by civilians, self-report delinquency via questionnaires or surveys),","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":"official data (e.g., incident and arrest data, calls for service, crime rates), and unofficial crime data (e.g., crime reported by civilians, self-report delinquency via questionnaires or surveys),","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":51,"id":"cispol_R0051","title":"Is the introduction of violence and injury observatories associated with a reduction in violence-related injury in adult populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Jabar, Ardil; Fong, Francisco; Chavira, Monica; Cerqueira, Maria Teresa; Barth, Dylan; Matzopoulos, Richard; Engel, Mark E","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/7/e027977.abstract","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027977","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"BMJ Open","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objective               The aim of this study was to summarise the results from existing studies reporting on the effectiveness of the introduction of violence and injury observatories (VIOs).                                         Design               This is a systematic review and meta-analysis study.                                         Data sources               We searched multiple electronic databases including but not limited to PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Cochrane Collaboration, Campbell Collaboration and Web of Knowledge.                                         Eligibility criteria               We included non-randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, controlled before-and-after studies and cross-sectional studies. We sought to include studies performed in any country and published in any language. The primary outcome was homicide, while the secondary outcome was assault.                                         Data extraction and synThesis               We searched a number of databases, supplemented by searches in grey literature including technical reports. Searches comprised studies from January 1990 to October 2018.                                         Results               Of 3105 potentially relevant unique citations from all literature searches, 3 empirical studies and 4 technical reports met our inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in the UK (n=3), Colombia (n=2), Brazil (n=1) and Uruguay (n=1). Subgroup analyses according to the two types of models implemented, the VIO and the injury surveillance system (ISS), provided evidence for an association between implementing the VIO model and a reduction in homicide count in high-violence settings (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=0.06; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.19; four studies), while the introduction of ISS showed significant results in reducing assault (IRR=0.80; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.91; three studies).                                         Conclusion               This systematic review provides the best evidence available for the effectiveness of the introduction of VIOs and ISSs in reducing violence outcomes in adults in high-violence settings. The implementation of VIOs should be considered in high-violence communities where reduction in homicide rates is desired.                                         PROSPERO registration number               CRD42014009818.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean|Europe and Central Asia","country":"Brazil|Colombia|Uruguay|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Public security observatories","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Medium","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Uma revisão sistemática forneceu evidências positivas sobre a eficácia da introdução de observatórios (\"observatórios de violência e lesões\" - VIOs, ou \"sistema de vigilância de lesões\" - ISSs, nas siglas em inglês) para reduzir a criminalidade violenta (homicídios e agressões interpessoais) em adultos, sobretudo em ambientes de alta violência.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"IPV (self-reported/survey)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":52,"id":"cispol_R0052","title":"Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies","authors":"Casteel, Carri; Peek-Asa, Corinne","publication_year":2000,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937970000146X","doi":"10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00146-X","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach in reducing robberies. Methods: CPTED evaluations were obtained through a comprehensive search mechanism. Two sets of inclusion criteria were used: 16 primary studies evaluated a CPTED program with a comparison period; 12 secondary studies presented some evidence of CPTED effects but were not required to have the same level of scientific rigor. The percentage change in pre- and post-intervention events was the outcome examined. Studies were stratified by programs implementing multiple components, a single component, and through ordinances. Main Results: All primary multiple-component CPTED programs experienced a percentage change in robberies ranging from −84% to −30%. Single-component program effects ranged from −83% to +91%, and ordinances ranged from −65% to +130%. Secondary studies reported robbery changes ranging between −92% and +7.6%. Robbery reductions were larger for interventions comprising basic store design, cash control, and training components compared to those including equipment systems. No associations were found between robbery decreases and either the follow-up period or the number of program components. Studies examining nonfatal injuries found a median pre-post change of −61%; those examining homicides found changes ranging from 0% to +11%. Conclusions: The broad nature of the CPTED approach allows its adaptation to any setting, and results indicate that it is an effective approach to reducing robbery. However, most interventions were not evaluated independently of other factors contributing to robbery risk. More research is needed on individual components and effects in various business settings.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Encouraging the use of private security equipment","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Description of a range of effect sizes","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Results indicate that it is an effective approach to reducing robbery in business settings. More specifically, all studies evaluating a multiple-component interventions (i.e., store design/environment + staff training + equipment) found that the intervention groups experienced fewer robberies than the comparison groups after program implementation (ranging from −84% to −30%), whereas single-component program effects ranged from −83% to +91%.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"robbery or robbery-related injury","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":53,"id":"cispol_R0053","title":"Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Difussion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations","authors":"Guerette, Rob T.; Bowers, Kate J.","publication_year":2009,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00177.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00177.x","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"Yes","language":"English","abstract":"Few criticisms of situational crime‐prevention (SCP) efforts are as frequent or prevalent as claims of displacement. Despite emerging evidence to the contrary, the prevailing sentiment seems to be that crime displacement is inevitable. This study examined 102 evaluations of situationally focused crime‐prevention projects in an effort to determine the extent to which crime displacement was observed. The results indicate that of the 102 studies that examined (or allowed for examination of) displacement and diffusion effects, there were 574 observations. Displacement was observed in 26 percent of those observations. The opposite of displacement, diffusion of benefit, was observed in 27 percent of the observations. Moreover, the analysis of 13 studies, which allowed for assessment of overall outcomes of the prevention project while taking into account spatial displacement and diffusion effects, revealed that when spatial displacement did occur, it tended to be less than the treatment effect, suggesting that the intervention was still beneficial. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.","region":"Europe and Central Asia|North America|East Asia and Pacific","country":"United Kingdom|United States|Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Neighborhood watch","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Encouraging the use of private security equipment","intervention4":"Public mobilization police strategies","intervention_subtype4":"Communication practices for law enforcement","intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime displacement","outcome2":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype2":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Description of a range of effect sizes","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The review included 102 evaluation studies of situational crime-prevention initiatives (including alley-gating and street closures, CCTV,  environmental design, public lighting, neighborhood watch, and publicity or mass media campaigns) that examined or allowed for examination of displacement and diffusion effects. In total, 574 observations were included in the review. Displacement was observed in 26 percent of those observations. The opposite of displacement, diffusion of benefit, was observed in 27 percent of the observations. Moreover, the analysis also revealed that when spatial displacement did occur, it tended to be less than the treatment effect, suggesting that the intervention was still beneficial.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Frequency of crime displacement among included studies","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Frequency of diffusion of crime-control benefits among included studies","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":54,"id":"cispol_R0055","title":"What Can Police Do to Reduce Crime, Disorder, and Fear?","authors":"Weisburd, David; Eck, John E.","publication_year":2004,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716203262548","doi":"10.1177/0002716203262548","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The authors review research on police effectiveness in reducing crime, disorder, and fear in the context of a typology of innovation in police practices. That typology emphasizes two dimensions: one concerning the diversity of approaches, and the other, the level of focus. The authors find that little evidence supports the standard model of policing—low on both of these dimensions. In contrast, research evidence does support continued investment in police innovations that call for greater focus and tailoring of police efforts, combined with an expansion of the tool box of policing beyond simple law enforcement. The strongest evidence of police effectiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the case of geographically focused police practices, such as hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are found to reduce fear of crime, but the authors do not find consistent evidence that community policing (when it is implemented without models of problem-oriented policing) affects either crime or disorder. A developing body of evidence points to the effectiveness of problemoriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear. More generally, the authors find that many policing practices applied broadly throughout the United States either have not been the subject of systematic research or have been examined in the context of research designs that do not allow practitioners or policy makers to draw very strong conclusions.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Community policing","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype3":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The strongest evidence of police effectiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the case of geographically focused police practices, such as hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are found to reduce fear of crime, in general, and to affect crime and disorder when it is integrated with models of problem-oriented policing. However, the review suggests that community policing (when it is not combined with problem-oriented approaches) will make citizens feel safer but will not necessarily impact upon crime and disorder. In contrast, what is known about the effects of problem-oriented policing suggests its promise for reducing crime, disorder, and fear.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"survey","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":55,"id":"cispol_R0315","title":"The effects of hot spots policing on violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Turchan, Brandon, Braga, Anthony A.","publication_year":2024,"url_link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178924001010","doi":"10.1016/j.avb.2024.102011","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Aggression and Violent Behavior","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Violence is highly concentrated in a small number of very specific “hot spot” locations within cities. The concentration of violence at these places tends to be stable over extended time periods, suggesting highly localized place characteristics and dynamics generate persistent violence. Research suggests police can be effective in controlling violence when they focus their attention on these small high-violence locations. Past systematic reviews and meta-analyses of hot spots policing studies have not fully considered how this strategy impacts violence in general and its specific effects on violent crime types such as assaults, robberies, and violent firearm crimes. This study draws on data used in a previously completed systematic review of hot spots policing programs including 32 studies with 38 tests of the effects of this police strategy on violence. Meta-analyses report hot spots policing is associated with significant reductions in violence in treated places relative to comparison places without evidence of violent crime displacement. Increased traditional policing interventions reduced violence in treated hot spots as did problem-oriented policing interventions when implemented properly. Police departments adopting this effective violence reduction approach must design these programs in ways that do not create unintended harms, such as excessive enforcement, on communities.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia|Latin America and Caribbean","country":"United States|United Kingdom|Sweden|Denmark|Trinidad and Tobago","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype2":"Crime displacement","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Gun violence","outcome4":"Property crime","outcome_subtype4":"Robbery","outcome5":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype5":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"While drawing on data used in a previously completed systematic review of hot spots policing programs including 32 studies with 38 tests of the effects of this police strategy on violence, the study finds that hot spots policing (HSP) is associated with significant reductions in violence in treated places relative to comparison places, and concludes that HSP is an effective strategy for controlling and preventing recurring violence in hot spot locations without displacing violence in surrounding areas. Effect size calculations favored hot spots treatment over control conditions in 71.1 % of the eligible tests (27 of 38). The overall log relative incidence rate ratio (RIRR) effect size estimate was 0.214, suggesting that hot spots policing was associated with a 23.9% overall violent crime reduction relative to control hot spots. Even though most studies evaluated the effects of hot spots policing on aggregate violent crime categories rather than specific violent crime categories, this systematic review also reports the effects of hot spots policing across three specific subcategories of violence (total assault, total robbery, and violent firearm offenses). In its meta-analysis, it found log RIRR coefficients indicating that hot spots policing generated relative reduction in violent firearm crimes (35.8 %), followed by assault crimes (28.5 %) and robbery crimes (20.4 %).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":56,"id":"cispol_R0324","title":"¿Qué funciona para reducir homicidios en América Latina y el Caribe? Una revisión sistemática de las evaluaciones de impacto","authors":"Cano, Ignacio, Rojido, Emiliano, Borges, Doriam","publication_year":2024,"url_link":"http://lav-uerj.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/REVISION-SISTEMATICA-HOMICIDIOS-2024-FINAL.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Book or book chapter","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Spanish","abstract":"América Latina y el Caribe enfrentan las tasas de homicidios más altas del mundo, que victimizan principalmente a jóvenes varones, generalmente por medio de armas de fuego. Esto subraya la necesidad urgente de desarrollar políticas públicas efectivas para reducir la violencia\nletal. Sin embargo, la región ha implementado relativamente pocos programas de prevención\nde homicidios y solo una parte de ellos ha sido evaluada de manera rigurosa.\nA menudo, las intervenciones en la región se basan en programas transferidos de Estados\nUnidos o Europa, de contextos muy distintos a los latinoamericanos. Esta revisión sistemática\naborda esa brecha, ofreciendo un enfoque crítico y basado en la evidencia sobre el impacto de\nlas intervenciones implementadas en América Latina y el Caribe.\nObjetivos\nEl propósito principal es identificar qué intervenciones han demostrado que funcionan, no\nfuncionan, son promisoras, contraproducentes o no cuentan con resultados concluyentes.\nAdemás, se abordan los desafíos metodológicos encontrados en la evaluación de estos programas. Así, se busca informar el debate público, contribuir a la formulación de intervenciones\nmás eficaces para reducir homicidios y fomentar la producción de evidencias rigurosas.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil|Colombia|Mexico|Argentina|Ecuador|El Salvador|Honduras|Jamaica|Venezuela, RB","income_level":"Upper middle income|Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Women’s police stations (WPS)","intervention3":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype3":"Proximity policing","intervention4":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype4":"Criminal investigation practices improvement and strengthening","intervention5":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype5":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention6":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype6":"Results-oriented management","intervention7":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype7":"Kingpin strategy against criminal groups","intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"En lo que respecta a las estrategias policiales, las conclusiones de la revisión sistemática pueden resumirse de la siguiente manera: Las estrategias de limitación al porte de armas de fuego y el patrullaje policial en áreas de alta incidencia de homicidios (como las UPPs, en Rio de Janeiro) son calificados en la revisión sistemática en el nivel más alto de efectividad (\"funcionan\"). Asimismo, la limitación a la posesión de armas, la disuasión focalizada, la mejora en los sistemas de información criminales y el fortalecimiento de la investigación de homicidios son calificados como \"promisores\", asi como las estrategias que combinan prevención social/situacional con intervención policial en el contexto de programa de gestión por resultados, como los \"Pactos por la Vida\". A su vez, la entrega voluntarias de armas, y las estrategias integrales de prevención social para grupos vulnerables son calificados como inefectivas (\"no funcionan\"), mientras que estrategias mano-dura (patrullaje del ejército y descabezamiento de grupos criminales) son calificados como contraproducentes. Por último, la creación de comisarías de violencia de género es calificada como no concluyente, asi como la creación de canales de denuncia anónima (\"sin resultado concluyente\"). En total la revisión incluyó 57 estudios individuales de evaluación de impacto enfocados en tipos de intervención que involucran directamente las agencias policiales en su despliegue.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":57,"id":"cispol_R0356","title":"Does level of geography influence proactive policing's impact on crime? A synThesis of systematic reviews of three evidence-based policing strategies","authors":"Petersen, Kevin, Weisburd, David, Hinkle, Joshua C., Telep, Cody W., Fay, Sydney","publication_year":2024,"url_link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178924000788?via%3Dihub","doi":"10.1016/j.avb.2024.101988","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Aggression and Violent Behavior","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Recent systematic reviews on proactive policing interventions illustrate the potential effectiveness of these strategies for reducing crime and disorder. However, many proactive strategies are often confounded with the impacts of focused place-based interventions – or hot spots policing – which have also been associated with significant crime reductions. In this article, we combine data from recent systematic reviews on problem-oriented policing, police stops, and preventive police patrol to investigate whether the deterrent effects of these interventions are moderated by the level of geography targeted. Using meta-regression models to assess the impact of geography while controlling for the impact of policing strategy and other relevant study characteristics, we find that level of geography is the most important predictor of crime prevention outcomes. Specifically, focused micro-geographic interventions are associated with the largest relative crime reductions, regardless of the policing strategy employed. Our estimates also suggest, however, that problem-oriented policing strategies produce larger general crime reduction effects than police patrol and police stop interventions across all levels of geography. We conclude that geography should play a major role in evidence-based crime prevention efforts, but that police agencies should also carefully consider the strategies that they employ and their impacts on both crime and the community.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Stop, question, and frisk (SQF)","intervention3":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype3":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"High","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The study use metaanalytic models to compare average crime reduction effects across levels of geography (micro, meso, macro) and policing strategies (Preventive police patrol, Problem-oriented policing, and Police stops). The study finds that level of geography is the most important predictor of crime prevention outcomes. Iit was found that focused micro-geographic interventions are associated with the largest relative crime reductions, regardless of the policing strategy employed. Both micro- and meso-geographic areas are associated with statistically significant reductions in crime, ranging from a 22% relative decrease for microgeographic areas to a 14% relative decrease for meso-geographic areas, whereas macro-geographic areas were also associated with a 14% relative decrease in crime. However, differently from micro and meso-geographic areas, effects for interventions focused on macro-geographic areas were only marginally significant. Similar analyses were made, but braking down crime counts by violent and property crime types. The results are largely consistent with the overall model, such that micro-geographic areas are associated with significantly larger violent crime declines than both meso-geographic areas (26% relative reduction in relative incident rate ratios-\"RIRR\") and macro-geographic areas (38% relative reduction). In terms of the effectiveness of each type of intervention, the study found that problem-oriented policing strategies produce larger general crime reduction effects than police patrol and police stop interventions across all levels of geography. More specifically, the largest effect being a relative decrease of 25 % for place-based POP interventions, followed by a relative decrease of 14% for police patrol interventions (hot spots policing), and a relative decrease of 13 % for police stop interventions. all of which were statistically significant. Ehen considering only the strategies that are targeted at microgeographic areas, POP interventions are predicted to produce a 17% relative crime reduction, followed by a 10% relative reduction for patrol interventions, and a 7 % relative reduction for police stop interventions","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":58,"id":"cispol_R0417","title":"Can increasing preventive patrol in large geographic areas reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Weisburd, Petersen, Telep, Fay","publication_year":2024,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1745-9133.12665","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12665","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research summary We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining whether increasing preventive patrol in large areas reduces crime. Our review included experimental and quasi-experimental studies that focused on areas such as beats, precincts, or entire jurisdictions and that measured a crime outcome either through official data or surveys. We identified 17 studies to include in our review. We used two methods for assessing study impacts: an approach which identified a primary/general outcome measure and a second approach which used robust variance estimation (RVE) and included all effect sizes across each study. Both approaches showed small crime prevention benefits (RVE: 9% decline; primary/general: 6% decline), but only the RVE model was significant at conventional levels (p < 0.05). There was no significant evidence of displacement. Moderator analyses suggest that as dosage increases so do the crime prevention impacts. In RVE models, preventive patrol was associated with significant reductions in property and violent crime, but nonsignificant increases in drug and disorder offenses. Policy implications Increasing preventive patrol activities has the potential to reduce crime in large administrative areas. At the same time, existing studies offer little guidance as to how such preventive patrol should be carried out. Deterrence theory, as well as evidence from studies of hot spots policing, suggests that the greatest benefits will be gained from informing patrol efforts about where and when crime occurs. Although more research is needed regarding patrol allocations in large areas, present knowledge suggests that the more such patrols can be targeted at specific places at specific times, the greater will be the crime control benefits. In this context, we argue that police agencies may want to apply a hybrid approach to police patrol, which would include a combination of hot spots policing units and general patrol units informed by data on where crime is concentrated.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia|Latin America and Caribbean","country":"United States|United Kingdom|Uruguay","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome4":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype4":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome5":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype5":"Drug-related offenses","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Crime displacement","outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The review included 17 experimental and quasi-experimental studies that focused on evaluating whether increasing preventive patrol in large geographic areas (such as beats, precincts, or entire jurisdictions) reduces crime. The meta-analysis showed small crime prevention benefits (between 6% and 9% decline), and showed no evidence of displacement. The statistically significant effects that were found were largely related to reductions in property and violent crime (18% and 11% relative decrease in crime, respectively), whereas non significant impact in drug and disorder offenses. Those interventions with a larger dosage (i.e., more patrol personnel, visiting hot spots more frequently) had, on average, a higher impact on crime (a 100% relative increase in patrol dosage leads to a 9% reduction in the relative incident rate ratios value).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":59,"id":"cispol_R0433","title":"How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations","authors":"Ennett, S T; Tobler, N S; Ringwalt, C L; Flewelling, R L","publication_year":1994,"url_link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615171/pdf/amjph00460-0036.pdf","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.84.9.1394","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Journal of Public Health","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"OBJECTIVES. Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is the most widely used school-based drug use prevention program in the United States, but the findings of rigorous evaluations of its effectiveness have not been considered collectively. METHODS. We used meta-analytic techniques to review eight methodologically rigorous DARE evaluations. Weighted effect size means for several short-term outcomes also were compared with means reported for other drug use prevention programs. RESULTS. The DARE effect size for drug use behavior ranged from .00 to .11 across the eight studies; the weighted mean for drug use across studies was .06. For all outcomes considered, the DARE effect size means were substantially smaller than those of programs emphasizing social and general competencies and using interactive teaching strategies. CONCLUSIONS. DARE's short-term effectiveness for reducing or preventing drug use behavior is small and is less than for interactive prevention programs.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug abuse","outcome2":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype2":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"This meta-analysis on the effects of \"Drug Abuse Resistance Education\" (DARE Project), the study found statistically significant effects of the program for for knowledge (mean weighted effect size of .42), followed by social skills (.19), attitude toward the police (.13), attitudes about drug use (.11), self-esteem (.06). On the other hand DARE's weighted mean effect size for short-term drug use behavior of 0.6 was not found to be statistically significant, as the confidence interval for the mean drug use effect size overlaps with zero (i.e., it is not significantly different from zero). Moreover, even when considering its \"face value\" of 0.6, the average effect size of DARE on drug use is still substantially smaller than programs that emphasize social and general competencies while using interactive teaching strategies.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":60,"id":"cispol_R0456","title":"The impact of drug-related law enforcement activity on serious violence and homicide: A systematic review","authors":"Wadsworth, Elle; Pardal, Mafalda; Strang, Lucy; Atuesta, Laura; Oades, Fin; Hutton, Emily; Sevigny, Eric; Lawson, Emily","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/drug-related-law-enforcement-activity-and-serious-violent-crime/the-impact-of-drug-related-law-enforcement-activity-on-serious-violence-and-homicide-a-systematic-review","doi":null,"study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The UK Home Office commissioned RAND Europe to systematically review the global literature in English, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese on the impact of drug-related law enforcement activity on serious violence and homicide between 2011 and 2024. The research was commissioned to inform work the Home Office and other government departments undertook to implement the most recent Drugs Strategy ‘From Harm to Hope: a 10-year drugs plan to cut crime and save lives’, published under the 2019 to 2022 Johnson Conservative government (HM Government, 2021). Part of the Drugs Strategy related to stepping up the level of law enforcement on illicit drug-related activity.\n\nThis review addresses the following research question in the global literature: What is the impact of drug-related law enforcement activity on serious violence and homicide?\n\nTo explore this question, we examined 5 sub-questions:\n\nAre certain types of drug-related law enforcement activity effective in reducing serious violence and homicide?\nWhat aspects of drug-related law enforcement activity make them more/less likely to be effective in reducing serious violence and homicide?\nDo certain types of drug-related law enforcement activity have unintended consequences, such as worsening adverse serious violence and homicide outcomes?\nWhen drug-related law enforcement activity generates adverse serious violence and homicide outcomes, what are the factors that lead to these unintended consequences?\nHow do serious violence and homicide outcomes relating to drug-related law enforcement activity differ by country and local areas, and why?\nThis Published report reviews the evidence on 8 types of drug-related law enforcement activities (Chapter 3):\n\nselective enforcement for a specific area or group\nleadership removal\nattack or removal of a drug trafficking organisation member\narrests or charges\nillegal crop eradication\ndrug seizures\nmilitary interventions\nmulti-jurisdictional anti-drug coordination and resourcing\nIt also explores possible barriers to effectiveness and contributing factors that may help such activities reduce violence (Chapter 4). The Published report then analyses differences between and within countries regarding these interventions and their outcomes (Chapter 5).\n\nThe Published report concludes with reflections and implications from this review’s findings (Chapter 6), as follows:\n\nOverall, the available evidence suggests that drug-related law enforcement activities are of limited effectiveness in reducing violence. Indeed, more studies demonstrated an association between drug-related law enforcement activities and increased violence than decreased violence. Selective enforcement tactics appeared the most promising in their capacity to reduce violence, although the evidence base covered in this review is limited.\n\nPassive drug-related law enforcement activities, such as increasing police presence in known drug market areas, appear promising in reducing violence. However, less evidence is available on the effectiveness of these interventions than on active law enforcement activities.\n\nThe causal mechanisms of violence reduction are under-explored in the literature. However, several studies discussed supply disruptions, focused deterrence and positive relationships between police and communities as potential success factors.\n\nBarriers to the effectiveness of violence-reduction efforts included the resilience of drug markets, the cultural significance of violence in some drug trafficking organisations, and law enforcement’s limited resources.\n\nThis review did not identify any UK-based evidence – most research came from the Americas. While most law enforcement activities in this review also occur in the UK, the results are not directly replicable in a UK setting.\n\nEvidence on the relationship between drug-related law enforcement and serious violence and homicide over the last decade is lacking. What was previously effective (or ineffective) in reducing violence may yield different results now.\n\nMore evidence is needed on the effectiveness of drug-related law enforcement activities in retail-level markets or prison settings in reducing violence.\n\nRelevant agencies planning and implementing drug-related law enforcement activity should consider the risk of increased violence, particularly for interventions for which available evidence suggests a strong association (for example, leadership removal and seizures).\n\nFuture UK research on drug-related law enforcement and violence could focus on interventions that may reduce violence, such as selective enforcement, and whether the findings presented can be validated.","region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Kingpin strategy against criminal groups","intervention2":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype2":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention3":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype3":"Focused deterrence targeting open-air drug markets","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Overall, the available evidence suggests that drug-related law enforcement activities are of limited effectiveness in reducing violence. Indeed, more studies demonstrated an association between drug-related law enforcement activities and increased violence than decreased violence. Selective enforcement tactics appeared the most promising in their capacity to reduce violence, although the evidence base covered in this review is limited. Passive drug-related law enforcement activities, such as increasing police presence in known drug market areas, appear promising in reducing violence. However, less evidence is available on the effectiveness of these interventions than on active law enforcement activities. Barriers to the effectiveness of violence-reduction efforts included the resilience of drug markets, the cultural significance of violence in some drug trafficking organisations, and law enforcement’s limited resources.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":61,"id":"cispol_R0462","title":"Police Crackdowns: Initial and Residual Deterrence","authors":"Sherma, Lawrence","publication_year":1990,"url_link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/449163","doi":"10.1086/449163","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Crime and Justice","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Police crackdowns are sudden increases in officer presence, sanctions, and threats of apprehension either for specific offenses or for all offenses in specific places. Of eighteen case studies of crackdowns, fifteen appeared to demonstrate initial deterrent effects, including two examples of long-term effects. In most long-term crackdowns with apparent initial deterrence, however, the effects began to decay after a short period, sometimes despite continued dosage of police presence or even increased dosage of police sanctions. However, five studies with postcrackdown data showed a \"free bonus\" of continued deterrence well after the crackdowns ended. Such \"residual\" deterrent effects lasted in two cases for a longer period than the crackdown itself. These findings of initial decay and residual deterrence suggest that crackdowns might be more effective if they were limited in duration and rotated across different targets. While such a policy raises certain ethical and legal questions, these should not preclude a program of experimental research to establish the residual deterrent effects of short crackdowns across a range of police tactics, offense types, and places.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Of eighteen case studies of crackdowns, fifteen appeared to demonstrate initial deterrent effects, including two examples of long-term effects. In most long-term crackdowns with apparent initial deterrence, however, the effects began to decay after a short period, sometimes despite continued dosage of police presence or even increased dosage of police sanctions. However, five studies with postcrackdown data showed a \"free bonus\" of continued deterrence well after the crackdowns ended. Such \"residual\" deterrent effects lasted in two cases for a longer period than the crackdown itself. These findings of initial decay and residual deterrence suggest that crackdowns might be more effective if they were limited in duration and rotated across different targets","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":62,"id":"cispol_R0531","title":"O que dizem as avaliações de impacto das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs)?","authors":"Silva, Vinicius Felix da","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://bibanpocs.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/444","doi":"10.17666/bib8503/2018","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":"Revista Brasileira de Informação Bibliográfica em Ciências Sociais","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Portuguese","abstract":"A avaliação de impacto das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs) se apresenta como uma estratégia pragmática para a superação das ambiguidades ainda presentes na política de pacificação do Governo Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. A partir da revisão sistemática do estado da arteda avaliação de impacto das UPPs, o presente paper identificou a diminuição da letalidade policial como principal impacto das UPPs em variáveis criminais, e a insuficiência de resultados indicativos de sua efetividade na melhoria de aspectos sociais das comunidades pacificadas. O paper inova ao propor uma abordagem indireta e qualitativa dos dados quantitativos sobre as UPPs e seus efeitos sociais, mobilizando o conhecimento acumulado em uma área de fronteira nos estudos sobre a política de pacificação do Rio de Janeiro, bem como ao sistematizar os pressupostos metodológicos e conceituais e sumarizar as principais questões de investigação, resultados e descobertas de tais estudos.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype2":"Homicides","outcome3":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype3":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Segundo os 11 estudos incluídos na revisão sistemática, o impacto mais relevante da política de pacificação foi a diminuição das mortes violentas nas comunidades pacificada (com variações encontradas variando de 10% a 59%). Um dos estudos incluídos matiza esses resultados a partir da distinção entre homicídios simples (dolosos e culposos) e as mortes decorrentes de intervenção policial – os chamados autos de resistência –, apontando a diminuição drástica nesses últimos como principal fator redutor do total das mortes violentas (redução de pelo menos 2,4 autos de resistência mensais ou 29 anuais por 100 mil habitantes nas comunidades pacificadas). Por outro lado, os autores de um dos outros estudos incluídos argumentam que o aumento tanto dos registros criminais oficiais quanto das denúncias extraoficiais (Disque-Denúncia) de abusos de autoridade policial. Ademais, quatro dos estudos encontraram que a queda nos índices de mortes violentas foi compensado pelo crescimento no número de registros de quase todas as demais tipificações criminais. Entretanto, a falta de clareza com relação aos mecanismos torna difícil uma atribuição dessa tendência a um fracasso das UPPs. Isso porque, por um lado, tal aumento poderia se relacionar com a eliminação de certo grau de controle social autoritário até então exercido pelos \"donos dos morros\", intolerantes a determinados crimes, como estupros; porém, por outro, esse crescimento poderia indicar apenas a superação da subnotificação, uma vez que a presença policial aumentaria sobremaneira as oportunidades para registros de crimes antes ignorados pelo Estado ou “processados” pelo sistema paralelo de punições dos grupos armados. Por fim, em relação aos seus impactos sociais, a presença das UPPs parece ter impactos diferenciados sobre dimensões relevantes para outras políticas públicas fora do escopo da segurança pública (valorização do mercado imobiliário formal e diminuição da desigualdade patrimonial entre bairros do Rio de Janeiro; diminuição da desigualdade de renda, mensurada pelo coeficiente de Gini; incrementos, mesmo que tímidos, no desempenho escolar de adolescentes; maior acesso a ativos domiciliares e a serviços públicos, maior empregabilidade e, portanto, maior renda do trabalho).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":63,"id":"cispol_R0535","title":"Systematic Review on Vehicular Licence Plate Recognition Framework in Intelligent Transport Systems","authors":"Arafat, Y., Khairuddin, A., Khairuddin, U., Paramesran, R.","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5151","doi":"10.1049/iet-its.2018.5151","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"O Instituto de Segurança Pública, responsável pelo Sistema Estadual de Estatística de Segurança Pública do Rio de Janeiro, tem desenvolvido ferramentas de monitoramento e análise para subsidiar o planejamento das ações dessa área. Em 2009, quando o estado apresentava alta incidência de roubos a transeuntes, dois fatores contribuíram para a reversão desse problema: mudança no Comando Geral da PM e implantação do Sistema de Metas e Acompanhamento de Resultados da segurança pública. Ambos os fatores, um novo gestor incentivador do uso de informações científicas e a necessidade de monitoramento por meio de métodos quantitativos, propiciaram o aumento de 193% do envio de informações do ISP às unidades operacionais da PM. Nessa mudança comportamental dos gestores da segurança pública, pôde-se apurar excelentes resultados na prevenção de delitos, e, ainda, mensurar como o uso de informações por parte das unidades operacionais propiciou reduções significativas nas incidências criminais.","region":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Malaysia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"License plate reader/electronic fencing systems","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Police operational efficiency","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Foi feita uma revisão analítica sobre as técnicas existentes de VLPR com base nos atributos e procedimentos utilizados, identificando-se conveniências, inconveniências e resultados do reconhecimento. O VLPR foi aplicado para um conjunto de 16.800 imagens e a taxa de sucesso, em termos de reconhecimento correto dos caracteres e identificação de veículos, chega a 90%.. Porém, ainda há fatores que precisam ser observados para que o VLPR possa funcionar corretamente em contextos distintos de iluminação, situações ambientais, placas com diferentes estilos e em diferentes condições","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":64,"id":"cispol_R0536","title":"Effectiveness of street gang control strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evaluation studies","authors":"Wong, Jennifer & Gravel, Jason & Bouchard, Martin & Morselli, Carlo & Descormiers, Karine","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1314.4086","doi":"10.13140/RG.2.1.1314.4086","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Published report","journal":"Public Safety Canada","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":null,"idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This systematic literature review and meta-analysis of evaluation studies on street gang control strategies focused on articles and Published reports from multiple bibliographic databases. The database search resulted in a total of 2,060 hits. Of the 297 studies that were examined, only 38 were retained for the systematic review after all screening procedures and inclusion criteria were applied. This list of studies was classified into a typology of five broad categories of street gang control strategies, including: 1) prevention, 2) gang activity regulation, 3) justice system based intervention, 4) comprehensive, and 5) holistic. A quantitative synThesis of program outcomes could not be undertaken because of the difficulty in pooling together studies that were incommensurate; it was considered substantively meaningless to produce a summary effect. Instead, a systematic review was undertaken. The systematic review of street gang control strategy evaluation studies revealed that findings in regard to effectiveness were not encouraging, especially for studies evaluating general prevention, and gang membership prevention programs. Overall, it was found that the more specific the targeted population, the more evaluations tended to show signs of effectiveness. Gang activity suppression programs was the only category of approaches in which evaluations found consistent positive outcomes. It was also found that the more chronic the gang problem, the more effective gang activity suppression approaches. None of the evaluations of comprehensive and holistic programs produced any strong evidence in terms of effectiveness. Probably the most surprising finding in this Published report concerned the Spergel Model, which was shown to be ineffective mostly due to implementation fidelity. Three major recommendations concerning gang control strategies were discussed: the need for consistent independent evaluations applying scientific methodologies; programs should be built on empirical research findings and not intuition or common sense; and evaluations should be an integral part of the implementation process of a program.","region":"North America","country":"United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive gang intervention","intervention2":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention3":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype3":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention4":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype4":"Community-based violence interruption programs (\"Cure Violence\")","intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Gun violence","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome3":"Group violence","outcome_subtype3":"Gang violence","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"A systematic review identified 38 evaluations of different types of gang prevention programs and concluded that, differently from what was originally hypothesized by the authors, the more comprehensive and holistic programs, such as those associated with the United States Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP/DoJ) were not the most effective programs of all at preventing and reducing street gangs. In fact, when studied closely, none of these program evaluations produced any strong evidence that the OJJDP initiative was effective to increase to gang prevention, intervention and suppression. Instead, these programs have shown nothing more than anecdotal evidence of effectiveness. Conversely, the most effective programs were those that targeted a more specific audience and addressed more serious situations of homicides caused by clashes between violent groups (such as the \"pulling-levers\", \"safe neighborhoods\", \"CeaseFire\", or \"focused deterrence\", or the \"community-based violence interruption programs\" / \"CureViolence\" programs). According to the authors this leads to a lesson that \"less might be more\". While comprehensive and holistic approaches' (such as OJJP's/Spergel model) goal of tackling a problem on every front, all at once, might be an admirable one, it requires tremendous organization and the simultaneous commitment from numerous – sometimes very numerous – stakeholders, which in many cases is simply not realistic, and usually lead to o problems with implementation fidelity which, in turn, compromises effectiveness. Targeting the most pressing issue (e.g., gun violence) and focusing resources on a smaller problem might lead to increased effectiveness and might rally a community behind small victories in order to expand to greater victories. In sum, the authors advocate that programs should be evidence-based and should address specific risk factors in the target community and its population. They should hence be adapted to the local context, both with regards to the target population and to the resources and structures in place in the targeted communities.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":65,"id":"cispol_R0538","title":"Promises Kept? A Meta-Analysis of Gang Membership Prevention Programs.","authors":"Wong, Jennifer S., Jason Gravel, Martin Bouchard, Karine Descormiers, and Carlo Morselli","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jcrpp-06-2015-0018/full/html","doi":"10.1108/JCRPP-06-2015-0018","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Criminological Research, Policy, and Practice","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the effects of gang prevention programs on gang membership. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a systematic literature review across 19 bibliographic databases and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of these strategies. Findings The database search resulted in 3,850 hits. Of the 162 studies that were screened in full, six involved a prevention program with outcomes commensurate for meta-analysis. Pooled log odds ratios indicate a significant, positive effect of gang prevention programs at reducing gang membership; however, sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the results are driven by the effects of a single study. Originality/value Despite the small sample size, the current study presents the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of gang membership prevention programs. There is a critical need in the field of gang control for rigorous evaluation of prevention strategies.","region":"North America","country":"United States|Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive gang intervention","intervention2":"Public mobilization police strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Communication practices for law enforcement","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype1":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome2":"Group violence","outcome_subtype2":"Gang violence","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The systematic review focused on two types of gang violence prevention programs: gang prevention programs and preventive awareness programs. The review found a statistically significant effect (log odds ratio = 0.23) favoring the treatment group, suggesting that gang prevention programs that are focused on youth who are more directly at risk of joining a gang reduce the likelihood of youth joining a gang. The log odds ratio of 0.23 is equivalent to an odds ratio of 1.26, showing that the odds of joining a gang among youth in the comparison group was 26 percent greater than the odds of joining a gang among youth the treatment group. On the other hand, preventive awareness programs have offered mixed evidence, although the most recent evaluation of its revamped format (GREAT II) shows signs of promise in terms of effects on gang membership.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":66,"id":"cispol_R0555","title":"Conclusions from the history of research into the effects of police force size on crime—1968 through 2013: A historical systematic review","authors":"Lee, Y. J., Eck, J. E., & Corsaro, N.","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-016-9269-8","doi":"10.1007/s11292-016-9269-8","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Human resources management practices","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Meta-analysis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"A systematic review and meta-analysis found no statistically significant effect of changes to police force size on crime. Although findings vary considerably over time, the overall effect size for police force size on crime is found to be negative, small, and not statistically significant. Based on these findings, authors conclude that the line of research concentrated on the effects of increased police force size has exhausted its utility, and that changing policing strategy is likely to have a greater impact on crime than adding more police.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":67,"id":"cispol_R0556","title":"Cross-sector, multi-agency interventions to address urban youth firearms violence: A Rapid Evidence Assessment","authors":"Petrosino, A., Campie, P., Pace, J., Fronius, T., Guckenburg, S., Wiatrowski, M., & Rivera, L.","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.001","doi":"10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.001","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive gang intervention","intervention2":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention3":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype3":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention4":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype4":"Community-based violence interruption programs (\"Cure Violence\")","intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Group violence","outcome_subtype1":"Gang violence","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype3":"Homicides","outcome4":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype4":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome5":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype5":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Vote counting","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) included different types of interventions, including focused deterrence (\"pulling levers\"), the Cure Violence Model, and OJJDP's Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders (or similar comprehensive strategies against youth gang involvement and armed violence). The review found that the initiatives targeting a list of specific individuals at greatest risk for violence were largely effective in reducing crime and violence. These were the Indianapolis Violence Reduction Partnership (IVRP, a focused-deterrence strategy focused on chronic offenders), the Philadelphia Youth Violence Reduction Partnership (YVRP, a focused-deterrence mode targeted at youth on active probation, coupled with social reintegration strategies) and the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV, a focused deterrence strategy targeting violent groups), were all effective in reducing youth homicides (-34%, in the case of the YVRP), youth recidivism (-38%, in the case of the YVRP), and gang-related homicide and violent gun incidents (-42% and -22%, respectively, in the case of CIRV). As for broader initiatives that did not involve a specific list of already identified individuals but that addressed neighborhoods, gangs, or cities more broadly, the study included the findings associated with the Boston's Operation Ceasefire (classified as a problem-oriented policing strategy targeting youth homicide and firearm violence, found to have caused a 63% reduction in youth homicides, 32% decrease in calls for service about gunshots, 25% decline in monthly citywide gun assault incidents a 44% fall in youth gun assaults), Operation Peacekeeper in California (an initiative that combined aggressive police patrol and law enforcement tactics following every violent gang incident with provision of services for gang members who wanted to leave the violent gang lifestyle, which caused a a 42% reduction in monthly homicides due to gun violence), the Chicago Project Safe Neighborhoods (\"PSN\", a comprehensive gang interventions developed, to some extent, in line with OJJDP's model, and that caused a 37% drop in quarterly reports of homicides), and Cure Violence models, such as Chicago's Operation Ceasefire and Baltimore's Safe Streets Program (which caused average declines in shootings of 16– 28% and to 56% reduction in monthly homicides and 34% reduction in non-fatal gun shootings, respectively). The other Cure Violence program evaluated, the 'One Vision Program' was the only exception in the review, as it was found not only to have been ineffective in reducing homicides, but also to be associated with increased aggravated assault and gun assault rates increased in targeted neighborhoods.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":68,"id":"cispol_R0564","title":"O que funciona e o que não funciona para reduzir homicídios no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática","authors":"Kopittke, Alberto; Ramos, Maria","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://www.scielo.br/j/rap/a/NCz9p3XVQnpsHjVXZ6Fs4kv/?format=pdf&lang=pt","doi":"10.1590/0034-761220190168","study_type":"Systematic Review","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Q4","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Portuguese","abstract":"Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar quais são as evidências científicas existentes no Brasil, hoje, sobre o que funciona e o que não funciona para reduzir o número de homicídios, por meio da primeira revisão sistemática já realizada no país acerca da efetividade de programas de segurança pública, utilizando a mesma metodologia do Relatório Maryland, realizado em 1997, o qual revisou os estudos já produzidos em língua inglesa e que é considerado um marco no surgimento da chamada segurança pública baseada em evidências (SPBE). A busca resultou em um total de 13.352 estudos analisados, dos quais 41 preencheram os critérios de inclusão, resultando na identificação de 8 tipos de programas que funcionam, 7 programas promissores, 7 programas com resultados indefinidos e 2 programas com evidências que não funcionam. O estudo mostrou que o país dispõe de programas inovadores que são efetivos para reduzir homicídios, enquanto ações tradicionalmente citadas como soluções para a área não apresentam evidências científicas de que funcionem. Embora atrasado em relação ao desenvolvimento internacional, o paradigma da SPBE apresenta grande potencial para aumentar a efetividade do gasto público, auxiliar o país a reduzir a violência e superar processos de tomada de decisão baseados em crenças, corporativismos, preconceitos e populismos políticos.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Results-oriented management","intervention2":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype2":"Human resources management practices","intervention3":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype3":"Women’s police stations (WPS)","intervention4":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype4":"Firearms-focused policing","intervention5":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype5":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention6":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype6":"Zero tolerance policing","intervention7":"Public mobilization police strategies","intervention_subtype7":"Communication practices for law enforcement","intervention8":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype8":"Proximity policing","intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Systematic Review","method":"Narrative/thematic synthesis","sr_quality_appraisal":"Low","cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"A revisão sistemática incluiu um total de 41, os quais preencheram os critérios de inclusão. No que diz respeito especificamente aos programas policiais, o processo de revisão sistemática resultou na identificação de 3 tipos de programas que funcionam (Gestão por resultados, dissuasão sobre indivíduos violentos em territórios com altos índices de homicídios, e Regulação de Armas de Fogo), 3 programas promissores (criação de canais de denúncia anônima, policiamento com foco em armas de fogo e policiamento de proximidade), 4 programas com resultados indefinidos (aumento do efetivo ou do orçamento da segurança, delegacia da mulher, campanhas comunicacionais com foco na devolução de armas) e um programa com evidências de que não funciona (policiamento de tolerância zero, como foco no aumento do encarceramento)","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null}], "fields": [{"id": "_id", "type": "int"}, {"id": "id", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "ID", "notes": "ID of the study"}}, {"id": "title", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Title", "notes": "Title of the study"}}, {"id": "authors", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Authors", "notes": "Author(s) of the study"}}, {"id": "publication_year", "type": "int8", "info": {"label": "Publication year", "notes": "Year of publication"}}, {"id": "url_link", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "URL link", "notes": "Link to the study"}}, {"id": "doi", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "DOI", "notes": "Digital Object Identifier"}}, {"id": "study_type", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Study type", "notes": "Type of study (impact evaluation or systematic review)"}}, {"id": "publication_type", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Publication type", "notes": "Type of publication (journal article, report, thesis, among othesr)"}}, {"id": "journal", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Journal", "notes": "Name of the journal or outlet"}}, {"id": "journal_rank", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Journal Rank", "notes": "This variable indicates the journal quality quartile (Q1\u2013Q4) based on Scimago Journal Rank"}}, {"id": "open_access", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Open Access", "notes": "If the study has open acess"}}, {"id": "idb_publication", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB Publication", "notes": "If the study is a IDB publication"}}, {"id": "idb_authors", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB authors", "notes": "If the study has authors with IDB affiliation"}}, {"id": "idb_study", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB study", "notes": "If the study is a IDB publication or has IDB authors"}}, {"id": "language", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Language", "notes": "Language of the study"}}, {"id": "abstract", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Abstract", "notes": "Abstract of the study"}}, {"id": "region", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Region", "notes": "Region of the country included in the study"}}, {"id": "country", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Country", "notes": "Countries included in the study"}}, {"id": "income_level", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Income level", "notes": "Income level of the countries included"}}, {"id": "evaluated_case", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Evaluated case", "notes": "Specific intervention, program or policy being evaluated"}}, {"id": "intervention1", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 1", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype1", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 1", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention2", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 2", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype2", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 2", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention3", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 3", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype3", "type": "text", "info": {"label": 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