{"help": "https://data.iadb.org/api/3/action/help_show?name=datastore_search", "success": true, "result": {"include_total": false, "limit": 100, "records_format": "objects", "resource_id": "b22237f5-21f9-4f08-89e6-b6fa5ab81cc2", "total_estimation_threshold": null, "last_id_operator": "gt", "records": [{"_id":1,"id":"cispol_R0056","title":"License plate reader (LPR) police patrols in crime hot spots: an experimental evaluation in two adjacent jurisdictions","authors":"Lum, Cynthia; Hibdon, Julie; Cave, Breanne; Koper, Christopher S.; Merola, Linda","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-011-9133-9","doi":"10.1007/s11292-011-9133-9","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives This randomized controlled experiment tests whether license plate readers (LPR) deter crime generally, and automobile crime more specifically in crime hot spots. The limited intervention tested here reflects one current likely use of LPR at the time of this publication. Methods We use a place-based block randomized experiment. Our subjects were 30 hot spots in two jurisdictions, 15 which were assigned to experimental conditions. The treatment involved targeted police patrols using a \"sweep and sit\" approach with license plate readers in these hot spots, also applying the Koper Curve timing principle. We examine effects of the intervention during and in a 30-day period post-intervention, controlling for pre-intervention levels of crime, seasonal factors, and jurisdiction. Results Our findings indicate that, when small numbers of LPR patrols are used in crime hot spots in the way we have tested them here, they do not seem to generate either a general or offense-specific deterrent effect. Conclusions While we did not find significant findings of this intervention, a number of limitations and caveats to this study must be considered in conjunction with these findings. The authors suggest how already acquired LPRs might be used in ways that might increase their effectiveness in crime hot spots.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Tecnología de Reconocimiento de Matrículas en los Vehículos de Policía","intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"License plate reader/electronic fencing systems","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Theft","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación experimental no encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los puntos calientes contemplados en el grupo de tratamiento (donde se aplicaron las tecnologías de VLPR) y los puntos calientes del grupo de control en cuanto a la incidencia de la delincuencia (robo de coches, robo de autopartes y delitos relacionados con automóviles), durante un período de seguimiento de 30 días.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Robos de vehículos","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":2,"id":"cispol_R0057","title":"Combating Vehicle Theft in Arizona: A Randomized Experiment With License Plate Recognition Technology","authors":"Taylor, Bruce; Koper, Christopher; Woods, Daniel","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0734016811425858","doi":"10.1177/0734016811425858","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminal Justice Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This article focuses on a relatively new innovation for use by law enforcement, license plate recognition (LPR) systems, in fighting auto theft. While it is a promising technology, there has not been much research on the effectiveness of LPR systems. The authors conducted a randomized experiment to study the effects of LPR devices on auto theft. The authors found that the LPR is achieving its most basic purpose of increasing the number of plates scanned by officers (8 times greater) compared to manual plate checking. Further, when compared to manual checking, the LPR was associated with more “hits” (i.e., positive scans) for auto theft and stolen plates, more arrests for stolen vehicles, and more stolen vehicle recoveries. Unexpectedly, the authors found that manual plate checking by a special auto theft unit (but not LPR scanning by the same unit) was associated with less auto theft 2 weeks after the intervention (based on both police crime reports and calls for police service) than the control group (regular nonspecialized patrol without LPR). Finally, the authors found no evidence of crime displacement occurring from their targeted routes to adjacent areas for any of their models. This study provides evidence that LPR use can achieve demonstrable benefits in combating auto theft (i.e., more plates scanned, “hits,” arrests and recoveries with LPR). These results are impressive for the field of auto theft where so little research tested interventions exist. Future work will involve developing strategies that maintains the documented benefits of LPR use by a specialized unit, but also achieve the benefits associated with manual checking by a specialized unit.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Tecnología de Reconocimiento de Matrículas en los Vehículos de Policía","intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"License plate reader/electronic fencing systems","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Theft","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio (ensayo controlado aleatorizado) no encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las patrullas del grupo de tratamiento (en los que se aplicó la tecnología) y las del grupo de comparación (sin aplicación de la tecnología) en cuanto a sus consecuencias con respecto al volumen de llamadas de emergencia relacionadas con robos de vehículos, durante un período de seguimiento de dos semanas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Robos de vehículos","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":3,"id":"cispol_R0058","title":"The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago","authors":"Spergel, Irving A.; Wa, Kwai Ming","publication_year":2003,"url_link":"https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/little-village-gang-violence-reduction-project-chicago","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Book or book chapter","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Book or book chapter takes a look at the history of gang violence and past gang programs to address that problem, before providing an in-depth analysis of the Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project, which was first implemented in the early 1990s and was based on the idea that the gang problem in Chicago is the sum of factors including delinquent or criminal behaviors of gang members and community institutions’ responses to gang activities. The project works on the idea that particular or single-type strategies to deal with the gang problem are not enough to prevent or reduce gang violence; that is, relying on suppression, social intervention, or provision of special education and job opportunities alone is not enough, rather, an interrelated, balanced and community-based set of those strategies is required by police, youth agencies, schools and employers, probation, churches, neighborhood groups, and others. Another concept employed by the program is that a special structure of those agencies and community groups must be developed in order to focus and implement the strategies toward at-risk and gang-involved youth in gang-problem communities. The Book or book chapter includes a number of figures and tables providing data, comparisons, statistics, and trends, as well as providing a breakdown of project strategies and outcomes.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Reducción de la Violencia entre las Pandillas de Little Village (Chicago, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive gang intervention","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug-related offenses","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Treatment group youth who participated in the program had statistically significant reductions in total violent crime, serious violent crime, and drug crime arrests, compared with control group youth. However, there was no statistically significant difference in property crime arrests or total arrests.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":4,"id":"cispol_R0061","title":"ACT recidivist offenders","authors":"Makkai, Toni; Ratcliffe, Jerry; Veraar, Keenan; Collins, Lisa","publication_year":2004,"url_link":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/items/034ce2b0-a2e9-4764-bac7-5a16679c26e3","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Book or book chapter","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The most recent 2002 Crime and Safety survey of victims of crime in Australia confirms that burglary is still of major concern to the Australian community. From 2000 to 2002 the Australian Capital Territory experienced significant declines in the rate of burglary. This study aimed to determine the key factors associated with this reduction, and to provide a profile of recidivist property offenders in the A.C.T. The report finds significant evidence that an A.C.T. Australian Federal Police operation targeted at repeat offenders, Operation Anchorage, impacted on the burglary rate along with the detention of offenders by the courts either through remand or imprisonment. The analysis also suggests that the A.C.T. burglary reductions were unlikely to have been due to the heroin drought being experienced at the time. The report for the first time provides empirical data on the characteristics of recidivist property offenders in the A.C.T., including the factors that reduce or increase the time to reoffending.","region":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Intelligence-led policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome2":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype2":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Operation Anchorage, which focused on recidivist property offenders, produced a statistically significant impact on burglary levels in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the police action can be cautiously estimated at having prevented approximately 524 burglary offences during the 18-week period in which the operation was being executed. After Anchorage, crime levels remained low for some months before the benefits of Anchorage decayed, slowly returning to pre-Anchorage levels after 45 weeks. Had crime levels remained at the six month pre-Anchorage level of 146 burglaries a week, it is estimated that the number of offences prevented in the post Anchorage period was 2,445 (considering all 45 weeks following the operation). This constitutes an aprox. 37% reduction (compared to the 6,570 total counts that would have been expected had the 146 burglaries per week rate been kept in the same 45 week window). The Operation Anchorage gave the police a good opportunity to get to know individual offender behaviour patterns and to gain valuable intelligence, and affected practically all areas of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Policing including patrols and specialist investigative areas along with a wide range of support, intelligence and forensics personnel. The Operation was heavily characterised by fortnightly targeting of prolific offender across the ACT, as well as by high levels of coordination in locating these people.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Robos a residencias","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":5,"id":"cispol_R0062","title":"Information Technology, Organization, and Productivity in the Public Sector: Evidence from Police Departments","authors":"Garicano, Luis; Heaton, Paul","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/649844","doi":"10.1086/649844","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Labor Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We examine the relationship between information technology (IT), productivity, and organization using a new panel data set of police departments that covers 1987–2003. When considered alone, increases in IT are not associated with reductions in crime rates, increases in clearance rates, or other productivity measures, and computing technology that increases reported crime actually generates the appearance of lower productivity. These results persist across various samples, specifications, and IT measures. IT investments are, however, linked to improved productivity when they are complemented with particular organizational and management practices, such as those associated with the Compstat program.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police infrastructure renewal, expansion or reallocation","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"O estudo busca estimar a relação entre a adoção de Tecnologia da Informação (T.I.) e a melhoria da produtividade da polícia. A adoção de T.I. é medida por meio de um índice de uso de computadores construído através de nove funções específicas, as quais incluem o uso de computadores para análise criminal, investigação e despacho de crimes e o uso de registros de dados para prisões, chamadas de emergência, históricos criminais, propriedade roubada, citações de trânsito e mandados judiciais. As evidências apontam para o fato de que os aumentos dos investimentos associados infraestrutura tecnológica são capazes de gerar aumentos estatisticamente significativos na produtividade policial (medida pelas taxas de solução de casos e de redução da criminalidade) apenas quando são complementados com práticas e estratégias específicas vinculadas à análise criminal e orientadas a resolução dos problemas e atendimento aos fatores identificados, assim como por práticas organizacionais e de gerenciamento como as associadas ao programa Compstat.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"police productivity, as measured by case solution rates and crime\nreduction","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":6,"id":"cispol_R0064","title":"An Evaluation of Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety in Shawnee, Kansas: 2010-2013","authors":"Bryant, Kevin M; Collins, Greg; Villa, Josie","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://www.smart-policing.com/sites/default/files/Shawnee%20KS%20PD%20SPI%20Final%20Report%20DDACTS.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Published report describes the results of a study funded by the Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Smart Policing Initiative1 to study the implementation of Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) by the Shawnee Police Department from July 6, 2010 until July 6, 2013. Specifically, the research project examined the effects of DDACTS on vehicle theft, vehicle burglary, robbery, and vehicle collisions in a selected target zone. In addition, the study examined officer attitudes toward the implementation of DDACTS, as well business and resident perceptions. An analysis of officer focus group interviews shows evidence of a shift in culture and officer “buy-in” within the Shawnee Police Department, especially with the divisions of the department most closely associated with the DDACTS initiative. Specifically, participants in the patrol, traffic, supervisors, and command staff focus groups revealed a close awareness of the purpose of DDACTS, and the strengths and weaknesses of the approach toward training. Moreover, the majority of the participants in these focus groups believe that DDACTS is an effective and sustainable initiative. There are some exceptions. The dispatch and investigations focus groups revealed less awareness of the purpose of DDACTS, but similar perceptions about DDACTS training as other areas of the department. However, dispatchers and detectives are significantly less positive regarding the effectiveness and sustainability of the DDACTS initiative. Surveys of businesses and residents in the target zone showed that a majority of respondents perceive a greater police presence and more traffic stops. Most respondents believe DDACTS has improved the quality of life in Shawnee. Most respondents rate the relationship between SPD and residents and businesses as very good to excellent. In addition, respondents support high-visibility, targeted traffic enforcement. A pre and post-test comparison of means evaluation design with two comparison groups examined the effects of the DDACTS initiative on vehicle burglary, vehicle theft, robbery, and collisions. The findings reveal a greater reduction in crime and collisions in the DDACTS zone compared to the control zone and the rest of Shawnee. The following statistics show the 3-year post-test period for the DDACTS zone:  Vehicle Burglary was reduced by 32.86%  Vehicle Theft was reduced by 40.32%  Robbery was reduced by 70.37%  Collisions with injuries were reduced by 24.39% Collisions without injuries were reduced by 24.18%  Total Target Crime was reduced by 39.52%  Total Collisions were reduced by 24.20% Additional analyses were conducted to test for crime displacement and diffusion of benefits. The findings of these additional analyses revealed no strong evidence of displaced target crimes due to DDACTS. There is statistical evidence of the diffused benefits of the DDACTS initiative on vehicle theft and total target crimes; that is, the crime reducing effect of DDACTS extends beyond the DDACTS zone for these crime categories","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Enfoques Basados en Datos contra el Crimen y los Accidentes de Tráfico (DDACTS)","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Criminal analysis improvement and strengthening","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"A pre and post-test comparison of means evaluation design with two comparison groups examined the effects of the DDACTS initiative on vehicle burglary, vehicle theft, and robbery. Findings reveal a greater reduction in crime in the DDACTS zone compared to the control zone. The following statistics show the 3-year post-test period for the DDACTS zone: Vehicle Burglary was reduced by 32.86%, Vehicle Theft was reduced by 40.32%, and Robbery was reduced by 70.37%.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Robos de vehículos","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Hurtos de vehículos","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":7,"id":"cispol_R0065","title":"Shawnee, Kansas, smart policing initiative: Reducing crime and automobile collisions through data-driven approaches to crime and traffic safety","authors":"Bryant, Kevin M; Collins, Gregory M.; White, Michael D.","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"https://www.smart-policing.com/sites/default/files/spotlights/Shawnee%20Site%20Spotlight%20FINAL%202015%20%281%29.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In 2011, the Shawnee Police Department (SPD) received funding from the U.S. Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) under the Smart Policing Initiative (SPI), which supported the implementation of the DDACTS model. This model is based in several guiding principles that highlight collaboration, data-driven decisionmaking, hot spots policing, and ongoing program assessment and dissemination of findings. It uses temporal and spatial analysis to identify areas in a jurisdiction that have disproportionate incidences of both traffic accidents and criminal activity. Increased police presence and high-visibility traffic enforcement are then deployed to those areas through a targeted enforcement strategy. SPI funding enabled a rigorous evaluation of the impact of the DDACTS model on crime and automobile crashes in Shawnee. The evaluation showed that DDACTS strategies produced statistically significant decreases in robberies (88 percent), commercial burglaries (84 percent), and vehicle crashes (24 percent). 4 tables and 3 figures","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Enfoques Basados en Datos contra el Crimen y los Accidentes de Tráfico (DDACTS)","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Criminal analysis improvement and strengthening","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype4":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome5":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype5":"Traffic accidents","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"An impact evaluation found the target area experienced statistically significant declines in robberies (88 percent) and commercial burglaries (84 percent) over the 3 three years after the Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) intervention, compared with the comparison area. The Interrupted Time Series analysis (ITS) results also show that the DDACTS strategy was associated with more modest declines in residential burglary, license plate/tag thefts, and vehicle collisions involving injuries or fatalities. Last, the analysis indicated that the DDACTS intervention had no effect on the number of auto burglaries or auto thefts, nor was it associated with any change in vandalism, theft, or assault and batteries.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"robberies and commercial burglaries, auto burglaries","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"general thefts, license plate/tag thefts, and auto thefts","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"Vandalism counts","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":"assault and batteries counts","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":8,"id":"cispol_R0066","title":"Does the Rapid Deployment of Information to Police Improve Crime Solvability? A Quasi-Experimental Impact Evaluation of Real-Time Crime Center (RTCC) Technologies on Violent Crime Incident Outcomes","authors":"Guerette, Rob T.; Przeszlowski, Kimberly","publication_year":2023,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2023.2264362","doi":"10.1080/07418825.2023.2264362","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Despite advances in police practices, national case clearance rates of violent crimes are at an all-time low. One recent trend in American policing involves the rapid deployment of various technology-derived information sources to police prior to, during, and immediately after their initial response to crime incidents. Housed within centralized local-level police department units, these often called “real-time crime centers” (RTCCs) have capitalized on technological innovations to harness a host of information with the intention of improving the ability of police to manage crime. To date, however, very little is known about their ability to improve police practice or their impact on crime solvability. This study entails the first to assess the impact of RTCC technologies on violent crime incident case clearances and time-to-clearance using a multi-method, quasi-experimental design. Results indicated after controlling for neighborhood, crime type, and case-level characteristics, RTCC-assisted cases had 66% better odds of being cleared compared to a randomly drawn control sample of cases not receiving RTCC support. Further, after controlling for case-level characteristics, no significant differences were found between the clearance times of RTCC-assisted and control sample cases. Implications for police practice are discussed.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Real-time crime centers and/or fusion centers","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects|Other regression analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Os resultados deste estudo (quasi-experimental) indicam que a rápida implementação de várias fontes de informação aos policiais antes, durante e imediatamente após a resposta inicial a incidentes criminais por meio de unidades centralizadas (denominadas, em geral, \"Centros de Crime em Tempo Real\") teve um impacto significativo nas taxas de resolução/elucidação. Em média, os casos assistidos por Centro de Crime em Tempo Real tiveram 66% mais chances de serem esclarecidos em comparação com uma amostra de controle aleatória de casos que não receberam apoio dos centros.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"time-to-clearance","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":9,"id":"cispol_R0068","title":"Blowing up a rats nest: Crime externalities of the police intervention of Bogotá's \"The Bronx\"","authors":"Peña Tenjo, Nicolás","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/53a4ca4f-1af9-4a1e-8a9c-073efaacd2fc/content","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Understanding crime reallocation and persistence after a spatially targeted large police operation is crucial for public policy design. This paper assesses the spatial spillovers, the persistence over time and the impact on the treated area of the largest targeted security intervention ever witnessed in Bogotá, on a place called \"The Bronx\" in 2016, that hosted the main narcotic cartels and criminal gangs of the city. Using difference- in-differences, I show that the common perception that the intervention made the city more insecure is largely wrong. I do find that specific crimes displaced, but for a relatively short period. This is largely due to the fact that the operation in \"The Bronx\" was accompanied by smaller interventions in other hot spots. Using a synthetic control method, I find a generalized and significant crime reduction in the treated area, the number of personal robberies decreased by 48.6%, phone thefts by 44.8%, personal injuries by 36.8%, homicides by 29.8% and vehicle thefts by 47.2%","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Intervención del Sector del \"Bronx\" en el Centro de Bogotá","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Theft","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome3":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype3":"Homicides","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Crime displacement","outcome5":"Property crime","outcome_subtype5":"Robbery","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio cuasiexperimental de evaluación de impacto constató que la intervención generó una reducción estadísticamente significativa de la delincuencia en la zona de intervención (48,6% de los robos a personas, 44,8% de los hurtos de teléfonos, 36,8% de las lesiones corporales, 29,8% de los homicidios y 47,2% de los hurtos de vehículos). Además, el estudio también concluyó que la intervención no provocó el desplazamiento de la delincuencia a otras zonas. Las repercusiones geográficas son, en el peor de los casos, pequeñas y de corta duración.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Hurtos de teléfonos y de  de vehículos","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":10,"id":"cispol_R0069","title":"Assessing the Effectiveness of Procedural Justice Training for Police Officers: Evidence from the Mexico City Police","authors":"Canales, Rodrigo; Magaña, Marina; Santini, Juan Francisco; Maus, Alexis Cherem","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222186165","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Organizations face the dilemma of how to ensure that their agents use discretion productively in complex situations while at the same time complying routinely and repeatedly with the organization’s standards and processes. No organization confronts this plight more strongly than policing institutions, where misconduct and bad decisions by their “street level bureaucrats” can have large negative consequences. This paper investigates if police officers can be trained effectively to incorporate the principles of procedural justice in their interactions with citizens. The procedural justice framework has been proven to increase citizen trust and build police legitimacy. In collaboration with the Mexico City police, we implemented a randomized controlled trial with 1,854 officers to measure whether training changed their perceptions and behavioral intentions to policing, and the potential mechanisms behind any observed effects. We find significant, substantive, and positive effects of the training across all measures of the procedural justice model. Our research yields insights into critical elements to consider in organizational training programs, including managerial alignment with the objectives of the training and a consideration of employees’ perceptions of the extent to which their work is understood by others","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Mexico","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Entrenamiento de Policías en Justicia Procedimental (Ciudad de México)","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Procedural justice","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio aleatorizado controlado realizado con 1.854 policías encontró un impacto positivo del entrenamiento en el cambio de las percepciones y en el abordaje de los agentes, en términos de la conducta de los policías \"en el terreno\". El experimento identificó efectos significativos, sustanciales y positivos de dicha formación en todas las medidas del modelo de justicia procesal (voz, neutralidad, respeto y fiabilidad). Más concretamente, los autores descubrieron que la capacitación aumentó de forma estadísticamente significativa la percepción de los agentes de policía sobre los principios de la justicia procedimental (un 4,8% por encima del promedio del grupo de control). Además, se constató que este cambio de percepción también se trasladó a cambios de comportamiento (el índice de adecuación de las acciones, actitudes e interacciones de los policías tratados fue, por término medio, un 4,1% superior al índice de los policías del grupo de control). Por último, también se constató que la formación de los gerentes en justicia procedimental aumentó la efectividad de la formación de los agentes bajo su responsabilidad, y que la formación también tuvo efectos positivos en el aumento del grado de identificación de los agentes con su institución y su profesión. En total, un grupo de tratamiento seleccionado de forma aleatoria de 966 policías, incluidos sus gerentes, participó en el programa de formación, mientras que los 888 restantes se incluyeron en el grupo de control (es decir, no participaron en la formación).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":11,"id":"cispol_R0070","title":"Deterrence or Backlash? Arrests and the Dynamics of Domestic Violence","authors":"Amaral, Sofia; Dahl, Gordon; Endl-Geyer, Victoria; Hener, Timo; Rainer, Helmut","publication_year":2023,"url_link":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w30855","doi":"10.3386/w30855","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Ongoing study","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"There is a vigorous debate on whether arrests for domestic violence (DV) will deter future abuse or create a retaliatory backlash. We study how arrests affect the dynamics of DV using administrative data for over 124,000 DV emergency calls (999 calls) for West Midlands, the second most populous county in England. We take advantage of conditional random assignment of officers to a case by call handlers, combined with systematic differences across police officers in their propensity to arrest suspected batterers. We find that an arrest reduces future DV calls in the ensuing year by 51%. This reduction is not driven by reduced reporting due to fear of retaliation, but instead a decline in repeat victimization. We reach this conclusion based on a threshold reporting model and its testable implications regarding (i) the severity of repeat DV calls and (ii) victim versus third-party reporting. Exploring mechanisms, we find that arrest virtually eliminates the large spike in re-victimization which occurs in the 48 hours after a call, consistent with arrest facilitating a cooling off period during a volatile, at-risk time. In the longer run, we estimate a sizeable deterrence effect. Substantiating this, arrest increases the probability an offender is charged with a crime. Our findings suggest that if the goal is to lower the number of domestic violence incidents, police should lower their threshold for arrest, not decriminalize domestic violence.","region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Respuesta Policial a las Emergencias por Violencia Doméstica (West Midlands)","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Second responders programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype2":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Instrumental variables (IV/GMM)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto constató que la detención en flagrancia de los sospechosos reduce la reincidencia/revictimización en un 51% (medido a través de nuevas llamadas de emergencia por violencia doméstica en el año siguiente a la intervención). Los autores señalan que esta reducción no se debe a una disminución de las denuncias por miedo a represalias, sino a un descenso efectivo de la victimización reiterada. El estudio se basó en la respuesta policial de alrededor de 124.000 llamadas de emergencia relacionadas con la violencia doméstica a lo largo de 10 años. En cuanto a los mecanismos, el estudio concluyó que la detención prácticamente elimina el pico de revictimización que suele producirse en las 48 horas siguientes a una llamada de emergencia. Dicho de otro modo, la detención del sospechoso proporciona un periodo de interregno durante un momento volátil y de riesgo, lo que ofrece mejores condiciones de protección a la víctima. Los autores también señalan un considerable efecto disuasorio a largo plazo, que se ve reforzado por el hecho de que la detención aumenta la probabilidad de que el delincuente sea juzgado por el delito.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"llamadas de emergencia relacionadas con la violencia doméstica","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":12,"id":"cispol_R0071","title":"A Avaliação do Impacto da Companhia Integrada de Polícia de Proximidade (CIPP)","authors":"Eloy Vaz, Bruno Ottoni; Rapizo Magalhães Caldas, Emmanuel Antonio","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://periodicos.uff.br/revistaeconomica/article/view/35019/20273","doi":"10.22409/economica.19i2.p308","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Revista Econômica","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Portuguese","abstract":"Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação de impacto da implementação da Companhia Integrada dePolícia de Proximidade (CIPP), projeto realizado pela Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro(PMERJ). Utilizando o método de controle sintético e dados do Instituto de Segurança Pública doRio de Janeiro (ISP), encontra-se que a CIPP implica em uma redução de crimes comparativamenteao grupo de controle. Porém, nota-se que a redução dos crimes decorrentes da implementação daCIPP não é estatisticamente diferente daquela observada em áreas que ficaram fora do programa","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Compañía Integrada de Policía de Proximidad (CIPP) del Río de Janeiro","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype2":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Robbery","outcome4":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype4":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome5":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype5":"Robbery-related homicides","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Synthetic Control","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Se realizó una evaluación del impacto del proyecto piloto de la primera CIPP, implementada en el área de la 20ª comisaría (con sede en el barrio de Vila Isabel), sobre los delitos monitoreados por el Sistema de Indicadores de Metas (SIM), incluyendo las siguientes categorías: (i) letalidad violenta (homicidio doloso, letalidad policial, robo seguido de muerte y lesiones corporales fatales), (ii) robos en las calles, y (iii) robos de vehículos. Utilizando el método de control sintético, dicha evaluación de impacto encontró una reducción del 17% en la tasa de ocurrencia de estos tipos de delitos. Esto significa que hubo una reducción de aproximadamente 20 delitos en la zona de intervención en comparación con las zonas de control.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple: Homicides and Latrocínio (robbery followed by death)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"Multiple: Latrocínio (robbery followed by death), robos en las calles, y robos de vehículos","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":13,"id":"cispol_R0072","title":"Effects of the Pelotas (Brazil) Peace Pact on violence and crime: a synthetic control analysis","authors":"Degli Esposti, Michelle; Coll, Carolina V.N.; Da Silva, Eduardo Viegas; Borges, Doriam; Rojido, Emiliano; Gomes Dos Santos, Alisson; Cano, Ignacio; Murray, Joseph","publication_year":2023,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667193X23000212","doi":"10.1016/j.lana.2023.100447","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The Lancet Regional Health - Americas","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Summary Background City-led interventions are increasingly advocated to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal to reduce violence for all. We used a new quantitative evaluation method to examine whether a flagship programme, called the “Pelotas Pact for Peace” (the Pacto), has been effective in reducing violence and crime in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. Methods We used synthetic control methodology to assess the effects of the Pacto from August 2017 to December 2021, and separately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcomes included monthly rates of homicide and property crime, and yearly rates of assault against women and school drop-out. We constructed synthetic controls (counterfactuals) based on weighted averages from a donor pool of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul. Weights were identified using pre-intervention outcome trends and confounders (sociodemographics, economics, education, health and development, and drug trafficking). Findings The Pacto led to an overall 9% reduction in homicide and 7% reduction in robbery in Pelotas. These effects were not uniform across the full post-intervention period as clear effects were only seen during the pandemic period. A 38% reduction in homicide was also specifically associated with the criminal justice strategy of Focussed Deterrence. No significant effects were found for non-violent property crimes, violence against women, and school dropout, irrespective of the post-intervention period. Interpretation City-level interventions that combine public health and criminal justice approaches could be effective in tackling violence in Brazil. Continued monitoring and evaluation efforts are increasingly needed as cities are proposed as key opportunities for reducing violence for all","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Pacto por la Paz de la Ciudad de Pelotas (Brasil)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype2":"Results-oriented management","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Robbery","outcome3":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype3":"Violence against women","outcome4":"Property crime","outcome_subtype4":"Theft","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Synthetic Control","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto fue realizada utilizando la metodología de control sintético para evaluar los efectos del Pacto, desde agosto de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2021, sobre las tasas mensuales de homicidios y delitos contra la propiedad y las tasas anuales de agresiones contra las mujeres y abandono escolar. El grupo de control se construyó con el conjunto de otros municipios del mismo estado brasileño de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Durante este periodo, Brasil tuvo una caída del 31% en los homicidios, el estado de Rio Grande do Sul tuvo una caída del 41%, y la ciudad de Pelotas tuvo una caída del 80%, con los homicidios cayendo de 120 en 2017 a 23 en 2022. Según el estudio, fue posible identificar que el Pacto, desde el inicio de su implementación, fue responsable de una reducción global del 9% de los homicidios y del 7% de los robos en Pelotas. Cuando se evaluó de forma aislada el periodo en el que se implementó la disuasión focalizada, el estudio identificó que el Pacto fue responsable de una reducción del 38% de los homicidios. Sin embargo, no se encontraron efectos significativos para los delitos contra la propiedad no violentos, la violencia contra las mujeres y el abandono escolar.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":14,"id":"cispol_R0073","title":"Causas e consequencias do crime no Brasil","authors":"Cerqueira, Daniel","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"http://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/1922","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Portuguese","abstract":"A tese é composta por três artigos. No primeiro, vários indicadores inéditos no Brasil foram produzidos para analisar a dinâmica dos homicídios no país entre 1980 e 2007 e documentar os fatores importantes que impulsionaram a sua prevalência. No segundo artigo, produzimos uma análise microeconométrica para estimar a elasticidade da difusão de armas de fogo emrelação a vários crimes contra a vida e contra o patrimônio. No terceiro artigo, estimamos o custo de bem-estar doshomicídios e analisamos como os resultados mudam ao considerar herogeneidades relacionadas à questões de gênero, regionais e de escolaridade.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Estatuto de Desarme (Brasil)","intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Instrumental variables (IV/GMM)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio buscó evaluar si más armas de fuego causan más o menos crímenes. A través de la evaluación del Estatuto de Desarme, los autores concluyeron que la política aplicada en el estado de São Paulo entre 2001 y 2007 fue uno de los factores que llevaron a la reducción de los homicidios en dicho estado.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":15,"id":"cispol_R0074","title":"Evaluating a National Anti-Firearm Law and Estimating the Causal Effect of Guns on Crime","authors":"Cerqueira, Daniel; Mello, João M P De","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/rio/texdis/607.html","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Ongoing study","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We report two results. First, we evaluate the impact of a nationwide anti-firearm legislation enacted in December 2003 (Estatuto do Desarmamento, henceforth ED). Our identification strategy hinges on the hypoThesis that the law had a stronger impact in places where gun prevalence was higher in the baseline. We find evidence that homicides (reduced form) and firearms prevalence (mechanism or first-stage) dropped faster in places with higher gun prevalence after the 2003. Using our preferred estimates, the ED saved between 2,000 and 2,750 lives from 2004 through 2007 in cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants in the state of São Paulo. Second, assuming the ED causes homicide only through its impact on firearms prevalence, we recover a causal estimate of the impact of firearms on homicides. One standard deviation in the prevalence of firearms reduces homicides by quarter of a standard deviation. We find no impact of both ED and firearms on property crime in general or on robberies.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Estatuto de Desarme (Brasil)","intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Availability of firearms","outcome2":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype2":"Homicides","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome4":"Property crime","outcome_subtype4":"Robbery","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Instrumental variables (IV/GMM)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio evaluó la aplicación del Estatuto de Desarme en el estado de São Paulo. Los autores utilizaron el nivel de suicidios con arma de fuego como una proxy de la cantidad de armas disponibles en una ciudad en la línea de base. Ellos estimaron reducciones considerables para los homicidios (al menos 12,6%, lo que representaría 2.000 vidas entre 2004 y 2007, cifra que podría llegar a 2.750 vidas). Sin embargo, el estudio no encontró ningún impacto en la tasa de delitos contra la propiedad (o robo de automóviles, específicamente).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":"Robos de vehículos","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":16,"id":"cispol_R0075","title":"O PAPEL DAS ARMAS DE FOGO NA QUEDA DOSHOMICÍDIOS EM SÃO PAULO","authors":"Hartung, Gabriel Chequer; Pessoa, Samuel","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://www.anpec.org.br/encontro2010/inscricao/arquivos/000-7d866aaee3788286bc1b1c7465d22305.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"Portuguese","abstract":"This articles presents evidence that the number of huns have a positive effect on homocides rates. Using Sao Paulo state data between 1997 and 2007, we show that a 1% decline in the number of huns cause a reduction between 0.15% and 0.2# in the hoomocide rates. This means that the reduction of 60% in the number of guns which happened between 2001 and 2007 must have caused fall between 9% and 12% in homocides, in the same period.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Estatuto de Desarme (Brasil)","intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Enforcement of firearms regulation","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Instrumental variables (IV/GMM)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"El estudio trató de comprender la relación entre el volumen de armas de fuego y la tasa de homicidios. Aprovechando el contexto de aumento de la represión contra la portación ilegal de armas y la creación del Estatuto de Desarme entre 1997 y 2007, los autores estudiaron esta relación para el estado de São Paulo. Los resultados sugieren que una reducción del 1% en el stock de armas reduce, en promedio, la tasa de homicidios por cada 100.000 habitantes entre 0,15% y 0,20%.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":17,"id":"cispol_R0076","title":"Preventing Rebel Resurgence after Civil War: A Field Experiment in Security and Justice Provision in Rural Colombia","authors":"Blair, Robert A.; Moscoso-Rojas, Manuel; Vargas Castillo, Andrés; Weintraub, Michael","publication_year":2022,"url_link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/preventing-rebel-resurgence-after-civil-war-a-field-experiment-in-security-and-justice-provision-in-rural-colombia/49DEECA91BC07D752CE119CCE59E6CE9","doi":"10.1017/S0003055422000284","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Political Science Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"How can states prevent armed groups from exploiting local governance gaps to (re)establish territorial control during transitions to national peace? We report results from an experimental evaluation of Colombia’s               ComunPaz               program, a scalable, inexpensive intervention that sought to replace rebel governance by harnessing complementarities between state and communal authorities and by improving security and justice provision in areas once dominated by FARC, the country’s largest rebel group. We find that               ComunPaz               enhanced the quality of local dispute resolution, increased citizens’ trust in (some) state institutions, and strengthened coordination between state and communal authorities. It also appears to have reduced citizens’ trust in, and reliance on, armed groups. The program did not, however, increase reliance on either state or communal authorities to resolve disputes, nor did it increase citizens’ trust in communal institutions. We discuss the implications of our findings for peace-building and state-building in countries transitioning from civil war.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"ComunPaz","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Violent groups demobilization","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Prevalence of a violent conflict resolution culture","outcome2":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype2":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio controlado aleatorizado (RCT) evaluó el impacto de la intervención y concluyó que el programa fue efectivo para mejorar la calidad de la resolución local de conflictos, aumentar (ligeramente) la confianza de los ciudadanos en la policía y reforzar la coordinación entre el Estado y las autoridades comunales. La mejora en la percepción sobre la policía se debió sobre todo a la mejora en la percepción de los inspectores de policía (la mejora en la confianza en los agentes de policía no fue estadísticamente significativa). Los residentes del grupo de tratamiento fueron 5,7 puntos porcentuales (15,7%) más propensos a expresar confianza en los inspectores de policía y 6,4 puntos porcentuales (17,9%) más propensos a creer que los inspectores de policía resuelven los conflictos de manera justa y eficaz. Además, los autores señalan una reducción de la confianza de la población en los grupos armados. El diseño utilizado para evaluar la intervención fue un estudio controlado aleatorizado (RCT) en el que se utilizó la comunidad como unidad de análisis. La muestra fue de 149 comunidades de cuatro regiones rurales de Colombia en las que las FARC tenían una elevada presencia histórica. El número de comunidades asignadas aleatoriamente al grupo de tratamiento fue de 72. El impacto se evaluó mediante encuestas aplicadas a residentes, dirigentes de consejos de acción comunitaria, agentes de policía e inspectores de policía. En otras palabras, la investigación evaluó tanto la oferta como la demanda de seguridad y justicia.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":18,"id":"cispol_R0077","title":"CSI in the Tropics Experimental Evidence of Improved Public Service Delivery Through Coordination","authors":"Collazos, Daniela; Fergusson, Leopoldo; La Rota, Miguel; Mejia, Daniel; Ortega, Daniel","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstream/handle/1992/41132/dcede2020-20.pdf?sequence=1","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3629933","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"SSRN Electronic Journal","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper evaluates the impacts of increased coordination, accountability, and leadership among teams of responsible public officials, with evidence from homicide investigations in Colombia. We randomly assigned the investigations of 66% of the 1,683 homicides occurring in Bogotá, Colombia, during 2016 to a new investigation procedure emphasizing these features. We find a statistically significant 30% increase in the conviction rate in the treatment group relative to the control group. Indicators of the quality of the investigative process also improve, as well as the rate at which a formal accusation is presented before a court. Complementary findings suggest that the treatment produces well-coordinated teams that can communicate more fluently. Also, a survey of investigative team members reveal that work motivation, the extent to which they receive feedback on their performance, the pertinence and effectiveness of their roles, and the perceived quality and coordination of the team all improve under the new scheme.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Nuevo Protocolo de Investigación de Homicidios (Bogotá, Colombia)","intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Results-oriented management","intervention2":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Criminal investigation practices improvement and strengthening","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Efficiency and/or effectiveness of the criminal justice system in holding offenders accountable","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Police operational efficiency","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio controlado aleatorizado (RCT) evidenció el impacto positivo de esta iniciativa en la capacidad de investigación de los organismos policiales y judiciales implicados. El nuevo procedimiento produjo un aumento estadísticamente significativo del 30% en el índice de condenas para el grupo de tratamiento en comparación con el grupo de control. Asimismo, se encontró una mejora en los indicadores de la calidad del proceso de investigación, y una mejora del ritmo de presentación de acusaciones formales ante los tribunales. Los hallazgos complementarios presentados también sugieren que el nuevo protocolo produjo equipos bien coordinados que se comunican de forma más fluida. Además, las encuestas realizadas a los miembros de los equipos de investigación revelaron que la motivación para el trabajo, el desempeño, la pertinencia y efectividad de sus roles, y la percepción de la calidad y la coordinación del equipo también mejoraron bajo el nuevo esquema. Los autores observan un aumento de la cantidad media de pruebas recogidas por caso y de la cantidad de casos en los que se produce una acusación (la calidad de la evidencia se incrementó entre un 22% y un 29% de una desviación estándar, y la tasa a la que se presenta una acusación formal se incrementó un 25 % de una desviación estándar). El análisis de comparación se realizó con datos de los grupos de tratamiento y control desde enero de 2016 hasta mayo de 2019 (para dar tiempo a que los diferentes procedimientos policiales tuvieran lugar). La evidencia se generó mediante la asignación aleatoria de 1.683 casos de homicidio. En este sentido, los casos de homicidio se sortearon para recibir la investigación estándar o el nuevo protocolo de investigación. La asignación aleatoria permite interpretar los hallazgos como causales.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"cantidad de casos en los que se produce una acusación","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Ritmo de presentación de acusaciones formales ante los tribunales","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"indicadores de la calidad del proceso de investigación","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":19,"id":"cispol_R0078","title":"De-escalation technology : the impact of body-worn cameras on citizen-police interactions","authors":"Barbosa, Daniel AC; Fetzer, Thiemo; Soto, Caterina; Souza, Pedro C. L.","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/manage/publications/wp581.2021.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We provide experimental evidence that monitoring of the police activity through body-worn cameras reduces use-of-force, handcuffs and arrests, and enhances criminal reporting. Stronger treatment effects occur on events classified ex-ante of low seriousness. Monitoring effects are moderated by officer rank, which is consistent with a career concern motive by junior officers. Overall, results show that the use of body-worn cameras de-escalates conflicts.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Instalación de Cámaras de Cuerpo en Santa Catarina (Brasil)","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police body-worn cameras (BWCs)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que las cámaras corporales llevadas por el agente de policía redujeron alrededor del 61,2% de los episodios de escalada de violencia policial (uso de la fuerza, esposas, etc.) y mejoraron la calidad de los informes policiales y la precisión de los informes de los agentes. El estudio tuvo un diseño experimental con una muestra de 150 policías asignados al uso de la cámara corporal y 300 policías en el grupo de control, sin utilizar la herramienta. El estudio abarcó cinco comisarías ubicadas en diferentes municipios del estado de Santa Catarina.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"episodios de escalada de violencia policial (uso de la fuerza, esposas, etc.)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"calidad de los informes policiales y la precisión de los informes de los agentes","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":20,"id":"cispol_R0079","title":"Short-Term Secondary Effects of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of the Brazilian Version of DARE’s Keepin’ it REAL","authors":"Valente, Juliana Y.; Sanchez, Zila M.","publication_year":2022,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11121-021-01277-w","doi":"10.1007/s11121-021-01277-w","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Prevention Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug and violence resistance educational program (PROERD) on short-term secondary outcomes, such as intentions to use drugs, attitudes toward drugs, school experience, and life skills (refusal, decision-making, and communication). Two cluster-randomized controlled trials were conducted in 30 public schools in the city of São Paulo (Brazil) with 4030 students (1727 fifth and 2303 seventh graders). The intervention group attended 10 PROERD classes conducted by trained police officers, whereas the control group received no intervention. PROERD is a Brazilian adaptation of the North American Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program Keepin’ it REAL. Data were collected at two time points: pre-intervention and at 9-month follow-up. Two different paradigms were used in the multilevel analysis, complete case (CC), and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses, using full information maximum likelihood (FIML). We found mixed results. Although the seventh-year curriculum seems to have positive effects on school experience (coef = 0.093; 95% CI: 0.001, −0.185), it also increases the intention to use cigarettes in the future (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.109, 3.379) and the chances of accepting marijuana (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.53), and it appears to slightly reduce decision-making skills among fifth graders (coef = −0.078; 95% CI: −0.131, −0.025). Our results suggest that PROERD implementation and cultural adaptation should be reevaluated to understand why the program does not achieve the expected preventive goals and produces potential iatrogenic effects.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Educación de Resistencia al Consumo de Drogas (PROERD)","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug abuse","outcome2":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Socioemotional skills","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el programa provocó un aumento del 50% en la intención de los estudiantes de séptimo grado de consumir cigarrillos y un aumento del 38% en las posibilidades de aceptar la marihuana, en comparación con los que no participaron en el programa. El estudio encontró un pequeño efecto positivo en la evaluación de los estudiantes con respecto a su experiencia escolar, aunque sin significancia estadística. Los alumnos de quinto grado mostraron una ligera reducción en las habilidades de toma de decisiones en comparación con el grupo de tratamiento. El estudio indica que el programa produjo efectos secundarios, empeorando la intención de los estudiantes de consumir drogas. El estudio tuvo un diseño experimental realizado en 30 escuelas públicas de la ciudad de São Paulo, con 1.727 alumnos de quinto grado y 2.303 alumnos de séptimo grado de escuelas primarias, separados entre el grupo que recibió las 10 sesiones de PROERD y otro grupo con las mismas características que sirvió como grupo de control, que no participó del programa.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome1_metric":"chances of accepting marijuana","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome2_metric":"decision-making skills","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":21,"id":"cispol_R0080","title":"Effectiveness of a school-based substance use prevention program taught by police officers in Brazil: Two cluster randomized controlled trials of the PROERD","authors":"Sanchez, Zila M.; Valente, Juliana Y.; Gusmões, Julia D.P.; Ferreira-Junior, Valdemir; Caetano, Sheila C; Cogo-Moreira, Hugo; Andreoni, Solange","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395921003182","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103413","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"International Journal of Drug Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background The Drug and Violence Resistance Educational Program (PROERD) is widely disseminated and implemented as a public policy in Brazil. PROERD's current curricula are the translation of the North American program DARE-Keepin'it REAL, based on the theories of socio-emotional learning and resistance training. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PROERD in the prevention of drug use. Method Two PROERD curricula were analyzed through two cluster randomized controlled trials conducted with 4030 students (1727 5th graders and 2303 7th graders) in 30 public schools in São Paulo. The intervention group received ten PROERD classes delivered by trained police officers, and the control group received no intervention. Data collection was performed using self-administered questionnaires on smartphones at two points in time (baseline pre-intervention and nine months follow-up). The outcomes evaluated were initiation and recent drug use. Two different paradigms were used in a multilevel analysis: an analysis of complete cases (CC) and an intention to treat missing data through full information maximum likelihood and selection model. Results We found no evidence of the effectiveness of PROERD as an intervention for the prevention of drug use. For the conditional transition analysis, we found that 7th graders in the PROERD group who were already binge drinking at baseline had a significantly higher chance of maintaining this consumption pattern when compared to the control group. Conclusion The lack of preventive effects found here suggests that a process evaluation may address concrete implementation and cultural adaptation issues.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Educación de Resistencia al Consumo de Drogas (PROERD)","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug abuse","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio experimental de evaluación de impacto no encontró evidencias de la eficacia del programa, lo que indica su ineficacia como programa universal para retrasar o reducir cualquier consumo de drogas al cabo de 9 meses. Además, se observó un efecto negativo en el subgrupo específico de alumnos de séptimo grado que ya eran bebedores compulsivos y recibieron la intervención. En este caso, se observó que estos alumnos tenían una probabilidad significativamente mayor de mantener este comportamiento en comparación con el grupo de control. El experimento contó con una muestra de 4.030 alumnos de 30 escuelas públicas del estado de São Paulo (1.727 de quinto grado y 2.303 de séptimo grado).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":22,"id":"cispol_R0081","title":"An evaluation of a hot spot policing programme in four Argentinian cities","authors":"Chainey, Spencer P; Estévez-Soto, Patricio R; Pezzuchi, Gastón; Serrano–Berthet, Rodrigo","publication_year":2023,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032258X221079019","doi":"10.1177/0032258X221079019","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"Yes","language":"English","abstract":"In 2017, hot spot policing interventions were implemented in four cities in Argentina: La Plata, Morón, Santa Fe and Tres de Febrero. Each intervention was similarly designed, organized and implemented. Results differed between cities. La Plata experienced the largest decreases, including a significant 31% decrease in robbery (while controlling for geographic displacement), whereas in other cities, a mix of non-significant decreases and increases in robbery and theft were observed. No displacement was observed to assaults or vehicle crime. The differences in impact between cities were likely to be associated with differences in the project management of each intervention.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Argentina","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Policiamiento en Puntos Calientes en Cuatro Ciudades Argentinas","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Crime displacement","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que los resultados del programa diferían según las ciudades. Mientras que todas las ciudades experimentaron disminuciones netas en los robos o los hurtos en las áreas de tratamiento, los resultados solo fueron significativos en algunas ciudades y por periodos específicos de tiempo durante los 6 meses de la intervención.\nLa Plata experimentó las mayores disminuciones, incluida una reducción significativa del 31% en los robos en la segunda mitad de la intervención y del 39 % en los hurtos en la primera mitad de la intervención. En las demás ciudades se observaron reducciones o aumentos no significativos de los robos y hurtos. No se observó ningún desplazamiento de los delitos contra los peatones ni de los robos de vehículos. Las diferencias de impacto entre las ciudades probablemente estén asociadas a las diferencias en la gestión de cada intervención y a las diferencias de dosificación en cada ciudad.\nEl estudio tuvo un diseño cuasi experimental, realizado durante un período de 115 semanas, con una muestra de 848 unidades de tratamiento y 1.202 unidades de control, y presentó una evaluación de proceso preliminar que registró la planificación, la implementación y el monitoreo del programa para cada una de las ciudades.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":23,"id":"cispol_R0082","title":"Preventing repeat incidents of family violence: a randomized field test of a second responder program","authors":"Davis, Robert C.; Weisburd, David; Hamilton, Edwin E.","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11292-010-9107-3","doi":"10.1007/s11292-010-9107-3","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This field test, conducted with the cooperation of the Redlands, California, Police Department, sought to vary one of the parameters thought to affect the impact of second response programs Victims who called the Redlands police with a domestic abuse complaint were randomly assigned (1) to receive a second response within 24 hours, (2) to receive a second response within seven days, or (3) to receive no second response. An examination of police records and surveys with victims six months after the initial complaint was called did not indicate any reduction in new abuse resulting from any second response condition. The current findings, coupled with earlier research results, strongly suggest that second response programs are at best ineffective in reducing the potential for new abuse and at worst may increase the likelihood of new abusive incidents.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Intervención de Segunda Respuesta","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Second responders programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto mostró que no había evidencias de que la intervención policial o la respuesta más rápida contribuyeran a reducir el potencial de abusos posteriores. Aunque no son definitivas, las evidencias encontradas sugieren que la intervención aumentó los incidentes de abuso en 14%.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":24,"id":"cispol_R0083","title":"A PROACTIVE RESPONSE TO FAMILY VIOLENCE: THE RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT","authors":"Davis, Robert C.; Taylor, Bruce G.","publication_year":1997,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00878.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00878.x","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Recent British work has focused attention on preventing repeat victimization as part of an overall crime prevention strategy. Because domestic violence victims are among those most likely to suffer multiple victimizations, they are logical candidates for programs targeted at reducing repeat victimization.             This article reports on a joint law enforcement‐social services approach to reduce the incidence of repeat domestic violence. The research design randomly assigned households reporting domestic incidents within two public housing police service areas in New York to receive or not receive a follow‐up to the initial patrol response. (The follow‐up visit was conducted by a police officer and a social worker.) In addition, housing projects in the same area were randomly assigned to receive or not receive public education about domestic violence.             Neither treatment produced a reduction in violence. However, households in projects that had received public education and households that received the follow‐up visits were both more likely to report new violence to the police than households that did not receive the treatments. Moreover, the effect of the follow‐up visit was most pronounced among households with more serious histories of violence. The results suggest that the interventions increased citizens’ confidence in the ability of the police to handle domestic situations.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Enfoque Conjunto de la Policía y los Servicios Sociales en Nueva York","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Second responders programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype2":"Propensity to report crimes","outcome3":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype3":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto mostró que ninguno de los tratamientos produjo una reducción de la violencia doméstica. Sin embargo, tanto las familias de las viviendas que habían recibido educación pública como las que recibieron las visitas de seguimiento tenían más probabilidades de denunciar a la policía nuevos actos de violencia que las familias que no recibieron los tratamientos. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones aumentaron la confianza de los ciudadanos en la capacidad de la policía para hacer frente a las situaciones de violencia doméstica.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":25,"id":"cispol_R0084","title":"Labeling Theory and Delinquency Policy: An Experimental Test","authors":"Klein, Malcolm W.","publication_year":1986,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093854886013001004","doi":"10.1177/0093854886013001004","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminal Justice and Behavior","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Propositions endemic to labeling theory, and variables particularly relevant to these propositions, are combined into a guiding paradigm. Components of this labeling paradigm are then tested in an experimentally controlled police diversion project in which juvenile offenders of mid-range seriousness are randomly assigned to release, community treatment, and court petition conditions. Results provide support for some labeling propositions but not others, and are seen as specifying some of the variables that delimit the policy implications of labeling theory.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Teoría del Etiquetamiento en un Proyecto Policial de Redirección","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police-led juvenile diversion programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype1":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que los procedimientos de detención más formales aumentan la reincidencia. En cuanto a la derivación, es menos perjudicial que el procesamiento posterior en el sistema judicial, pero más perjudicial que la liberación.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"rearrests","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"rearrests","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":26,"id":"cispol_R0085","title":"Neighborhood-Based Antiburglary Strategies: An Analysis of Public Private Benefits From the PortlProgram. In Dennis P. Rosenbaum (ed.) Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work?","authors":"Scheneider, Anne L","publication_year":1986,"url_link":"https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/162-schneider-neighborhood-based_antiburglary_strategies_an.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Book or book chapter","journal":"Community Crime Prevention: Does it Work? (SAGE Criminal Justice System Annuals)","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The author of this chapter provides a summary of a Portland, Oregon, neighborhood-based burglary reduction and prevention program that was implemented in 1973. The chapter provides a background and description of the burglary prevention program, an evaluation of the purpose and methodology, a description of the data sources, a description of the research design for similar crime prevention programs, and a discussion of the effects of the Portland burglary prevention program. Program effects included: participating homes had lower burglary rates than those than those that did not participate; official burglary rates obtained from the Portland police department indicate an increase in burglaries during the time period of the research; and recovery rates for stolen items was low, although bicycles appeared to have an improved chance of recovery if they had been engraved. Noted policy implications include that evidence suggested that the program had positive impacts and that emphasis on neighborhood rather than individual protection was important for crime prevention.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Prevención del robo en Portland, Oregon","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Neighborhood watch","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Encouraging the use of private security equipment","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Theft","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"La evaluación de impacto evidenció que los hogares que participaron en el programa presentaron índices de robo más bajos que los que no participaron. La reducción de los robos fue de aproximadamente un 32% y los índices oficiales mostraron un descenso de los robos en la ciudad entre los años 1971-72 y 1973-74. Estos resultados indican un descenso de los índices de robos en toda la ciudad que puede atribuirse al programa.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"official reports (Robos a residencias)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":27,"id":"cispol_R0086","title":"Community crime prevention, community policing, and public housing : an evaluation of a multi-level, collaborative drug-crime elimination program in Spokane, Washington","authors":"Giacomazzi, Andrew L.","publication_year":1995,"url_link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/304246007?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Eliminación de Delitos Relacionados con las Drogas en Viviendas Populares","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Crime prevention community councils","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome3":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug-related offenses","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto demostró que el proyecto contribuyó a cambios positivos en la percepción de los residentes sobre la calidad de vida en sus barrios y en la percepción de los servicios policiales, así como a una disminución del nivel de delincuencia en sus zonas de residencia. El estudio indica que es probable que la colaboración comunitaria haya dado lugar a una disminución de la delincuencia y el desorden en la zona que recibió la intervención, teniendo en cuenta el número de detenciones por drogas y de denuncias de delitos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"reported crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"resident surveys","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"felony drug arrests","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":28,"id":"cispol_R0088","title":"Citizen Contact Patrol - The Houston Field Test Executive Summary","authors":"Wycoff, Mary Ann; Skogan, Wesley G.; Pate, Antony M; Sherman, Lawrence W","publication_year":1985,"url_link":"https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/106340NCJRS.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The executive summary describes the organization of the Citizen Contact Program and the area it served. The number, nature, and styles of police-citizen contacts are detailed. The Published report also highlights the evaluation design and its conclusions regarding the program's effects. In the 1 square-mile test area, police made face-to-face contacts equal to some 14 percent of the population and 37 percent of the occupied housing units. The contacts were brief, friendly efforts to get acquainted and solicit citizens' views about local problems. After 10 months of Citizen Contact Patrol in 1983-1984, the evaluation found that residents in the test neighborhood, compared to a matched area where no new programs were introduced, had significantly lower levels of property crime victimization, fear of crime, perceptions of disorder in the area, and estimations of police aggressiveness. Persons exposed to the program Published reported significantly higher satisfaction with the area and with police service. Tables and 6 references. (Author summary modified)","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Contacto Ciudadano en Houston (Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype1":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome4":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype4":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome5":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype5":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"At the area-level, respondents living in the Citizen Contact Program area, relative to those in the comparison area had significantly lower scores on measures of fear of personal victimization in the area, perceived area personal crime problems, perceived area property crime problems, perceived area social disorder problems, perceived police aggressiveness, and property crime victimization. In the panel analysis, persons living in the program area had significantly higher scores on satisfaction with the area and evaluations of police service, and significantly lower levels of perceived area social disorder and property crime victimization.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"survey","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"survey","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"survey","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"survey","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"survey","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":29,"id":"cispol_R0089","title":"Curbing nuisance motels: an evaluation of police as place regulators","authors":"Bichler, Gisela; Schmerler, Karin; Enriquez, Janet","publication_year":2013,"url_link":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13639511311329787/full/html","doi":"10.1108/13639511311329787","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Purpose ‐ This paper aims to evaluate a problem-oriented policing project that used regulatory policy to foster responsible place management among operators of nuisance motels located in Southern California. Design/methodology/approach ‐ A mixed-methodological approach was used to ensure that a comprehensive assessment captured substantive outcomes, as well as implementation issues and displacement effects. Findings ‐ Each component of the initiative generated some success, with the greatest crime reduction achieved when all motels were in full compliance with the permit-to-operate ordinance. Consistency in key project staff was critical to maintaining program integrity. Research limitations/implications ‐ The displacement analysis suggests that crime prevention evaluations would benefit from a facilities orientation that identifies locations that might host crime if the targeted sites are rendered inopportune. And, net effects can be applied to facilities research using standardized crime rates. Practical implications ‐ Ends-based regulatory policy offers law enforcement an alternative to conventional crime control strategies. Responsibility for crime prevention can be shifted to place managers to reduce the incidents of crime and disorder (reported and unreported to police). Ancillary benefits include better city-industry communication and more efficient use of city resources. Originality/value ‐ This research is valuable to police agencies considering the use of ordinances to address crime and disorder problems plaguing risky facilities.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Proyecto de Policiamiento Orientado por Problemas en Hoteles de Bajo Costo de Estados Unidos","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Crime displacement","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció un descenso del 70% de los delitos registrados, especialmente los que implican desórdenes. No se observó ningún desplazamiento de la delincuencia.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Part I crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Part II crimes","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":30,"id":"cispol_R0090","title":"Convincing the recalcitrant: Reexamining the Minneapolis RECAP experiment","authors":"Buerger, Michael E","publication_year":1993,"url_link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/304108689?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experimento de Policiamiento Enfocado en Zonas con Repetidas Llamadas de Emergencia de Minneapolis","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"El estudio no detectó ninguna reducción de las llamadas a la policía en direcciones comerciales o residenciales. Solo se observaron reducciones estadísticamente significativas en los domicilios residenciales que recibieron un bajo nivel de intervención policial (es decir, lugares menos problemáticos).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"911 calls","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":31,"id":"cispol_R0091","title":"General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime \"hot spots\": A randomized, controlled trial","authors":"Sherman, Lawrence W.; Weisburd, David","publication_year":1995,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418829500096221","doi":"10.1080/07418829500096221","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Many criminologists doubt that the dosage of uniformed police patrol causes any measurable difference in crime. This article reports a one-year randomized trial in Minneapolis of increases in patrol dosage at 55 of 110 crime “hot spots,” monitored by 7,542 hours of systematic observations. The experimental group received, on average, twice as much observed patrol presence, although the ratio displayed wide seasonal fluctuation. Reductions in total crime calls ranged from 6 percent to 13 percent. Observed disorder was only half as prevalent in experimental as in control hot spots. We conclude that substantial increases in police patrol presence can indeed cause modest reductions in crime and more impressive reductions in disorder within high crime locations","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experimento de Policiamiento Enfocado en Zonas con Repetidas Llamadas de Emergencia de Minneapolis","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug-related offenses","outcome4":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype4":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"En el estudio, se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa de las llamadas de los ciudadanos a la policía y de los desórdenes en los puntos calientes tratados por el programa.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"dispatched calls for police service","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"dispatched calls for police service","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"dispatched calls for police service","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"dispatched calls for police service","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":32,"id":"cispol_R0092","title":"Reducing Truancy and Fostering a Willingness to Attend School: Results from a Randomized Trial of a Police-School Partnership Program","authors":"Mazerolle, Lorraine; Antrobus, Emma; Bennett, Sarah; Eggins, Elizabeth","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11121-017-0771-7","doi":"10.1007/s11121-017-0771-7","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Prevention Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Abstract Truancy is a major social issue that is linked to a range of poor outcomes across the life course, including poor educational outcomes, drug and alcohol abuse, and antisocial behavior. Interventions that seek to reduce truancy problems range from school-based police officers to programs that reward good attendance to community-based interventions. This study reports primary outcome results of a randomized trial of a collaborative, police-school partnership that sought to reduce truancy and increase students' willingness to attend school. Using school attendance and students' self-report survey data, we find that the police-school partnership intervention shows promise for reducing truancy and improving students' willingness to attend school. We conclude that police-school partnerships that foster the willingness of young people to attend school should be examined in future evaluation research and be considered in the development of truancy prevention programs.","region":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Enganche Escolar","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"School attendance/performance","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The study that the experimental group that participated in the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) had statistically significant decreases in official school absences, compared with the control group. However, There were no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control group in self-reported truancy.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":33,"id":"cispol_R0093","title":"Truancy Intervention Reduces Crime: Results from a Randomized Field Trial","authors":"Bennett, Sarah; Mazerolle, Lorraine; Antrobus, Emma; Eggins, Elizabeth; Piquero, Alex R.","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2017.1313440","doi":"10.1080/07418825.2017.1313440","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Educational attainment is a fundamental cornerstone to success throughout the life-course. As a result, ensuring that young people remain in school and are not truant is critical. Although the importance of truancy as a risk factor for many adverse outcomes, including crime, has been well-documented, much less methodologically rigorous work has been undertaken to evaluate potentially promising prevention and intervention strategies. This paper uses a randomized field trial method to test how a partnership between police and schools targeting truancy impacts offending in a sample of high-risk truanting young people. We find that the truancy intervention reduces offending and we discuss the implications for practice and directions for future research.","region":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Enganche Escolar","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype1":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The impact evaluation found there was a greater increase over time in offending among the control group, compared with the experimental group. This was a statistically significant difference.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":34,"id":"cispol_R0094","title":"Wearing body cameras increases assaults against officers and does not reduce police use of force: Results from a global multi-site experiment","authors":"Ariel, Barak; Sutherland, Alex; Henstock, Darren; Young, Josh; Drover, Paul; Sykes, Jayne; Megicks, Simon; Henderson, Ryan","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1477370816643734","doi":"10.1177/1477370816643734","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"European Journal of Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Police use of force is at the forefront of public awareness in many countries. Body-worn videos (BWVs) have been proposed as a new way of reducing police use of force, as well as assaults against officers. To date, only a handful of peer-reviewed randomised trials have looked at the effectiveness of BWVs, primarily focusing on use of force and complaints. We sought to replicate these studies, adding assaults against police officers as an additional outcome. Using a prospective meta-analysis of multi-site, multi-national randomised controlled trials from 10 discrete tests with a total population of +2 million, and 2.2 million police officer-hours, we assess the effect of BWVs on the rates of (i) police use of force and (ii) assaults against officers. Averaged over 10 trials, BWVs had no effect on police use of force ( d = 0.021; SE = 0.056; 95% CI: –0.089–0.130), but led to an increased rate of assaults against officers wearing cameras (d = 0.176; SE = 0.058; 95% CI: 0.061–0.290). As there is evidence that cameras may increase the risk of assaults against officers, more attention should be paid to how these devices are implemented. Likewise, since other public-facing organisations are considering equipping their staff with BWVs (e.g. firefighters, private security, traffic wardens), the findings on risks associated with BWVs are transferrable to those occupations as well.","region":"North America|Europe and Central Asia","country":"United States|United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Cámaras de Cuerpo para la Policía en Ocho Departamentos de Policía en el Reino Unido y Estados Unidos","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police body-worn cameras (BWCs)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype2":"Victimization of police officers","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto no evidenció ningún efecto significativo en el uso de la fuerza por parte de la policía. El uso de cámaras se asoció con un aumento estadísticamente significativo de las agresiones contra los agentes de policía.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"official reports","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome2_metric":"official reports","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":35,"id":"cispol_R0095","title":"Can You Build a Better Cop?: Experimental Evidence on Supervision, Training, and Policing in the Community","authors":"Owens, Emily; Weisburd, David; Amendola, Karen L.; Alpert, Geoffrey P.","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1745-9133.12337","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12337","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology & Public Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research Summary               By drawing from psychology and economics, we present an experimental evaluation of a procedural justice training program designed to “slow down” police officers’ thought processes during citizen encounters. We find that officers who were randomly assigned to participate in training were as engaged in the community as similarly situated officers, but they were less likely to resolve incidents with an arrest or to be involved in incidents where force was used. These changes were most evident among officers who worked in areas with a modest level of risk.                                         Policy Implications               Police officers who are actively engaged with the public can reduce crime through general deterrence and by arresting criminals. Nevertheless, excessive discretionary arrests and the use of force by officers can reduce public trust in the police. To date, there is scant evidence as to how police departments can successfully train officers to balance enforcement and public trust in the field. Through our study, we demonstrate that a relatively minor supervisory intervention may cause substantive changes in how police and citizens interact with each other.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Entrenamiento en Justicia Procedimental (Departamento de Policía de Seattle)","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Procedural justice","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto demostró que, a las 6 semanas de seguimiento, los agentes del grupo de tratamiento tenían una probabilidad estadísticamente menor de verse implicados en un incidente en el que se utilizara la fuerza física, pero no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la fracción de incidentes que desembocaron en una detención, ni el número de quejas ciudadanas presentadas contra el agente ni otros resultados.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Múltiplas (Fraction of Incidents that Resulted in Arrest; Number of Times an Officer was Involved in an Incident in Which Physical Force was Used; Number of Citizen Complaints Filed Against the Officer)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":36,"id":"cispol_R0096","title":"Police reform, training and crime: experimental evidence from Colombia's plan cuadrantes","authors":"García, Juan Felipe; Mejia, Daniel; Ortega, Daniel","publication_year":2013,"url_link":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000089/010497.html","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2229368","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":"CAF","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The Plan Nacional de Vigilancia Comunitaria por Cuadrantes (PNVCC) is a new police patrolling program introduced in the eight major cities of Colombia in 2010 by the National Police. The strategy divides the largest cities into small geographical areas (cuadrantes), assigns six policemen to each, establishes a new patrolling protocol involving more community contact, and holds officers accountable for crime in their assigned area. The plan warranted a comprehensive training program for over 9,000 police officers aimed at improving interpersonal skills and implementation of the new patrolling protocols. By staggering the training schedule between three randomly chosen cohorts of police stations, we generate experimental variation in the exposure to training and in the effective implementation of the new police protocols induced by the Plan Cuadrantes. Comparing the 4 months immediately after training with the same months from the previous year, we find a significant reduction in several types of crime attributable to the training program, ranging from around .13 of a standard deviation for homicides to .18 of a standard deviation for brawls. These impacts are driven by very large effects in high crime areas and very small -or zero- effects in low crime neighborhoods. Once we take into account the high spatial concentration of crime, the estimated effects account for an overall reduction in the number of homicides of about 22%. We suggest that the training program affected crime by increasing the patrol police’s sense of accountability to the population and also possibly through higher police motivation. Large efficiency gains in public service provision may be attainable with relatively inexpensive interventions that bring public servants closer to their clients.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Plan Nacional de Vigilancia Comunitaria por Cuadrantes (PNVCC)","intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Modernization and improvement of police academies","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Comparing the 4 months immediately after training with the same months from the previous year, the study generally shows a significant reduction in several types of crime attributable to the training program. In the cases of homicide, once the analysis takes into account the high spatial concentration of crime, the estimated effects account for an overall reduction in the number of homicides of about 22%. Moreover, in the cases of vehicle theft and brawls, the average effect appears positive and significant. In the case of home burglary, the effect is positive and statistically significant, but very small. As to effect sizes, they ranged  from around .13 of a standard deviation for homicides to .18 of a standard deviation for brawls.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"standard deviation for homicides","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"standard deviation for car theft","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"standard deviation for brawls","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":37,"id":"cispol_R0098","title":"EFFECTS OF A JUVENILE LIAISON SCHEME","authors":"Rose, Gordon; Hamilton, R. A.","publication_year":1970,"url_link":"https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/517293/EFFECTS","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046211","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The British Journal of Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Plan de Enlace Policial con los Jóvenes","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police-led juvenile diversion programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype1":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que la supervisión policial no redujo significativamente la tasa de reincidencia ni durante ni después del período de supervisión. Los autores sugieren que, aunque no pueden concluir que el programa no tuvo impactos positivos, la supervisión adicional no redujo la reincidencia.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"subsequent offence dealt with in some way by the police","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"subsequent offence dealt with in some way by the police","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":38,"id":"cispol_R0099","title":"An Evaluation of Operation Hardcore: Prosecutorial Response to Violent Gang Criminality","authors":"Dahmann, Judith S","publication_year":1983,"url_link":"https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/91553NCJRS.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The prosecution of violent gang cases has the following difficulties: (1) evidentiary and logistical problems due to the collective nature of gang criminal incidents, (1) problems due to witness reluctance to participate in the case due to gang intimidation, and (3) problems due to the alien nature of the gang lifestyle, which theatens the credibility of gang evidence and motives before juries. Operation Hardcore has been designed so as to give prosecutors time to assess the situations and motivations of witnesses and deal appropriately with the situation of each witness. Further, ensuring that the prosecutors of violent gang cases have a low caseload permits comprehensive overseeing of case processing. Also, Operation Hardcore has worked closely with law enforcement agencies, particularly law enforcement gang specialists, to develop needed evidence. The results of an analysis of defendants and cases handled by the program, as compared to similar defendants and cases handled by nonprogram attorneys both before and during program operations, indicates that this program is having the expected effects on criminal justice performance. There have been more convictions, fewer dismissals, and convictions on more serious charges in cases handled by Operation Hardcore. Where there is sentencing discretion in the commitment of convicted young adults to the California Youth Authority, the program shows a higher rate of State prison commitments. Tabular data and 28 references are provided.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Operación “Hardcore” (Los Angeles, CA, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Efficiency and/or effectiveness of the criminal justice system in holding offenders accountable","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el programa fue responsable de un aumento de las tasas de condenas y encarcelamientos. El estudio no identificó el impacto en la apelación. Dicho estudio utilizó el método de series temporales, comparando tres grupos: Pre-Hardcore, adultos procesados entre 1976 y 1978, antes de que se aplicara el programa; Post-Hardcore, adultos procesados entre 1979 y 1980, por fiscales no activos en el programa; y Grupo de Tratamiento, adultos procesados por fiscales de la Operación Hardcore.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":39,"id":"cispol_R0102","title":"No-Contact Orders, Victim Safety, and Offender Recidivism in Cases of Misdemeanor Criminal Domestic Violence: A Randomized Experiment","authors":"Brame, Robert; Kaukinen, Catherine; Gover, Angela R.; Lattimore, Pamela K.","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-014-9242-x","doi":"10.1007/s12103-014-9242-x","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Using an experimental design, this research examined the impact of proactive enforcement of court-imposed no-contact orders (NCOs) on offender behavior and victim safety in cases of misdemeanor domestic violence. The major research goals and objectives were to assess whether proactive enforcement: (1) enhanced victim safety by reducing offender recidivism; (2) increased victim knowledge about no-contact orders; and (3) reduced contact between offenders and victims. A prospective design was used to randomly assign 466 cases of misdemeanor criminal domestic violence to either systematic, proactive enforcement or to routine, reactive enforcement of the court-ordered no-contact order conditions. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by analyses of official criminal records data and victim survey data. Study results suggest that the treatment had no impact on victim safety or offender recidivism. Notably, victims in the treatment group were more likely to be aware that the no-contact order was in place, had higher level of contact with law enforcement and victim advocates, and more often viewed the contact with their batterer as stalking or harassment. Overall, findings from this study suggest important directions for future research examining the effectiveness of interventions for intimate partner violence and abuse.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Contacto Policial Proactivo con Víctimas de Violencia Doméstica","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Second responders programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Gender-based violence","outcome_subtype1":"Domestic and intimate partner violence against women","outcome2":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype2":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Findings indicate that increased contact from law enforcement does not make the victim any safer or prevent recidivism (as measured by re-arrest) by the offender. Victims in the treatment group were more likely to report stalking and/or threats from their offender than were victims in the control group. However, researchers speculate that this difference was probably because the women in the treatment group were better able to recognize threats and stalking when they saw it.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"re-arrests","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"re-arrests","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":40,"id":"cispol_R0103","title":"Reducing the Risk of Drug Involvement Among Early Adolescents: An Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE","authors":"Harmon, Michele Alicia","publication_year":1993,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0193841X9301700206","doi":"10.1177/0193841X9301700206","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Evaluation Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This article examines the effectiveness of the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program in Charleston County, South Carolina by comparing 341 fifth-grade DARE students to 367 non-DARE students. Significant differences were found in the predicted direction for alcohol use in the last year, belief in prosocial norms, association with drug-using peers, positive peer association, attitudes against substance use, and assertiveness. No differences were found on cigarette, tobacco, or marijuana use in the last year, frequency of any drug use in the past month, attitudes about police, coping strategies, attachment and commitment to school, rebellious behavior, and self-esteem.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Educación para Resistir el Abuso de Drogas (D.A.R.E.)","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Alcohol abuse","outcome2":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug abuse","outcome3":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Socioemotional skills","outcome4":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Association with delinquent peers and/or engagement in risky behavior","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Significant differences were found in the predicted direction for alcohol use in the last year, belief in prosocial norms, association with drug-using peers, positive peer association, attitudes against substance use, and assertiveness. No differences were found on cigarette, tobacco, or marijuana use in the last year, frequency of any drug use in the past month, attitudes about police, coping strategies, attachment and commitment to school, rebellious behavior, and self-esteem.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":41,"id":"cispol_R0104","title":"An outcome evaluation of Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)","authors":"Ringwalt, Christopher; Ennett, Susan T.; Holt, Kathleen D.","publication_year":1991,"url_link":"https://academic.oup.com/her/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/her/6.3.327","doi":"10.1093/her/6.3.327","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Health Education Research","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the effects of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)Project, a school-based drug use prevention program, in a sample of fifth and sixth graders in North Carolina. DARE is distinguished by its use of specially trained, uniformed police officers to deliver 17 weekly lessons in the classroom. The evaluation used an experimental design employing random assisgment of 20 schools to either a DARE or no-DARE condition, pre- and post-testing of both groups, attrition assessment, adjustments for school effects, and control for non-equivalency between comparison groups. DARE demonstrated no effect on adolescents' use of alcohol, cigarettes or inhalants, or on their future intentions to use these substances. However, DARE did make a positive impact on adolescents' awareness of the costs of using alcohol and cigarettes, perceptions of the media's portrayal of these substances, general and specific attitudes towards drugs, perceived peer attitudes toward drug use, and assertiveness.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Educación para Resistir el Abuso de Drogas (D.A.R.E.)","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug abuse","outcome2":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Alcohol abuse","outcome3":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Socioemotional skills","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"DARE demonstrated no effect on adolescents' use of alcohol, cigarettes or inhalants, or on their future intentions to use these substances. However, DARE did make a positive impact on adolescents' awareness of the costs of using alcohol and cigarettes, perceptions of the media's portrayal of these substances, general and specific attitudes towards drugs, perceived peer attitudes toward drug use, and assertiveness.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":42,"id":"cispol_R0106","title":"The Effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Project DARE): 5-Year Follow-Up Results","authors":"Clayton, Richard R.; Cattarello, Anne M.; Johnstone, Bryan M.","publication_year":1996,"url_link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743596900614","doi":"10.1006/pmed.1996.0061","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Preventive Medicine","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background.This article reports the results of a 5-year, longitudinal evaluation of the effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), a school-based primary drug prevention curriculum designed for introduction during the last year of elementary education. DARE is the most widely disseminated school-based prevention curriculum in the United States. Method.Twenty-three elementary schools were randomly assigned to receive DARE and 8 were designated comparison schools. Students in the DARE schools received 16 weeks of protocol-driven instruction and students in the comparison schools received a drug education unit as part of the health curriculum. All students were pretested during the 6th grade prior to delivery of the programs, posttested shortly after completion, and resurveyed each subsequent year through the 10th grade. Three-stage mixed effects regression models were used to analyze these data. Results.No significant differences were observed between intervention and comparison schools with respect to cigarette, alcohol, or marijuana use during the 7th grade, approximately 1 year after completion of the program, or over the full 5-year measurement interval. Significant intervention effects in the hypothesized direction were observed during the 7th grade for measures of students' general and specific attitudes toward drugs, the capability to resist peer pressure, and estimated level of drug use by peers. Over the full measurement interval, however, average trajectories of change for these outcomes were similar in the intervention and comparison conditions. Conclusions.The findings of this 5-year prospective study are largely consonant with the results obtained from prior short-term evaluations of the DARE curriculum, which have reported limited effects of the program upon drug use, greater efficacy with respect to attitudes, social skills, and knowledge, but a general tendency for curriculum effects to decay over time. The results of this study underscore the need for more robust prevention programming targeted specifically at risk factors, the inclusion of booster sessions to sustain positive effects, and greater attention to interrelationships between developmental processes in adolescent substance use, individual level characteristics, and social context.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Educación para Resistir el Abuso de Drogas (D.A.R.E.)","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Drug resistance education programs (DARE)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Alcohol abuse","outcome2":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug abuse","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto no encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los estudiantes del grupo de tratamiento y los del grupo de control ni en el consumo general de sustancias (cigarrillos, alcohol y marihuana) ni en las actitudes hacia el consumo de drogas 5 años años después de la intervención.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":43,"id":"cispol_R0107","title":"Reducing DUI among US college students: results of an environmental prevention trial","authors":"Clapp, John D.; Johnson, Mark; Voas, Robert B.; Lange, James E.; Shillington, Audrey; Russell, Cristel","publication_year":2005,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00917.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00917.x","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Addiction","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"ABSTRACT                            Aims                Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is among the most common and serious alcohol‐related problems experienced by US college students. Community‐based prevention trials using environmental approaches to DUI prevention have been effective in reducing DUI. Such interventions remain untested in college settings. This study is the first to test the efficacy of an environmental prevention campaign to reduce DUI among college students.                                         Design                We used a quasi‐experimental non‐equivalent comparison group design to test the efficacy of the DUI prevention intervention. Students at the experimental university were exposed to a DUI prevention intervention that included a social marketing campaign, a media advocacy campaign and increased law enforcement (DUI checkpoints and roving DUI patrols).                                         Setting                Students from two large public universities located along the US/Mexico border participated in the seven‐semester study.                                         Participants                In total, 4832 college students took part.                                         Measures                Using telephone interviews of randomly selected students, we took pre‐ and postintervention measures of self‐reported DUI.                                         Findings                Self‐reported DUI (past year) decreased significantly from pre‐test to post‐test (odds ratio = 0.55) at the intervention school, whereas rates at the comparison campus remained stable. The campus–intervention interaction was statistically significant (               P                < 0.05), suggesting that the campaign led to the observed change in DUI.                                         Conclusions                Environmental DUI campaigns similar to those validated in community prevention trials can be effective in college settings. Further research, however, is needed to determine the robustness of the changes associated with such campaigns.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Campaña de Prevención Ambiental para Reducir la Conducción bajo Efectos del Alcohol","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Driving under the influence of substances","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Pre-post and first differences|Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Self-reported DUIs decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test at the intervention school, whereas rates at the comparison campus remained stable. This difference was statistically significant, suggesting that the campaign led to the observed change in DUIs at the intervention school.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":44,"id":"cispol_R0108","title":"DNA Field Experiment: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Use of DNA in the Investigation of High-Volume Crimes","authors":"Roman, John K; Reid, Shannon; Reid, Jay; Chalfin, Aaron; Adams, William; Knight, Carly","publication_year":2008,"url_link":"https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222318.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Compared to traditional property-crime investigations, the study found that property-crime cases in which DNA evidence was processed produced more than twice as many suspect identifications, twice as many suspect arrests, and more than twice as many cases accepted for prosecution. DNA evidence was at least five times more likely to result in suspect identification compared with fingerprint evidence. Further, suspects identified with DNA had at least twice as many prior felony arrests and convictions as those identified by traditional investigative techniques. DNA evidence from blood resulted in better case outcomes than DNA from other biological evidence, particularly evidence from items touched or handled. Biological material collected by forensic technicians was no more likely to result in a suspect being identified than biological material collected by patrol officers. The study estimated that it costs $4,502 to identify a suspect via DNA evidence who would otherwise not be identified via traditional investigative techniques. Since investigations that focus on DNA evidence are more costly and involve more evidence for cases to be processed by police, labs, and courts, a substantial investment will be required to expand the capacity of crime laboratories, police, and prosecutors. The study involved the collection of biological evidence at up to 500 crime scenes in each community between November 2005 and July 2007. They included burglaries (residential and business) and theft from automobiles. Random assignment produced an approximate equal split between cases handled with DNA evidence collection and traditional investigative techniques","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experimento con ADN como Evidencia","intervention1":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Advanced forensic techniques and technologies","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Efficiency and/or effectiveness of the criminal justice system in holding offenders accountable","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Police operational efficiency","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto ha demostrado que el uso de las pruebas de ADN en el proceso de investigación de los delitos contra la propiedad ha aumentado el número de sospechosos identificados, detenidos y casos aceptados para su enjuiciamiento en comparación con la investigación tradicional.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Identification of Suspects and Arrest of Suspects)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"casos aceptados para su enjuiciamiento","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"sospechosos identificados y detenidos","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":45,"id":"cispol_R0109","title":"Linking Crime Guns: The Impact of Ballistics Imaging Technology on the Productivity of the Boston Police Department's Ballistics Unit","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Pierce, Glenn L.","publication_year":2004,"url_link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8394737_Linking_Crime_Guns_The_Impact_of_Ballistics_Imaging_Technology_on_the_Productivity_of_the_Boston_Police_Department's_Ballistics_Unit","doi":"10.1520/JFS2003205","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Ballistics imaging technology has received national attention as a potent tool for moving the law enforcement response to violent gun criminals forward by linking multiple crime scenes to one firearm. This study examines the impact of ballistics imaging technology on the productivity of the Boston Police Department's Ballistics Unit. Using negative binomial regression models to analyze times series data on ballistics matches, we find that ballistics imaging technology was associated with a more than sixfold increase in the monthly number of ballistics matches made by the Boston Police Department's Ballistics Unit. Cost-effectiveness estimates and qualitative evidence also suggest that ballistics imaging technology allows law enforcement agencies to make hits that would not have been possible using traditional ballistics methods.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Sistema de Identificación Integrado de Balística (Boston)","intervention1":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Advanced forensic techniques and technologies","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Crime clearance rate","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio (antes-después, con series de tiempo interrumpidas) sobre la eficacia del programa de imagen y análisis balístico implantado en la Unidad de Balística del Departamento de Policía de Boston (BPD, por sus siglas en inglés) comparó el sistema con la correlación tradicional de la información balística por parte de examinadores de armas de fuego y expertos forenses. El estudio identificó un aumento estadísticamente significativo de 6,23 veces en el número mensual de aciertos generados (asociación de delitos con armas de fuego).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Cold Case Hits","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":46,"id":"cispol_R0110","title":"An Evaluation of Compstat’s Effect on Crime: The Fort Worth Experience","authors":"Jang, Hyunseok; Hoover, Larry T.; Joo, Hee-Jong","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611110384085","doi":"10.1177/1098611110384085","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Police Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Compstat as a policing strategy became popular following the significant crime reduction in New York City during the 1990s. As an innovative management strategy in policing, Compstat attracted considerable attention from scholars and police practitioners. Despite its popularity, little empirical research has scientifically evaluated the effectiveness of the Compstat strategy. In addition, few studies have concentrated on Compstat strategies implemented during the 2000s outside New York City. This study examines the effectiveness of Compstat as implemented by the Fort Worth (Texas) Police Department (FWPD). Using monthly time-series arrest and crime data over a multiyear period, the study examines whether Compstat engendered a significant increase in “broken windows” arrests (minor nuisance offenses) and, using multivariate time-series analysis, the role of the Compstat strategy in explaining changes in violent, property, and total index crimes. Findings indicate that the implementation of Compstat significantly increased some types of broken windows arrests in the FWPD whereas others decreased. Analysis indicates significant decreases in property and total index crime rates after controlling for rival factors, but fails to show a significant change in violent crime rates. If the Fort Worth strategic approach to Compstat had to be described with a single word, it would be focusing. The Queensland study of Compstat also reported using a problem-oriented intervention model—focusing—in lieu of a broken windows approach (Mazerolle, Rombouts, & McBroom, 2007). Property crime was significantly reduced in both settings. Parallel findings from two differently constituted Compstat programs on two different continents provides evidence that the primary component of the Compstat model is focusing, not broken windows enforcement, and the primary impact is on property crime.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Compstat","intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Results-oriented management","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Criminal analysis improvement and strengthening","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome4":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype4":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Following the implementation of Compstat in Fort Worth, there was a statistically significant reduction in rates of overall crime and property crime, and a statistically significant increase in arrests for minor nuisance offenses. However, there were no statistically significant effects on violent crime rates.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"total number of murder and nonnegligent manslaughters, forcible rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults per 100,000 persons","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"total number of murder and nonnegligent manslaughters, forcible rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults per 100,000 persons","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"total number of burglaries, larcenies, and motor vehicle thefts per 100,000 persons","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome4_metric":"Part II nuisance offenses: drunkenness, prostitution/commercialized vice, vandalism, vagrancy, drug abuse violations, and disorderly conduct per 100,000 persons","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":47,"id":"cispol_R0111","title":"How Much Time Should the Police Spend at Crime Hot Spots? Answers from a Police Agency Directed Randomized Field Trial in Sacramento, California","authors":"Telep, Cody W.; Mitchell, Renée J.; Weisburd, David","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418825.2012.710645?needAccess=true&journalCode=rjqy20","doi":"10.1080/07418825.2012.710645","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Hot spots policing has been shown to be an effective strategy for reducing crime across a number of rigorous evaluations, but despite this strong body of research, there still exist gaps in our knowledge of how officers can best respond to hot spots. We report on a randomized experiment in Sacramento, California that begins to address these gaps by testing the recommendation from prior research that police officers randomly rotate between hot spots, spending about 15&#8201;min patrolling in each. Our results suggest significant overall declines in both calls for service and crime incidents in the treatment hot spots relative to the controls. Additionally, the study was carried out primarily by the Sacramento Police Department without any outside funding. In an era of limited economic resources for policing, this experiment suggests a model by which police agencies can take ownership of science and oversee the implementation and evaluation of evidence-based interventions. Abstract published by arrangement with Taylor Francis.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experimento de Policiamiento en Puntos Calientes en Sacramento (Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Police operational efficiency","outcome4":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype4":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Part I crime incidents (e.g. robbery, burglary, auto theft, and aggravated assault) incidents decreased 25% in the treatment hot spots compared to the control hot spots (where they rose 27%). Calls for service (including all citizen initiated calls to 911) declined about 8% in the treatment group and increased about 11%in the control hot spots. Soft crime (e.g. public drunkenness, trespassing, and vandalism) incidents increased in both the treatment and control hot spots, but the increase was greater in the treatment group. The increase in soft crimes may reflect the increase in officer time spent in the treatment hot spots, which provided officers with increased opportunities to write incident reports for disorder crimes. It could also be the case, however, that the hot spots treatment was not successful in reducing soft crimes. Lastly the experiment did not find a consistent impact on police response time. As a matter of fact, in the district that included 16 of the treatment group hot spots the median response time across priority levels actually decreased when comparing the experimental period to the same period in 2010. The other district (where the other five were treatment group hot spots were located) did experience slight increases in response time across priority categories, but these changes were fairly minimal.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"official reports","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome2_metric":"official reports","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"official reports (response time)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"official reports","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":48,"id":"cispol_R0112","title":"A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime","authors":"Taylor, Bruce; Koper, Christopher S.; Woods, Daniel J.","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11292-010-9120-6.pdf","doi":"10.1007/s11292-010-9120-6","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Focusing police efforts on “hot spots” has gained acceptance among researchers and practitioners. However, little rigorous evidence exists on the comparative effectiveness of different hot spots strategies. To address this gap, we randomly assigned 83 hot spots of violence in Jacksonville, Florida, to receive either a problem-oriented policing (POP) strategy, directed-saturation patrol, or a control condition for 90 days. We then examined crime in these areas during the intervention period and a 90-day post-intervention period. In sum, the use of POP was associated with a 33% reduction in “street violence” during the 90 days following the intervention. While not statistically significant, we also observed that POP was associated with other non-trivial reductions in violence and property crime during the post-intervention period. In contrast, we did not detect statistically significant crime reductions for the directed-saturation patrol group, though there were non-significant declines in crime in these areas during the intervention period. Tests for displacement or a diffusion of benefits provided indications that violence was displaced to areas near the POP locations, though some patterns in the data suggest this may have been due to the effects of POP on crime reporting by citizens in nearby areas. We conclude by discussing the study’s limitations and the implications of the findings for efforts to refine hot spots policing.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Estrategias de Patrullaje Direccionado y Policiamiento Orientado por Problemas en Puntos Calientes (Jacksonville, Florida, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Crime displacement","outcome4":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype4":"Propensity to report crimes","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The experiment randomly assigned 83 hot spots of violence to receive either a problem-oriented policing (POP) strategy, directed-saturation patrol, or a control condition for 90 days. In sum, the use of POP was associated with a 33% reduction in “street violence” (i.e., non-domestic Part I violent incidents) during the 90 days following the intervention. POP was also associated with other non-trivial reductions in violence and property crime during the post-intervention period. In contrast, the study did not detect statistically significant crime reductions for the directed-saturation patrol group, though there were non-significant declines in crime in these areas during the intervention period. Tests for displacement or a diffusion of benefits provided indications that violence was displaced to areas near the POP locations, though some patterns in the data suggest this may have been due to the effects of POP on crime reporting by citizens in nearby areas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":49,"id":"cispol_R0113","title":"Collaborating to Reduce Violence: The Impact of Focused Deterrence in Kansas City","authors":"Fox, Andrew M.; Novak, Kenneth J.","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098611118758701","doi":"10.1177/1098611118758701","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Police Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This research examines the impact of focused deterrence on homicide and gun violence in Kansas City, MO. In 2014, a coalition of police, prosecutors, city officials, researchers, and others implemented Kansas City No Violence Alliance, a focused deterrence violence reduction strategy. Using street-level intelligence and analysis, groups involved with violence were identified and notified of the consequences for future violent incidents. Leveraging existing social services, members opting for nonviolence were offered assistance. This study evaluates the impact on violence over 3 years of implementation. Using 2009–2016 police incident data on homicide (including group member involved homicide) and gun-involved aggravated assault, time series models were estimated to determine the effects of focused deterrence during 2014–2016. Analysis indicated that focused deterrence implementation resulted in an immediate reduction in homicides and gun-involved aggravated assaults. This effect began to diminish around the 12-month postintervention point. During the third year, overall and group member involved homicide numbers returned to preimplementation levels, and gun-involved aggravated assaults exceeded those levels. After achieving significant first-year reductions, despite robust implementation and fidelity, violence returned to preimplementation levels by the third year. Limitations to the focused deterrence model and the need for continuous evaluation and innovation are discussed.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Alianza sin Violencia de la Ciudad de Kansas, Missouri (EUA)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Group violence","outcome_subtype2":"Gang violence","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Gun violence","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"A quasi-experimental study using time series analyses found that although there was a decrease in homicides in the first year of implementation of the intervention, there was no statistically significant impact on homicides 2 years postimplementation. Moreover, there was also no long-lasting statistically significant impact on group-member-involved homicides, and gun-involved aggravated assaults (also considering measurement 2 years post implementation).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (reported incidents of homicide in the first year of implementation, and reported incidents of homicide 2 years postimplementation)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"reported incidents of homicide in which either a victim or a suspect was a known gang/group member","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"reported gun-involved aggravated assaults (not related to domestic violence)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":50,"id":"cispol_R0114","title":"The Minneapolis community crime prevention experiment: Draft evaluation Published report","authors":"Pate, Antony M; McPherson, Marlys; Silloway, Glenn","publication_year":1987,"url_link":"https://cebcp.org/evidence-based-policing/the-matrix/neighborhood/neighborhood-pate-et-al-1987/","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Prevención de Delitos Comunitarios de Minneapolis (MCCP)","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Neighborhood watch","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Encouraging the use of private security equipment","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Theft","outcome2":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype2":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que ninguna de las dos intervenciones (MCCP sola o MCCP con colaboración policial) dio lugar a ningún cambio significativo ni en los índices de robos a residencias ni en la sensación de miedo de los residentes. Los autores sugieren que los programas centrados en las reuniones vecinales pueden no tener un impacto en la delincuencia o en el miedo a la misma  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"burglary","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":51,"id":"cispol_R0115","title":"THE EFFECTS OF DIRECTED PATROL AND SELF‐INITIATED ENFORCEMENT ON FIREARM VIOLENCE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY OF HOT SPOT POLICING","authors":"Rosenfeld, Richard; Deckard, Michael J.; Blackburn, Emily","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12043","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12043","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Targeted policing has proven effective in reducing serious crime in areas where it is highly concentrated, but the enforcement mechanisms responsible for the success of so‐called hot spots strategies remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the effects of a 9‐month randomized controlled hot spots field experiment on firearm assaults and robberies in St. Louis, Missouri. Thirty‐two firearm violence hot spots were randomly allocated to two treatment conditions and a control condition. Directed patrols were increased in both treatment conditions, whereas the experimental protocol limited other enforcement activity in one of the treatment conditions and increased it in the other. The results from difference‐in‐difference regression analyses indicate that the intervention substantially reduced the incidence of nondomestic firearm assaults, with no evident crime displacement to surrounding areas, to times when the intervention was not active, or to nonfirearm assaults. By contrast, we find no effects of the intervention on firearm robberies. Less definitive results suggest that the certainty of arrests and occupied vehicle checks account for the treatment effects on nondomestic firearm assaults.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Patrullaje Dirigido y Actividades Policiales Realizadas en Puntos Calientes de Violencia por Armas de Fuego","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Gun violence","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Robbery","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Crime displacement","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el patrullaje selectivo con actividades coercitivas contribuyó a reducir en un 20% la violencia total con armas de fuego y en un 55% los asaltos a mano armada, sin que se produjera un desplazamiento evidente de la delincuencia y de los delitos de agresión a las zonas vecinas. No se observaron cambios significativos en el robo de armas de fuego ni en el desplazamiento de los delitos de agresión.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":52,"id":"cispol_R0116","title":"Evaluating a Police-Led Community Initiative to Reduce Gun Violence in St. Louis","authors":"Koper, Christopher S.; Woods, Daniel J.; Isom, Daniel","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1098611115608506","doi":"10.1177/1098611115608506","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Police Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study evaluated a police-led community initiative that combined various enforcement and prevention efforts to reduce gun violence and other violence in a selected area of St. Louis, Missouri. A quasi-experimental multiple time-series design was used to compare trends in total violence and gun violence in the program neighborhood with the average of these trends in seven matched comparison neighborhoods. Total violence and gun violence declined in the program area relative to trends in the comparison areas during the 9-month program period, and these reductions seemed to be most strongly associated with the program’s heightened enforcement efforts. However, the results were not sufficient to conclude that the program had statistically significant effects beyond its early weeks when enforcement efforts were most intensive and total violence declined significantly. This study adds to the limited evidence based on comprehensive, criminal justice-led initiatives to prevent violent crime, including gun offenses. We suggest that programs like those in St. Louis might be refined through further emphasis on formalized problem solving, high-risk groups, hot spot locations, community participation, and project maintenance.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Intervención Policial Multifacética y Programa de Prevención de la Violencia con Armas de Fuego y Otros Tipos de Violencia","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Gun violence","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"While not conclusive, the assessment produced some indications that the multiagency comprehensive violence reduction initiative may have prevented gun and non-gun violence. Relative to trends in comparison areas, violence declined from 18% to 19% during the program period, and violent crimes with guns dropped from 28% to 32%. However, the possibility that these changes were due to chance variation cannot be rule out (even though this likelihood was relatively low at 6–11%).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":53,"id":"cispol_R0118","title":"The crime prevention effect of CCTV in public places: a propensity score analysis","authors":"Piza, Eric L.","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0735648X.2016.1226931","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2016.1226931","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Crime and Justice","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"his study measures the effect of CCTV in Newark, NJ across three separate crime categories: auto theft, theft from auto, and violent crime. CCTV viewsheds, denoting camera line-of-sight, were units of analysis. Viewsheds for treatment units were created by digitizing live CCTV footage within a geographic information system (GIS). Control viewsheds were created with GIS tools and aerial imagery from Google maps. Treatment cases were matched with control cases via propensity score matching (PSM) to ensure statistical equivalency between groups. Effect was measured via odds ratios and average treatment on the treated statistics. Findings offer modest support for CCTV as a deterrent against auto theft while demonstrating no effect on the other crime types. These results suggest that CCTV appears to be a viable option for jurisdictions wishing to target auto theft. Agencies suffering from other street-level crime problems may not benefit from CCTV and may need to deploy CCTV alongside other evidence-based strategies, rather than as a stand-alone tactic, in order to achieve crime control benefits.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Cámaras CCTV Monitoreadas por la Policía de Newark, NJ","intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Gun violence","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Theft","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Statistical Matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Los resultados de un estudio cuasi experimental mostraron una disminución estadísticamente significativa en los robos de automóviles, pero ninguna diferencia en tiroteos o hurtos y crímenes violentos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":54,"id":"cispol_R0119","title":"Evaluating the Use of Public Surveillance Cameras for Crime Control and Prevention","authors":"La Vigne, Nancy G.; Lowry, Samantha S.; Markman, Joshua A.; Dwyer, Allison M.","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://www.urban.org/research/publication/evaluating-use-public-surveillance-cameras-crime-control-and-prevention","doi":"10.1037/e718202011-001","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"With regard to the three cities, impact analysis in Baltimore, MD, found that camera implementation, maintenance, and monitoring were beginning to pay off in the form of reduced crime rates in the city; impact analysis in Chicago, IL, found that the use of surveillance cameras in one area of the city yielded significant reductions in crime, while camera use in the other area showed little to no changes; and impact analysis in Washington, DC, found that the use of surveillance cameras alone did not have a significant impact on the decrease in crime rates in the city. This evaluation, conducted by the Urban Institute, examined the impact of the implementation and use of public surveillance cameras for crime control purposes in three major U.S. cities. The evaluation looked at four specific issues: the decisionmaking processes involved in camera implementation and use in each of the cities; the degree to which camera implementation coincided with a reduction in crime, and whether there was a coinciding displacement of crime to nearby areas; the costs associated with camera implementation and use; and how the costs associated with the use of public surveillance systems compared to the monetized societal benefits associated with reductions in crime rates following implementation of the surveillance systems. The major findings from the evaluation indicate that while public surveillance systems are generally viewed as useful tools for preventing crime, aiding in arrests, and supporting investigations, they do have their limitations, and in some cases the crime reduction benefits are not realized by the communities using the systems.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Proyecto de Videovigilancia Pública","intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug-related offenses","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Robbery","outcome4":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype4":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects|Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"An impact evaluation found mixed evidence for the intervention in both analyzed cities. In Baltimore, results indicated a significant 15%- 35% decrease in all aggregated crime following camera installation in two neighborhoods. In a third neighborhood, however, there was no significant crime reduction. As to the intervention in Chicago, the impact evaluation found a significant decrease in average monthly total crime counts following camera installation in one neighborhood (the average monthly crime counts for drug-related and robbery offenses were reduced by nearly one-third). However, in the other area, only prostitution and robbery significantly changed, with prostitution increasing and robbery decreasing. The more successful area had a much higher concentration of cameras (approximately 53 per square mile) compared to the second neighborhood, which had approximately 36 cameras per square mile.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"average monthly crime counts","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"average monthly crime counts","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"average monthly crime counts","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome4_metric":"prostitution offenses","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":55,"id":"cispol_R0120","title":"Assessing the impact of police order maintenance units on crime: An application of the Broken Windows HypoThesis","authors":"Pace, Steven Andrew","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=thesesdissertations","doi":"10.34917/1607001","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Thesis","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"High levels of violent crime and disorder area concentrated within certain neighborhoods of northwest Las Vegas, Nevada. In April 2009 a police order-maintenance unit designed to reduce minor and major offenses was initiated in these areas. Drawing on the Broken Windows HypoThesis, the unit combined detailed crime analysis with extensive police efforts to address specific community problems. This paper discusses the implementation and impact of the police order-maintenance unit during its operation.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Unidades Policiales de Mantenimiento del Orden: una Aplicación de la Hipótesis de las Ventanas Rotas","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Sexual assault","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Pre-post and first differences|Difference-in-differences and fixed effects|Statistical Matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"There were no significant reductions in minor or major offenses in the target area for any of the time periods analyzed. The \"major crimes\" category include different types of violent crimes (robbery, persons with a gun, homicide, and sexual assault), whereas \"minor crimes\" are above all related to disorder related crimes, such as drinking, fights, juvenile disturbances, and other disturbance (as well as calls for suspicious situation, suspicious person, suspicious vehicles).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Citizen calls","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Citizen calls","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"Citizen calls","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":56,"id":"cispol_R0121","title":"Evaluation of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment","authors":"Hunt, Priscillia; Saunders, Jessica; Hollywood, John S.","publication_year":2014,"url_link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR531.html","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This Published report documents an assessment of a predictive policing effort that was conducted to evaluate the crime reduction effects of policing guided by statistical predictions. In addition to a basic appraisal of the process, the Published report shows the crime impacts and costs directly attributable to the strategy in order to provide a fuller picture for police departments considering if and how a predictive policing strategy should be adopted.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Identificación Operativa de Objetivos con Inteligencia Predictiva (PILOT)","intervention1":"Disruptive/investigative police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Intelligence-led policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto mostró que no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en los delitos contra la propiedad entre los distritos experimentales y los de control. Los autores sugieren que el programa puede no haber mostrado efectos en parte porque el modelo predictivo no proporcionó suficiente información adicional con respecto al análisis convencional y porque las estrategias preventivas tendían a ser vagas. Es necesario seguir experimentando para comprender si la identificación de puntos calientes basada en un modelo predictivo es más eficaz que la identificación basada en escenas de crímenes anteriores  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Records for residential burglaries, business burglaries, residential thefts, business thefts, thefts from vehicles, and vehicle thefts.","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":57,"id":"cispol_R0122","title":"Evaluating neighbourhood watch","authors":"Bennett, Trevor","publication_year":1990,"url_link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Evaluating_Neighbourhood_Watch.html?id=-YraAAAAMAAJ","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Book or book chapter","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Vigilancia entre Vecinos","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Neighborhood watch","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Crime prevention community councils","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el programa puede haber sido ineficaz para reducir la delincuencia porque no se prestó suficiente atención a los esfuerzos por aumentar el control social informal. Esto puede justificarse porque el programa no incluyó tantas reuniones como se había previsto inicialmente y no dedicó suficientes recursos a la señalización de las propiedades ni a las encuestas de seguridad en el hogar  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Theft of vehicle, Theft from vehicle, Damage to vehicle, Burglary, Other criminal damage)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Multiple (Damage to vehicle, Other criminal damage)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":58,"id":"cispol_R0123","title":"Deterrent effects of police raids on crack houses: A randomized, controlled experiment","authors":"Sherman, Lawrence W.; Rogan, Dennis P.; Edwards, Timothy; Whipple, Rachel; Shreve, Dennis; Witcher, Daniel; Trimble, William; The Street Narcotics Unit; Velke, Robert; Blumberg, Mark; Beatty, Anne; Bridgeforth, Carol A.","publication_year":1995,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418829500096281","doi":"10.1080/07418829500096281","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We tested the block-level deterrent effects on crime of uniformed police raids of crack houses. Court-authorized raids were legally possible on 207 blocks with at least five calls for police service in the preceding 30 days. Raids were assigned randomly to 104 locations and were conducted at 98 of those sites; the other 109 were left alone. Experimental blocks, in relation to controls, showed reductions in both calls for service and offense reports, but effects were quite small and decayed in two weeks. Raids in which arrests were made (23 of 104 assigned) had no consistently different impact from raids in which no arrests were made. Raids had more effect on calls for service in the winter than in the spring, but we found little seasonal or period difference in effects of raids on offense reports. Alternative police methods may be far more cost-effective than raids in “harm reduction” for crack houses.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Unidad de Narcóticos Callejeros del Departamento de Policía de Kansas City","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype3":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el programa no produjo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo de tratamiento y el grupo de control en la reducción de los índices globales de llamadas a la policía, llamadas para denunciar delitos violentos, delitos contra la propiedad y delitos de desorden  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Calls for Service and Reported Offenses)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Multiple (Calls for Service and Reported Offenses)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"Multiple (Calls for Service and Reported Offenses)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":59,"id":"cispol_R0124","title":"Legitimacy, Fear and Collective Efficacy in Crime Hot Spots: Assessing the Impacts of Broken Windows Policing Strategies on Citizen Attitudes","authors":"Weisburd, David; Hinkle, Joshua C.; Famega, Christine; Ready, Justin","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=262044","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of broken windows policing at crime hot spots on fear of crime, ratings of police legitimacy and Published reports of collective efficacy among residents of targeted hot spots. A block randomized experimental design was employed to deliver a police intervention targeting disorder to 55 treatment street segments with an equal number of segments serving as controls. The main outcomes were measured using a panel telephone survey of 371 persons living or working in these street segments. Our results showed that the broken windows police intervention delivered to the crime hot spots in this study had no significant impacts on fear of crime, police legitimacy, collective efficacy, or perceptions of crime or social disorder. Perceptions of physical disorder, on the other hand, appear to have been modestly increased in the target areas. The study also did not find statistically significant changes in crime or disorder in official police data, though statistical power for these tests was low as the study was designed around the individual-level tests of the variables discussed above. As a whole, our findings suggest that recent criticisms of hot spots policing approaches which focus on possible negative “backfire” effects for residents of the targeted areas may be overstated. The study shows that residents are not aware of, or much affected by, a three hour per week dosage of aggressive order maintenance policing on their blocks (in addition to routine police responses in these areas). However, this lack of change also challenges the broken windows Thesis as we did not find evidence of the reductions in fear of crime, or the increases in informal social control, that would be expected by advocates of broken windows based policing approaches. Future research needs to replicate these findings focusing on varied target populations and types of crime hot spots, while also examining different styles of hot spots policing.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Aplicación del Policiamiento de Ventanas Rotas en Puntos Calientes","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype3":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The analysis of official measures of crime and disorder showed no significant changes in calls for service as a result of the intervention. Additionally, the findings did not support the belief that broken windows policing at hot spots would significantly reduce levels of fear of crime among people who lived on the targeted streets.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"calls for service","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"calls for service","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":60,"id":"cispol_R0125","title":"Assessing community consequences of implementing hot spots policing in residential areas: findings from a randomized field trial","authors":"Kochel, Tammy Rinehart; Weisburd, David","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-017-9283-5","doi":"10.1007/s11292-017-9283-5","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives This paper reports on the results of an experiment examining the community impact of collaborative problem solving versus directed patrol hot spots policing approaches relative to standard policing practices. The focus is the impact on community perceptions of police. Methods We randomly assigned 71 crime hot spots to receive problem solving, directed patrol, or standard police practices. The data are a panel survey of St Louis County, MO, hot spots residents before the treatment, immediately following treatment, and 6 to 9 months later. Applying mixed effects regression, we assessed the impact on residents’ perceptions of police abuse, procedural justice and trust, police legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police. Results The residents receiving directed patrol were most impacted, experiencing depleted growth in procedural justice and trust relative to standard practice residents and nonsignificant declines in police legitimacy immediately following the treatment period. However, in both cases, views recover in the long term, after treatment ends. Problem-solving residents did not experience significant backfire effects. There was no increase in perceived police abuse in the hot spots conditions. Both treatment group residents, in the long term, were more willing to cooperate with police. Conclusions Though there is strong evidence that hot spots policing is effective in reducing crime, it has been criticized as negatively impacting citizen evaluations of police legitimacy, and leading to heightened perceptions of police abuse. However, our results suggest that there is no long-term harm to public opinion by implementing problem solving or temporarily implementing directed patrol in hot spots.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Efecto de las Estrategias de Policiamiento para Puntos Calientes en Interacciones Ciudadanos-Oficiales","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype1":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome2":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype2":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Un estudio de evaluación de impacto evidenció que, aunque los residentes de ambos grupos de tratamiento informaron de un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la cooperación con la policía y de una reducción de los abusos policiales, la preponderancia de las evidencias sugiere que la intervención no tuvo un impacto significativo en las percepciones de los ciudadanos sobre la justicia procesal o la legitimidad de la policía.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":61,"id":"cispol_R0126","title":"St. Louis County Hot Spots in Residential Areas (SCHIRA) final report: Assessing the effects of hot spots policing strategies on police legitimacy, crime, and collective efficacy","authors":"Kochel, Tammy Rinehart; Burruss, George; Weisburd, David","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ccj_reports/?utm_source=opensiuc.lib.siu.edu%2Fccj_reports%2F3&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages","doi":"10.13140/rg.2.1.3846.4165","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":"OpenSiuc","journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Puntos Calientes en Zonas Residenciales de St. Louis","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype2":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome3":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype3":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome4":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Collective efficacy","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The study referred to a experiment to compare the effectiveness collaborative problem solving approach (PS) and directed patrol (DP) with standard policing practices (SPP) (the control group), in terms both of their impact on crime levels in hot spots, and on residents’ opinions about police and their willingness to cooperate with police agencies and exert collective efficacy. Data indicate that both PS and DP policing strategies were superior to SPP (the control condition) in reducing crime in hot spots, as well as they led to better results in terms of collective efficacy improved, along with residents' cooperation with the police (initial adverse effects of the two hot spots policing strategies were limited to the first stages of the interventions, whereas, over none of these detrimental effects persisted, and results improved). The results of the interrupted time series analyses showed that both DP and PS sites displayed an overall reduction in calls for service during the intervention period compared to the pre-intervention period; while SPP sites saw no statistically significant decline. Calls for service dropped by an average of five calls per week across DP sites, from 94 to 89, a 5% reduction, while PS sites declined by an average seven calls per week, from 92 to 85, a 7% reduction, relative to no significant change in SPP sites. Futhermore, the study found a few more of points of impact on public opinion within the DP treatment sites than the PS Treatment, relative to controls. Overall, DP generated some initial mistrust and procedural justice concerns, which then hindered police legitimacy in the time immediately following treatment, but, in the long term, none of the detrimental effects are sustained. When applied by itself (without the problem-solving approach), DP was found to worsen both perceptions of legitimacy and about procedural justice and trust in the police. These effects were only observed in the short-term, though, and not sustained in the six to nine months following treatment (after decreasing shortly after the beginning of the intervention, it started to rose, such that the net effect was not statistically significant in any direction). Both PS & DP policing strategies saw declines in personal feelings of safety following the intervention. But, again, these negative effects do not persist at the long-term assessment. Conversely, while the PS residents also suffered from initial declines in legitimacy following treatment, and residents also felt a small decline in safety in these locations immediately following treatment relative to control sites, PS sites, too, reported an increased willingness to cooperate with police in the long term. As such, the author's general conclusion is therefore that the community impact of HSP, on the whole, appears positive in the long term, as well as that improved implementation through the provision of further support to implement PS treatment and more collaborative implementation in partnership with residents may promote better community outcomes.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Inconclusive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":62,"id":"cispol_R0127","title":"The possible \"backfire\" effects of hot spots policing: an experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy","authors":"Weisburd, David; Hinkle, Joshua C.; Famega, Christine; Ready, Justin","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11292-011-9130-z","doi":"10.1007/s11292-011-9130-z","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives To examine the impacts of broken windows policing at crime hot spots on fear of crime, ratings of police legitimacy and reports of collective efficacy among residents of targeted hot spots. Methods A block randomized experimental design with a police intervention targeting disorder delivered to 55 treatment street segments with an equal number of segments serving as controls. Main outcomes were measured using a panel survey of 371 persons living or working in these sites. Results The broken windows police intervention delivered to crime hot spots in this study had no significant impacts on fear of crime, police legitimacy, collective efficacy, or perceptions of crime or social disorder. Perceptions of physical disorder appear to have been modestly increased in the target areas. Conclusions The findings suggest that recent criticisms of hot spots policing approaches which focus on possible negative “backfire” effects for residents of the targeted areas may be overstated. The study shows that residents are not aware of, or much affected by, a three hour per week dosage of aggressive order maintenance policing on their blocks (in addition to routine police responses in these areas). Future research needs to replicate these findings focusing on varied target populations and types of crime hot spots, and examining different styles of hot spots policing.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Ventanas Rotas/Policiamiento de Orden Público en Zonas de Alta Criminalidad (California, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype1":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome2":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype2":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome3":"Risk/protective factors associated with crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Collective efficacy","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Findings revealed no statistically significant impacts on any of the dependent variables, suggesting no indication of either beneficial effects or “backfire” effects in targeted areas. The following outcomes were evaluated: fear of crime, perceptions of collective efficacy and police legitimacy, and actual and perceived levels of crime and disorder. No statistically significant difference between the broken windows hot spots intervention areas and control areas were found to any one of these variables.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":63,"id":"cispol_R0128","title":"Community Policing in Madison: Quality From the Inside, Out; An Evaluation of Implementation and Impact -- Executive Summary","authors":"Wycoff, Mary Ann; Skogan, Wesley G.","publication_year":1993,"url_link":"https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/146684.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"One-sixth of the organization, which served approximately one-sixth of the community was used as a test site or prototype for the new approach. This site, the Experimental Police District (EPD), was charged with the implementation of \"Quality Policing,\" which encompasses community-oriented policing, problem-oriented policing, and employee-oriented management. The first objective was the implementation of three conditions that the Madison Department considered critical preconditions for improved service delivery. These were quality leadership, a healthy workplace, and physical decentralization. This evaluation assessed whether these preconditions were achieved; and if they were, whether they were related to improved perceptions of service delivery by citizens. Over 3 years, developments in the EPD were monitored. Madison police officers were surveyed before, 1 year after, and 2 years after the creation of the EPD. Attitude changes for officers working in the EPD were compared to those of officers working in the rest of the organization. A random sample of Madison residents was surveyed before and 2 years after the EPD opened. The attitude changes for residents served by the EPD were compared to those for residents in the rest of the city. After an implementation period of 2 years, the evaluation found that a new, participatory management approach was implemented in the EPD; employee attitudes toward the organization and toward their work improved; and physical decentralization was achieved. These changes were associated with a reduction in citizens' perceptions that crime was a problem in their neighborhood and an increase in the belief that police were working on problems important to people in the neighborhood.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Policía Comunitaria en Madison, Wisconsin (Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype2":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects|Other regression analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto descubrió que la aplicación del enfoque de gestión participativa mejoró la actitud de los funcionarios hacia el departamento, descentralizó las operaciones, redujo el miedo de los ciudadanos a la delincuencia y aumentó su creencia de que la policía trabajaba en beneficio de la comunidad  . \nSin embargo, no hubo un descenso de la victimización tras el aumento de las reuniones entre la policía y la comunidad en el distrito objetivo. Los autores sostienen que es posible transformar una organización policial tradicional, orientada al control, en otra en la que los empleados participen en los procesos de toma de decisiones  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Citizen perception (victimization survey)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"Citizen perception (survey)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":64,"id":"cispol_R0129","title":"A Randomized Control Trial of a Targeted High-Risk Offender Program Across Three Jurisdictions","authors":"Uchida, Craig D.; Swatt, Marc; Schnobrich-Davis, Julie; Connor, Christine; Shutinya, Mariel; Wagner, Daniel","publication_year":2019,"url_link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328603989_A_Randomized_Control_Trial_of_a_Targeted_High-Risk_Offender_Program_Across_Three_Jurisdictions","doi":"10.1177/1098611118807771","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Police Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study reviews findings from Project Regional Analytics for the Safety of Our Residents, a modified focused deterrence program operated across three jurisdictions in Massachusetts. Unlike most other evaluations of targeted high-risk offender programs, the impact on individual-level offending is examined. Data from records management systems in three police agencies were extracted and used to create social harm risk scores. The top 150 offenders were selected for inclusion in this study. Subjects were blocked into three groups according to their composite score and then randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. All treatment group offenders were invited to a notification meeting where they decided whether to participate in the program with a police and social worker case management team. The outcome examined in this study is time to a new arraignment. Nonparametric and semiparametric methods detected no significant difference between groups after approximately one year. Implications for future research and practice are then discussed.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Operación Análisis Regional para la Seguridad de Nuestros Residentes (RASOR)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype1":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Efficiency and/or effectiveness of the criminal justice system in holding offenders accountable","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto no evidenció diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tiempo hasta la condena, al comparar el grupo de tratamiento y el grupo de control al año de seguimiento.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Time of arraignment for a new offense","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"time of arraignment for a new offense","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":65,"id":"cispol_R0130","title":"Predictable Policing: Measuring the Crime Control Benefits of Hotspots Policing at Bus Stops","authors":"Ariel, Barak; Partridge, Henry","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-016-9312-y","doi":"10.1007/s10940-016-9312-y","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives A fairly robust body of evidence suggests that hotspots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy. In this paper, we present contradictory evidence of a backfiring effect. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, aimed at reducing crime and disorder, London’s ‘hottest’ 102 bus-stops were targeted. Double patrol teams of Metropolitan Police Service uniformed officers visited the stops three times per shift (12:00–20:00), 5-times per week, for a duration of 15 min, over a 6 month period. Crucially, officers arrived and departed the bus stop on a bus, with significantly less time spent outside the bus stop setting. Outcomes were measured in terms of victim-generated crimes reported to the police and bus driver incident reports (DIRs), within targeted and catchment areas. We used adjusted Poisson-regression models to compare differences in pre- and post-treatment measures of outcomes and estimated-marginal-means to illustrate the treatment effect. Results DIRs went down significantly by 37 % (p = 0.07) in the near vicinity of the bus stops (50 m), by 40 % in the 100 m catchment area (p = 0.04) and marginally and non-significantly in the farthest catchment (10 %; p = 0.66), compared to control conditions. However, victim-generated crimes—the primary outcome measured in previous experiments—increased by 25 % (p = 0.10) in the near vicinity, by 23 % (p = 0.08) and 11 % (p ≤ 0.001) within the 100–150 m catchment areas, respectively. Conclusions These findings illustrate the role of bounded-rationality in everyday policing: reductions in crime are predicated on an elevated perceived risk-of-apprehension. Previous studies focused on clusters of addresses or public facilities, with police moving freely and unpredictably within the boundaries of the hotspot, but the patrol areas of officers in this experiment were limited to bus stops so offenders could anticipate their movements. Hotspots policing therefore backfires when offenders can systematically and accurately predict the temporal and spatial pattern of long-term targeting at a single location.","region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Policiamiento de Puntos Calientes en Paradas de Autobús","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto no encontró ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa en relación con las paradas de autobús de control. El programa también tuvo un efecto contrario en las denuncias de víctimas de delitos, que aumentaron en las paradas de autobús de tratamiento en comparación con las de control. Este hallazgo fue estadísticamente significativo.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Incident reports (Victim-Generated Crimes)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":66,"id":"cispol_R0131","title":"The effects of aggressive policing of disorder on serious crime","authors":"Novak, Kenneth J.; Hartman, Jennifer L.; Holsinger, Alexander M.; Turner, Michael G.","publication_year":1999,"url_link":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13639519910271229/full/html","doi":"10.1108/13639519910271229","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper adds to a growing body of research which explores the relationship between aggressive police strategies and serious crime. For one month, police enforced disorder crime in a small section of one community. An interrupted time series analysis was utilized to evaluate the effects of this intervention on robbery and aggravated burglary in a target area and a control area. The strategy was found to be unrelated to levels of aggravated burglary and robbery in the target area. There was no spatial displacement of crime. Explanations for the findings are offered.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Policiamiento Agresivo Enfocado en el Desorden y los Crímenes Violentos","intervention1":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Zero tolerance policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Comparisons of weekly robbery and burglary crime rates across areas yielded no significant differences between target and control areas. A time-series analysis revealed the intervention had no statistically significant impact on serious crime in any of the areas examined.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Police crime data (robbery and burglary)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":67,"id":"cispol_R0132","title":"Hot Spots Across the Metropolis: Evaluating Hot Spots Directed Patrol at City and Suburban Locations","authors":"Schaefer, Brian P.; Hughes, Thomas; Cameron Stelzig, W.","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418825.2019.1616804?journalCode=rjqy20","doi":"10.1080/07418825.2019.1616804","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The effectiveness of hot spots policing is widely supported but past research focuses primarily in high-crime areas within large metropolitan areas. What is unknown is whether the tactic works in less populated or lower crime locations such as suburbs. This study fills this gap by conducting a department-wide hot spots patrol experiment in Louisville, Kentucky. The study used block randomization to identify 47 hot spot pairs, 24 pairs located in the city and 23 pairs in the suburbs. The intervention examined the impact of directed patrol across three difference-in-difference outcomes: crime-related calls for service (CFS), part 1 crimes, and soft crimes. Ordinary least squares regression results indicate the intervention did not have significant effect on the three outcomes; however, hot spot location impacted crime-related CFS. The study concludes by discussing the importance and limitations of hot spots policing in suburban locations and the challenges of department-wide interventions.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experiencia de Policiamiento en Puntos Calientes (Louisville, KY)","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"There were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control hot spots in part 1 crimes, part 2 crimes, and crime-related calls for service. However, results showed a statistically significant reduction in crime-related calls for service in urban locations relative to suburban locations.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"Incident reports (Victim-Generated Crimes)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Police crime data","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":68,"id":"cispol_R0133","title":"An interrupted time series analysis of the differential impact of New Jersey’s BAC legislation on driver and passenger crash fatalities","authors":"Chamlin, Mitchell B.","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0735648X.2016.1158660","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2016.1158660","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Crime and Justice","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Most research, drawing on deterrence and rational choice models of social action, examines the effects of reductions of blood alcohol concentration [BAC] limits to secure drunk driving convictions on the total volume of crash fatalities. This paper extends this work by investigating the impact of New Jersey’s BAC legislation on total and disaggregated crash fatalities. The results from the interrupted times series analyses show that reducing the BAC limit to 0.8 has no effect on total or driver fatalities, but has a negative and lasting effect on passenger fatalities. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Reducción de los Límites de Concentración de Alcohol en Sangre Monitoreados en Controles Policiales (Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Traffic accidents","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció una reducción estadísticamente significativa de las muertes de pasajeros en accidentes tras la aplicación de la legislación; sin embargo, no hubo impactos estadísticamente significativos en las muertes de conductores en accidentes o en el total de muertes.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Number of Total Fatalities per Crash, Number of Driver Fatalities per Crash, Number of Passenger Fatalities per Crash)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":69,"id":"cispol_R0134","title":"Neighborhood Police Newsletters - Experiments in Newark and Houston - Executive Summary","authors":"Pate, Antony M; Lavrakas, Paul J.; Wycoff, Mary Ann; Skogan, Wesley G.; Sherman, Lawrence W","publication_year":1985,"url_link":"https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/102255NCJRS.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Circulated as part of a program to reduce the fear of crime in selected areas of Newark and Houston, the newsletters contained crime prevention advice, information on effective efforts to prevent or solve crimes, and local crime statistics. The newsletters were expected to increase residents' knowledge about crime, shift residents' crime concerns from personal to property crimes, increase residents' crime prevention efforts, improve residents' evaluation of police services, and improve satisfaction with the neighborhood. Experimental households were randomly assigned to one of three groups: those receiving newsletters with crime statistics, those receiving newsletters without crime statistics, and those receiving no newsletter. Newark had a sample of 504 households, and the Houston sample contained 660 households. Some respondents were interviewed before newsletter distribution and again 6 months later. Some were interviewed only 6 months after newsletter distribution began. Only 53 to 63 percent of the interviewees recalled seeing the newsletter. Few measures of effect were statistically significant. Possible reasons for the programs' ineffectiveness are discussed. 3 tables and 16 references.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Estrategia de Policía Comunitaria: Fuerza de Trabajo para la Reducción del Miedo en Newark y Houston","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype1":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que los residentes que recibieron los boletines, independientemente de la inclusión de las estadísticas de delincuencia, percibieron un aumento significativamente mayor de la delincuencia en sus zonas residenciales y expresaron una mayor preocupación por ser víctimas de delitos contra su propiedad que aquellos que no recibieron los boletines  . \nLos autores sugieren que los boletines informativos de la policía de proximidad, aunque se aplicaron con éxito durante 6 meses, en general no lograron los resultados deseados  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Perceived crime increase in the area; and worrying about being a victim))","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":70,"id":"cispol_R0135","title":"Police‐Monitored Cameras and Crime*","authors":"Munyo, Ignacio; Rossi, Martín A.","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjoe.12375","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12375","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The Scandinavian Journal of Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Abstract             We study the effects of police monitoring on crime. We exploit detailed information on the location and date of installation of police‐monitored surveillance cameras, coupled with data at the street‐segment level on all reported crimes in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay. We find that the introduction of police‐monitored surveillance cameras reduces crime by about 20 percent in monitored areas relative to a pure control group located outside the city. We also explore potential displacement effects, and we do not find evidence of such effects.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Uruguay","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Ciudad Segura","intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Overall, the results of the quasi-experimental impact evaluation indicate that the introduction of surveillance cameras is associated to an important decrease in crime. The presence of police monitoring cameras is associated with a reduction of about 20 percent in crime in treated areas of the city. The authors followed the authorities’ classification and constructed two variables: Outdoor crime (thefts and robberies) and Indoor crime (assaults and domestic violence). As expected, the study found that there is no impact of surveillance cameras on Indoor crime. However, when outdoor crime (which is, indeed, the targeted type of offense) is used as the dependent variable, the estimated coefficients on Police monitoring are negative and statistically significant. The study further reports that unmonitored areas of the city also benefit from a reduction in crime, thus indicating the presence  of positive spillovers effects. Lastly, according to the study, findings should be interpreted as the joint effect of the cameras and the increased presence of police.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"reported crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"reported crimes","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"reported crimes","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":71,"id":"cispol_R0136","title":"The Impact of Procedurally-Just Policing on Citizen Perceptions of Police During Traffic Stops: The Adana Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Sahin, Nusret; Braga, Anthony A.; Apel, Robert; Brunson, Rod K.","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-016-9308-7","doi":"10.1007/s10940-016-9308-7","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives The process-based model of police legitimacy suggests, when police are perceived to make fair decisions and treat people with respect, they will be viewed as legitimate authorities. A randomized controlled trial was used to test the impact of a procedural justice policing intervention, relative to routine police behavior, during traffic stops for excessive speeding in Adana, Turkey. Methods Drivers stopped by traffic officers for speeding violations were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Subjects in the treatment group received the procedural justice policing intervention during traffic stops, while subjects in the control group experienced business-as-usual traffic stops. Treatment officer behavior was guided by a script that helped to ensure that key components of a procedurally-just encounter were delivered. After completion of the traffic stop, drivers were interviewed on the encounter and general perceptions of traffic police. Results The experimental analyses show that the infusion of procedural justice principles into police traffic stops does improve citizens’ perceptions of the specific encounter relative to routine police traffic stops. However, the procedural justice treatment did not generate a robust improvement in citizens’ general perceptions of traffic officers. Conclusion These results indicate it might be overly optimistic to suggest a single positive encounter can exert a strong influence on durable citizen perceptions of confidence and trust in the police. In addition to ensuring procedurally-just encounters, police executives and police makers should also pay attention to other relevant performance dimensions such as crime control effectiveness, distributive fairness, and lawfulness to change global perceptions of the police.","region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"Turkey","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Política de Justicia Procedimental en Controles de Tránsito de Turquía","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Procedural justice","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype1":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"There was no statistically significant differences between the treatment and control group drivers in general perceptions of the police. Overall, the preponderance of evidence suggests the procedurally-just treatment did not have the intended effects on drivers.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"General Perceptions of the Police","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":72,"id":"cispol_R0137","title":"Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment","authors":"Groff, Elizabeth R.; Ratcliffe, Jerry H.; Haberman, Cory P.; Sorg, Evan T.; Joyce, Nola M.; Taylor, Ralph B.","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1745-9125.12055","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12055","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Policing tactics that are proactive, focused on small places or groups of people in small places, and tailor specific solutions to problems using careful analysis of local conditions seem to be effective at reducing violent crime. But which tactics are most effective when applied at hot spots remains unknown. This article documents the design and implementation of a randomized controlled field experiment to test three policing tactics applied to small, high‐crime places: 1) foot patrol, 2) problem‐oriented policing, and 3) offender‐focused policing. A total of 81 experimental places were identified from the highest violent crime areas in Philadelphia (27 areas were judged amenable to each policing tactic). Within each group of 27 areas, 20 places were randomly assigned to receive treatment and 7 places acted as controls. Offender‐focused sites experienced a 42 percent reduction in all violent crime and a 50 percent reduction in violent felonies compared with their control places. Problem‐oriented policing and foot patrol did not significantly reduce violent crime or violent felonies. Potential explanations of these findings are discussed in the contexts of dosage, implementation, and hot spot stability over time.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experimento con Tácticas Policiales en Filadelfia: Policiamiento Enfocado en Infractores","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent individuals","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention3":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype3":"Proximity policing","intervention4":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype4":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Robbery","outcome3":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype3":"Homicides","outcome4":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype4":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of three separate hot spots policing tactics (foot patrol, problem-oriented policing, and offender-focused policing) on violent crime (homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault) and violent felonies (homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault). Of the three different treatment conditions that were tested, only the offender-focused strategy was associated with any crime control gains (a 42% decrease in all violent crime and a 50% decrease in violent felonies relative to the control group). Evidence also suggests a diffusion of benefits associated with the treatment carried out through offender-focused strategy.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"incidences of violent crime (homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple non-felony assaults) and violent felonies (homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"incidences of homicide","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome4_metric":"incidences of aggravated assault and simple non-felony assaults","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"incidences of violent crime (homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple non-felony assaults) and violent felonies (homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault)","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":73,"id":"cispol_R0138","title":"Reducing Homicide through a \"Lever‐Pulling\" Strategy","authors":"McGarrell, Edmund F.; Chermak, Steven; Wilson, Jeremy M.; Corsaro, Nicholas","publication_year":2006,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418820600688818","doi":"10.1080/07418820600688818","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The decade of the 1990s witnessed unexpected but welcome large declines in homicide and serious firearms violence. Yet, despite these declines, rates of firearms crime in the United States remain high compared to other western democracies and impose significant costs to society generally and to specific communities particularly. One promising approach to gun crime emerged in Boston during the mid‐1990s. This approach combined face‐to‐face communication of a deterrence message to youth gang members with social service outreach and crackdowns on several gangs. Boston then experienced very significant declines in youth gun crime. This approach was later repeated in Minneapolis with similar promising results. This paper presents the results of a study of a similar gun‐crime‐reduction effort in Indianapolis. Time‐series analyses suggest a significant decline in homicide similar to those observed in Boston and Minneapolis. Comparisons to six similar Midwestern cities revealed that Indianapolis was the only city to experience a significant decline in homicide. The results are discussed in the context of deterrence research and suggest the need to move beyond single‐city evaluations of promising interventions.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Alianza para la Reducción de la Violencia (VRP)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"At the time of the intervention, monthly homicides declined significantly by 34.3%, and this reduction was sustained over the evaluation period. When compared to the homicide trends in six other cities, Indianapolis was the only one that experienced a statistically significant change. Additionally, the impact was greatest during the month following the Brightwood gang crackdown.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":74,"id":"cispol_R0139","title":"Testing a promising homicide reduction strategy: re-assessing the impact of the Indianapolis \"pulling levers\" intervention","authors":"Corsaro, Nicholas; McGarrell, Edmund F.","publication_year":2009,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1","doi":"10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Since the publication of analyses suggesting the significant impact on youth homicide of the Boston “pulling levers” intervention, a series of studies of similar strategies have indicated promise in reducing homicide and gun assaults. One of these studies was an assessment of a pulling levers strategy in Indianapolis, where trend analyses indicated a significant reduction in homicide following the intervention, while six other similar Midwestern cities did not experience a significant decline in homicide. We re-assess the results of the Indianapolis study by disaggregating the offenses into gang- and non-gang homicides. Given that the pulling levers program focused on influencing gangs and networks of chronic offenders, the impact of the intervention should be more apparent for gang homicides than for non-gang homicides. Alternatively, should the impact be similar for non-gang homicides, then it is more likely that the downward trend would be caused by unmeasured external forces. Coefficient-difference tests relying on estimates obtained from autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time–series models indicate that gang homicides declined significantly more than did non-gang homicides following the Indianapolis intervention. These findings suggest ‘something happened’ to gang homicides that did not happen to non-gang homicides, which adds further support that the pulling levers initiative was the driving force behind the overall reduction in homicide in Indianapolis.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Alianza para la Reducción de la Violencia (VRP)","intervention1":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Group violence","outcome_subtype2":"Gang violence","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"An impact evaluation found that gang-related homicides declined by 38.1 percent in Indianapolis in the two years following the implementation of the IVRP intervention. This difference was statistically significant.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":75,"id":"cispol_R0141","title":"Attention Felons: Evaluating Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chicago","authors":"Papachristos, Andrew V.; Meares, Tracey L.; Fagan, Jeffrey","publication_year":2007,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00096.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00096.x","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This research uses a quasi‐experimental design to evaluate the impact of Project Safe Neighborhood (PSN) initiatives on neighborhood‐level crime rates in Chicago. Four interventions are analyzed: (1) increased federal prosecutions for convicted felons carrying or using guns, (2) the length of sentences associated with federal prosecutions, (3) supply‐side firearm policing activities, and (4) social marketing of deterrence and social norms messages through justice‐style offender notification meetings. Using individual growth curve models and propensity scores to adjust for nonrandom group assignment of neighborhoods, our findings suggest that several PSN interventions are associated with greater declines of homicide in the treatment neighborhoods compared to the control neighborhoods. The largest effect is associated with the offender notification meetings that stress individual deterrence, normative change in offender behavior, and increasing views on legitimacy and procedural justice. Possible competing hypotheses and directions for individual‐level analysis are also discussed.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Proyecto de Vecindarios Seguros en Chicago","intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Firearms-focused policing","intervention2":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Comprehensive gang intervention","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":"Group violence","outcome_subtype3":"Gang violence","outcome4":"Property crime","outcome_subtype4":"Robbery","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Statistical Matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto demostró que el programa provocó un descenso estadísticamente significativo del 37% de los homicidios totales, además de reducciones en los homicidios con armas de fuego, y robos a mano armada, pero no tuvo efecto significativo en la tasa de homicidios relacionados con miembros de bandas  .","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"reported crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"reported crimes","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"reported crimes","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":76,"id":"cispol_R0142","title":"Evaluating a Policing Strategy Intended to Disrupt an Illicit Street-Level Drug Market","authors":"Corsaro, Nicholas; Brunson, Rod K.; McGarrell, Edmund F.","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0193841X10389136","doi":"10.1177/0193841X10389136","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Evaluation Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The authors examined a strategic policing initiative that was implemented in a high crime Nashville, Tennessee neighborhood by utilizing a mixed-methodological evaluation approach in order to provide (a) a descriptive process assessment of program fidelity; (b) an interrupted time-series analysis relying upon generalized linear models; (c) in-depth resident interviews. Results revealed that the initiative corresponded with a statistically significant reduction in drug and narcotics incidents as well as perceived changes in neighborhood disorder within the target community. There was less-clear evidence, however, of a significant impact on other outcomes examined. The implications that an intensive crime prevention strategy corresponded with a reduction in specific forms of neighborhood crime illustrates the complex considerations that law enforcement officials face when deciding to implement this type of crime prevention initiative.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Intervención en el Punto de Venta de Drogas de Nashville","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting open-air drug markets","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype1":"Drug-related offenses","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el programa ha conducido a una reducción del 55,6% de los incidentes vinculados con la delincuencia relacionada con las drogas, y a la creencia de que el tráfico de drogas en las calles se ha convertido en un problema menor para los residentes que participan en la investigación.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"drug crime incidents","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":77,"id":"cispol_R0143","title":"Effect of urban closed circuit television on assault injury and violence detection","authors":"Sivarajasingam, V; Sheperd, K; Matthews, K","publication_year":2003,"url_link":"https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/ip.9.4.312","doi":"10.1136/ip.9.4.312","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Injury Prevention","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the effect of closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance on levels of assault injury and violence detection. Design: Intervention versus control study design. Setting: Five town/cities with CCTV surveillance and five, matched control centres without CCTV surveillance in England. Intervention: CCTV installation and surveillance. Methods: Assault related emergency department attendances and violent offences recorded by the police in CCTV and control centres in the four years, 1995–99, two years before and two years after CCTV installation, were compared. Results: Assault related emergency department attendances decreased in intervention centres (3% decrease, ratio 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 0.99) and increased in control centres (11% increase, ratio 1.11; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.14). Overall, changes in emergency department assault attendance in CCTV and control centres were significantly different (t test, p<0.05). Police recorded violence increased in CCTV (11% increase, ratio 1.16; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.24) and control centres (5% increase, ratio 1.06; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.13). Overall, changes in police recording in CCTV and control centres were not significantly different (t test, p>0.05). In CCTV centres, decreases in assault related emergency department attendances and increases in police violence detection were not uniform. Conclusion: CCTV surveillance was associated with increased police detection of violence and reductions in injury or severity of injury. CCTV centre variation deserves further study.","region":"Europe and Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"CCTV en Cinco Ciudades Inglesas","intervention1":"Applied technologies for crime prevention/detection/clearance","intervention_subtype1":"Video surveillance systems (CCTV)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Violent crimes","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Pre-post and first differences|Difference-in-differences and fixed effects|Statistical Matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que la intervención dio lugar a una reducción estadísticamente significativa de las agresiones, y las lesiones relacionadas con agresiones disminuyeron un 3% en los lugares de intervención, mientras que aumentaron un 11% en los lugares de control, que no recibieron la intervención. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los índices de delitos violentos.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Assault-Related Emergency Department Visits","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"Police-Recorded Violent Offenses","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":78,"id":"cispol_R0144","title":"Reducing Gun Violence: Results from an Intervention in East Los Angeles","authors":"Tita, George; Riley, Jack; Ridgeway, Greg; Grammich, Clifford; Abrahamse, Allan; Greenwood, Peter","publication_year":2003,"url_link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1764-1.html","doi":"10.7249/mr1764","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Gun violence has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, where it is largely concentrated in urban areas. One recent successful response to gun violence was the Boston Gun Project, an interdisciplinary approach designed to reduce youth violence by reducing gang and gun violence. After the Boston Gun Project was launched in 1996, youth homicide decreased by almost two-thirds in the city. As a result of the success in Boston, NIH funded a RAND project that would seek to replicate the results of the Boston Gun Project elsewhere in the United States. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Hollenbeck area was chosen for the replication study; it is a 15-square-mile area east of downtown Los Angeles. Although the framework of the replication study would be the same as the Boston Gun Project, it was expected that the initiation in Los Angeles would differ based on the unique characteristics of gun and youth violence in Los Angeles. The Los Angeles project was targeted at gang violence and included increased LAPD patrols in the geographic area of a \"triggering\" event; more stringent enforcement of housing codes and of public housing eligibility rules; more stringent enforcement of parole and probation conditions; and referral of gun law violations to Federal prosecutors. The evaluation of the Los Angeles project focused on whether the intervention reduced violent crime, gang crime, and gun crime. The analysis compared crime rates for a 3 week period across three comparison areas. Overall, while gang crime and violent crime were reduced somewhat in the target area and in neighboring communities, the Los Angeles intervention was not implemented as designed and it did not develop dynamically in response to changing needs. The law enforcement aspect of the intervention was implemented before the social services aspect was in place and officers did not constantly reprioritize and reallocate resources after each violent incident in the target area. Finally, one of the main findings of the evaluation indicated that the agencies involved in the Los Angeles intervention did not take an ownership interest in the intervention. Future interventions, if they are to be successful, must gain the support of all agencies involved.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Operación Cese el Fuego en Hollenbeck (Los Angeles, CA, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Strategies to regulate and curb firearm ownership and use","intervention_subtype1":"Firearms-focused policing","intervention2":"Group and/or armed violence prevention programs","intervention_subtype2":"Focused deterrence targeting violent groups","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Gun violence","outcome2":"Group violence","outcome_subtype2":"Gang violence","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Crime displacement","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Findings varied across the comparison areas and also different with regards to declines in the suppression versus the deterrence period. In some targeted areas, violent crime was reduced, but not gang crime or gun crime. In another, gun crime declined in the suppression period but was not sustained in the deterrence period. It does not appear that the intervention displaced crime from the targeted areas and gangs to others; rather, crime decreased in surrounding communities as well.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":79,"id":"cispol_R0145","title":"Problem-Oriented Policing and Open-Air Drug Markets: Examining the Rockford Pulling Levers Deterrence Strategy","authors":"Corsaro, Nicholas; Brunson, Rod K.; McGarrell, Edmund F.","publication_year":2013,"url_link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011128709345955","doi":"10.1177/0011128709345955","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Crime & Delinquency","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Problem-oriented policing strategies have been regarded as promising approaches for disrupting open-air drug markets in vulnerable communities. Pulling levers deterrence interventions, which are consistent with the problem-oriented framework, have shown potential as an effective mechanism for reducing and preventing youth, gun, and gang violence. This study examines the effect of a strategic, pulling levers intervention that was implemented by law enforcement officials in Rockford, Illinois, to address drug markets in a high crime neighborhood. The initiative builds on a similar effort developed in High Point, North Carolina, and represents an extension of pulling levers that was originally developed in Boston. The impact evaluation uses a mixed method of quantitative hierarchical growth curve models and qualitative interviews with residents. Study findings suggest that the Rockford strategy was associated with a statistically significant and substantive reduction in crime, drug, and nuisance offenses in the target neighborhood. Results from this examination have implications for both research and public policy.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Intervención de Disuasión Focalizada en el Narcotráfico de Rockford","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Focused deterrence targeting open-air drug markets","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug-related offenses","outcome4":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype4":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Results indicate that the intervention area experienced a statistically significant, substantive, and noticeable reduction in nonviolent offenses, including property, drug, and nuisance offenses after pulling levers was implemented. The target neighborhood experienced an average decline of 24.10% in nonviolent incidents between the pre- and postintervention periods. Comparatively, the remainder of the city experienced a decline in nonviolent of 9%. However, although violent crime in the target area declined following the intervention (-14.29%), it did not reduce at a statistically significant level. A likely explanation is the lack of statistical power given that violent offenses were relatively infrequent in the targeted area.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"reported crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"reported crimes","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"reported crimes","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"reported crimes","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":80,"id":"cispol_R0146","title":"Killing in the Slums: An Impact Evaluation of Police Reform in Rio de Janeiro","authors":"Magaloni, Beatriz; Franco, Edgar; Melo, Vanessa","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"https://kingcenter.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj16611/files/media/file/556wp_0.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper evaluates the causal impact of Rio de Janeiro’s Pacifying Police Units (UPPs), probably the largest–scale police reform initiative taking place in the developing world. The main goals of the UPPs were: 1) to regain control of territories previously dominated by armed criminal groups; and 2) to improve security for these communities through reduction of lethal violence. In the course of six years, more than 9,000 police officers were permanently assigned to the UPPs, servicing close to half million residents in the city slums (favelas). We are interested in understanding the process through which governments supply a basic public service – the police – in poor urban neighborhoods that have long been abandoned to the arbitrary rule of non-state armed actors. Moreover, our paper documents Rio de Janeiro’s painful trajectory of police violence, illuminating some of it major institutional facilitators. Painstakingly geo-coding homicides and police killings from 2005 to 2013, we provide answers to some of the most critical questions about police use of lethal force, including the determinants of variations in who is targeted by police repression and how different strategies for policing the slums have impacted police killings. To evaluate the UPP impact on lethal violence, we use a variety of causal identification strategies that leverage spatial and temporal variation in the introduction of the UPP as well as geo-referenced data of more than 22,000 incidents of lethal violence. Our empirical models reveal that the UPP had mixed results. The introduction of the UPPs did not play a significant role in reducing murders in the favelas that were pacified. The UPP’s failure to reduce homicides imply that the poor in the slums continue to be subject to two or three times higher murder rates than the white middle class. Nonetheless, the UPP is breaking long-held practices of extreme use of police lethal violence. Our empirical results convincingly demonstrate that police killings would have been 60 percent larger without the UPP intervention.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Unidades de Policía de Pacificación (UPP) de Rio de Janeiro","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype2":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto sostuvo que las UPP tuvieron resultados mixtos. La evaluación no encontró ningún impacto significativo de las UPP en la reducción de los homicidios entre los residentes de la comunidad (impacto pequeño, cercano a cero). Sin embargo, el mismo estudio apuntó que el programa tuvo un fuerte impacto en la reducción de las muertes debidas a la intervención policial en estas zonas. Los resultados del estudio apuntan a una reducción de 29 muertes causadas por acción policial (por cada 100.000 habitantes al año) en la zonas de intervención, en comparación con las zonas del grupo de comparación. Los autores también estiman que, sin las UPP, las tasas de mortalidad producidas por la policía cada 100.000 habitantes serían un 60% superiores a los registros observados. Las tasas de muertes provocadas por la policía para varones negros cayeron de más de 25 a menos de 7 cada 100.000 habitantes de 2007 a 2013.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":81,"id":"cispol_R0147","title":"Killing in the Slums: Social Order, Criminal Governance, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro","authors":"Magaloni, Beatriz; Franco-Vivanco, Edgar; Melo, Vanessa","publication_year":2020,"url_link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055419000856/type/journal_article","doi":"10.1017/S0003055419000856","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"American Political Science Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"State interventions against organized criminal groups (OCGs) sometimes work to improve security, but often exacerbate violence. To understand why, this article offers a theory about criminal governance in five types of criminal regimes—Insurgent, Bandit, Symbiotic, Predatory, and Split. These differ according to whether criminal groups confront or collude with state actors, abuse or cooperate with the community, and hold a monopoly or contest territory with rival OCGs. Police interventions in these criminal regimes pose different challenges and are associated with markedly different local security outcomes. We provide evidence of this theory by using a multimethod research design combining quasi-experimental statistical analyses, automated text analysis, extensive qualitative research, and a large-               N               survey in the context of Rio de Janeiro’s “Pacifying Police Units” (UPPs), which sought to reclaim control of the favelas from criminal organizations.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Unidades de Policía de Pacificación (UPP) de Rio de Janeiro","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Proximity policing","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Theft","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Extortion","outcome4":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype4":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of police agencies","outcome5":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype5":"Gun violence","outcome6":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype6":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The UPP reduced the number of police fatal shootings by greater than 40%. Moreover, in around 60% of the territories in which intervention occurred, the UPP further managed to reduce common crimes such as homicides, extortion, and burglaries, and to gain community acceptance. Despite its achievements, the UPP deteriorated public security in 40% of the territories in which it was dispatched and failed to gain legitimacy.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Robos a residencias","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":82,"id":"cispol_R0148","title":"Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the extra-governmental provision of public safety","authors":"Brooks, Leah","publication_year":2008,"url_link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004727270700103X","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.07.002","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Public Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"When the median voter's preference sets the level of local public goods, some voters are left unsatisfied. Is there an institution by which subsets of voters can resolve the collective action problem and increase the local provision of public goods? If so, what are the consequences? In response to problems such as crime and vandalism, neighborhood property owners have established Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) to provide local public goods. When a BID is approved by a majority of property owners in a neighborhood, state law makes contributions to the BID budget mandatory. This resolution of the neighborhood's collective action problem reduces crime — BIDs in the city of Los Angeles are robustly associated with crime declines of 6 to 10%. Indeed, crime falls regardless of estimation technique: fixed effects; comparing BIDs to neighborhoods that considered, but did not adopt, BIDs; using propensity score matching; and comparing BIDs to their neighbors. Strikingly, these declines are purchased cheaply. Attributing all BID expenditure to violent crime reduction, and thus ignoring the impact of BID expenditure on many quality-of-life crimes, BIDs spend $21,000 to avert one violent crime. This higher bound estimate is substantially lower than the $57,000 social cost of a violent crime.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Distrito de Desarrollo de Negocios de Los Ángeles","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive territorial interventions","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Crime prevention community councils","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Encouraging the use of private security equipment","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype2":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The treatment areas experienced statistically significant reductions in crime (including both serious crime, and less serious crime)","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"reported part I offenses (e.g. robbery, burglary, auto theft, and aggravated assault)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"reported part II offenses (e.g.: drunkenness, prostitution/commercialized vice, vandalism, vagrancy, drug abuse violations, and disorderly conduct)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":83,"id":"cispol_R0149","title":"Public Safety through Private Action: An Economic Assessment of BIDS","authors":"Cook, Philip J.; MacDonald, John","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02419.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02419.x","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"The Economic Journal","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Private actions to avoid and prevent criminal victimisation and assist public law enforcement are vital inputs into the crime‐control process. One form of private action, the business improvement district (BID), appears particularly promising. A BID is a non‐profit organisation created by property owners to provide local public goods, usually including public safety. Our analysis of 30 Los Angeles BIDs demonstrates that the social benefits of BID expenditures on security are a large multiple (about 20) of the private expenditures. Crime displacement appears minimal. Crime reduction in the BID areas has been accompanied by a reduction in arrests, suggesting further savings.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Distrito de Desarrollo de Negocios de Los Ángeles","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Comprehensive territorial interventions","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Crime prevention community councils","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Encouraging the use of private security equipment","intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Theft","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The impact evaluation study found a statistically significant reduction in crime (including robbery, assault, burglary, and auto theft) in the BIDs compared with control districts in Los Angeles. BIDs also showed a statistically significant reduction in number of arrests compared with control districts.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"robbery, burglary","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"Hurtos de vehículos","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":84,"id":"cispol_R0150","title":"Organization and Information in the Fight against Crime: An Evaluation of the Integration of Police Forces in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil","authors":"Soares, Rodrigo R; Viveiros, Igor","publication_year":2010,"url_link":"https://docs.iza.org/dp5270.pdf","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1696894","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Ongoing study","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper explores the experience of information sharing, coordination, and integration of actions of the Civil and Military Polices in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the context of the IGESP program. The IGESP is based on the introduction of information management systems and organizational changes akin to those associated with COMPSTAT. All the evidence presented points to a causal effect of the IGESP on crime. The most conservative estimates indicate a reduction of 24% in property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response, measured by apprehension of weapons and clearance rates. We present one of the first set of causal estimates – with a clear identification strategy – of the impact of COMPSTAT-like programs. The results suggest that the coordination and informational gains represented by the program may constitute a first-order factor in a successful policy for fighting crime.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Programa Integración de la Gestión en Seguridad Pública (IGESP) de Minas Gerais","intervention1":"Police reform programs","intervention_subtype1":"Results-oriented management","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Criminal analysis improvement and strengthening","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Police operational efficiency","outcome4":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype4":"Crime clearance rate","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto, que analizó los datos entre 2000 y 2008, concluyó que la evidencia apunta a un efecto causal del IGESP sobre el delito. Las estimaciones más conservadoras indican una reducción del 24% en el delito contra la propiedad y del 13% en los delitos contra las personas. Existe también alguna evidencia de una reducción temporalmente retardada en las tasas de homicidios, pero parece estar particularmente relacionada con la experiencia de la ciudad capital del estado (Belo Horizonte). Hay también evidencia de que el IGESP está asociado con una mejora en la respuesta policial, medida por las tasas de incautación de armas y esclarecimiento de casos. Los resultados sugieren que la coordinación y las ventajas en cuanto a información representadas por el programa pueden constituir un factor de primer orden en una política exitosa de combate del delito.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"Aprehensión de armas de fuego","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":85,"id":"cispol_R0151","title":"Hot spots policing in a high-crime environment: an experimental evaluation in Medellín","authors":"Collazos, Daniela; García, Eduardo; Mejía, Daniel; Ortega, Daniel; Tobón, Santiago","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstream/handle/1992/41065/dcede2019-01.pdf?sequence=1","doi":"10.1007/s11292-019-09390-1","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives Test direct, spillover, and aggregate effects of hot spots policing on crime in a high-crime environment. Methods We identified 967 hot spot street segments and randomly assigned 384 to a six-month increase in police patrols. To account for the complications resulting from a large experimental sample in a dense network of streets, we use randomization inference for hypoThesis testing. We also use non-experimental streets to test for spillovers onto non-hot spots and examine aggregate effects citywide. Results Our results show an improvement in short-term security perceptions and a reduction in car thefts, but no direct effects on other crimes or satisfaction with policing services. We see larger effects in the least secure places, especially for short-term security perceptions, car thefts, and assaults. We find no evidence of crime displacement but rather a decrease in car thefts in nearby hot spots and a decrease in assaults in nearby non-hot spots. We estimate that car thefts decreased citywide by about 11%. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of context when implementing hot spots policing. What seems to work in the USA or even in Bogotá is not as responsive in Medellín (and vice versa). Further research—especially outside the USA—is needed to understand the role of local crime patterns and police capacity on the effectiveness of hot spots policing.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Experimento de Policiamiento en Puntos Calientes de Medellín","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Theft","outcome2":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype2":"Homicides","outcome3":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype3":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome4":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype4":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome5":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype5":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Crime displacement","outcome7":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype7":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome8":"Property crime","outcome_subtype8":"Robbery","outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The results show an improvement in short term security perceptions and a reduction in car thefts (in targeted streets), but no direct effects on other crimes (motorbike thefts, personal robberies, homicides or assault) or in public's satisfaction with policing services. Larger effects were observed in the least secure places, especially for short term security perceptions, car thefts and assaults. The study found no evidence of crime displacement but rather a decrease in car thefts in nearby hot spots and a decrease in assaults in nearby non-hot spots. Authors estimate that car thefts decreased citywide by about 11 percent.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Hurtos de vehículos","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":86,"id":"cispol_R0152","title":"Weed and Seed Initiative and Crime Displacement in South Florida: An Examination of Spatial Displacement Associated with Crime Control Initiatives and the Redevelopment of Public Housing","authors":"Roman, Catherine Gouvis; Cahill, Meagan; Coggeshall, Mark B.; Lagerson, Erica; Shannon, Courtney","publication_year":2005,"url_link":"https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/weed-and-seed-initiative-and-crime-displacement-south-florida","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The results of the interrupted time series analyses do not support the supposition that violent crime and drug activity decreased significantly as a result of the crackdown. The effect on violent crime was in the expected direction, a decrease, but the parameter estimate was not significant. With regard to drug activity, the results show that drug activity significantly increased for a 3-month period after the initial arrests of gang members in 1999. The hypoThesis, that given the large number of gang members arrested and incarcerated, displacement of crime to certain areas would occur, was not supported. Although the time series analysis did not find a significant reduction in violent crime or drug crime in the target area, examination of crime patterns found that there was some evidence of a reduction in the incidence of these crimes after the gang crackdown within the target area and also in the displacement area. The study of spatial displacement offers an important complement to studies examining the effectiveness of crime prevention activities. As found in this study using the Weighted Displacement Quotient (WDQ) to examine changes of crime with regard to the gang crackdown, diffusion of benefits outward from the target neighborhood is a plausible consequence of targeted gang and drug reduction activities. Examining the effectiveness of crime prevention activities with an eye toward displacement and diffusion will assist efforts to better understand the phenomena and minimize any negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact on crime with regards to these crime prevention events, as well as whether spatial displacement of crime occurred as a result of these events within the Miami/Miami-Dade Weed and Seed initiative. This Weed and Seed initiative focused on crime prevention and intervention efforts in the Liberty City neighborhood.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Malezas y Semillas (Evaluación Nacional, Estados Unidos); Iniciativa de Malezas y Semillas: Intervención Relacionada con Pandillas (Florida, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype2":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Drug-related offenses","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que no hubo una reducción estadísticamente significativa de los índices de delincuencia violenta y tráfico de drogas en la zona objetivo como como resultado de la represión. Además, el tráfico aumentó significativamente en la zona objetivo durante un período de 3 meses tras las detenciones iniciales de los miembros de las pandillas.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"crime reports data","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"crime reports data","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":87,"id":"cispol_R0153","title":"Do Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices Deter Crime?: Evidence at Microunits of Space and Time","authors":"Weisburd, David; Wooditch, Alese; Weisburd, Sarit; Yang, Sue‐Ming","publication_year":2016,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12172","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12172","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology & Public Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research Summary                                Existing studies examining the crime impacts of stop, question, and frisks (SQFs) have focused on large geographic areas. Weisburd, Telep, and Lawton (2014) suggested that SQFs in New York City (NYC) were highly concentrated at crime hot spots, implying that a microlevel unit of analysis may be more appropriate. The current study aims to address the limitations of prior studies by exploring the impact of SQFs on daily and weekly crime incidents in NYC at a microgeographic level. The findings suggest that SQFs produce a significant yet modest deterrent effect on crime                 .                                                        Policy Implications                                These findings support those who argue that SQFs deter crime. Nonetheless, it is not clear whether other policing strategies may have similar or even stronger crime‐control outcomes. In turn, the level of SQFs needed to produce meaningful crime reductions are costly in terms of police time and are potentially harmful to police legitimacy                 .","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Detener, Preguntar y Revisar en la Ciudad de Nueva York","intervention1":"Tough-on-crime police strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Stop, question, and frisk (SQF)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome2":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype2":"Gun violence","outcome3":"Property crime","outcome_subtype3":"Theft","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Instrumental variables (IV/GMM)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Stop, Question, and Frisk (SQF) was associated with statistically significant decreases in the probability of nontraffic-related crime (including assault, drug-related crimes, weapon-related crimes, and theft) occurring at the street segment level in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. However, SQFs did not have a statistically significant impact on nontraffic-related crime in Manhattan or Queens.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Incident report data","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Incident report data","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"Incident report data","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome4_metric":"Incident report data","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":88,"id":"cispol_R0154","title":"Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment","authors":"Weisburd, David; Green, Lorraine","publication_year":1995,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418829500096261","doi":"10.1080/07418829500096261","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper reports the results of a randomized experimental evaluation of an innovative drug enforcement strategy developed as part of the Drug Market Analysis Program. Using computer mapping techniques, we identified 56 “hot spots” of drug activity that were randomized in statistical blocks to experimental and control conditions. The experimental strategy followed a stepwise approach that sought to engage business owners and citizens in crime control efforts, to apply pressure to reduce drug and drug-related activity through police crackdowns, and to initiate a maintenance program with the assistance of the patrol division of the department. In line with tactics employed by street-level narcotics units in many other American cities, the control strategy involved unsystematic arrest-oriented narcotics enforcement based on ad hoc target selection. Comparing seven-month pre- and post-intervention periods, we find consistent and strong effects of the experimental strategy on disorder-related emergency calls for service. We also find little evidence of displacement of the crime control benefits of the study to areas near the experimental hot spots. Indeed, through two separate methods, our data suggest a “diffusion of benefits” around the experimental as compared with control locations.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Análisis del Tráfico de Drogas","intervention1":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype1":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention2":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Criminal analysis improvement and strengthening","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype1":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Violent crimes","outcome4":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype4":"Drug-related offenses","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The intervention did not significantly reduce calls for violent or property offenses, and no consistent effect was found on narcotic calls. However, the intervention did significantly reduce three of four categories of calls for service related to disorder (which included emergency calls related to nuisance, public morals, suspicious persons).","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"emergency calls","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"emergency calls","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"emergency calls","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":"emergency calls","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":89,"id":"cispol_R0155","title":"PROBLEM‐ORIENTED POLICING IN VIOLENT CRIME PLACES: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT*","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Weisburd, David L.; Waring, Elin J.; Mazerolle, Lorraine Green; Spelman, William; Gajewski, Francis","publication_year":1999,"url_link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00496.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00496.x","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Over the past decade, problem‐oriented policing has become a central strategy for policing. In a number of studies, problem‐oriented policing has been found to be effective in reducing crime and disorder. However, very little is known about the value of problem‐oriented interventions in controlling violent street crime. The National Academy of Sciences' Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior suggests that sustained research on problem‐oriented policing initiatives that modify places, routine activities, and situations that promote violence could contribute much to the understanding and control of violence. This study evaluates the effects of problem‐oriented policing interventions on urban violent crime problems in Jersey City, New Jersey. Twenty‐four high‐activity, violent crime places were matched into 12 pairs and one member of each pair was allocated to treatment conditions in a randomized block field experiment. The results of the impact evaluation support the growing body of research that asserts focused police efforts can reduce crime and disorder at problem places without causing crime problems to displace to surrounding areas.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Policiamiento en Puntos Calientes de Nueva Jersey","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Assault or interpersonal injuries","outcome4":"Disorder-related crimes and misdemeanors","outcome_subtype4":"Disorder and public disturbance","outcome5":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype5":"Drug-related offenses","outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The total number of criminal incidents and calls for service were significantly reduced at the treatment places relative to the control places. Specifically, significant reductions were observed for most disaggregated crime categories including robbery, property crime, street fights, and narcotics crimes. Although calls and incident reports for disorder did not decline significantly, onsite observations suggested that physical and social disorder were significantly reduced at the treatment locations","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Reported Criminal Incidents, and Citizen Calls for Service)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"Multiple (Reported Criminal Incidents, and Citizen Calls for Service)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"Multiple (Reported Criminal Incidents, and Citizen Calls for Service)","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"Multiple (Reported Criminal Incidents, and Citizen Calls for Service)","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome5_metric":"Multiple (Reported Criminal Incidents, and Citizen Calls for Service)","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":90,"id":"cispol_R0156","title":"Procedural justice, routine encounters and citizen perceptions of police: main findings from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET)","authors":"Mazerolle, Lorraine; Bennett, Sarah; Antrobus, Emma; Eggins, Elizabeth","publication_year":2012,"url_link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11292-012-9160-1","doi":"10.1007/s11292-012-9160-1","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Objectives To test, under randomized field trial conditions, the impact of police using the principles of procedural justice during routine encounters with citizens on attitudes towards drink-driving, perceptions of compliance, and their satisfaction with the police. Methods We conducted the first randomized field trial—the ‘Queensland Community Engagement Trial’ (QCET)—to test the impact of police engaging with citizens by operationalizing the key ingredients of procedural justice (neutrality, citizen participation, respect, and trustworthy motives) in a short, high-volume police–citizen encounter. We randomly allocated 60 roadside Random Breath Testing (RBT) operations to control (business-as-usual) and experimental (procedural justice) conditions. Driver surveys were used to measure the key outcomes: attitudes towards drinking and driving, satisfaction with police and perceptions of compliance. Results Citizen perceptions of the encounter revealed that the experimental treatment was delivered as planned. We also found significant differences between the experimental and control groups on all key outcome measures: drivers who received the experimental RBT encounter were 1.24 times more likely to report that their views on drinking and driving had changed than the control group; experimental respondents reported small but higher levels of compliance (d = .07) and satisfaction (d = .18) with police during the encounter than did their control group counterparts. Conclusions Our results show that the way citizens perceive the police can be influenced by the way in which police interact with citizens during routine encounters, and demonstrate the positive benefits of police using the principles of procedural justice. Our study was limited by the use of paper-only surveys and low response rate. We also recognize that the experiment setting (RBT road blocks) is limiting and non-reflective of the wider set of routine police–citizen encounters. Future research should be undertaken, using experimental methods, to replicate our field operationalization of procedural justice in different types of police–citizen encounters.","region":"East Asia and Pacific","country":"Australia","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Experimento para el Compromiso de la Comunidad","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Procedural justice","intervention2":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype2":"DUI/DWI-focused policing","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype1":"Citizen satisfaction with police services","outcome2":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype2":"Driving under the influence of substances","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The program was shown to have a statistically significant effect on changing views on police and on drinking and driving, on increasing satisfaction and compliance with police, and on strengthening perceptions of procedural justice.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"reported satisfaction with the police","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"reported views on drinking and driving","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":91,"id":"cispol_R0157","title":"Community Policing in Chicago, Years Eight and Nine: An Evaluation of Chicago's Alternative Policing Strategy and Information Technology Initiative","authors":"Skogan, Wesley G.; Steiner, Lynn; Hartnett, Susan M.; Dubois, Jill; Bennis, Jason; Rottinghaus, Brandon; Kim, So Young; Van, Kimmy; Rosenbaum, Dennis P.; Anfinsen, Jonathan; Graziano, Lisa; Hazelwood, Ricky; Hussain, Almas; Johnson, Kayla; Kamiski, Katie; Kelly, Tom; Parker, Jonathan; Rosenbaum, Sarah; Ruiz, Betty; Ruiz, Diana; Ruiz, Rosie; Stephens, Cody; Tekeei, Negar; Virgil, Alice; Wong, Sheri","publication_year":2003,"url_link":"https://icjia.illinois.gov/about/publications/community-policing-in-chicago-years-eight-and-nine-an-evaluation-of-chicagos-alternative-policing-strategy-and-information-technology-initiative/","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"his is the seventh evaluation Published report offered for Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), which began as a pilot project in five police districts in April 1993 and has since expanded to incorporate the entire city. The evaluation examines crime trends, trends in neighborhood problems, public views of the police, citizen involvement in policing activities, the problem solving capacity of CAPS, the management accountability of the program, and the new information technology for the program. The section on trends in crime reveals that since 1991, crime as decreased in nearly all areas of the city, but has decreased but markedly in African-American communities. The area with the least improvement is Chicago’s murder rate, which has declined more slowly than it has for the rest of the Nation. The next section analyzes trends in neighborhood problems. Findings show that between 1994 and 2001, neighborhood residents Published reported no perceived improvement in the physical condition of the city’s neighborhoods. However, within the African-American community, residents Published reported less concern about physical dilapidation and other forms of disorder. The next section analyzes public views of the police. Findings indicate that public opinion changed from not very positive toward the police before CAPS to views of the police as polite and helpful after 8 years of the CAPS program. In the next section, the evaluation focuses on citizen involvement with policing activities and finds that attendance at beat meetings and other city meetings increased during the study period, indicating a positive impact of the CAPS program on citizen involvement. The next section focuses on the problem solving strategies of CAPS and Published reports that high-visibility patrols, increased arrests, and aggressive stops were employed 70 percent of the time by police officers in the CAPS program. Police efforts were most successful at countering property crime and least successful at countering social disorder. The final two sections evaluate the management accountability and the information technology of the CAPS program. The Published report concludes with a preview of the evaluation activities to be undertaken in the coming year.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Estrategia de Policía Comunitaria de Chicago","intervention1":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Community policing","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Crime prevention community councils","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype1":"Crime and delinquency (multiple types)","outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Pre-post and first differences|Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación de impacto evidenció que el programa provocó un descenso de la delincuencia en la mitad de las zonas que aplicaron la intervención, mientras que en los demás barrios, que no la recibieron, se produjo un aumento de la criminalidad. En las zonas tratadas se observó una reducción de las denuncias mediante llamadas a la policía.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Crime Rates, and 911 calls)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":92,"id":"cispol_R0159","title":"The Effects of Body-Worn Cameras on Police Activity and Police-Citizen Encounters: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Sousa, William H.; Coldren, James R; Rodriguez, Denise","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/48572874?seq=1","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Many have suggested that placing body-worn cameras (BWCs) on police officers improves the civility of police-citizen encounters and enhances citizen perceptions of police transparency and legitimacy. In response, many police departments have adopted this technology to address public concerns over the quality of policing in their communities. The existing program evaluation evidence on the intended and unintended consequences of outfitting police officers with BWCs is still developing, however. This study reports the findings of a randomized controlled trial involving more than 400 police officers in Las Vegas, Nevada. We find that officers equipped with body-worn cameras generated fewer complaints and use of force reports relative to officers without cameras. BWC officers also made more arrests and issued more citations than their non-BWC counterparts. The findings of this randomized controlled trial raise the possibility that planning for the placement of BWCs on officers should consider the competing effects of improvement in civilian perceptions of police generated by reductions in complaints and use of force incidents and of public concerns about increased enforcement activity","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Cámaras de Cuerpo (Departamento de Policía de Las Vegas)","intervention1":"Police control and accountability strengthening and violence reduction programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police body-worn cameras (BWCs)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Police abuse, lethality, or victimization","outcome_subtype1":"Police abuse and/or lethality","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"La evaluación de impacto constató una reducción del 12,5% en las denuncias de uso de la fuerza por parte de la policía, una reducción del 14,0% en las quejas de los ciudadanos y un aumento del 5,2% en las detenciones.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"multiple (Citizen Complaint Reports, and Officer Use of Force Incidents)","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"multiple (arrests made nd citations issued by BWC officers)","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":93,"id":"cispol_R0160","title":"An Ex Post Facto Evaluation Framework for Place-Based Police Interventions","authors":"Braga, Anthony A.; Hureau, David M.; Papachristos, Andrew V.","publication_year":2011,"url_link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0193841X11433827?journalCode=erxb","doi":"10.1177/0193841X11433827","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Evaluation Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background: A small but growing body of research evidence suggests that place-based police interventions generate significant crime control gains. While place-based policing strategies have been adopted by a majority of U.S. police departments, very few agencies make a priori commitments to rigorous evaluations. Objective: Recent methodological developments were applied to conduct a rigorous ex post facto evaluation of the Boston Police Department’s Safe Street Team (SST) hot spots policing program. Research Design: A nonrandomized quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the violent crime control benefits of the SST program at treated street segments and intersections relative to untreated street segments and intersections. Propensity score matching techniques were used to identify comparison places in Boston. Growth curve regression models were used to analyze violent crime trends at treatment places relative to control places. Units of Analysis: Using computerized mapping and database software, a micro-level place database of violent index crimes at all street segments and intersections in Boston was created. Measures: Yearly counts of violent index crimes between 2000 and 2009 at the treatment and comparison street segments and intersections served as the key outcome measure. Results: The SST program was associated with a statistically significant reduction in violent index crimes at the treatment places relative to the comparison places without displacing crime into proximate areas. Conclusions: To overcome the challenges of evaluation in real-world settings, evaluators need to continuously develop innovative approaches that take advantage of new theoretical and methodological approaches.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Equipos Calles Seguras","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype2":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention4":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype4":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Robbery","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Statistical Matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"This evaluation suggested that the SST program was associated with a statistically significant 17% reduction in violent Index crimes in the treatment areas relative to the control areas. Most of this reduction in violent crimes was driven by a large 19% reduction in robbery incidents, with a smaller 15% reduction in aggravated assault incidents. No evidence was found for crime displacement.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"index crime reports data","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"index crime reports data","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":94,"id":"cispol_R0161","title":"Police Officers on Drug Corners in Philadelphia, Drug Crime, and Violent Crime: Intended, Diffusion, and Displacement Impacts","authors":"Lawton, Brian A.; Taylor, Ralph B.; Luongo, Anthony J.","publication_year":2005,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418820500364619?journalCode=rjqy20","doi":"10.1080/07418820500364619","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Justice Quarterly","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"On May 1, 2002, the Philadelphia Police Department launched Operation Safe Streets, stationing officers at 214 of the highest drug activity locations in the city 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Interrupted time series (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) models on weekly data isolated citywide and local program impacts on all violent crimes, murder, and reported drug crimes. Results showed no significant impacts on citywide weekly counts for drug crimes, homicides, or all violent crimes. Geographically focused analyses showed significant localized intervention impacts for both violent and drug crimes. Analyses of high‐drug‐activity non‐intervention sites suggest: the program impacts seen were not an artifact of history or local history; significant spatial diffusion of preventive benefits for violent crime; and probably significant spatial displacement for drug crime. Stationary targeted drug‐enforcement interventions like Operation Safe Streets may differentially affect the locational selection processes behind violent crime versus drug crime.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Operación Calles Seguras (Filadelfia, Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Strengthening diagnostic and/or policymaking capacity strategies","intervention_subtype1":"Problem-oriented policing (POP)","intervention2":"Drug-related crimes and violence prevention, deterrence, and control programs","intervention_subtype2":"Street-level drug law enforcement","intervention3":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype3":"Disorder policing (\"broken windows\")","intervention4":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype4":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype2":"Homicides","outcome3":"Drug and alcohol-related crime and violence","outcome_subtype3":"Drug-related offenses","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Interrupted and other time series analyses","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Localized analysis of the intervention group areas (that implemented the program) found statistically significant reductions in violent and drug crime rates, and the study also found some modest diffusion of crime control benefits to areas surrounding the target locations. However, while the intervention produced benefits at the specific target sites, it did not produce a strong enough effect to significantly reduce citywide totals of homicides, violent crimes, or drug crimes.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"reported crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"reported crimes","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome3_metric":"reported crimes","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"reported crimes","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":95,"id":"cispol_R0162","title":"Hotspot interventions at scale: The effects of policing and city services on crime in Bogotá, Colombia","authors":"Blattman, Christopher; Green, Donald; Ortega, Daniel; Tobón, Santiago","publication_year":2018,"url_link":"https://www.3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/impact-evaluations/hotspot-interventions-scale-effects-policing-and-city","doi":"10.23846/dpw1ie88","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":null,"region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Intervención Policial en Puntos Calientes y Servicios Municipales (Bogotá)","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Comprehensive territorial interventions","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype1":"Homicides","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Sexual assault","outcome4":"Perception of safety","outcome_subtype4":"Fear of crime and/or perceived insecurity","outcome5":"Institutional trust and legitimacy","outcome_subtype5":"Trust and/or perceived legitimacy of state institutions","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Crime displacement","outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"All in all, it is unlikely that reallocating police and municipal services reduced total crime in the city. Although the sum of the effects from both strategies (police and municipal services) corresponded to a 45.6% decrease in reported crimes, this effect is weakly statistically significant, which means it cannot be said with confidence that both interventions reduced crime on the 75 streets that received both interventions jointly. The authors say that their best approximation regarding the overall impact on crime is that the interventions directly deter a relatively modest amount of crime, and that some or all this crime is displaced to neighboring streets. According to the authors, their best approximation is that aggregate violent crime fell by 1% to 3% relative to the total number of violent crimes, but this estimate is not statistically significant. Property crimes rose by 4% to 5%, and these estimates are statistically significant at the 10 per cent level (when interaction is included). Homicides and sexual assaults fell by 5% to 8%, but these reductions are sensitive to some assumptions on the distance and behaviour of crime spillovers, and thus must be taken with caution. For example, violent crimes significantly increase city-wide if we estimate spillovers using continuous rate of decay. Crime displacement is concentrated in property crime (displacement is already observed in the standard model, which considered the nearly 77,000 streets located within 250 meters of treated hotspots segments). Violent crimes may not be displaced as easily. However, when authors estimated an alternative version with streets located between 250m and 500m from treatment hotspots, crime displacement starts to be observed for violent crimes too. In what refers to perceptions of safety, survey data indicates that the largest and most statistically significant impact is observed in the segments that received both interventions. Those segments reported a 0.327 standard deviation decrease in overall insecurity significant at the 10 per cent level (when taken individually neither intervention produced statistically significant impact, though). Nonetheless, the coefficients used to evaluate programme impacts on insecurity all point in the direction of better security, a result which the authors take as \"suggestive of increasing returns to state presence\". Lastly, the study found little evidence that the interventions increased trust in or legitimacy of the state.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"reported crimes","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome2_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"reported crimes","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome4_metric":"survey data (perceived risk)","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome5_metric":"survey data (trust, quality of work, overall satisfaction, and likelihood to give information to the police)","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome6_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":96,"id":"cispol_R0163","title":"Place-Based Interventions at Scale: The Direct and Spillover Effects of Policing and City Services on Crime","authors":"Blattman, Christopher; Green, Donald P; Ortega, Daniel; Tobón, Santiago","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2022.PlaceBasedInterventionsAtScale.pdf","doi":"10.1093/jeea/jvab002","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Journal of the European Economic Association","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In 2016, the city of Bogotá doubled police patrols and intensified city services on high-crime streets. They did so based on a criminological consensus that such place-based programs not only decrease crime, but also have beneficial spillovers for nearby streets. To test this, we worked with Bogotá to experiment on an unprecedented scale. We randomly assigned 1,919 streets to either 8 months of doubled police patrols, greater municipal services, both, or neither. Such scale brings econometric challenges. Spatial spillovers in dense networks introduce bias and complicate variance estimation through “fuzzy clustering”. But a design-based approach and randomization inference produce valid hypoThesis tests in such settings. In contrast to the consensus, we find intensifying state presence did not generate substantively meaningful or statistically significant reductions in crime. Our estimates suggest modest direct effects but with crime displaced nearby, especially property crimes. Confidence intervals suggest we can rule out total reductions in crime of more than 2% from the two interventions.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Intervención Policial en Puntos Calientes y Servicios Municipales (Bogotá)","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Comprehensive territorial interventions","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Lethal crime","outcome_subtype2":"Homicides","outcome3":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype3":"Sexual assault","outcome4":"Property crime","outcome_subtype4":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome5":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype5":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome6":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype6":"Crime displacement","outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The study found that intensifying state presence did not generate substantively meaningful or statistically significant reductions in crime (violent crime and property crime). The estimates suggest modest direct effects but with crime being displaced nearby, especially property crimes. The estimates indicate that although intensifying state presence modestly reduced crime on directly-treated street segments, crime increased on nearby streets, especially property crime, seeming to outweigh the direct effect. The two most socially costly crimes, homicides and sexual assaults, fell by 8% (relative to the total number of homicides and sexual assaults reported in potentially affected segments). However, this estimate was not statistically significant.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome2_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome4_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome5_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome6_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":97,"id":"cispol_R0164","title":"Pushing Crime Around the Corner? Estimating Experimental Impacts of Large-Scale Security Interventions","authors":"Blattman, Christopher; Green, Donald P.; Ortega, Daniel; Tobon, Santiago","publication_year":2017,"url_link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050823","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3050823","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published working paper","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Bogotá intensified state presence to make high-crime streets safer. We show that spillovers outweighed direct effects on security. We randomly assigned 1,919 “hot spot” streets to eight months of doubled policing, increased municipal services, both, or neither. Spillovers in dense networks cause “fuzzy clustering,” and we show valid hypoThesis testing requires randomization inference. State presence improved security on hot spots. But data from all streets suggest that intensive policing pushed property crime around the corner, with ambiguous impacts on violent crime. Municipal services had positive but imprecise spillovers. These results contrast with prior studies concluding policing has positive spillovers.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":"Intervención Policial en Puntos Calientes y Servicios Municipales (Bogotá)","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":"Community-level crime, violence, and disorder prevention strategies","intervention_subtype2":"Comprehensive territorial interventions","intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"Violent crime","outcome_subtype1":"Violent crimes","outcome2":"Property crime","outcome_subtype2":"Property crimes (multiple types)","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome4":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype4":"Crime displacement","outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experiment","method":"Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Data from all streets suggest that intensive policing pushed property crime around the corner, with ambiguous impacts on violent crime. Although the authors did find that intensive policing reduced officially reported crimes on average (a 12.6% improvement), this coefficient was not statistically significant. When considered the combined effect of both intensive policing and municipal services intensification, the study found that the aggregate direct effect of the program looks small, at best. The authors found that aggregate violent crimes fell by 1% to 3% relative to the total number of violent crimes, but neither estimate is statistically significant. Property crimes, in turn, rose by between 4% and 5% (these estimates are statistically significant at the 10% level). As such the authors say their best guess for the overall impact on crime is that the interventions directly deters a relatively modest amount of crime, and that some or all of this crime is displaced to neighboring streets (it is mainly property crime, as opposed to violent crime, that gets pushed around the corner). All in all, they consider unlikely that the program managed to generate any reduction in the city's total. On the contrary, the estimates suggest crimes increased by about 800 in both specifications (2% relative to the total number of reported crimes). This must be taken with caution, however, provided that such aggregate effect is not statistically significant at even the 10% level.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome1_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome2_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Ineffective","outcome3_metric":"officially reported crime","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":"Harmful","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":98,"id":"cispol_R0166","title":"The impact of a hot spot policing program in Montevideo, Uruguay: an evaluation using a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference negative binomial approach","authors":"Chainey, Spencer P.; Serrano–Berthet, Rodrigo; Veneri, Federico","publication_year":2021,"url_link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15614263.2020.1749619","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2020.1749619","study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Journal article","journal":"Police Practice and Research","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"Yes","language":"English","abstract":"Hot spot policing has proven to be effective in reducing crime in cities in North America, Europe and Australasia, but to date, its application and evaluation in Latin American settings has been limited. PADO (Programa de Alta Dedicación Operativa) is a large-scale hot spot policing program implemented by the Uruguay Police in April 2016 in the city of Montevideo. Using an evaluation technique that compares the differential effect between areas where PADO was deployed and control areas, a 23 percent reduction in the rate at which robberies occurred was experienced in the PADO areas, with no significant displacement to neighboring areas, or other areas of the city during the study period. The study indicates that hot spot policing programs can be effective in reducing crime in Latin American urban environments and illustrates how targeted police interventions can be robustly evaluated when control areas are not established at the outset of an intervention.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Uruguay","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Alta Dedicación Operativa (PADO) de Montevideo","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype2":"Crime displacement","outcome3":"Crime & delinquency – Multiple crime/offense types","outcome_subtype3":"Diffusion of beneficial effects","outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"Una evaluación cuasi experimental evidenció una reducción del 7,2% de los robos e indicó que las localidades atendidas por el programa fueron las que más contribuyeron a esta reducción, con un descenso de aproximadamente el 35,5%. Esto significa que puede atribuirse un descenso del 22%-23% de la tasa de robos en los territorios en los que se aplicó el PADO durante el período estudiado. En cifras absolutas, esto representa 873 robos evitados, es decir, un promedio de 97 al mes.  Los investigadores señalan que los resultados presentan una estimación conservadora de los efectos del PADO, ya que las zonas de tratamiento tenían una tasa de crecimiento de la delincuencia mayor que las zonas de control antes del experimento. En otras palabras, esto significa que el programa puede haber tenido un efecto aún mayor, evitando un mayor número de delitos. Durante el periodo de estudio no se registraron desplazamientos significativos a zonas adyacentes o a otras zonas de la ciudad. De hecho, los niveles de robo no aumentaron significativamente en ninguna de las dos zonas de control. Asimismo, los resultados indicaron un pequeño descenso del 2.1% en las zonas inmediatamente circundantes a donde se desplegaron las patrullas policiales del PADO","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":"registros estadísticos oficiales de delitos","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"registros estadísticos oficiales de delitos","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome3_metric":"registros estadísticos oficiales de delitos","outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":99,"id":"cispol_R0167","title":"Hot Spots, Patrolling Intensity, and Robberies: Lessons from a three-year program in Uruguay","authors":"Cabrera, Jose Maria; Cid, Alejandro; Veneri, Federico","publication_year":2022,"url_link":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/113786/1/MPRA_paper_113786.pdf","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We study the effects of increasing police presence on crime by exploiting the quasi-experimental nature of a large-scale hot spots intervention in a Latin American country that had experienced a significant increase in crime over the last 30 years. We match geocoded data on crime and GPS data that signals the presence of police to 200x200 meters cells covering Montevideo, Uruguay. Employing a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, our results suggest that the program effectively increased police presence in the designated areas and reduced crime. We found an overall elasticity of 0.47 - a 10% increase in police presence is associated with a decrease of 4.7% in robberies. This three-year intervention allows us to investigate heterogeneous effects by year of intervention and contexts. The program presented greater effects during the first year of the intervention; during 2017, a period associated with significant legal changes in the country's criminal policy, the program did not affect crime. In 2018, we observed positive results in police presence and crime reduction but at a reduced level. We associated this reduction in outcomes with program fatigue which could impact the sustainability of this type of intervention. This study may help policymakers identify the conditions under which hot spots policing programs work and the degree to which they are replicable and scalable.","region":"Latin America and Caribbean","country":"Uruguay","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Programa de Alta Dedicación Operativa (PADO) de Montevideo","intervention1":"Geographically focused policing initiatives","intervention_subtype1":"Hot spots policing (HSP)","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Property crime","outcome_subtype1":"Robbery","outcome2":"Institutional performance","outcome_subtype2":"Police operational efficiency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Difference-in-differences and fixed effects","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The results of the study suggest that the program effectively increased police presence in the designated areas and reduced crime. It was found an overall elasticity of 0.47 - a 10% increase in police presence is associated with a decrease of 4.7% in robberies.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Effective","outcome2_metric":"police presence in the designated areas","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":100,"id":"cispol_R0168","title":"Lead Program Evaluation: Recidivism Published report","authors":"Collins, Susan E.; Loncza, Heather S.; Clifasefi, Seema L.","publication_year":2015,"url_link":"https://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1185392/26121870/1428513375150/LEAD_EVALUATION_4-7-15.pdf?token=%20n5K98r19v59eASuh5Ic8v3WKIU%3D","doi":null,"study_type":"Impact Evaluation","publication_type":"Published report","journal":null,"journal_rank":"Not applicable","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":null,"idb_authors":null,"idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This document Published reports on a quantitative analysis project to compare outcomes for the Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) Program, which was established in 2011 as a means of diverting those suspected of low-level drug and prostitution criminal activity to case management and other supportive services rather than jail and prosecution. LEAD’s primary goal is to reduce criminal recidivism. For this evaluation, the implementation phase of the project occurred from October 2011 through July 2014, at the Seattle Police Department (SPD), and included 318 adults suspected of criminal activity. The authors provide an overview of their research methodology, measures, data analysis plan, and primary analysis; and an in-depth discussion of the results, including arrest outcomes, charge outcomes, and a discussion of those findings in context of existing evaluations. Findings indicated positive effects of the LEAD program on reducing criminal recidivism over shorter and longer time frames. The authors suggest that the statistically significant reductions in arrests and felony charges for LEAD participants compared to control participants, indicated positive effects of the LEAD program on recidivism.","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":"Seguimiento Alternativo del Cumplimiento de la Ley de Seattle (Estados Unidos)","intervention1":"Police-led revictimization/recidivism prevention programs","intervention_subtype1":"Police-led juvenile diversion programs","intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"Recidivism","outcome_subtype1":"Repeat offenses/recidivism","outcome2":"Youth violence","outcome_subtype2":"Juvenile delinquency","outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-Experiment","method":"Statistical Matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":null,"timeframe":null,"heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":"The intervention group had a statistically significant lower likelihood of having been rearrested with a warrant, compared with the control group, both at the short- and at the long-term follow up. However, there was no statistically significant impact on non-warrant rearrests, neither at the short- nor at the long-term follow up.","outcome1_type":null,"outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome1_metric":"Multiple (Warrant Rearrests and Non-Warrant Rearrests), both assessed through data on criminal recidivism (i.e., arrests, charges) from the County's Prosecuting Attorney’s Office","outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed Evidence","outcome2_metric":"Multiple (Warrant Rearrests and Non-Warrant Rearrests), both assessed through data on criminal recidivism (i.e., arrests, charges) from the County's Prosecuting Attorney’s Office","outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null}], "fields": [{"id": "_id", "type": "int"}, {"id": "id", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "ID", "notes": "ID of the study"}}, {"id": "title", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Title", "notes": "Title of the study"}}, {"id": "authors", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Authors", "notes": "Author(s) of the study"}}, {"id": "publication_year", "type": "int8", "info": {"label": "Publication year", "notes": "Year of publication"}}, {"id": "url_link", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "URL link", "notes": "Link to the study"}}, {"id": "doi", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "DOI", "notes": "Digital Object Identifier"}}, {"id": "study_type", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Study type", "notes": "Type of study (impact evaluation or systematic review)"}}, {"id": "publication_type", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Publication type", "notes": "Type of publication (journal article, report, thesis, among othesr)"}}, {"id": "journal", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Journal", "notes": "Name of the journal or outlet"}}, {"id": "journal_rank", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Journal Rank", "notes": "This variable indicates the journal quality quartile (Q1\u2013Q4) based on Scimago Journal Rank"}}, {"id": "open_access", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Open Access", "notes": "If the study has open acess"}}, {"id": "idb_publication", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB Publication", "notes": "If the study is a IDB publication"}}, {"id": "idb_authors", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB authors", "notes": "If the study has authors with IDB affiliation"}}, {"id": "idb_study", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB study", "notes": "If the study is a IDB publication or has IDB authors"}}, {"id": "language", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Language", "notes": "Language of the study"}}, {"id": "abstract", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Abstract", "notes": "Abstract of the study"}}, {"id": "region", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Region", "notes": "Region of the country included in the study"}}, {"id": "country", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Country", "notes": "Countries included in the study"}}, {"id": "income_level", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Income level", "notes": "Income level of the countries included"}}, {"id": "evaluated_case", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Evaluated case", "notes": "Specific intervention, 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