{"help": "https://data.iadb.org/api/3/action/help_show?name=datastore_search", "success": true, "result": {"include_total": false, "limit": 100, "records_format": "objects", "resource_id": "183b6f5e-6aa3-4037-98c9-698c9b26bf8c", "total_estimation_threshold": null, "last_id_operator": "gt", "records": [{"_id":1,"id":"tintit_33","title":"From mines to markets: Gravity model insights on critical raw material trade","authors":"Stender, F.; Vogel, T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105032795160?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.econlet.2026.112898","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Economics Letters","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Access to critical raw materials (CRMs) is increasingly shaped by geopolitical dynamics, sparking a global competition for supply security. Using the gravity model of trade, we examine how OECD countries leverage Aid for Trade (AfT), Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) to influence CRM imports from developing countries. Panel data from 1995–2023 show that while intensive-margin effects of North-South PTAs appear economically negligible in the global trade equilibrium, these agreements play a strategic role in facilitating market entry and shaping supply-chain geography. Our results underscore that a coordinated mix of trade diplomacy, investment frameworks, and targeted aid is key to resilient and diversified CRM access for OECD countries. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":2,"id":"tintit_46","title":"Special economic zones and innovation in developing and emerging economies: A cross-country analysis","authors":"Alsharif, A.A.; Brenner, T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034076725?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s00191-026-00949-6","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Evolutionary Economics","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Special economic zones (SEZs) have become a widely adopted economic policy tool in developing and emerging economies, particularly over the last two decades. Despite the increasing importance of SEZs, the literature on their impact on innovation remains scarce and non-conclusive, with most existing literature focused on single-country case studies. Our research addresses this gap by offering an analysis across multiple countries. We employ a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to find out whether SEZ establishment has an impact on innovation activity within these zones. Our results demonstrate a positive effect of SEZs on patent numbers, indicating that SEZs can indeed stimulate innovation. Additionally, we uncover heterogeneous effects on different innovation activities, with SEZs having a stronger influence on high-tech compared to low-tech industries. Moreover, the impact of SEZs varies across different technological fields, highlighting the sector-specific nature of innovation dynamics within SEZs. © The Author(s) 2026.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"innovation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":3,"id":"tintit_50","title":"Can destination marketing capitalise on health management?","authors":"Volgger, M.; Taplin, R.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105022203234?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jdmm.2025.101067","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Destination Marketing and Management","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"There is limited research on which type of marketing messages tourism destinations should use in promoting a reduced risk to visitors' health. The aim of this paper is to analyse if and how communicating successful health management during a health crisis increases the attractiveness of a tourism destination in the recovery stage. The study applied a randomised experimental design to test the effectiveness of different marketing messages on international tourists' visit intentions at the tail end of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study surveyed 509 potential tourists from Singapore, Malaysia, India, UK and New Zealand regarding their intention to visit Western Australia after the COVID-19 induced border closures had ended in 2022. The results show that, depending on tourist characteristics, intention to visit was increased with communicating the destination's health performance, vaccination rates, and a complimentary travel insurance. The findings hence suggest that factual safety-centred marketing communication can support tourism destinations in the recovery from a health crisis. This implies that tourism marketers should consider the possibility to communicate competences and successes in health management proactively to tourists. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific | South Asia | Europe & Central Asia","country":"Australia | Singapore | Malaysia | India | United Kingdom | New Zealand","income_level":"High income | Upper middle income | Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_market_destination","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"visitor_flows_engagement","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experimental evaluation","method":"experimental","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Individual","timeframe":"Not available","heterogeneity":"Gender","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":4,"id":"tintit_62","title":"Does international trade improve with a free trade agreement? The case of the Pacific Alliance.","authors":"Flores, S.; Carrillo-Maldonado, P.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034391392?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.15446/CUAD.ECON.V43N91.106547","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Cuadernos de Economia (Colombia)","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"Spanish","abstract":"This paper evidence the effect on exports of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru after the formation of the Pacific Alliance. Latin American countries are used to estimate a counterfactual trajectory of exports within the bloc using the Synthetic Control methodology. The results show that Colombian exports increased slightly with respect to their counterfactual if this agreement had not been signed. Exports from other countries did not have an impact with the integration of the bloc. Thus, it is evident that the existence of this block did not generate greater exports among the member countries. © (2026), (Universidad Nacional de Colombia). All rights reserved.","region":"Latin America & Caribbean","country":"Chile | Colombia | Mexico | Peru","income_level":"High income | Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"synth","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":5,"id":"tintit_80","title":"The mystery of the sluggish upgrade of Japan's trade structure: An explanatory perspective on the deepening of digital trade rules","authors":"Kuang, Z.; Yu, J.; Gao, Q.; Guo, L.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029358181?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2026.104983","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The rapid development of global digital trade rules is reshaping the international division of labor and the structural evolution of global trade. Based on panel data covering Japan's trade with 77 partner countries from 2005 to 2023, this study empirically investigates the impact of digital trade rule deepening on Japan's export structure. The results indicate that within the “American template” framework dominated by developed economies, the deepening of digital trade rules significantly constrains the upgrading of Japan's export structure in high-tech manufacturing, particularly in digital services. Mechanism analysis reveals a dual effect: while digital technologies lower traditional trade costs through simplified customs procedures, binding provisions on data governance and privacy protection increase compliance and technological adaptation costs, thereby inhibiting structural optimization. Furthermore, institutional distance amplifies this inhibitory effect. When Japan's institutional gap with its trading partners is larger, the adverse effects of privacy and cooperation clauses become more pronounced. The study suggests that Japan should promote regional rule innovation, advance digital provisions better aligned with regional realities under frameworks such as the CPTPP and RCEP, and strengthen the optimization of trade structure and long-term competitiveness. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Japan","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"digital_trade_regulation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"travel_time_costs","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Digital trade rules increase new compliance costs (data governance, privacy) more than they reduce traditional trade costs | Institutional distance amplifies the inhibitory effect of digital trade rules on export structure optimization","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":6,"id":"tintit_165","title":"Agricultural trade and IMF tariff conditionality in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Alemu, S.; Kotosz, B.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036191618?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.sciaf.2026.e03354","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Scientific African","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"International trade is vital for inclusive growth and poverty reduction. Despite tariff reductions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the effectiveness of Aid for Trade (AfT) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in achieving trade liberalization is debated due to rising non-tariff measures and conditionalities. This paper studies how IMF tariff conditionalities affect SSA’s agricultural trade share of real GDP, focusing on agricultural imports under the Harmonized System. We hypothesize that IMF tariff conditionalities enhance trade share and promote liberalization by limiting high applied tariffs, fostering SSA’s global economic integration. Using panel data from 26 SSA countries (2011–2023), this research examines the impact of IMF tariff conditionalities and SAPs on trade openness, tariff overhang, and trade values as a percentage of real GDP. Employing fixed-effects and instrumental variable models, our analysis addresses endogeneity through lagged IMF conditionality. The findings indicate that while IMF conditionalities reduce tariff overhang and promote trade liberalization, this leads to reduced agriculture trade values as a percentage of real GDP. However, AfT demonstrates a positive correlation with agricultural trade performance, particularly when linked to IMF tariff conditionality. These results underscore the need for tailored conditionality and integrated support to enhance local competitiveness and ensure sustainable trade in SSA. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","region":"Sub-Saharan Africa | Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","country":"Angola | Benin | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cameroon | Central African Republic | Chad | Djibouti | Ghana | Guinea | Guinea-Bissau | Kenya | Liberia | Madagascar | Malawi | Mali | Mauritania | Mozambique | Niger | Nigeria | Rwanda | Senegal | Seychelles | Madagascar | Madagascar | Madagascar","income_level":"Lower middle income | Low income | High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"prices_inflation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Product | Country","timeframe":"2-5 | 5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"IMF conditionality reduces policy space, shifting revenue from trade taxes to consumption taxes | IMF programs encourage trade liberalization via tariff reduction and NTM removal as macroeconomic conditions | AfT interacts with IMF conditionality to partially offset negative trade effects through financial support","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":7,"id":"tintit_174","title":"The economic effects of the quality infrastructure","authors":"Blind, K.; Neuhäusler, P.; Schubert, T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020929578?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103114","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Technology in Society","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Although the economic impact of standards has been investigated for over two decades, the effect of the entire quality infrastructure, encompassing standards, conformity assessment, accreditation, metrology, and market surveillance, has been examined primarily through specific case studies. The objective of this analysis is to conduct an econometric analysis to assess the economic value of quality infrastructure on Gross Domestic Product. After a review of the small but growing literature, indicators for the different elements of the quality infrastructure are presented. The panel regression is based on a timeseries of available indicators for a set of European countries. After assessing the impact of each element of the quality infrastructure separately, a comprehensive model is estimated to calculate its total effect. We find that standards are significantly associated with the GDP of the countries, which corroborates earlier studies. Furthermore, the generally good data coverage for ISO 9001 certifications reveals a significant influence of conformity assessment on GDP. Participation in the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) as an indicator for accreditation plays also a substantial role for the country's GDP. However, the approximation of market surveillance by the cases reported in the European Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Products (RAPEX) must be critically assessed due to the ambivalent results. The paper concludes by discussing the overall approach and the revealed results, the limitations and, ultimately, the implied policy recommendations. © 2025 The Authors.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"quality_standards_compliance","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":">10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Not Specified","outcome2_effectiveness":"Not available","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":8,"id":"tintit_181","title":"Building digital advantage through data connectivity: Cross-Border data flow and the evolution of regional trade","authors":"Peng, S.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029097915?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104880","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study investigates how cross-border data connectivity enhances regional digital trade development in China using provincial panel data from 2013 to 2022 and leveraging the rollout of Cross-border E-commerce Comprehensive Pilot Zones as a proxy for institutionalized data capacity. The study conceptualizes cross-border data flow as a novel production input that reshapes comparative advantages in the digital economy. Findings reveal that improved data endowment significantly accelerates the transformation and upgrading of regional trade structures by stimulating e-commerce activity and expanding international market openness. The trade-enhancing effect of data endowment is stronger in regions with advanced technological infrastructure and higher human capital accumulation, reflecting the significance of absorptive capacity in realizing digital dividends. These results highlight the strategic influence of data infrastructure on driving digital globalization and provide policy insights for fostering inclusive and innovation-driven trade growth. © 2026 The Author.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"digital_trade_regulation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"technology_adoption_digitization","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":"Digital transformation | Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Regional e-commerce activity mediates the effect of cross-border data endowments on digital trade | Regional openness to global markets partially mediates the effect of cross-border data endowments on trade","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":9,"id":"tintit_197","title":"Exports and intergenerational mobility","authors":"Mitra, D.; Pham, H.; Ural Marchand, B.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105032467146?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jinteco.2026.104239","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of International Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Using eight rounds of the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys spanning 16 years and exploiting the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) in 2001, we investigate the impact of this large export shock on intergenerational occupational mobility. The BTA has, on average, led to greater upward absolute occupational mobility among sons and daughters, with effects following roughly a U-shape by age for sons and an inverse-U for daughters. However, relative occupational mobility, inversely related to the gradient of the child’s occupational rank as a function of the parent’s, decreased on average as a result of the BTA, with this effect also varying across age groups. While the BTA improved occupational mobility for an average child, children born to top-ranked parents benefited disproportionately. Also, the BTA increased human capital investment in college education across genders and vocational training for sons. Furthermore, higher individual and initial province-level human capital facilitated this mobility. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Viet Nam","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"inequality_segregation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"skills","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Individual","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Gender","tags":null,"mechanism":"Higher-skilled parents invest more in children's education, increasing returns to human capital and steepening intergenerational rank gradient. | BTA increases college education likelihood for sons and daughters, but vocational training only for sons. | Higher individual and province-level human capital facilitates occupational mobility through the BTA.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":10,"id":"tintit_218","title":"Navigating trade shocks: The impact of the US–China trade war on Japanese exporters and multinational firms","authors":"Matsuura, T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029430083?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2026.101411","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study examines how external shocks spread internationally to firms in third countries through global value chains, focusing on the impact of the US–China trade war on Japanese firms. Firms in Japan that heavily rely on exports to China experienced a 7.5% decline in exports, with non-MNEs showing the greatest impact. Japanese MNE affiliates in China experienced a 34% decrease in exports to the United States, although the overall impact was limited as only a few subsidiaries were involved in US-bound exports. Although, in China, local sales by Japanese affiliates declined by 25%, many of these firms offset this decrease by increasing their exports to Japan and other Asian markets. The dispute also led to a slight reduction in procurement from parent companies in Japan, although this effect was minor. In sum, non-MNE exporters in Japan and MNE affiliates reliant on North American exports have been the most affected by the trade war. © 2026 The Author(s).","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Japan","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":11,"id":"tintit_297","title":"Reciprocal growth and spatial spillover: From the perspective of agricultural trade competitiveness in countries along the BRI route","authors":"Ning, J.; Gao, Y.; Dou, L.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105035701225?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2026.105175","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Based on the cross-country panel data from 2007 to 2024, this study employs the entropy weight model, PSM-DID method, DID spatial model, and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) Model to evaluate how the \"Belt and Road\" initiative (BRI) enhances the agricultural trade competitiveness of countries along the route. The results show that (1) the BRI significantly increases agricultural trade competitiveness at the national and product levels; (2) it affects agricultural trade competitiveness through enhancing technology level, improving infrastructure, and reducing trade costs; (3) the impact of the BRI shows variety, specially, countries with high credit use levels, low economic development levels and institutional quality, and low climate physical risk have a stronger impact; (4) the DID Spatial Durbin Model verifies the prominent spatial spillover effect of the BRI, and the GTWR model tests the spatial distribution of regression among regions. These findings provide empirical evidence for the positive impact of the BRI from the perspective of reciprocal growth, and offer a new insight to promote the high-quality development of the BRI from the perspective of spatial spillover. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"travel_time_costs","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"innovation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country | Product","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"BRI increases agricultural technology level, improving product quality and trade competitiveness | BRI improves communication and transportation infrastructure, reducing trade friction | BRI reduces tariff and non-tariff trade costs, lowering transaction barriers","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":12,"id":"tintit_311","title":"Multilateral trade liberalization and preference erosion: the case of the United Kingdom Global Tariff","authors":"Cipollina, M.; Salvatici, L.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024324313?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.inteco.2025.100665","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We assess the impact of the UK Global Tariff (UKGT) using detailed data on tariffs and imports from 2012 to 2021 to estimate sectoral elasticities of substitution and compute theoretically consistent tariff margins, which incorporate information on multilateral trade resistance. We quantify the impact of the new UK multilateral trade policy by comparing the 2021 trade data with a counterfactual scenario, assuming that tariffs remained unchanged. Our approach exploits cross-product and cross-country variation in treatment over time to identify which countries/sectors are likely to be negatively/positively affected by the UKGT. Distinguishing between final and intermediate imports also allows us to shed light on the UK's role in global value chains. Our results highlight that trade shocks affect all partners, not just targeted exporters, and that changes in trade costs for some influence the competitiveness and trade flows of others. © 2025 The Authors","region":"Europe & Central Asia","country":"United Kingdom","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Product | Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":13,"id":"tintit_333","title":"Access and Impact of Trade Credit on the Benefits of Rice Growing Households in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam","authors":"Cao, H.V.; Nguyen, D.L.; Ho, N.B.; Duong, T.Y.T.; Cao, H.T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034013659?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.36956/rwae.v7i1.2509","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The study aims to estimate the access to and impact of trade credit on the benefits of rice-growing households in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, a region where formal financial access remains limited for smallholder farmers. Using primary data collected from 574 rice farming households across four provinces, the study applies the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method to address selection bias and ensure robust comparison between households with and without access to trade credit. In the first stage, a Probit regression model identifies seven key factors influencing trade credit access. Among them, household income and farming experience negatively affect access, suggesting that wealthier or more experienced farmers may rely less on dealer base credit. In contrast, landholding size, duration of familiarity with input suppliers, geographic distance, social status, and number of suppliers positively influence access, highlighting the importance of trust, reputation, and market connectivity. The second stage of the PSM method, using four matching techniques nearest neighbor, radius, stratification, and kernel demonstrates that access to trade credit improves both yield and profitability. Specifically, households with access achieve rice yields 8.26%–10.61% higher and profits 0.135–0.392 million VND greater per 1,000 m2 than non-accessing households. The study proposes policy recommendations to improve credit accessibility for farmers, enhance input supply relationships, and reduce rural financial exclusion, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural development in the region. © 2026 by the author(s).","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Viet Nam","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"trade_finance_instruments","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Household","timeframe":"Not available","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":14,"id":"tintit_339","title":"Trade diversion and labor market adjustment: Vietnam and the U.S.-China trade war","authors":"Mayr-Dorn, K.; Narciso, G.; Dang, D.A.; Phan, H.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105031006250?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.euroecorev.2026.105282","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"European Economic Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper investigates the effects of the U.S.-China trade war on labor market outcomes in a third country, Vietnam. We exploit variation in the extent of U.S. tariff hikes on Chinese imports across industries as well as pre-existing industry employment patterns in Vietnam. We find that Vietnamese individuals and districts that are more exposed to the trade war experience higher employment and lower informal employment in traded industries. Our findings reveal that bilateral trade policy can substantially affect labor markets in third countries. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Viet Nam","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Individual | District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2","heterogeneity":"Gender | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Trade diversion from China increased U.S. import demand for Vietnamese products, raising producer prices in exposed industries. | Higher producer prices in trade-war-exposed industries increased employment, wages, and hours via search frictions limiting worker mobility. | Shift from informal to formal employment driven by increased demand in traded industries in more exposed districts.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":15,"id":"tintit_344","title":"Beyond bulk freight: How the cross-border rail infrastructure reshapes regional value chains","authors":"Liu, Y.; Tong, S.; Liu, W.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027932117?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.103992","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Transport Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Amid a global shift toward the regionalization of production, large-scale infrastructure projects are expected to catalyze economic integration. However, rigorous evidence on how they reshape complex value chain networks remains scarce. This study proposes a novel methodological framework, the Bootstrap Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model with Difference-in-Differences (BTERGM-DID), to analyze the impact of a major infrastructure project, the China-Laos (C-L) Railway, on the evolution of the China-ASEAN regional value chain (RVC) network. The results indicate that cross-border high-speed rail links between inland regions can reshape the structure of RVC networks, increase links between nodes, and expand central and sub-central regions. Our findings reveal a crucial distinction that the cross-border railway's primary economic function is not that of a traditional resource corridor for bulk commodities. Instead, it operates as a value chain integration corridor, significantly intensifying linkages specifically within time-sensitive manufacturing and tradable service sectors. This research contributes a methodological toolkit for causal network analysis and provides critical evidence on the economic function of modern cross-border infrastructure. We find its value lies not merely in reducing freight costs for commodities, but in catalyzing an ecosystem of supporting services that provides the high-speed, reliable logistics necessary for deep integration into RVC. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China | Lao PDR | Cambodia | Thailand | Viet Nam | Brunei Darussalam | Indonesia | Malaysia | Philippines | Singapore","income_level":"Upper middle income | Lower middle income | High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"border_management_infrastructure","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation | Country | Sector","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Railway reduces time-related frictions enabling new RVC ties in time-sensitive manufacturing and tradable services | Infrastructure facilitates corridor development coordinating logistics nodes, industrial parks, and customs modernization","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":16,"id":"tintit_347","title":"The impact of investment promotion on multinational production: Firm-level evidence","authors":"Carballo, J.; de Artiñano, I.M.; Volpe Martincus, C.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024735495?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103666","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"Yes","idb_study":"Yes","language":"English","abstract":"Countries make use of a wide range of policies to attract multinational firms, but identifying their effects is challenging. In this paper, we provide novel microeconometric evidence on the impacts of one of the most common of such policies: investment promotion. To do so, we combine firm-level data on both the location of multinational firms’ foreign affiliates and detailed service-specific information from Costa Rica's investment promotion agency (IPA) over time. We find that IPA support significantly increases the probability that a multinational firm establishes its first affiliate in the country. We then show that this effect is particularly strong for information services and on multinational firms from home countries and in sectors potentially facing more severe information frictions. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.","region":"Latin America & Caribbean","country":"Costa Rica","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_promotion_facilitation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv | did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"IPA reduces information frictions, lowering location-specific fixed costs for first affiliate establishment. | Information services specifically help multinationals acquire accurate local business condition data. | Effect stronger for firms from countries with language/cultural differences or sectors with complex, differentiated products.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":17,"id":"tintit_372","title":"Trade agreements and sustainable fisheries","authors":"Bayramoglu, B.; Gozlan, E.; Nedoncelle, C.; Tarabbia, T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024495690?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107236","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"World Development","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study examines the impact of trade agreements and their specific provisions on the sustainability of marine fisheries resources. Using global data on the Mean Trophic Level (MTL) between 1950 and 2018 and a comprehensive dataset of environmental provisions from trade agreements signed between 1947 and 2018, we estimate the impact on the MTL of signing (i) a free trade agreement and (ii) a free trade agreement including fishery-related provisions. To address potential endogeneity problems associated with fisheries-related provisions, we use a difference-in-differences (DID) propensity score matching method. Our results show that while trade agreements tend to negatively impact the MTL, including fisheries-related provisions offsets this negative impact among signatory countries. By examining the potential mechanisms underlying this result, we are able to temper the optimistic findings in the existing literature on the beneficial environmental outcomes of environmental provisions. Our findings suggest that these provisions do not foster the adoption of more effective resource management practices. Instead, they appear to reduce trade opportunities, which is contrary to the objective of trade creation in trade agreements. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"environmental_quality_emissions","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country | Other","timeframe":"5-10 | 2-5 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":"FRPs reduce fish landings and exports, counteracting trade liberalization rather than improving fishing practices. | FRPs do not lead to adoption of sustainable fishing techniques (e.g., reduction in trawling share). | Ecological gains arise mainly from restrictions on fishing volumes and trade opportunities.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":18,"id":"tintit_401","title":"Trade liberalisation and firm-level employment a case study of the EU eastern enlargement","authors":"Brändle, T.; Kalweit, R.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105025368376?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s10663-025-09670-2","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Empirica","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper analyses employment effects of the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union (EU) in German firms. The literature has so far identified such effects using difference-in-differences estimators treating the EU Eastern Enlargement as a single event or using border regions as treatment intensity indicators. This paper re-evaluates the existing results using more recent and detailed data on actual tariff reductions. We recall that the EU Eastern Enlargement is a process of integration and continuous trade liberalization rather than a single event. We exploit that process and use actual variations in tariffs to identify causal effects of trade liberalisation on employment in German firms affected by these tariff cuts. There are negligible effects of tariff reductions from the EU Eastern Enlargement on overall employment in German firms. We find, a positive correlation between employment and tariff reductions, which is, however not causal, and potentially due to selection, as we also find higher employment growth in exporting firms. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.","region":"Europe & Central Asia","country":"Germany","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector | Size of the firms","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":19,"id":"tintit_416","title":"Catalysts for third-country market entry: The role of preferential trade agreements","authors":"He, Q.; Luo, X.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036892365?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.107437","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"World Development","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Preferential trade agreement (PTA) membership is known to divert trade volumes away from nonmember (third) countries along the intensive margin of trade, yet much less is known about its effects on third-country market entry along the extensive margin of trade. This paper examines whether PTAs catalyze market entry into third countries, and more broadly whether PTAs create spillover effects beyond member countries that matter for development. Using bilateral trade data from 1948 to 2020, we employ a difference-in-differences strategy, and find that the third-country market entry rate rises by 2.1% when the origin country has a PTA partner in the destination region, even after accounting for prior regional export experience. This effect is comparable in magnitude to both the origin and destination countries joining the WTO. We further show that this effect is stronger when the destination and the origin's PTA partners are more closely linked through deep integration, common language, and colonial ties, and when products are differentiated or regulation-intensive. Beyond these heterogeneity analyses, we shed light on the underlying mechanism by showing that preferential PTA provisions enhance regional market access. The resulting scale effect appears to be an important channel through which higher variable profits help exporters cover the costs of entering third-country markets. Overall, our findings highlight the quantitative importance of the third-country entry effect of PTAs in explaining trade growth and offer broader implications for choosing optimal PTA partners. © 2026","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | selection","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country | Product","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Extended gravity (deep integration, common language, colonial ties) between destination and PTA partners reduces entry costs | Scale effect: PTA partners grant preferential regional market access, increasing exports and profitability to cover entry costs | Learning-to-comply: regulatory experience from PTA partners transfers to new markets via standard harmonization","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":20,"id":"tintit_439","title":"Minimum wage regulations: What it reveals about the Chinese forest products industry?","authors":"Guan, Y.; Cheng, X.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, P.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034522131?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2026.105178","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study investigates the impact of China's 2004 Minimum Wage Regulations on the export performance of the forest products industry. Exploiting the nationwide implementation of the regulations as a quasi-natural experiment, we apply a difference-in-differences approach to a large firm-level panel from the Annual Industrial Survey Database. The results show that the minimum wage policy exerted a statistically significant negative effect on exports in the short run. Mechanism analysis reveals that firms responded by raising capital intensity while experiencing slower growth in average wages, alongside reductions in fixed asset investment and leverage. Although fixed asset investment declined significantly—contrary to the neoclassical prediction of labor-capital substitution—the policy appears to have induced efficiency improvements and structural adjustments among surviving firms. Heterogeneity analysis by ownership structure indicates that the negative export effect is present in both state-influenced and private firms, with some differences in adjustment magnitude and channels. Overall, the findings illustrate the dual role of minimum wage policies in labor-abundant emerging economies: they impose short-term costs on export competitiveness while potentially fostering long-term structural upgrading. These results offer important insights for policymakers seeking to balance worker protection with industrial competitiveness, and for foreign investors evaluating risks and opportunities in China's forest products sector. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms","tags":null,"mechanism":"Increased capital-labor ratio reducing export competitiveness | Reduced fixed asset investment due to liquidity constraints and adjustment costs | Wage compression and deleveraging constraining export capacity","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Main","outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":21,"id":"tintit_442","title":"Depth, trade, and welfare analysis of the CPTPP and RCEP: Does deepening RCEP to CPTPP standards make a difference?","authors":"Sivathas, K.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105032406153?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.chieco.2026.102677","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"China Economic Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The preferential trade agreements CPTPP and RCEP from the Asia-Pacific region are frequently quoted as good examples of plurilateralism with sustainable trade and development policies that go beyond WTO-mandated policy areas. The general opinion is that CPTPP is comparatively deeper than RCEP. China is a member of RCEP and an applicant to join CPTPP. I examine the trade and welfare impacts of CPTPP and RCEP by considering their levels of deepness as measured by the provisions they include, with special attention to China. I measure the depth of trade agreements by applying the machine learning clustering algorithm “kmeanspp” to the updated deep trade agreements database by World bank. The welfare impacts are then evaluated using general equilibrium modeling within the structural gravity framework. Contrary to general opinion, the measurement shows that RCEP is as deep as CPTPP based on the provisions they currently contain. Deepening RCEP to CPTPP standards does not change its deepness as considered by the clustering algorithm. When depth is considered, the trade-creating effect of both the CPTPP and RCEP decreases by 42% compared to when depth is not considered. When CPTPP and RCEP coexist, China’s welfare gain from RCEP is 0.08%, and it remains at 0.08% even if China joins CPTPP alongside other potential members. If the USA joins CPTPP, China’s welfare gain from RCEP falls to 0.07%. © 2026 The Author.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"2-5 | 5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":22,"id":"tintit_464","title":"Enhancing cross-border rail connectivity: A quasi-natural experiment on boosting regional innovation performance through the China-Laos railway","authors":"Liu, Y.; Tong, S.; Ma, X.; Liu, W.; Miao, Y.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105035588250?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101640","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Research in Transportation Business and Management","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Does connecting to a less-developed economy stimulate innovation in a more advanced partner? Using the opening of the China-Laos Railway (CLR) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study investigates its transformative effects on regional innovation in Chinese provinces. Integrating a dynamic optimization model with a rigorous staggered difference-in-differences (DID) framework, the analysis reveals that the railway significantly enhances innovation output. Crucially, this surge is driven by “adaptive innovation”, reflecting a market-driven response to the specific developmental needs of ASEAN. We identify a unique “bridging effect”, where connectivity stimulates innovation through the demand-side channel driven by trade geographic concentration and a supply-side channel driven by resource allocation efficiency. These findings challenge the traditional North-South innovation narrative, positioning cross-border infrastructure as a catalyst for converting trade corridors into innovation corridors. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China | Lao PDR","income_level":"Upper middle income | Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"border_management_infrastructure","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"innovation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":null,"mechanism":"Trade geographic concentration with ASEAN (demand-side): CLR increases export concentration toward ASEAN, raising returns to adaptive innovation. | Resource allocation efficiency (supply-side): CLR improves TFP via reduced logistics costs, enabling firms to redirect resources to R&D.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":23,"id":"tintit_469","title":"Geopolitics, trade wars, and the rise of friendshoring: Evidence from APEC economies","authors":"Valdiglesias, J.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105033960060?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.resglo.2026.100354","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Research in Globalization","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study investigates the rise of friendshoring and its effects on international trade within APEC economies, emphasizing trade reorientation rather than large-scale production relocation under geopolitical tensions. Using data from 21 APEC members—including the United States and China—this research classifies economies into (i) U.S.- and China-aligned partners, (ii) countries sharing institutional and political values, and (iii) economies with high integration in global value chains (GVCs). Employing pooled, fixed-effects, random-effects, and mixed-effects panel models, the analysis identifies robust associations between the U.S.–China trade war and bilateral export patterns, while carefully accounting for heterogeneity across countries and sectors. Results indicate that friendshoring has intensified since 2018 primarily through trade rerouting, with economies exhibiting stronger GVC integration—such as Vietnam—capturing the largest gains. By disentangling the effects of geopolitical alignment from GVC participation, this study clarifies the distributional consequences of friendshoring and offers policy-relevant evidence for developing economies seeking to capitalize on trade reconfiguration without engaging in extensive production relocation. These findings contribute to understanding how global value chains adapt under geopolitical shocks and inform strategies for resilient and politically aligned trade networks. © 2026 The Author(s)","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":24,"id":"tintit_507","title":"Unraveling the Impact of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) on Industrial Growth An Analysis of the Palu Industrial SEZ, Indonesia","authors":"Manilet, Y.R.; Sulistyaningrum, E.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027437953?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.14246/irspsd.14.1_267","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are designed to stimulate economic development through high value-added industries, a strategy highly relevant for Palu, a city grappling with deindustrialization. The Palu SEZ was established to promote industrial growth and facilitate reindustrialization efforts. However, its implementation is constrained by challenges, including limited investor engagement and inadequate infrastructure. This study assesses the impact of the Palu SEZ on industrial growth using a quasi-experimental Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, leveraging macroeconomic data from regencies in Central Sulawesi Province to control for confounding factors. The results indicate that the Palu SEZ has not yet significantly influenced industrial sector growth, a finding that contrasts with prior studies reporting positive impacts of SEZs on other economic indicators. Copyright@SPSD Press from 2010 SPSD Press Kanazawa.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Indonesia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":25,"id":"tintit_511","title":"Online Allies? Exploring Black Travelers’ Perceptions of DMO Social Advocacy Statements","authors":"Tucker, C.N.; McGehee, N.G.; Lamoureux, K.M.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85210158293?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1177/00472875241294235","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Travel Research","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Many U.S. destination marketing organizations (DMOs) have utilized social media to express support for the Black community amidst the Black Lives Matter racial justice movement. Current research lacks insight into ways in which Black travelers judge these efforts known as advocacy statements. This study uses a 2 × 2 experimental design to examine how Black travelers evaluate various forms of statements. Additionally, this work explores the mediating role of relational legitimacy between advocacy statements and behavioral intentions and finds it to be significant. Black travelers in this study find statements containing both an image and text to be the most appropriate form of digital social advocacy. Organizations can leverage these findings to create effective advocacy campaigns that go beyond performative acts and reflect substantive policies and strategies. © The Author(s) 2024","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_market_destination","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"user_satisfaction","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experimental evaluation","method":"experimental","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Individual","timeframe":"Not available","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":"Relational legitimacy mediates the effect of advocacy statements on behavioral intentions by affirming Black travelers' racial identity.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":26,"id":"tintit_586","title":"The impact of trade facilitation in RCEP members on China’s exports: evidence from aquatic products trade","authors":"Hou, C.; Chen, Z.; Liao, Z.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105035527875?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.46989/001c.159704","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Trade facilitation serves as a new engine for economic growth in the post-tariff era and a key driver for trade development. Based on an analysis of China’s current exports of aquatic products to other RCEP member countries and the development of trade facilitation measures among these countries, this study employs an extended trade gravity model to empirically examine the impact of trade facilitation on China’s exports of aquatic products. The research findings indicate that trade facilitation among RCEP member countries is generally convenient. For every 1% increase in trade facilitation, China’s aquatic products expand by 3.47%, with a significant impact on export trade. In the current context of heightened trade uncertainty, this study offers valuable insights for the steady development of the aquatic products trade. © 2026, Saabron Press LLC. All rights reserved.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":27,"id":"tintit_642","title":"Subsidies, new firms, and productivity in global manufacturing","authors":"Belloc, F.; Lofaro, A.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024702009?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.ijindorg.2025.103238","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Journal of Industrial Organization","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We investigate how government subsidies influence the productivity of new firms, by leveraging data on more than 30,000 government subsidy initiatives and about 1.2 million manufacturing firms distributed worldwide in the years 2012-2019. First, using a DiD framework with multiple time periods, we document that sectors exposed to subsidies experience a statistically significant increase in new firm entry rates. We then examine the firm-level data through a series of augmented 3-way FE DiD models. Our findings reveal that subsidies have significant effects on the productivity of new firms. On average, subsidies lead to the entry of new firms with 5.53 % lower productivity compared to those entering untreated markets. The productivity gap of new firms in subsidized markets persists in the years after entry. We also apply a text recognition method to analyze the effects of specific subsidy attributes. We find that unconditional tax breaks and loans are mostly responsible for the negative effects of subsidies, while subsidies promoting firm internationalization and investments by small firms may lead to the establishment of more productive firms. Subsidies aimed at supporting the adoption of green and automation technologies do not always reduce the productivity of new firms. Finally, estimates about incumbents’ performance show that subsidies may intensify competition in the market and do not necessarily lead to greater resource misallocation within sectors. © 2025 The Author(s)","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"export_promotion_policies","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"firm_entry_exit_formality","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"market_concentration","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation | Area or polygon","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Subsidies lower entry costs, attracting lower-capability firms with systematically lower initial productivity | Export promotion and SME-targeted subsidies enable new entrants to acquire better equipment or capabilities | Subsidies erode incumbents' market shares, pressuring their productivity and survival","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":28,"id":"tintit_656","title":"Are Romanian Resorts Smart? A Destination-Based Analysis","authors":"Balint, C.I.; Tudose-Pop, I.; Gheorghe, G.; Coroș, M.M.; Popescu, D.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105030257367?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-11639-0_14","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics","journal_rank":"Not indexed/Other","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study explores the extent to which Romanian resorts of national interest can be considered “smart destinations” and examines the impact of smart technologies on key tourism indicators. The added value of this research lies in its comprehensive, destination-based analysis of the 54 officially designated resorts of national interest, providing a quantitative assessment of their digitalization and smart features, a topic of growing relevance for tourism competitiveness and sustainability. The research aims to assess the level of smartness across these resorts and to evaluate its influence on tourist arrivals, overnight stays, and average lengths of stay. A composite Smart Indicator was developed, comprising 39 components such as website presence, multilingual support, mobile applications, social media activity, digital services for tourists and residents, accessibility for people with disabilities, and smart mobility solutions. For each resort, the presence or absence of these features was systematically coded (1/0), based on official sources. Panel data covering the 2001–2023 timeframe were compiled for key tourism metrics. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS and XLSTAT, testing the hypotheses regarding the relationship between the Smart Indicator and tourism performance. The results reveal significant disparities in smartness levels among the scrutinized resorts, with coastal destinations generally outperforming mountain and balneary resorts. Statistical findings confirm that higher smartness levels are positively associated with increased tourist arrivals, more overnight stays, and longer average lengths of stay, although the magnitude of these effects varies by resort type. The study concludes that advancing smart features is crucial for enhancing the competitiveness, sustainability, and resilience of Romanian resorts. Policy recommendations include targeted investment in digital infrastructure and a focus on inclusive, sustainable smart solutions tailored to each resort’s profile. © The Author(s) 2026.","region":"Europe & Central Asia","country":"Romania","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_market_destination","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"visitor_flows_engagement","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Area or polygon","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Digital transformation","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":29,"id":"tintit_689","title":"The impact of digital trade rules on firms' international joint patent applications","authors":"Liu, B.; Liu, C.; Li, C.; Chen, X.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020776414?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105366","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Research Policy","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"International joint patent applications, a means of legal protection for co-developed technologies by firms from different countries, are being affected by the emerging digital trade rules. We use data on firms' joint patent applications with foreign partners from the Bureau van Dijk Orbis Intellectual Property database to investigate the impact of digital trade rules on international joint patent applications at the firm level. Our empirical result suggests that digital trade rules included within preferential trade agreements significantly promote local firms' international joint patent applications. This result holds after a series of endogeneity tests and robustness checks. In addition, we find that the promotion effect is heterogeneous across the types of provisions, the digital intensity of sectors, the geographical contiguity between countries and the types of collaboration entities. Moreover, we demonstrate that digital trade rules promote firms' international joint patent applications through a critical mechanism that digital regulatory differences between countries are reduced. Furthermore, we find that digital trade rules increase the breadth, depth, and quality of firms' international joint patent applications. Overall, our study enriches the understanding of the effects of digital trade rules and sheds light on the factors that influence firms' international joint patent applications. © 2025 The Authors","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"digital_trade_regulation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"innovation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"Not available","heterogeneity":"Economic sector | Size of the geographical unit","tags":"Digital transformation","mechanism":"Digital trade rules reduce digital regulatory differences between countries, lowering compliance costs for cross-border data flows","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":30,"id":"tintit_710","title":"The impact of data protection laws on Chinese digital cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A quasi-natural experiment based on the EU’s general data protection regulation","authors":"Yu, M.; Ye, X.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026527355?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0331246","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"PLOS ONE","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"With the rapid growth of the digital economy, international investment activities exemplified by digital cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are increasingly active. Does the host country’s data regulation affect China’s digital cross-border M&A? This study, based on a panel dataset of Chinese digital cross-border M&A from 2009 to 2021, evaluates the impact of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on China’s digital cross-border M&A using the PSM-DID model. The research findings indicate: (1) The implementation of GDPR significantly adversely affects Chinese enterprises engaging in digital cross-border M&A within the European Union (EU), a conclusion upheld after various robustness checks; (2) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that compared to lower-middle-income countries, high-income countries’ GDPR policies exert a more pronounced inhibiting effect on China’s digital cross-border M&A; (3) Moderation effect analysis suggests that the improvement of the digital infrastructure level, the expansion of market size, and reduction in trade costs within EU countries will mitigate GDPR’s inhibitory effect on Chinese enterprises conducting digital cross-border M&A. © 2026 Yu, Ye. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"digital_trade_regulation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":null,"mechanism":"Higher compliance costs and information costs reduce non-EU firms' ability to access data in EU markets | GDPR restricts data collection, reducing market competitiveness and profits of non-EU digital firms | Digital infrastructure, market size, and trade costs moderate GDPR's inhibitory effect on cross-border M&A","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":31,"id":"tintit_712","title":"Institutional openness and upgradation in the global value chain of manufacturing: Evidence from Chinese micro-enterprises","authors":"Liu, Y.; Xie, J.; Du, Y.; Zhang, Y.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026706781?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104885","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Leveraging micro-level data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises spanning 2007 to 2013, this study empirically investigates the impact of institutional openness on the upgradation of manufacturing firms within the value chain and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. The empirical findings robustly demonstrate that institutional openness significantly facilitates the value chain enhancement of manufacturing enterprises. Improvements in the business environment, increased trade facilitation, and the evolution of digital trade all contribute positively to this upgrade. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that institutional openness exerts a stronger positive effect on value chain advancement for enterprises located in eastern regions, incumbent firms, non-state-owned enterprises, and those engaged in mixed trade. Furthermore, extended analyses underscore that institutional openness promotes value chain advancement by reducing institutional transaction costs, augmenting technological innovation, and deepening the division of labor. Notably, institutional openness incentivizes domestic firms to engage in high value-added activities rather than exporting on a mass scale with low value-added products. The conclusions bear significant implications for the strategic utilization of institutional openness to achieve transformative advancements in the global value chain for “Made in China” initiatives. © 2026 The Author(s).","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"innovation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"access_better_inputs","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity | Digital transformation","mechanism":"Institutional openness reduces institutional transaction costs, freeing resources for value-added activities | Institutional openness boosts firm technological innovation through resource inflows and knowledge spillovers | Institutional openness deepens factor specialization by reducing barriers to cross-border factor mobility","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Mechanism","outcome4_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":32,"id":"tintit_724","title":"The impact of the depth of environmental provisions in regional trade agreements on China’s fisheries and aquaculture trade","authors":"Cai, Y.; Chen, W.; Zeng, X.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105031643030?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.3389/fsufs.2026.1741505","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Based on a panel data covering China and 47 major partner countries from 2000 to 2019, this study employs an extended gravity model to systematically examine the impact of environmental provisions depth in regional trade agreements on China’s fisheries and aquaculture products trade. The results show that deeper environmental provisions significantly reduce China’s aquatic product imports but have no significant effect on exports. The robustness of these findings is supported by endogeneity corrections and multiple robustness checks. Heterogeneity analysis reveals clear structural differences. Trade restrictive provisions significantly reduce imports, whereas trade facilitative provisions exert no notable effect; the import-reducing effect is particularly pronounced in long-distance trade and high-income country markets, but insignificant in short-distance and non-high-income country samples, highlighting the critical moderating roles of geographic distance and development level in determining the effectiveness of institutional rules. This study is the first to focus specifically on China’s fisheries and aquaculture sector, providing empirical evidence on the economic effects of green trade rules. Copyright © 2026 Cai, Chen and Zeng.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":33,"id":"tintit_747","title":"Addressing Regulatory Barriers to Trade in Services in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"Blyde, J.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105032792394?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.31389/eco.509","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Economia","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"Yes","idb_study":"Yes","language":"English","abstract":"Most barriers to trade in services stem from regulatory measures. This study assesses the degree of regulatory restrictiveness affecting trade in services across Latin America and the Caribbean and the degree of disparities in these measures. It then analyzes the impact of both the level of restrictions and the extent of regulatory divergence on service trade flows. Latin America emerges as a region with a mixed level of service trade restrictions and with a significant level of regulatory disparity across the individual countries. The econometric results indicate that higher regulatory barriers and greater regulatory disparities are both negatively associated with trade in services. The findings suggest that countries in the region could enhance service trade by reducing regulatory restrictions and harmonizing regulatory frameworks. © 2026 The Author(s).","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":34,"id":"tintit_757","title":"Tightening or Loosening? The Effects of Uncertainty on the Design of Preferential Trade Agreements","authors":"Biffi, L.; Winkler, C.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027644015?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1017/S1474745625101419","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"World Trade Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"To mitigate uncertainty, it is often assumed that governments negotiate ample flexibility provisions when entering new international treaties. Yet, the case of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) suggests that governments prioritize the more stringent commitments when faced with uncertainty. In this paper, we investigate the effects of uncertainty spikes occurring during negotiations on the design of 251 bilateral PTAs. Our theory proposes that sharp increases in uncertainty make governments more prone to signing deeper PTAs to emphasize their commitment to liberalization. In doing so, governments cater to firms’ demands for institutions protecting investment, upholding intellectual property rights, and promoting regulatory harmonization. We find robust evidence that PTAs are deeper when the contracting parties are faced with uncertainty spikes during negotiations. However, we do not find equally consistent evidence that countries also make PTAs more flexible. While much of the rational-design literature has focused on flexibility as a tool to cope with uncertainty, our findings suggest that countries rather tend to tighten their international commitments in turbulent times. © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"reforms_approved_agreements","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"selection","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Other","timeframe":"Not available","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":"Firms lobby for deeper PTAs to reduce political risk and regulatory uncertainty during uncertainty spikes | Deep PTAs signal credible commitment to liberalization, reducing investment and trade risks for firms | Uncertainty spikes increase demand for investment protection, IPR enforcement, and regulatory harmonization provisions","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":35,"id":"tintit_844","title":"Does the deepening of trade agreements promote bilateral value chain cooperation between China and ASEAN countries?","authors":"Hu, X.; Yu, C.; Sun, Y.; Zhao, J.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026903269?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2026.104893","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study examines the impact of deepening Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on bilateral value chain cooperation between China and ASEAN. The results show that deeper FTA provisions promote cooperation by stimulating bilateral foreign direct investment, improving institutional quality, and deepening vertical specialization. Our analysis reveals that “WTO+” provisions significantly enhance value chain cooperation in labor-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sectors, while “WTO-X” provisions most notably affect capital-intensive industries, followed by technology-intensive industries, with a weaker effect on labor-intensive sectors. Additionally, the complementary industrial structure between China and ASEAN, along with the gradual evolution of FTAs, strengthens the promoting effect of FTA deepening on bilateral value chain cooperation. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to foster stronger bilateral cooperation between China and ASEAN countries. © 2026 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China | Indonesia | Malaysia | Philippines | Singapore | Thailand | Viet Nam | Cambodia | Lao PDR | Brunei Darussalam","income_level":"Upper middle income | High income | Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Sector | Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"FTA deepening increases bilateral FDI flows, which enhances value chain cooperation | FTA deepening improves institutional quality in member countries, promoting value chain cooperation | FTA deepening boosts vertical specialization gaps, deepening bilateral value chain cooperation","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":36,"id":"tintit_944","title":"The impact of trade facilitation on the international competitiveness of agricultural products: a case study of the construction of China’s pilot free trade zones","authors":"Li, Z.; Ding, X.; Li, J.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034205133?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.3389/fsufs.2026.1774748","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Introduction: The elimination of cross-border trade barriers and the enhancement of trade facilitation have emerged as critical drivers for high-quality regional economic development. This study focuses on the agricultural sector to investigate how trade facilitation, particularly through the establishment of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones, affects the international competitiveness of agricultural products. Methods: Utilizing Chinese panel data from 2009 to 2024, this paper conducts an empirical analysis using methods such as the Multi-period Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, mediation models, and heterogeneity analysis. It assesses the impact of trade facilitation (measured by the implementation of FTZs) on the international competitiveness of agricultural products, exploring its transmission pathways and the influence of regional characteristics. Results: The study finds:(1)The establishment of FTZs significantly enhances the global standing of China’s agricultural products, driven by efficient customs clearance and regulatory coordination mechanisms.(2)FTZs intensify market competition, triggering a “forced mechanism” that promotes technological innovation and labor productivity improvements.(3)These zones improve the agricultural financial system, alleviate financing constraints, and optimize resource allocation. (4)Policy dividends are more pronounced in regions with superior infrastructure, larger production scales, and higher levels of brand standardization. Discussion: It is recommended that different regions adopt localized strategies: coastal areas should lead in digital governance and AI-based services, while inland regions should focus on cold-chain logistics and specialized trade in deep-processed products. Cooperatives should be leveraged to bridge “small-scale production” with the “vast global market.” Additionally, integrating cross-border e-commerce and innovative rural financial products is essential to buffer operational risks and drive the technological upgrading of China’s agricultural sector. Copyright © 2026 Li, Ding and Li.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"access_finance_capital","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":"innovation","outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity | Digital transformation","mechanism":"FTZs intensify market competition, forcing technological innovation and labor productivity improvements in agriculture | FTZs improve the agricultural financial services system, alleviating financing constraints and optimizing resource allocation","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Mechanism","outcome4_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":"Mechanism","outcome5_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":37,"id":"tintit_978","title":"Third-country MNEs, trade wars, and competitive opportunities: a real-options perspective","authors":"Ma, H.; Clougherty, J.A.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105022306643?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1057/s41267-025-00821-y","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of International Business Studies","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"While geopolitical conflicts, including trade wars, have garnered substantial scholarly attention in recent years, the impact on the outsider firms not directly involved in such conflicts remains underexplored. Engaging in real-options informed analysis, we examine how MNEs from third countries may respond to trade wars by capitalizing on the potential for competitive opportunities: where trade wars prompt the scaling up of third-country subsidiary operations in the involved countries. We further explore how the strategic responses of third-country MNEs to the opportunities presented by a trade war can be enhanced by the strategic flexibility manifest in parent-MNE multinationality, the resources and networks embedded in local partners, and the presence of bilateral economic agreements. Employing the 2018 US–China trade war as an empirical context, our panel data encompass 3601 Chinese subsidiary operations for outsider MNEs hailing from 51 countries, which yields 14,404 annual subsidiary-level observations to conduct difference-in-differences analysis. The empirical results indicate that third-country MNEs disproportionately expanded their Chinese operations in response to the US–China tariff conflict, and that these strategic responses were pronounced for subsidiaries with highly multinational parents, local partnerships in the involved country, and a home–host country bilateral agreement. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Factor-market advantages: trade war reduces labor and capital costs for third-country MNEs in involved country. | Strategic-competition improvement: involved-country MNEs face higher costs, benefiting third-country rivals.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":38,"id":"tintit_1034","title":"Countries don't trade, firms do: A firm-level assessment of CETA","authors":"Cernat, L.; Díaz-Mora, C.; Gil-Pareja, S.; Esteve, S.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105018210131?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104672","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) has been analysed by numerous empirical studies that focus on their effect on trade values. But what about the number of trading firms? Do FTAs lead to new firms becoming exporters or importers? Using data from the OECD-Eurostat Trade by Enterprise Characteristics dataset and estimating a structural gravity model, this paper examines the effect of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) on the number of EU exporting and importing firms. When debating its future effects during the negotiations, the CETA agreement was the subject of both hope and criticism, including its potential negative effect on small firms. We explore the heterogeneous response of firms to CETA by sector, firm size and EU country. We find a positive but diverse response from EU firms to the opportunities offered by the CETA agreement. On average, CETA increased the number of EU exporting firms by around 11%. The largest increases were found in Spain and Lithuania (over 30%), while the lowest increases were in Italy (8.7%). The increase in the number of trading firms has been higher for small than for large firms. These findings underscore the importance of considering firm-level impacts in trade policy assessments. © 2025","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation | Country","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":39,"id":"tintit_1063","title":"Trade Policy Reversion: Quantifying the Diversionary Impact of Non-Tariff Barriers on Bilateral Trade Flows (2015–2024)","authors":"Pashchuk, L.; Lvova, N.; Zavhorodnia, O.; Zhmurenko, V.; Runcheva, N.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027767343?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.57017/jaes.v20.4(90).05","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Applied Economic Sciences","journal_rank":"Not indexed/Other","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In recent years, protectionism has become a hallmark of the global economy and international trade. This study quantifies the measurable impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers on bilateral trade flows among 30 major economies from 2015 to 2024. Employing a panel data gravity model, the paper specifies the logarithm of bilateral trade flows as the dependent variable, with average tariff rates and a non-tariff measures (NTM) index as key explanatory variables, while controlling for GDP, exchange rate volatility, distance, and trade agreements. Estimations are performed using fixed-effects and instrumental-variable approaches to address potential endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity. The empirical results reveal that a one-percentage-point increase in tariffs reduces bilateral trade flows by 0.12%, while a 0.1-point rise in the NTM index lowers trade by 3.5%, confirming the diversionary effects of modern protectionism. The findings demonstrate that regulatory protectionism exerts stronger trade-restrictive effects than traditional tariffs, particularly in technology-intensive sectors. Policymakers are urged to design adaptive trade strategies that preserve national competitiveness while maintaining open global trade channels to ensure sustainable growth. © 2025 The Author(s).","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":40,"id":"tintit_1101","title":"Does a special economic zone impact the surrounding economy? The case study of Kendal, Indonesia","authors":"Wardhana, I.W.; Riesfandiari, I.; Jamal, E.; Hanifah, V.W.; Pihri, P.; Handoyo, F.W.; Purwono, N.; Ramadhan, R.P.; Setyawan, B.; Placek, M.; W, B.P.A.; Chrysanti, N.D.; Daniswara, R.M.; Wijanarko, B.; Setiadi, E.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219744444?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1057/s41599-025-04448-0","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have become pivotal instruments for fostering regional development and industrial growth worldwide, yet comprehensive socioeconomic and spatial impacts remain crucial for understanding their true potential. This study aimed to evaluate the impact and identify the challenges of the SEZ in Indonesia, namely Kendal SEZ, by employing a mixed-methods approach to better capture the nuances of the SEZ’s impacts on the surrounding economy. A qualitative analysis was conducted as an exploratory phase involving SEZ management, enterprises, and government representatives. The quantitative analysis used Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Difference (PSM-DiD) and Geospatial Methods. Findings reveal a positive impact on increasing total household expenditures, reflecting enhanced community well-being. This SEZ strengthened the manufacturing sector, as evidenced by the increased location quotient. Spatial analysis reveals heightened economic activity via Night-Time Light emissions. The Kendal SEZ emerged as a driver of local economic growth and advanced industrial development among Indonesia’s SEZ models despite challenges like infrastructure and technical limitations. Our study contributes robust empirical evidence of the direct and indirect impacts of SEZs on regional economic development. We suggest that future policy considerations should address infrastructure and workforce challenges to sustain and enhance the benefits of SEZ. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Indonesia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"household_welfare_poverty","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"firm_entry_exit_formality","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"matching | did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":"Cost information","unit_observation":"Household | Area or polygon | District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"1-2 | 2-5","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Main","outcome4_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":41,"id":"tintit_1126","title":"THE IMPACT OF NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OF THE EU ON THE EXPORT OF KEY AGRARIAN GOODS OF UKRAINE","authors":"Butenko, O.; Kot, O.; Kozub, V.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027540724?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.35774/jee2025.04.579","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of European Economy","journal_rank":"Q4","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The article analyses the impact of the European Union’s non-tariff barriers – particularly sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT) – on the volume and structure of Ukraine’s agricultural exports over the period 2015–2025. The aim of the study is to quantitatively assess the trade costs generated by EU regulatory requirements and to identify patterns in their influence on the commodity composition of exports, taking into account institutional developments such as the implementation of the DCFTA Agreement and temporary trade liberalization measures. The methodological framework of the research is based on gravity modeling using the PPML estimator, complemented by the calculation of ad valorem equivalents that capture the magnitude of non-tariff pressure. Unlike previous studies, this work provides the first detailed quantitative assessment of the impact of SPS notifications on specific groups of Ukrainian agricultural products over a ten-year period, enabling the identification of hidden trade costs generated by regulatory requirements. The analysis reveals differentiated sensitivity across product groups: exports of sugar and sunflower oil are the most vulnerable to increasing SPS burdens, whereas the impact of TBT measures exhibits greater heterogeneity and is partially mitigated by the digitalization of procedures and the harmonization of technical standards. The results offer new insights into the role of non-tariff barriers in shaping Ukraine’s agricultural trade flows and form an analytical basis for enhancing the effectiveness of export support policies, aligning production processes with European standards, and developing digital certification platforms. The proposed approach also makes it possible to forecast future trade costs and optimize strategies for entering the EU market, which is of practical importance for building a resilient and competitive Ukrainian agricultural export sector under conditions of intensifying regulatory pressure. © Olena Butenko, Olena Kot, Viktoria Kozub, 2025.","region":"Europe & Central Asia","country":"Ukraine","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"quality_standards_compliance","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"travel_time_costs","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country | Product","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Digital transformation | Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":42,"id":"tintit_1162","title":"Ecotourism and economic sustainable development of local communities from the lens of technological innovation: the synergistic role of green industry and social capital","authors":"Yan, L.; Gooi, L.-M.; Huang, W.; Wang, X.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105021039180?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104720","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Based on provincial panel data from China spanning 2012 to 2022, this study employs the propensity score matching method to effectively address potential endogeneity concerns. A two-way fixed effects model is further applied to systematically examine the impact mechanism of ecotourism on the economic sustainable development of local communities. The empirical results reveal that ecotourism not only directly contributes to enhancing community sustainability but also exerts a significant mediating effect through the stimulation of technological innovation. Further analysis indicates that the development of green industrial systems and the accumulation of social capital can effectively strengthen the positive impact of ecotourism. Notably, this promotive effect varies across regions, with more pronounced outcomes observed in areas characterized by stronger digital infrastructure, more stable ecological environments, and higher levels of human capital. Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_investment_assets","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"innovation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":null,"mechanism":"Technological innovation mediates the effect of ecotourism on community economic sustainability | Green industry moderates and amplifies the positive effect of ecotourism on sustainability | Social capital enhances benefit diffusion and resource governance in ecotourism communities","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":43,"id":"tintit_1253","title":"Econometric evaluation of the China–US trade war effects","authors":"Cai, Z.; Li, J.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105023494788?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.chieco.2025.102567","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"China Economic Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The escalating trade war between China and the US, initiated in 2018, has significantly impacted the trade pattern of these two nations. This event can be treated as an intervention which has led to a series of retaliatory actions, resulting in substantial economic and trade frictions between the two largest economies. This paper aims to analyze the economic impacts of the trade war effects using advanced econometric techniques. Our empirical study employs panel data analysis combined with a factor model, inspired by the methodologies of Hsiao, Ching and Wan (2012) and Bai, Li and Ouyang (2014), to construct trade patterns for both China and the US. By using annual trade data from multiple countries as a control group, we construct counterfactual results for China’s and the US’s imports, exports, and trade balance, respectively. Under a nonstationary setting, the counterfactual results indicate a significant decline in China’s exports and a notable reduction in its trade surplus with the US post-2018. Meanwhile, US imports from China decreased, aligning with the trade war’s goal of reducing the trade deficit, while US exports to China unexpectedly increased, possibly influenced by the Phase One trade agreement. We also perform a dynamic permutation test on treatment effects over time, which ensures the rigor and significance of our analysis, reinforcing the reliability of the estimated effects. Finally, we conduct an empirical comparative analysis with alternative methods to demonstrate that our chosen approach is particularly well-suited to the context of this study. © 2025 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific | North America","country":"China | United States","income_level":"Upper middle income | High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"synth","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":44,"id":"tintit_1274","title":"Import competition and the rise of precarious employment: Evidence from individual-level and firm-level data in China","authors":"Wang, F.; Liang, Z.; Lehmann, H.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105016760428?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102803","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Labour Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of trade liberalization-induced labor demand shocks on precarious employment in China. Employing a local labor market approach, we construct a regional measure of exposure to import tariffs and link it to individuals’ employment status and the proportion of precarious employment within firms. Analyzing three waves of household survey data between 1995 and 2007, we find that lower import tariffs contributed to a higher likelihood of precarious employment. To understand the mechanisms, we provide novel firm-level analysis, showing that firms tended to increase the share of temporary employment with lower tariffs. Further results reveal substantial heterogeneity among firms in response to import competition. Smaller and less productive firms employed more temporary workers, whereas larger and more productive firms increased investments in innovation. We also find that hiring temporary workers was associated with lower productivity gains. © 2025 The Authors.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv | did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Individual | Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms","tags":null,"mechanism":"Firms increased share of temporary workers under import competition to reduce labor costs | Smaller and less productive firms drove precarious employment increases under trade liberalization | High informal employment share dampened productivity gains from trade liberalization","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":45,"id":"tintit_1283","title":"Exchange rates and tariffs: Unravelling their impacts on China's ICT exports from product sophistication perspective","authors":"Chen, C.; Salike, N.; Thorbecke, W.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026377229?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104872","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"China's information and communication technology (ICT) exports have faced intense trade friction. To investigate why China's ICT industry has been targeted, this paper examines it before the Sino-U.S. trade war erupted. We first investigate whether changes in exchange rates and tariffs affect China's ICT exports differently depending on their sophistication levels. We estimate the exchange rate and tariff effects for 44 ICT HS 4-digit export categories included in Attachment A for the WTO Information Technology Agreement (ITA) by employing high-dimensional fixed effects on bilateral trade data between China and 196 trading partners between 2003 and 2018. The results indicate that Chinese yuan appreciations reduce ICT exports and that exchange rate elasticities are lower for more sophisticated products. Tariffs reduce exports much more than appreciations do, especially for highly sophisticated ICT exports. We also report product-level exchange rate elasticities for important ICT products and present an industrial development strategy. Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Product | Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":46,"id":"tintit_1301","title":"Structural bias of foreign direct investment and urban pollution emissions: exacerbating effects of competitive investment incentives","authors":"Zhou, X.; Fu, Y.; Li, X.; Qiu, X.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105015558445?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s41685-025-00397-3","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"As an integral component of China's rapid economic growth, the environmental externalities of foreign investment warrant rigorous assessment. Using Panel data from Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2002 to 2022, this study examined the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on urban pollution through the lens of its sectoral composition. Our results indicated that a higher proportion of FDI in the secondary sector significantly intensified urban pollution. This effect was particularly pronounced in western regions, cities with weaker environmental regulations and non-tourism-oriented cities. Mechanism analysis revealed that in the competition for FDI, local governments often lower environmental standards, which amplified the negative externalities of this sectoral bias and reinforced the \"pollution haven\" effect. Furthermore, a threshold regression analysis demonstrated that as inter-jurisdictional competition intensified, the adverse environmental impacts of secondary-sector FDI escalated in a stepwise manner. This study offers a structuralist explanation for the \"pollution paradox\" and provides actionable policy insights. Specifically, we advocate for a structural transformation of FDI, reformed performance evaluations for governments, and adapted environmental regulatory frameworks. These measures can help break the \"race to the bottom\" dynamic and achieve a balance between FDI quality and sustainable development. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"environmental_quality_emissions","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Local governments lower environmental standards in FDI competition, amplifying pollution from secondary-sector FDI. | Technology lock-in by MNCs in pollution-intensive industries inhibits adoption of cleaner technologies. | Inter-jurisdictional race to the bottom weakens environmental oversight, amplifying industrial FDI externalities.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":47,"id":"tintit_1310","title":"Promoting corporate sustainability: The effect of special economic zone policy on enterprises' digital transformation","authors":"Bian, Z.; Wang, N.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007893331?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100797","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Sustainable Futures","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Digital transformation (DT) is the core driving force for enterprises aiming to achieve sustainable development in the future. This paper investigates the impact of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) policy on DT. Prior research focused on economic returns, leaving DT effects underexplored. Utilizing data from Chinese listed enterprises spanning 1990 to 2020, this study employs a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to compare enterprises located in different treated regions before and after the implementation of SEZ policies. Our findings indicate a significant increase of 1.342 in DT attributable to these policy effects, driven by SEZ initiatives that reduce operating costs, alleviate financial constraints, and promote innovations. This study sheds new light on the effective external solutions in promoting corporate sustainability in terms of digital transformation, and provides new insights into non-monetary return of government industrial policies. © 2025","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"technology_adoption_digitization","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"access_finance_capital","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"innovation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"Not available","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"SEZ policies reduce financial and management costs, freeing resources for digital transformation | SEZ policies ease financing constraints by increasing loans and reducing interest rates | SEZ policies promote R&D investment and researcher recruitment, driving innovation and digital transformation","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":48,"id":"tintit_1320","title":"Downstream carbon leakage from upstream carbon tariffs: Evidence from trade tariffs","authors":"Thivierge, V.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105014717526?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103220","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Pricing the carbon content of imports, or carbon tariffs, is being considered as a solution to policy-induced carbon leakage. However, the unilateral implementation of carbon tariffs could have unintended consequences, such as further emissions reshuffling or costly trade retaliation. This is particularly the case as proposed carbon tariffs will target emissions from upstream products. This paper estimates how upstream carbon tariffs will affect carbon leakage by exploiting variation in export tariffs. Using a two-country model, I first show that an upstream carbon tariff can lead to emissions leakage down the supply chain. Empirically, I estimate the upstream and downstream foreign emissions effects of export tariffs using plausibly exogenous increases in export tariffs during the 2018–2019 trade war for US manufacturing facilities, while controlling for other tariff changes. While I find evidence that US greenhouse gas emitting facilities respond to export tariffs on their outputs by reducing their emissions, I also find evidence of increased emissions from downstream facilities through input–output linkages. In the case of the US manufacturing industries that faced export tariff increases during the trade war, emissions increases from input users could offset the emissions reductions from facilities in upstream targeted industries. Results in this paper highlight the importance of input–output linkages for the net emissions effect of incomplete carbon tariffs. © 2025 The Author(s)","region":"North America","country":"United States","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"environmental_quality_emissions","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Establishment | Sector","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Export tariffs reduce upstream output and emissions by restricting foreign market access | Downstream firms benefit from lower input prices, increasing their emissions via supply chain linkages","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Mechanism","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":49,"id":"tintit_1329","title":"Modeling the emergence and impact of the noodle bowl: empirical evidence from Japanese FTAs","authors":"Rosenbaum, C.Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029067159?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s44216-025-00062-8","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Asian Review of Political Economy","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper provides empirical evidence of the Noodle Bowl syndrome, a widely recognized phenomenon in East Asia in which multiple free trade agreements (FTAs) coexist in an uncoordinated manner and may offset one another’s benefits. It does so by examining how different factors, including Japan’s own agreements, affect both the implementation of bilateral FTAs and the extent to which these agreements are actually utilized. The results show that Japan is more likely to implement bilateral FTAs with partners that maintain broader liberal trade networks and have access to the Chinese market, and that greater use of the ASEAN–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP) further increases this likelihood, reflecting competitive and contagious dynamics in trade policymaking. The analysis also demonstrates that those bilateral FTAs are less likely to be utilized when the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is more actively used, providing empirical confirmation of the Noodle Bowl effect. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Japan","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"reforms_approved_agreements","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":50,"id":"tintit_1336","title":"Enhancing sustainable agricultural export performance through digitalization: The distinct roles of domestic and foreign inputs","authors":"Huang, W.; Huang, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026423429?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0339692","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"PLOS ONE","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Amid the restructuring of global value chains (GVC), digital transformation has become a vital strategy for enhancing agricultural export performance and strengthening international competitiveness, while also contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the reduction of poverty and hunger. This study utilizes the OECD Activity of Multinational Enterprises (AMNE) database and employs a two-way fixed effects model to assess the impact of agricultural digitalization inputs on export performance, measured by gross exports (E), domestic value-added in exports (DVA), and the ratio of domestic value-added in exports to gross exports (EDVAR). The results indicate that both domestic and foreign digitalization inputs significantly enhance export performance, with domestic inputs exerting a stronger effect. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that domestic inputs have a more significant impact in developing countries. Mechanism tests suggest that domestic inputs enhance production efficiency, whereas foreign inputs primarily reduce trade costs. Policy recommendations include promoting digital innovation, enhancing self-reliance and resilience, optimizing the digital trade environment, and securing adequate human capital, land, and institutional support. © 2025 Huang, Huang. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"digitalization_customs","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"travel_time_costs","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Digital transformation","mechanism":"Domestic digitalization inputs enhance agricultural production efficiency, enabling more firms to surpass export productivity thresholds | Foreign digitalization inputs reduce agricultural trade costs via improved supply chain transparency and logistics optimization","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":51,"id":"tintit_1345","title":"Exploring green provisions in international trade agreements for economic sustainability through promoting trade flows","authors":"Banswal, B.; Sharma, S.; Arora, R.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105015967276?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s43621-025-01801-w","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Discover Sustainability","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Background: Policies fostering green production and consumption help promote sustainability. Countries can be encouraged to adopt such policies through various international treaties. One such tool is international trade agreements that incorporate specific provisions covering goals under sustainable/green policies. As per their nature, one may call them green provisions (GPs). The impact of GPs on sustainability can be understood through the promotion of green production and consumption. However, the economic effects of these provisions remain dubious. Existing literature has tried to quantify the aggregate impact of GPs on economic growth via trade flows but failed to identify the specific set of GPs impacting trade flows. The present study tries to fill the gap and highlight a few GPs that are more impactful. Method: Recent advancements in estimation methods allow for identifying the specific set of GPs and their impact on trade flows. The study uses gravity modeling in a machine learning framework to identify the GPs with a non-zero impact on trade flows. The study used a Plug-in lasso to identify the relevant GPs and further iceberg lasso regression analysis to examine highly correlated GPs. Result: The study confirms the positive impact of GPs on overall trade and highlights the importance of strategically including specific GPs in trade agreements to enhance trade flows. The study found that GPs related to harmonizing environmental policies, promoting international energy programs, protecting wild fauna and flora & preventing illegal trade, among others, have trade-enhancing effects. Conclusion: The study results can help countries engaging in a trade negotiation consider including an environmental chapter(s) with these targeted GPs. From the policy perspective, identifying trade and sustainability-enhancing GPs would have a more significant trade-promoting impact. These GPs could be considered for future negotiations while signing trade agreements. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":52,"id":"tintit_1361","title":"Effect of Pakistan GCC Bilateral Trade Agreement on Pakistani Stock Market: An Event Study Methodology","authors":"Choudhary, M.H.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105037200769?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.51709/19951272/Spring2026/4","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The goal of this study is to examine the intricate connections between industry-specific capital market responses in a developing country such as Pakistan. In particular, the analysis focuses on the Pakistan–GCC bilateral trade agreement and its impact across different sectors. Using an event study methodology, this article analyzes how the Pakistan-GCC Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) has affected the Pakistani share market. Pakistan's textile, food, and petroleum and oil industries all show positive responses, while other sectors react unfavorably. These findings induced an immediate reaction from chosen Pakistani industries. The positive reactions of the industries are encouraging for the economy as well as for shareholders. Therefore, the Pakistan Stock Exchange was susceptible to this incident. To the best of my knowledge, this paper is unique in a sense that it will assist the stockholders and decision makers of trade policy. Moreover, the sectoral focus of the analysis represents an important contribution. The study also examines the unique context of the Pakistan–GCC relationship, which has received limited attention in the existing literature. © 2026, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University. All rights reserved.","region":"Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","country":"Pakistan","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experimental evaluation","method":"experimental","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation | Sector","timeframe":"0-1","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":53,"id":"tintit_1362","title":"TRADE LIBERALIZATION, PRICE TRANSMISSION AND HOUSEHOLD WELFARE: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA","authors":"Zhang, T.; Zhou, D.; Xu, S.; Xu, Z.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105022909873?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.3846/tede.2025.23437","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Technological and Economic Development of Economy","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper estimates the welfare effect of trade through the price channel by jointly considering the consumption and income effect. The consumer price data and household survey data of China are used to conduct the empirical analysis. For assessing the consumption effect, the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model is used to capture the substitution effect of price changes. We find that every household of China is better off due to the reduction of import tariffs, but there is a strongly pro-poor bias. More importantly, ignoring the substitution effect on the consumption side not only underestimates the absolute value of welfare changes but also distorts the distribution of welfare changes. Our results imply the importance of the consumption effect in estimating the welfare gain of households from trade liberalization. Our framework can also be extended to assess consequences of the opening policies of other economies. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"prices_inflation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"household_welfare_poverty","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"inequality_segregation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Household | Individual","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Gender","tags":null,"mechanism":"Tariff reductions pass through to lower domestic consumer prices for tradable goods | Reduced tradable goods prices transmit to non-tradable goods prices via input-output linkages | Lower consumer prices raise real wages differentially by worker skill/education level","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Mechanism","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Mechanism","outcome4_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":54,"id":"tintit_1368","title":"Trade Diversion in the US Market during the US-China Trade War: Firm-level Evidence from Thailand","authors":"Hayakawa, K.; Keola, S.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024485357?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.11130/jei.2025013","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Economic Integration","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The US-China trade war, which began in the latter half of the 2010s, has led to increased exports from third countries to the US. This paper presents a firm-level analysis of such an increase in Thailand. Specifically, we empirically examine changes in the export rankings of Thai firms exporting to the US. Our dataset includes the top 1,500 Thai exporters to the US. By linking US tariffs on Chinese goods to exporters at the four-digit industry level, we assess the impact of these tariffs on firms' export rankings. We find that, on average, US tariffs are not significantly associated with the export rankings of Thai firms. However, major importers from China in Thailand benefit from trade diversion in the US market. Furthermore, firms in Thailand with investment from China, Singapore, the US, and Europe have increased their exports to the US following the onset of the trade war. ⓒ 2025-Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, All Rights Reserved.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Thailand","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Major importers from China benefit via input dependence or export circumvention through Thailand | Foreign MNEs (Chinese, Singaporean, US, European) use third-country production to bypass US tariffs","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":55,"id":"tintit_1394","title":"The EU-Canada FTA: An Econometric Assessment of The Impact on Goods Trade","authors":"Nilsson, L.; Tucci, A.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024438496?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.11130/jei.2025011","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Economic Integration","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper econometrically assesses the impact on EU goods trade of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), which has been provisionally applied since 2017. As opposed to many other studies, this analysis is carried out at the most disaggregated level of publicly available trade data-the 8-digit level. Furthermore, we control for nomenclature changes and revisions. Most EU trade with Canada are concentrated in a handful of broad product groups which were already duty-free (MFN0 duties). The paper nevertheless finds positive and significant impacts on EU exports to Canada. On the other hand, CETA seems to have increased EU imports from Canada only in goods that were already subject to MFN0 duties. The results suggest that there are positive effects on trade of the agreement beyond tariff reductions, something which requires additional research. © 2025-Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, All Rights Reserved.","region":"North America","country":"Canada","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Product | Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":56,"id":"tintit_1398","title":"The role of foreign direct investment and regional absorptive capacity on economic complexity: A Brazilian investigation","authors":"Ferraz, D.; Gandra de Carvalho, A.C.; Polloni-Silva, E.; Pereira de Moraes, G.M.; Moralles, H.F.; Rebelatto, D.A.D.N.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105018125080?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100657","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study investigates how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and regional absorptive capacity (AC) shape economic complexity at the municipal level in Brazil, an emerging economy characterized by structural heterogeneity. Using regional export data and a manually constructed FDI proxy, we apply Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and panel threshold regression to examine the relationship between FDI, AC, and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). The findings demonstrate that both FDI and AC positively influence regional economic complexity; however, the relationship is non-linear. Specifically, FDI enhances economic complexity only in municipalities that surpass a minimum AC threshold, underscoring the conditional nature of the benefits of foreign investment. Robustness checks confirm the reliability of the results despite the relatively limited number of observations. These findings carry important policy implications: attracting FDI alone is insufficient to foster regional productive sophistication without parallel investments in human capital, infrastructure, and innovation capacity. Policymakers should prioritize sectors with existing capabilities and design integrated FDI strategies aligned with local productive structures to support sustainable and diversified economic growth. By providing novel municipal-level evidence from Brazil, this study contributes to the literature by highlighting the critical moderating role of absorptive capacity in the FDI–economic complexity nexus. © 2025 The Authors","region":"Latin America & Caribbean","country":"Brazil","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_promotion_facilitation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":57,"id":"tintit_1428","title":"An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Non-Tariff Trade Restrictions on Manufacturing Jobs in Nigeria","authors":"Oshodi, A.F.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029879185?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.2478/jec-2025-0017","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Economics and Culture","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Research purpose. The research sought to investigate the impact of non-tariff trade restrictions on manufacturing jobs in Nigeria. Design / Methodology / Approach. In accomplishing this, the study adopts an econometric approach and employs the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique to capture both short-run dynamics and long-run relationships between employment (EMP) and explanatory variables. Findings. The findings show that non-tariff trade restrictions significantly contribute to short-term and long-run job creation within the Nigerian industrial sector. However, import restrictions excluding taxes and tariffs do not exhibit significant short-term effects, suggesting that the type of trade restrictions implemented matters for immediate employment outcomes. The negative relationship between real wages and industrial employment across both short and long runs indicates that rising labour costs can deter firms from expanding their workforce, pointing to the critical role of managing wage levels for job sustainability in the industrial sector. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The extent to which non-tariff measures affect trade, manufacturing employment and wages is less well understood and documented in Nigeria; hence, this study examines the impact of non-tariff trade restrictions on manufacturing jobs in Nigeria. Unlike most previous studies that used factor content or growth accounting approaches and the gravity model in explaining the effects of trade on employment, this study employs an econometric modelling approach to labour demand and uses measures of aggregate trade restrictions as a proxy for measuring non-tariff trade restrictions in Nigeria. Thus, while trade restrictions can be used to protect domestic industries and industrial employment, nevertheless, manufacturing job sustainability can only be guaranteed if complementary policies that would improve the quality of manufactured products, increase domestic demand and value addition in industries are implemented.  © 2025 Ayodele Folorunso Oshodi, published by University College of Economics and Culture.","region":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Nigeria","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":58,"id":"tintit_1435","title":"BRIC Trade Agreement: A Catalyst for Economic growth in South Africa","authors":"Zungu, L.T.","publication_year":2026,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036392662?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.3897/brics-econ.7.e154361","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"BRICS Journal of Economics","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study aims to explore the impact of the BRIC trade agreement on economic growth in South Africa over the period from 2009Q1 to 2023Q4, taking into consideration the BRIC agreements on promotion of trade and investment, and enhancement of economic growth and sustainable development. The study uses South African time-series data to estimate a Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) model with hierarchical priors as it can deal with many problems in the data without exhausting degrees of freedom. It also handles dense parameterization by giving model coefficients a structure and making them as informative as possible. The results suggest that trade agreements have a positive impact on South Africa’s economy. They indicate that economic growth can be positively influenced by a 1% unexpected increase in imports, exports, and foreign direct investment from the BRIC partner countries. These findings mean that trade deals with the BRIC nations and the promotion of investment can significantly contribute to South Africa’s economic development. It has also been shown that SA’s government spending enhances growth and sustainable development. The positive impact of the BRICS partners’ imports, exports, and FDI on South African growth highlights the need for trade and investment integration. Policymakers should reduce trade barriers, enhance infrastructure, and improve the business environment to attract more FDI from the BRIC member countries. Strengthening trade agreements within BRICS can expand market access, boost industrial competitiveness, and increase technological transfer. Long-term strategies should create stable, open economies fostering innovation, employment, and sustainable growth. ⓒ Lindokuhle Talent Zungu.","region":"Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"South Africa","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":59,"id":"tintit_1441","title":"Trade policy uncertainty and agricultural exports: The mitigating roles of RTA and liberal democracies","authors":"Chakradhar, J.; Ganguly, A.; Choudhury, R.N.; Jadhav, P.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105025527803?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.tncr.2025.200160","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Transnational Corporations Review","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In the context of heightened global uncertainty over economic and trade policies, this analysis examines how Trade Policy Uncertainty (TPU) impacts agricultural exports using two-way fixed effects and Panel Quantile Regression (PQR) methods. It studies the role of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and liberal democracies in mitigating the effect of the TPU on agricultural exports. The analysis covers 15 Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries from 1988 to 2023. The estimated results reveal that the lagged values of TPU specific to RCEP countries and the Global TPU exert negative and statistically significant effects on agricultural exports. The results of the panel quantile regression analysis reveal that the effects of the independent variables on agricultural exports are heterogeneous across different quantiles. The findings of this study suggest that regional trade agreements and higher levels of liberal democracy serve as mitigating factors, alleviating the adverse effects of trade policy uncertainty on agricultural exports. Based on these findings, our study significantly contributes to the empirical literature and offers valuable insights for policy making. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Australia | Brunei | Cambodia | China | Indonesia | Japan | Lao PDR | Malaysia | Myanmar | New Zealand | Philippines | Singapore | Korea, Rep. | Thailand | Viet Nam","income_level":"High income | Lower middle income | Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":60,"id":"tintit_1450","title":"An empirical assessment of the nexus between competition policy and global value chains","authors":"Ezzat, A.; Zaki, C.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105012899728?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.08.002","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Efficient institutions matter in promoting Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation since they help reduce transaction costs for firms that engage in trade. Competition policy is considered an important dimension of these institutions. Thus, this paper investigates whether competition policy matters for participation in GVCs in a group of about 112 countries, with a special focus on a sample of 30 African countries. To do so, we use the EORA dataset on backward and forward linkages and merge it with different indicators pertaining to the de jure (existence of competition law and its age) and the de facto (market dominance and anti-monopoly measures) measures of competition policy. We find that both the de jure and the de facto dimensions of competition policy matter for backward and forward GVC participation. The findings also show that de jure measures matter more than de facto ones. In addition, our findings indicate that this relationship is non-linear as the market can become saturated. Two important transmissions channels can explain this effect, namely, market diversification and trade liberalization. These results remain robust after we control for the endogeneity between GVC and competition by using an instrumental variable approach where the instruments are the level of enforcement of the competition policy, the level of trade protectionism and the quality of institutions of the most important trade partner. In Africa, results remain unchanged, de jure and de facto competition measures are associated with more GVC participation with greater role for the de jure measures, and a non-linear relationship between variables of interest. In addition, de jure competition policies are more effective in enhancing GVC integration in countries with greater export diversification and higher tariffs. © 2025 The Author(s)","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"innovation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Export diversification amplifies the positive effect of competition policy on GVC participation | Competition policy increases innovation (patents), which boosts GVC integration | Competition policy enhances labor productivity, facilitating forward and backward GVC linkages","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":61,"id":"tintit_1452","title":"Assessing the impact of one belt and road (OBOR) initiative on trade potential and transportation efficiency using a gravity model analysis","authors":"Abed, A.; Babatunde, K.; Azlina, A.; Ghanem, O.; Onikosi-Alliyu, S.O.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105011693905?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s43621-025-01634-7","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Discover Sustainability","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Using a gravity model approach, this study evaluates the trade potential between China and its partner countries under the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative. By comparing actual trade flows with simulated scenarios based on improved infrastructure and economic integration, the analysis identifies countries and regions with the highest capacity for trade expansion. The results show that GDP size, trade openness, geographic distance, and transport infrastructure significantly influence bilateral trade flows. Countries with enhanced connectivity, particularly those situated along key OBOR corridors, are projected to benefit the most in relative and absolute terms. Beyond its economic implications, this research holds substantial value for sustainable development. It highlights how strategic infrastructure investment and trade facilitation can contribute to inclusive and sustainable growth. The study supports evidence-based policymaking that fosters regional integration, reduces trade-related inequalities, and promotes resilient, interconnected economies by identifying disparities and potential gains across regions. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"border_management_infrastructure","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"travel_time_costs","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":62,"id":"tintit_1527","title":"Trade agreements and environmental provisions: a counterfactual analysis of environmental impact shifting under global economic inequality","authors":"Santika, T.; Nelson, V.; Haggar, J.; Thushari, I.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105008136786?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103028","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Global Environmental Change","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have proliferated in recent decades, with increasingly stringent environmental clauses aimed at mitigating trade impacts. However, studies on the environmental effects of RTAs typically focus on a few agreements and indicators, hindering a comprehensive understanding of their effects across various resources. Additionally, the long-term effectiveness of environmental provisions within RTAs remains unclear. To address this gap, we applied a rigorous counterfactual analysis to evaluate changes in multiple resource footprints associated with RTAs and environmental provisions across 195 countries annually from 1990 to 2018. We examined four key resources: primary energy, raw materials, blue water, and land use. Findings revealed that RTAs were linked to the outsourcing of environmental footprints across all resource types while reducing footprint insourcing, a phenomenon known as environmental impact shifting. This effect was particularly evident in wealthier countries, where outsourcing of primary energy, primarily from lower-income nations, rose by 11.6%, raw materials by 13.6%, and land use by 33.5%, compared to similar non-RTA countries. Furthermore, these countries’ insourcing of primary energy was reduced by 48.3% and blue water by 15.4% relative to non-RTA counterparts. Environmental provisions within RTAs had limited long-term effectiveness in reducing environmental footprints outsourcing. Global trends show a growing disparity in resource use between wealthy and poor countries, exacerbated by RTAs. Rigorous footprint accounting and a resource-equity mechanism, including ecological premiums for resource-intensive imports, are essential within RTAs. Wealthier nations must adopt more accountable consumption-based governance, prioritising reductions in material consumption to alleviate the socio-ecological impacts on poorer countries. © 2025 The Author(s)","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"environmental_quality_emissions","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":63,"id":"tintit_1539","title":"The Impact of RCEP Partner Countries’ Digital Trade Levels on China’s Agricultural Exports","authors":"Zeng, L.; Hassan, A.A.G.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105016879355?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.36956/rwae.v6i3.1934","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"With the development of digital technology, digital economy is gradually becoming a new engine of economic growth, especially in trade, the core area of resource allocation, the impact of digital transformation is particularly significant. In recent years, the scale of China’s agricultural export trade has continued to rise, fully demonstrating its potential and vitality. Based on the panel data of agricultural trade volume between China and RCEP partner countries from 2005 to 2022, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digital trade development level on China’s agricultural exports by using stochastic frontier gravity model. The study found that RCEP partner countries’ comprehensive infrastructure construction, digital security, international competitiveness of core digital industries, and digital innovation capabilities contribute to the growth of China’s agricultural exports. The growth of GDP between China and RCEP partner countries, the signing of free trade agreements, and the improvement of trade openness can promote China’s agricultural exports to RCEP partner countries. The greater the geographical distance between China and RCEP member states, the higher tariffs imposed by RCEP member states on agricultural products will increase the cost of China’s agricultural exports, and the more unfavorable it will be to China’s agricultural exports to RCEP member states. © 2025 by the author(s). Published by Nan Yang Academy of Sciences Pte. Ltd.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China | Indonesia | Singapore | New Zealand | Japan | Thailand | Australia | Philippines | Korea, Rep. | Malaysia","income_level":"Upper middle income | High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"digital_trade_regulation","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Digital transformation | Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Digital trade reduces information costs, mitigating information asymmetry and improving export efficiency","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":64,"id":"tintit_1606","title":"Place-based Policies and Household Wealth in Africa","authors":"Abagna, M.A.; Hornok, C.; Mulyukova, A.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105002331178?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103482","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of a prominent place-based policy – Special Economic Zones (SEZs) – on the economic well-being of African households. Exploiting time variation in SEZ establishment on a dataset of repeated cross-sections of households in 10 African countries during 1990-2020, we show that households living near SEZs become wealthier relative to the national average after SEZ establishment. The effect accrues mostly within 10 km of SEZs, is not driven by selective migration, and is accompanied by improved access to household utilities, higher consumption of durable goods, increased educational attainment and a shift away from agricultural activities. © 2025 The Authors","region":"Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan | Sub-Saharan Africa","country":"Egypt, Arab Rep. | Ethiopia | Ghana | Kenya | Mali | Mozambique | Nigeria | Tanzania | Uganda | Zambia","income_level":"Lower middle income | Low income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"household_welfare_poverty","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"skills","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"inequality_segregation","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Household | Individual","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Sectoral shift from agricultural to non-agricultural employment near SEZs | Improved infrastructure (electricity, sanitation) accompanying SEZ development increases household utility access | Rising household incomes incentivize investment in children's secondary education","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Main","outcome4_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":65,"id":"tintit_1655","title":"Place-based policies and innovation: The contrasting roles of central and local special economic zones","authors":"Zheng, L.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007716137?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.pirs.2025.100102","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Papers in Regional Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper establishes the linkage between place-based policies and growth from the perspective of regional innovation, using China as a case study. Leveraging extensive data on special economic zones (SEZs) and patent data, I examine the causal effects and underlying channels of SEZ introduction on regional innovation outcome. Through a set of difference-in-differences estimations at the county level, the empirical findings demonstrate that central and local SEZs play contrasting roles in innovation. Specifically, the establishment of national-level zones significantly increases regional innovation outcome through the positive channels of improved transportation accessibility and increased start-up activities. However, the introduction of provincial-level zones has a negative impact on regional innovation outcome through the negative channel of the rising fiscal pressure of local government. Furthermore, the empirical results confirm that the SEZ effects vary with local development level and zone characteristics. These findings contribute significantly to the development of a context-tailored place-based policy toolbox. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"innovation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"firm_entry_exit_formality","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"fiscal_revenue_tax","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"National SEZs improve transportation accessibility (HSR and airports), fostering knowledge spillovers and innovation | Provincial SEZs increase fiscal pressure on local governments, crowding out public R&D subsidies | National SEZs attract high-tech start-ups through preferential policies, boosting entrepreneurial activity and innovation","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":66,"id":"tintit_1691","title":"Enhancing Sustainable Fisheries Trade and Food Security Through CPEC in Pakistan","authors":"Dahri, A.M.; Yongtong, M.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020193999?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.3390/su17209121","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Pakistan’s fisheries sector is vital for livelihoods, exports, and food security, yet growth has been constrained by weak infrastructure, limited compliance with sanitary standards, and underinvestment. The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has been promoted as a driver of trade facilitation, but its actual effect on fisheries exports remains unclear. This study analyzes export performance to five leading Asian markets—China, Thailand, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, and Japan—over 2005–2024 using Interrupted Time Series (ITS) and Difference-in-Differences (DiD) models. Results show that overall fisheries exports averaged 1.25 million metric tons (USD 728.7 million) annually, with Asia absorbing 59% of trade. ITS results show that after 2015, there are considerable structural discontinuities in export paths, mainly for China (coefficient = −1.42, p < 0.001) and Thailand (0.95, p = 0.071). DiD analysis confirmed that CPEC had a statistically significant positive impact: the treatment × post-2015 effect was 0.55 (p = 0.050), showing that exports to China and Thailand grew disproportionately compared with control markets (Malaysia, Indonesia). Importantly, value growth outpaced volume growth, suggesting early evidence of value-chain upgrading. By contrast, Vietnam and Saudi Arabia showed contraction, and Japan remained stable with weak significance (−1.16, p = 0.088). These results provide the first causal evidence that CPEC’s operational phase altered Pakistan’s fisheries export dynamics, though benefits remain uneven. The conclusions indicate the necessity to invest specifically in cold chains, certification, and aquaculture to generate corridor-led benefits in sustainable trade, food security, and long-term sectoral resiliency. © 2025 by the authors.","region":"Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","country":"Pakistan","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"border_management_infrastructure","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | its","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":67,"id":"tintit_1697","title":"Foreign small- and medium-sized enterprises and regional institutions","authors":"Chu, C.M.; Nguyen, B.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105006742000?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jwb.2025.101649","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of World Business","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study centers upon Vietnam's Law on Investment 2014—a place-based policy that offers investment incentives for foreign firms located in disadvantaged areas. Using the difference-in-differences method for 46,211 firm-year observations 2006–2021, we find that the policy increased the revenue growth of foreign SMEs located in such areas by 17 % more than that of comparable firms located outside. The positive impact is strengthened in regions with stronger governance institutions, namely more efficient business-support services and lower policy bias. Moreover, the impact of the place-based policy combined with business support (policy bias) is stronger in southern (northern) regions embedded in pro-capitalist (pro-socialist) values. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Viet Nam","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":68,"id":"tintit_1716","title":"Domestic vs foreign superstars: comparative advantage and productivity spillovers","authors":"Rowley, T.M.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85212129969?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s10290-024-00570-4","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Review of World Economics","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Superstar firms are seen as catalysts of comparative advantage and competition. This paper challenges this perception using Chinese firm-level data from 1998 to 2007, revealing that superstar firm dominance had an average negative impact on industry export competitiveness up to at least 2003. Concentration into foreign-owned superstars, however, had a positive influence on industry exports throughout the period. Heterogeneity according to how an industry was poised for growth further indicates a story of convergence as the Chinese economy developed. Moreover, this paper leverages an industry-specific shock to find unique and positive horizontal spillovers from superstar FDI on the productivity of local firms. These findings offer valuable insights into key aspects of China’s successful industrial policy during the height of its export-led growth. They particularly underscore the significance of firm ownership when applying the literature on superstar firms to emerging economies. © The Author(s) 2024.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation | Sector","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector | Size of the firms","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Horizontal productivity spillovers from superstar FDI on local firms in the same industry | Knowledge and technology transfer from foreign superstar firms enabling local firm productivity gains | Granular comparative advantage from foreign superstar firms boosting industry export competitiveness","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":69,"id":"tintit_1719","title":"Evaluating the impact of export finance support on firm-level export performance: Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Defever, F.; Riaño, A.; Varela, G.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017073486?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1111/caje.70013","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Canadian Journal of Economics","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper evaluates the impact of two large export finance support schemes on firm-level export performance. The Export Finance Scheme (EFS) and the Long-Term Finance Facility for Plant & Machinery (LTFF) provide loans at subsidized interest rates for Pakistani exporters to finance working capital and the purchase of machinery and equipment, respectively. We combine customs data with information on firms' participation in each program between 2015 and 2017 and use matching combined with difference-in-differences to estimate the effect of the subsidies on firms' export values, the number of products exported and the number of destinations they serve. We find that both programs deliver a large and positive impact on export growth rates—primarily along the intensive margin—and do so in an effective way relative to the direct financial cost of the subsidies. © 2025 The Author(s). Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Canadian Economics Association.","region":"Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","country":"Pakistan","income_level":"Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"trade_finance_instruments","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"matching | did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"1-2","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":70,"id":"tintit_1747","title":"A study of the binary marginal effect of technical barriers to trade on the export of shellfish and aquatic products in China","authors":"Chen, X.; Shan, X.; Xin, P.; Xu, J.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105015499298?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0324166","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"PLOS ONE","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study aims to examine the impact of technical barriers to trade (TBT) on China’s shellfish exports, focusing on both the intensive margin (trade volume) and the extensive margin (trade type). The research includes shellfish and aquatic products such as scallops, mussels, clams, oysters, and abalone, using HS-6 codes from 2003 to 2020. Panel data is employed for analysis. The findings reveal that TBT notifications positively influence the extensive margin by increasing export types but have a less significant effect on the intensive margin. Economic scale, variable trade cost, and productivity level affect both margins. To mitigate the effects of TBT, China should diversify its shellfish exports. Additionally, reducing trade costs can further enhance China’s shellfish export competitiveness. © 2025 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","region":"East Asia & Pacific | North America","country":"China | United States | Canada | Japan | Korea, Rep.","income_level":"Upper middle income | High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"quality_standards_compliance","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Product | Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":71,"id":"tintit_1760","title":"Trade liberalization and green productivity: Evaluating the spillover effects of free trade zone policies in emerging economies","authors":"Xu, Q.; Liu, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105012121443?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104463","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The spillover effects of free trade zone (FTZ) policies on green total factor productivity (GTFP) in emerging economies have been examined through a multi-dimensional empirical framework. By employing panel data from 39,831 firms and utilizing baseline regressions, heterogeneity analyses, threshold models, and spatial autocorrelation tests, the study has evaluated how FTZ-driven trade liberalization influences sustainable productivity. The baseline results have confirmed a statistically significant positive impact of FTZ policies on GTFP, with a 3.2 % average improvement attributed to technological spillovers and resource reallocation. Heterogeneity analyses have revealed stronger effects in state-owned enterprises, eastern regions, and non-high-tech industries, while threshold regressions have identified nonlinear dynamics tied to industry growth rates and institutional ownership. Spatial spillovers have been observed in high-growth clusters, particularly in eastern provinces, whereas geographically isolated regions like Tibet have shown limited benefits. The robustness of these findings has been validated through alternative metrics and subsample tests. It is concluded that FTZ policies must be spatially and institutionally tailored to maximize green productivity gains while addressing regional disparities and sectoral constraints. © 2025","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"environmental_quality_emissions","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Technological spillovers account for 72.3% of FTZ effect via green patent applications and R&D diffusion | Resource reallocation shifts production toward environmentally efficient firms, contributing 27.7% of FTZ effect","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":72,"id":"tintit_1794","title":"Do deep regional trade agreements facilitate regional production networks in Latin American and Caribbean countries?","authors":"Murakami, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85218149408?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s10290-024-00579-9","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Review of World Economics","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Applying a generalized event study design to a structural gravity model, this study analyzes the dynamic effects of the depth of regional trade agreements (RTAs)—measured by the coverage and legal enforceability of World Trade Organization (WTO)-plus and WTO-extra policy areas—on production network trade in all 33 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries from 1986 to 2015. It constructs a unique dataset on the indexes of depth, breadth, and core depth of all RTAs in force involving at least two LAC countries, using a World Bank database on RTA content. The results indicate that the depth and breadth of RTAs positively affect intra-regional parts and components exports in the LAC region. Moreover, no differential trends exist prior to RTA signature, supporting the causal interpretation of the results. However, the effects are substantially heterogeneous by the type of agreements and characteristics of country pairs. The depth and breadth consistently show positive effects 2 years after the enforcement for the customs union among Latin American countries (the Southern Common Market, MERCOSUR), and plurilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) in the LAC countries. Conversely, the depth and breadth show immediate negative effects for plurilateral FTAs with developed countries outside the region (e.g., the United States or European countries). Furthermore, the depth of RTAs has particularly significant effects on parts and components exports compared to other trade categories, such as primary goods exports. © The Author(s) 2025.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":73,"id":"tintit_1802","title":"Trade costs in services: Firm survival, firm growth and implied changes in employment","authors":"Christen, E.; Pfaffermayr, M.; Wolfmayr, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105003285080?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.inteco.2025.100594","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper analyzes the impact of industry-level trade cost changes on job creation and job destruction in Austrian service firms. The empirical analysis builds on heterogeneous firm trade models and their predictions on labor demand. Using a unique firm-level employer-employee matched dataset, we are able to account for all adjustment margins. We estimate a two-part model of firm survival and firm growth in terms of employment. Notably, these are complemented by separate regressions for firm entry rates at the industry-region level. To measure the change in trade costs in the services sector, we implement the measure of indirect trade cost introduced by Chen and Novy (2011). The estimates suggest that falling trade costs led to a net job creation of about 35.000 jobs in the Austrian service sector, accounting for 17.6 percent of the jobs created over the period 2000 to 2014. Smaller (less productive) firms contracted, while large (more productive) firms expanded, as predicted by theory. A large part of the adjustment occurred at the extensive margin due to changes in the probability of firm survival. © 2025 The Authors","region":"Europe & Central Asia","country":"Austria","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"firm_entry_exit_formality","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":74,"id":"tintit_1932","title":"How do tourism investments affect each pillar of decent work? Evidence from European Union countries","authors":"Castilho, D.; Fuinhas, J.A.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004879801?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106896","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Safety Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The travel and tourism industry is a major driver of employment, particularly for vulnerable groups. However, despite its positive contributions, the sector still faces deficits in decent work conditions and persistent concerns regarding occupational safety and health standards. Addressing these challenges requires strategic, well-regulated investment in tourism, which can catalyze economic development, promote fair labor standards, and ensure safe working environments over the long term. These dynamics were investigated using four-panel autoregressive distributed lag models for 15 European Union countries from 2002 to 2019 to assess the effects of capital investment in travel and tourism and the direct contribution of tourism to employment on each pillar of decent work, both in the short- and long-run. More specifically, this analysis comprised four distinct models: Model I examines the influence on job creation, Model II assesses the impact on social protection, Model III investigates the effects on workers’ rights, and Model IV explores the implications for social dialogue. The main results reveal that capital investment in tourism positively affects job creation in the short and long run as well as social protection and rights at work (in the long run). In contrast, tourism capital investment seems to affect social dialogue adversely. Regarding the direct contribution of tourism to employment, it positively impacts job creation and rights at work while exerting a negative influence on social protection and social dialogue, but only in the long run. The panel Granger non-causality method confirms a relationship between tourism-related indicators and each pillar of decent work. © 2025 The Author(s)","region":"Europe & Central Asia | Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","country":"Austria | Belgium | Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Ireland | Italy | Luxembourg | Malta | Netherlands | Slovak Republic | Spain | Sweden","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_investment_assets","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"access_finance_capital","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":75,"id":"tintit_1969","title":"Does firm internationalization improve ESG performance? Evidence from China","authors":"Zhou, J.; Wu, K.; Li, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004985927?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104168","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Amidst the current era of economic globalization, the internationalization of emerging market firms (EMFs) and their sustainable development are increasingly prominent. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) has received widespread attention as an important indicator of sustainability. Using a sample from Chinese A-share listed companies spanning from 2012 to 2022, this study employs a difference-in-differences (DID) model to explore whether firms' outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) impacts their ESG performance. The results indicate that firms with OFDI have a higher level of ESG performance than those without, especially in the domain of environmental protection. This positive impact of OFDI on ESG performance is found to be strengthened by stronger CEO clan culture background but is weakened by higher financing constraints of firms. Our findings offer valuable insights for internationally operating EMFs, highlighting the importance of ESG practices in promoting sustainable development. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_promotion_facilitation","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":76,"id":"tintit_2000","title":"Local Leaders’ Promotion Pressure and Tourism Development: Evidence from China","authors":"Liu, A.; Qin, Y.; Lin, V.S.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85194848618?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1177/00472875241253008","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Travel Research","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The growing importance of tourism management within local governance highlights the imperative role of local leaders’ involvement. However, the understudied influence of promotion pressure, a key determinant of their behavior, remains largely unexplored. This study employs a novel institutional economics approach to investigate the impact of local leaders’ promotion pressure on tourism development in China. We analyze data from 334 prefecture-level cities spanning 1999 to 2019. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between promotion pressure and tourism development. Notably, this effect is amplified in economically advanced cities and those with a lower dependence on tourism. Further analysis using an instrumental variable-based mediation model suggests that promotion pressure shapes tourism development by influencing the structure of local government fiscal expenditure. These findings shed light on the intricate interplay between political incentives, fiscal policy, and the evolution of the tourism industry, offering valuable insights for crafting effective tourism governance strategies. © The Author(s) 2024.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_market_destination","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"visitor_flows_engagement","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv | did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Promotion pressure shifts fiscal expenditure structure toward productive investment, boosting tourism development. | Higher promotion pressure leads local governments to increase infrastructure and agriculture spending, indirectly supporting tourism.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":77,"id":"tintit_2002","title":"The impact of NAFTA on prices and competition: Evidence from Mexican manufacturing plants","authors":"Brugués, F.; Kikkawa, A.K.; Mei, Y.; Robles, P.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105001687799?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jinteco.2025.104085","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of International Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper assesses the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Mexican manufacturing plants’ output prices and markups. We distinguish between Mexican goods that are exported and those sold domestically, and decompose their prices separately into markups and marginal costs. We then analyze how these components were affected by the reductions in Mexican output tariffs, intermediate input tariffs, and U.S. tariffs on Mexican exports. We find that domestically sold products saw a decline in prices as Mexican plants faced more competition and gained access to cheaper inputs. Prices of exported goods fell only slightly as plants increased their markups in response to a favorable competitive environment due to declines in U.S. tariffs. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.","region":"Latin America & Caribbean","country":"Mexico","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"prices_inflation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"market_concentration","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Establishment | Product","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Output tariff reductions increase import competition, reducing domestic prices and markups (pro-competitive effect). | Input tariff reductions lower marginal costs, reducing prices while partially increasing markups. | US tariff reductions improve export market access, enabling Mexican exporters to raise markups (anti-competitive effect).","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":78,"id":"tintit_2006","title":"Labor Clauses in Preferential Trade Agreements: How Do They Affect Informality?","authors":"Bellakhal, R.; Kheder, S.B.; Haffoudhi, H.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007656004?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.11130/jei.2025001","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Economic Integration","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"We study the effect of the labor clauses (LCs) in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on the informal economy. Using a sample comprising 112 countries for the period 2000-2017, we show that PTAs increase informality in low-and middle-income economies (LMIEs), regardless of whether LCs are included or not. This result is confirmed when accounting for the heterogeneity of parties to the agreement. Finally, PTAs with LCs whose implementation relies on deep cooperation mechanisms decrease informality in LMIEs when their partners are high-income economies. The policy implication is that LMIEs should foster the integration of LCs enforced through deep cooperation mechanisms. © 2025-Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, All Rights Reserved.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"firm_entry_exit_formality","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":"Deep cooperation mechanisms boost demand for compliant firms, reducing informality via fair trade signals | Deep cooperation mechanisms improve labor standards and worker productivity, enhancing firm competitiveness | Strong enforcement raises compliance costs, offsetting efficiency gains and increasing informality","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":79,"id":"tintit_2058","title":"The spatial effect of short-term rental regulations: The comparison between Barcelona and Paris","authors":"Bei, G.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85211995707?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105603","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Cities","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"In recent years, short-term rentals have grown exponentially in European tourist cities. Supply is concentrated in city centers, exacerbating the spatial inequalities caused by urban tourism. To mitigate these effects, some urban governments have introduced regulations to decongest and redistribute short-term rentals more evenly in the city. Research analyzing the spatial effects of these regulations is scarce. This paper aims to fill that gap by examining the spatial effects of regulations in Barcelona and Paris, using a combination of statistical and spatial methods. While Barcelona implemented zonal restrictions aimed at redistributing supply, Paris introduced temporal restrictions. The findings show that, compared to Paris, Barcelona experiences a greater decongestion of short-term rentals in the city center. These effects are due to Barcelona municipality's capacity to remove illegal activities concentrated in the city center, rather than to the mere zonal restrictions. The evidence from this study suggests lessons for other cities. In particular, the research indicates that adopting regulatory spatial approaches alone is not enough to decongest short-term rentals, but what makes the difference is the effectiveness of policy enforcement, highlighting that time restrictions are very challenging to monitor. © 2024 The Author","region":"Europe & Central Asia","country":"Spain | France","income_level":"High income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_market_destination","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"inequality_segregation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"its","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Area or polygon | Municipality","timeframe":"2-5","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":80,"id":"tintit_2059","title":"The Impact of ASEAN+6 Sustainable Policies on Indonesia’s Cocoa Butter Trade","authors":"Danendra, D.I.; Hidayat, N.K.; Amanda, D.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105003731457?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1051/bioconf/202517104011","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"BIO Web of Conferences","journal_rank":"Not indexed/Other","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The expansion of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) within the ASEAN+6 region has reshaped economic dynamics, particularly in the trade of strategic commodities such as cocoa. As a vital tropical agricultural product, cocoa especially cocoa butter holds the largest market share potential in ASEAN+6 trade. These FTAs not only drive trade creation and diversion but also emphasize sustainability in resource management and environmental responsibility. This research explores the scope of ASEAN+6 agreements, trade policies, and their effects within the region using a descriptive qualitative approach and panel data regression with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator. Findings reveal six active FTAs-AFTA, ACFTA, AIFTA, AKFTA, AANZFTA, and AJCEP regulating both tariff and non-tariff measures with sustainability considerations in political, economic, and environmental spheres. Empirical analysis highlights trade creation effects on Indonesia’s cocoa butter exports and imports, yet policy harmonization remains crucial to maximizing trade benefits and addressing sustainability challenges. Strengthening economic integration through a comprehensive regional review is imperative to align policies and enhance trade contributions to sustainable economic growth. By addressing gaps in literature and policy, this study underscores the necessity of integrated trade strategies to fortify ASEAN+6 economic resilience. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Indonesia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":81,"id":"tintit_2084","title":"US monetary policy spillovers to emerging markets: The role of trade credit","authors":"London, M.; Silvestrini, M.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105000499482?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jinteco.2025.104064","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of International Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of US monetary policy surprises on firm-to-firm trade credit in emerging markets, using a proprietary firm-level database. We show that trade credit acts as a buffer against the adverse effects of US monetary tightening, which, by constraining global financial conditions, increases reliance on trade credit as an alternative financing source. This effect is more pronounced for buyers with poor credit quality, who are primarily affected when financial conditions tighten. This later effect only exists in pre-existing relationships, where trust can be more readily established, compared to new partnerships. Given the widespread use of trade credit in emerging markets, this buffering role is crucial for mitigating financial pressures in these economies. © 2025","region":"Latin America & Caribbean | South Asia | East Asia & Pacific | Sub-Saharan Africa | Europe & Central Asia","country":"Brazil | India | Indonesia | Mexico | South Africa | Türkiye","income_level":"Upper middle income | Lower middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"trade_finance_instruments","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"access_finance_capital","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"iv | did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Tighter US monetary policy worsens financial conditions in EMEs, increasing buyers' demand for trade credit | Lower-credit-quality buyers face greater financial constraints and receive more trade credit after US MP tightening | Countercyclical trade credit increase is concentrated in pre-existing supplier-buyer relationships with higher trust","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Mechanism","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":82,"id":"tintit_2120","title":"The economic geography of beer production in the context of trade liberalization and economic nationalism: The Mexican experience","authors":"Wang, H.; Garduno-Rivera, R.; Reid, N.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/86000779398?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103589","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Applied Geography","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The US is the most important export market for Mexican beer, generally accounting for over 80% of export sales. While the success of Mexican beer can be explained by a number of many factors, geography is the backbone. It explains not only the cultural underpinnings of Mexican beer's success (e.g., immigration) but also other mechanisms and arrangements (e.g., geography-based trade policy) that have powered its industrialization in Mexico. This study examines the economic geography of beer production in Mexico over the past three decades, spanning significant changes in the trade environment and economic policies. Our empirical analysis focuses on exploring the determinants of the spatial distribution of brewing capacity at the municipality level in Mexico. The results show that despite the significant inflow of foreign capital into the Mexican brewing industry and its growing emphasis on the export market (especially the U.S. market), domestic demand in Mexico is still critical to the brewing industry. Additionally, we find that minimum wage is not binding in the Mexican brewing industry, suggesting that the export-oriented industrial development strategy helps justify the industry’ higher labor cost. However, this is not the case with transportation costs. The results show that the brewing capacity is more likely located near freshwater resources and the US-Mexico border, ceteris paribus, to be closer to the key input and the U.S. market. We find no evidence of impacts from the economic nationalism-driven federal economic policies on the brewing industry, suggesting that the brewing industry, as part of the light manufacturing sector, may not have been a target of Mexico's state-led economic reform over the past several decades. We discuss these findings within the context of several policy frameworks that are important to understanding the geography of the Mexican brewing industry. © 2025 The Authors","region":"Latin America & Caribbean","country":"Mexico","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":83,"id":"tintit_2160","title":"Fixed Effect Estimation of Patents and FDI: India and Its Economic Partners","authors":"Bharti, N.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105000988245?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.56042/jipr.v30i2.10700","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Intellectual Property Rights","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Economic globalization has facilitated business enterprises making use of trade agreements, FDI inflows and intellectual property related assets beyond national boundaries.The introduction of IPR related chapters in trade agreements especially the patent system is fostering innovation, and economic development in the country. India has signed CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) and CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements) which has been instrumental in building integration of intellectual property rights compared to other bilateral trade agreements This paper analyses the impact of FDI inflows on the number of patent applications filed in India by those countries which are part of CECA, CEPA and other trade treaties. A Year Fixed Effect methodology for a group of 11 countries is used to study the qualitative and quantitative estimation. The time period between 2005 and 2022 has been used in the estimation.The empirical findings support the hypothesis that countries under CECA and CEPA have significant positive results on investment inflows and filings of patent in India. Furthermore, India should design its trade policies like CECA/CEPA to help induce high quality FDI drive India towards creation of knowledge-based economy. © 2025, National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research. All rights reserved.","region":"South Asia | East Asia & Pacific | North America | Europe & Central Asia | Sub-Saharan Africa | Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan","country":"India | Japan | Korea, Rep. | Singapore | Malaysia | United States | United Kingdom | France | Germany | Mauritius | United Arab Emirates | China","income_level":"Lower middle income | High income | Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"investment_promotion_facilitation","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"innovation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":84,"id":"tintit_2180","title":"What role for aid for trade in (deep) PTA relations? Empirical evidence from gravity model estimations","authors":"Stender, F.; Vogel, T.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85212345365?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.inteco.2024.100574","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"While preferential trade agreements (PTAs) cover an increasing range of policy areas, little is known about the implications of this new emphasis on interactions with other trade-related policies. We approach this gap by examining the effectiveness of bilateral aid for trade (AfT) in promoting exports for recipient countries within deep North–South PTA relations. Using a structural gravity model for bilateral panel data of 29 OECD DAC countries and 144 developing countries from 2002 to 2015, we find that the marginal effect of AfT decreases as PTA policy areas expand. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms suggests that the observed trade-off between PTA depth and AfT effectiveness may be due to compliance with the non-tariff provisions contained in deep PTAs. We find two lines of reasoning plausible. First, compliance efforts appear to consume large fractions of AfT, reducing its availability for potentially more effective projects. Second, since we also observe heterogeneity in interactions across donors, AfT provided by high-income PTA partners could well be used to redirect exports to third countries with comparatively fewer bilateral obligations. Provided that a core focus of AfT remains on strengthening international trade relations, including between donors and recipients, donor countries should therefore carefully weigh compliance costs to developing countries against the non-trade benefits of common deep PTAs, and accurately identify financial and technical assistance needs with their PTA partners. © 2024 The Authors","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"export_promotion_policies","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"2-5 | 5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Compliance with non-tariff PTA provisions consumes AfT funds, reducing resources for more effective trade projects. | Deep PTA compliance may redirect AfT-enabled exports to third countries with fewer bilateral obligations. | Donor-specific AfT portfolio composition shapes whether AfT complements or substitutes deep PTA obligations.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":85,"id":"tintit_2202","title":"From fields to factories: Special economic zones, foreign direct investment, and labour markets in Vietnam","authors":"Tafese, T.; Lay, J.; Tran, V.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85217439654?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103467","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Development Economics","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Vietnam's deep integration into GVCs has been driven by the establishment of special economic zones (SEZs). This paper examines the local labour market impacts of this SEZ programme. We trace the built-up area of SEZs over time to construct a novel continuous measure of SEZ exposure using historical satellite imagery. In a difference-in-differences design with continuous treatment, we examine the impact of SEZ exposure on local labour market outcomes at the district-level for the period 2009–2019. We find that the expansion of SEZs has led to a rapid shift in employment from own-account and family work in agriculture to manufacturing in foreign firms. We also show that SEZ exposure leads to higher wages and more formal employment contracts. Earnings improvements are not confined to workers in foreign manufacturing firms, but spill over to workers in household businesses and domestic firms. The effects on women account for most of these impacts. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"Viet Nam","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"inequality_segregation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Individual | District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Gender | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Structural shift from agriculture to manufacturing employment via foreign firm entry in SEZs | Local labor demand spillovers raising earnings in household businesses, especially for women | Formalization of employment through written contracts and social insurance coverage","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":86,"id":"tintit_2205","title":"Boosting trade in environmental goods. Evidence from provisions in free trade agreements","authors":"Gisselman, F.; Merkus, E.; Norell, N.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85212319915?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100195","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"World Development Sustainability","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Environmentally friendly goods and techniques such are essential for the transition to a greener economy. Trade policy can help support the global diffusion of these goods and technologies by removing barriers to trade, lowering the cost of the green transition for consumers, firms, and governments. This paper investigates the effectiveness of trade agreements that specifically aim to boost and facilitate trade in these environmental goods. Using a gravity model, we find that these trade agreements are not associated with increased trade in environmental goods. Trade flows between countries that have a free trade agreement with so-called environmental goods provisions are not higher than between countries without such an agreement. © 2024 The Author(s)","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":"No differential trade liberalization effect found for intermediate vs. capital environmental goods by BEC classification","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":87,"id":"tintit_2216","title":"Trade liberalization, road expansion, and factor market distortion","authors":"Wang, S.; Meng, Y.; Xie, W.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219576461?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.103974","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Factor market distortions and resource misallocation are significant contributors to differences in productivity. In this paper, we examine the role played by road improvements in determining the impact of an input tariff reduction on factor market distortions. Using firm-level data from China's manufacturing sector and employing a difference-in-difference approach following China's WTO accession, we find a strong complementarity between road infrastructure and input tariff reduction in reducing firm's factor market distortion. This result remains robust under various robustness checks. The further analysis reveals a more pronounced impact on foreign-invested enterprises, non-importers, and firms with scarce capital. Mechanically, better road access magnifies the pass-through effect of input tariff reductions, enhancing allocative efficiency brought by trade through improved market competition. This paper highlights the importance of transportation in ensuring a reduction in domestic firm distortions following trade liberalization. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"prices_inflation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"market_concentration","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms","tags":null,"mechanism":"Road infrastructure reduces input prices, amplifying the effect of tariff reductions on factor distortions | Road infrastructure improves allocative efficiency across firms within industries | Firm markups increase with road-tariff interaction, reflecting competitive price transmission effects","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":88,"id":"tintit_2259","title":"Trade Diversion effects of China`s Vat Export Rebates","authors":"Ledyaeva, S.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85193931034?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1007/s11079-024-09769-2","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Open Economies Review","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"The utilization of value-added tax (VAT) export rebates serves as a key component of Chinese trade policy. While existing literature extensively demonstrates the positive impact of these rebates on Chinese exports, the potential negative repercussions for global trade, widely debated in the media, have remained relatively unexplored. This study assesses the trade diversion effects of China's VAT rebates within a \"four-way\" fixed effects Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood structural gravity framework spanning 75 countries over the period 2004–2018. The results indicate that, on average, a 1% increase in the rebate leads to a 2.62% reduction in third-country exports. The impact varies significantly at the country level. Wealthier nations with greater trade liberalization and diversified exports at the intensive margin are less susceptible to the effects of China’s export rebate policy. Additionally, there is evidence that countries exporting higher-quality goods experience more significant negative effects. Finally, the negative effects are driven by machinery and equipment sector and intensive margin. © The Author(s) 2024.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"export_promotion_policies","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country | Product","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector | Size of the geographical unit","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":89,"id":"tintit_2272","title":"TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND THE GREAT LABOR REALLOCATION","authors":"Zi, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85214461341?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1111/iere.12751","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Economic Review","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"I examine how migration frictions shape the effects of trade policy by analyzing the impact of tariff reductions on labor allocation in China and the role of hukou-based migration frictions. Trade liberalization induces significant labor reallocation, greater in regions with lower hukou frictions. Quantitatively, trade liberalization increases China's welfare by 0.72%. Abolishing the hukou system directly improves welfare by 1.75% but reduces gains from tariff reductions by 18% and amplifies negative distributional effects. In the process, I develop a novel measure of hukou-related migration frictions. © 2025 the Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"household_welfare_poverty","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"inequality_segregation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality | District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":null,"mechanism":"Input tariff cuts lower intermediate input costs, boosting regional production and attracting labor inflows | Hukou frictions limit worker mobility, concentrating gains among local hukou holders and amplifying inequality | Abolishing hukou frictions improves labor reallocation efficiency, increasing aggregate gains from trade","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":90,"id":"tintit_2279","title":"Does being embedded in RTA networks promote firm productivity? Evidence from Chinese firms","authors":"Wang, X.; Yang, G.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105000318476?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.103973","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study examines the effect of regional trade agreement (RTA) network embeddedness on firm productivity using panel data on Chinese listed companies and global RTAs from 2010 to 2017. The findings indicate that firms with deeper embeddedness in RTA networks experience significant productivity gains, primarily driven by trade expansion and innovation. Heterogeneity analysis reveals stronger effects for firms with core RTA partners, high export intensity, and operating within the service sector. This study contributes micro-level evidence on RTA network embeddedness's role in fostering productivity within China's evolving trade landscape, highlighting the need for peripheral firms to strengthen ties with core RTA countries to reduce productivity disparities. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"innovation","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"0-1 | 1-2 | 2-5 | 5-10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Trade expansion: RTA network embeddedness increases firm exports and trade scale, boosting productivity. | Technological innovation: RTA embeddedness facilitates patent applications and technology spillovers, enhancing productivity.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Mechanism","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":91,"id":"tintit_2285","title":"India-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement: An Ex-Post Evaluation under Modern Gravity Framework","authors":"Kumari, M.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007931958?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.11130/jei.2024054","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Economic Integration","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Against the backdrop of expanding the tariff concession list of 450 products to 1500-2000 under India-Southern Common Market Preferential Trade Agreement (India-MERCOSUR PTA), the study analyses the effects of the India-MERCOSUR PTA on the trade flows of member states. The study employs structural gravity model framework to estimate total bilateral, unilateral, and heterogenous trade effects of this PTA. The results indicate that bilateral trade between India and MERCOSUR countries have increased by 63% at the expense of trade diversion from domestic sales. The study also provides evidence that PTA significantly increased India’s trade with non-MERCOSUR countries by 90%. In addition, the hypothesis of heterogeneity effects of PTA across each of its member countries and the direction of trade is confirmed by the estimates. Such empirical evidence of large average impacts on goods trade gives significant boost to the ongoing negotiations for further deepening the existing trade agreement. © 2025-Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, All Rights Reserved.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":92,"id":"tintit_2358","title":"Economic Development and Environmental Conservation: Evidence from Ecotourism","authors":"Saavedra, S.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105013027755?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1086/730828","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"It is essential to address the dual challenges of economic growth and environmental preservation. In theory, promotion of ecotourism can simultaneously incentivize forest conservation and boost economic prospects. Through a randomized controlled trial conducted in Colombia, I empirically investigate the effect of ecotourism on deforestation and economic opportunities. Municipalities were randomly assigned to either a control group or a treatment group that received ecotourism promotion. I find an increase in the number of tourists and workers in surveyed businesses of treated municipalities. Furthermore, there is a significant decrease in deforestation around ecotourism sites in treated areas. These findings underscore the critical role of economic opportunities in encouraging local communities to preserve forests. © 2025 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","region":"Latin America & Caribbean","country":"Colombia","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"tourism_market_destination","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":"tourism_firm_competitiveness","intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"Yes","outcome1":"visitor_flows_engagement","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"environmental_quality_emissions","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"fiscal_revenue_tax","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Experimental evaluation","method":"experimental","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":"Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses","unit_observation":"Firm/organisation | Individual | Municipality","timeframe":"0-1","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Economic sector","tags":"Skills | Digital transformation","mechanism":"Ecotourism training increases value placed on standing forests, reducing deforestation incentives | New tourism employment displaces workers from extractive activities like deforestation | Increased tourist arrivals generate jobs without raising wages per guide due to capacity constraints","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Main","outcome4_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":"Main","outcome5_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":93,"id":"tintit_2383","title":"Climate change, geography and trade agreements: A perspective of Asian bilateral trade","authors":"Liang, Q.; Shao, L.; Hussain, Z.; Chao, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, C.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105003809624?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0320363","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"PLoS ONE","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study investigates the simultaneous effects of geographic factors, trade agreements, and climate change on bilateral exports in Asian countries. We estimate the correlation with bilateral exports by utilizing a panel data set from 2000 to 2020, employing various econometric techniques, particularly the structural gravity model. Therefore, this study aims to examine the simultaneous or complementary impact of influencing factors on exports and link them with the gross domestic product. Findings demonstrate that geographic factors are crucial for determining bilateral exports in terms of increasing trends. Furthermore, geography plays a crucial role in enhancing the magnitude and probability of bilateral exports between trading partner countries. Moreover, bilateral exports have declined because of the simultaneous impact of geographic factors, climate change, and economic size. Thus, geographic factors and economic size affect marginal exports to varying degrees. This study suggests that the simultaneous increase in economic size, trade agreements, and geographic factors can enhance the bilateral export level and its probability at an above-average rate between trading partner countries. © 2025 Liang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"selection","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":94,"id":"tintit_2466","title":"Special economic zones and land misallocation: Evidence from Chinese cities","authors":"Cui, Y.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85217384453?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.pirs.2025.100084","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Papers in Regional Science","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study examines the impact of China's special economic zones (SEZs) on land misallocation, primarily using city-level data for China from 2003 to 2018. The findings indicate that establishing SEZs exacerbates land misallocation by over-allocating land to cities, resulting in an average annual loss of 0.22% of real urban GDP. After establishing SEZs, local governments change their land supply strategies by adjusting supply mode, object, and preference, reducing land allocation efficiency. Thus, the bundling of SEZs and government intervention is an essential cause of land misallocation. Furthermore, the geographical location of SEZs affects land allocation efficiency through the spatial form of cities. Its spatial separation from the core urban area is an essential cause of land misallocation. This study has important implications for more effective planning and implementation of SEZs. © 2025 The Author","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"income_sales_profits","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"SEZs expand land transfers through low-marketization listing mode, enabling government-enterprise collusion and reducing market competition. | SEZs lower entry barriers for foreign-invested enterprises, distorting land allocation through preferential treatment and crowding out other industries. | SEZs at urban fringes disrupt compact city spatial forms, increasing geographic separation from core areas and reducing land allocation efficiency.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":95,"id":"tintit_2529","title":"An empirical test of the impact of multidimensional shocks of trade war on the comprehensive performance of cross-border e-commerce based on principal component analysis","authors":"Lai, H.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105030684376?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.70917/ijcisim-2025-0295","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"By analyzing the relationship between multidimensional shocks of trade war and on the comprehensive performance of cross-border e-commerce, it can help the policy makers of China's cross-border e-commerce to better follow the different degrees of importance, and give the corresponding policy recommendations in a targeted manner. Based on the panel data of China's listed cross-border e-commerce companies from 2013 to 2022, this paper measures the comprehensive performance of cross-border e-commerce by combining the principal component analysis method, and then constructs a multi-period double-difference model to test the impact of trade war multi-dimensional impact on the comprehensive performance of cross-border e-commerce, quasi-natural experiments with the establishment of trade war multi-dimensional impact test zones. It is found that when the level of trade war multidimensional shocks increases by 1%, the level of comprehensive performance of Chinese cross-border e-commerce enterprises is suppressed by 3.85%, i.e., reducing trade war multidimensional shocks can enhance the comprehensive performance of Chinese cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Therefore, cross-border e-commerce exporters and manufacturing enterprises should take early warning precautions, do well to take countermeasures, establish independent brands, form core competitiveness, and accelerate the upgrading and transformation of industries. © Cerebration Science Publishing.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"productivity_competitiveness","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":null,"outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Firm/organisation","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit","tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":null,"outcome2_effectiveness":null,"outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":96,"id":"tintit_2555","title":"Can upgrading development zones enhance regional entrepreneurial activity? Evidence from Chinese enterprise registration data","authors":"Liu, X.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, K.; Kang, Z.; Xie, X.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85216466841?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.103903","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"International Review of Economics and Finance","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"As a crucial strategy for China's opening up and economic reform, development zones have undergone phases of initiation, boom and stable development since the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in 1980, ultimately becoming engines for regional economic growth. In 2009, the Chinese government initiated the process of upgrading provincial-level development zones to national-level development zones, marking the beginning of a transformation in China's development zones from ‘quantitative change’ to ‘qualitative change’. What impact will the gradually implemented upgrading policy for development zones have on urban entrepreneurship? This study uses China's upgrading policy for development zones as a quasi-natural experiment and analyzes data from 2528 districts (or counties) from 2006 to 2019, employing the multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) method to examine the impact of upgrading development zones on entrepreneurial activity in both the local and surrounding areas. The study finds that the implementation of the upgrading policy for development zones significantly enhances the entrepreneurial activity in the local district (or county), but it has a certain suppressive effect on the entrepreneurial activity in the surrounding districts (or counties). After conducting various robustness tests, the conclusions remain valid. Further analysis reveals that the effects of the upgrading policy for development zones on entrepreneurial activity are notably influenced by the heterogeneity of urban characteristics and entrepreneurial enterprise characteristics. Mechanism tests indicate that business environment, preferential policies and agglomeration effects impact the entrepreneurial activity in the districts (or counties). The findings of this study expand the existing literature on the upgrading of development zones and entrepreneurship, providing relevant insights into how to further improve the development zone system and adjust its policy framework to promote innovative and entrepreneurial economic development. © 2025 The Authors","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"firm_entry_exit_formality","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | matching | iv","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Municipality | District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10 | 2-5","heterogeneity":"Size of the firms | Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Business environment optimization via improved infrastructure and reduced institutional transaction costs | Preferential policies (government subsidies, tax incentives) reduce entrepreneurial costs in local zones | Agglomeration effects attract talent and high-tech enterprises, fostering entrepreneurial ecosystems locally","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Mixed","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Not available","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":97,"id":"tintit_2576","title":"Does Establishment of Overseas Economics and Trade Cooperation Zones Influence China’s Regional Export Effects? – Evidence from the Provincial Panel Data","authors":"Xu, X.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105032396548?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.36719/2663-4619/111/73-88","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Scientific Work","journal_rank":"Not indexed/Other","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"China's Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones (COCZs) are an important measure to comply with the high-quality and sustainable development of the economy and promote the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative national cooperation. This paper analyzes the impact mechanism of COCZs on the high-quality development of China’s foreign trade through the establishment of COCZs as a quasi-natural experiment. It also evaluates the impacts of COCZs on export trade based on the data of 23 provinces in China and 54 countries around the world in the period of 2002-2021. Moreover, this paper utilizes a three-dimensional panel model to assess the impact of COCZs on export trade. The findings of this study shows that: First, the establishment of COCZs has generally significantly promoted the high-quality development of regional exports. And it effectively improved regional export levels through feedbacks of intermediate products, improved logistics systems, and inflows of foreign direct investment. Second, there are significant differences in export trade promotion impacting on different provinces establishing COCZs in various countries. Meanwhile, the finding shows significant differences in the export effects of different types of COCZs on China’s regional exports. Third, the regional export promotion effects of COCZs have a time lag. Thus it is necessary to plan sustainable development strategies from a long-term perspective and pay attention to the practice of environmental protection and sustainable development while accelerating exports. © 2025, Azerbaijan Science Center. All rights reserved.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"District/State/Provincial | Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":"Institutional capacity","mechanism":"Intermediate product feedback: enterprises import machinery, equipment, and raw materials from China due to preferential export policies. | Improved logistics systems in host countries reduce transportation costs and simplify import processes for Chinese goods. | FDI inflows from COCZs stimulate host country economic growth, increasing demand for Chinese export products.","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Mechanism","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":98,"id":"tintit_2595","title":"Trade war and grain import resilience: evidence from China’s response to U.S. Tariffs","authors":"Han, D.; Wu, Y.; Si-Si, C.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010922668?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.3389/fsufs.2025.1593613","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","journal_rank":"Q1","open_access":"Yes","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"Examing the impact of China-US trade friction on China’s grain import resilience can provide valuable insights for China and other developing countries in achieving food security. On the basis of defining the theoretical connotation of China’s grain import resilience, this study employs data from 2013 to 2023 and applies a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to quantitatively analyzes the impact of China US trade frictions on China’s grain import resilience. The study shows that the trade friction between China and the United States has an obvious negative impact on the resilience of China’s grain imports. During the U.S.-China trade friction period, China’s grain import prices rose, price volatility increased, import volume declined, import tempo changed, and the degree of import diversification declined. This shows that China’s grain import resilience, recovery capacity and transformation and upgrading capacity need to be improved. Developing countries can enhance their food supply capacity by adopting measures such as diversifying import sources, expanding domestic production, promoting regional cooperation, and establishing strategic reserve systems. Specific strategies may include actively cultivating new trade partnerships, strengthening irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure, and modernizing grain storage facilities. Copyright © 2025 Han, Wu and Si-Si.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"regulatory_institutional_reforms","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"prices_inflation","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Product | Country","timeframe":"0-1","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":99,"id":"tintit_2606","title":"The Economic Impact of Purchase Restrictions on Real Estate and Logistics Dynamics: Insights from the Hainan Free Trade Port","authors":"Zhang, X.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024482954?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.33168/JLISS.2025.0907","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of Logistics, Informatics and Service Science","journal_rank":"Q3","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This study examines the impact of housing purchase restrictions on real estate stability and logistics supply chain integration within China’s Hainan Free Trade Port (HFTP). Using quarterly panel data (2015–2025) from national and provincial statistical repositories, we apply a hybrid empirical framework combining difference-in-differences (DiD), instrumental variables (IV), synthetic control (SC), quantile regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to identify causal and mediating effects. Results show that purchase restrictions have reduced housing prices by approximately 22% and sales floorspace by 30%, while simultaneously increasing logistics land allocation by 18% and port throughput by 13%. The mediation analysis indicates that real estate stabilization explains about 43% of throughput growth through capital reallocation toward logistics infrastructure. These findings suggest that property restrictions, often viewed as speculative controls, can serve as institutional mechanisms for rebalancing investment between residential and logistics sectors. Policy implications include the need for targeted exemptions to attract logistics-oriented foreign direct investment (FDI), green REIT frameworks to enhance financing efficiency, and data-driven monitoring tools for balancing real estate and logistics objectives. The study contributes to institutional and supply chain economics by demonstrating how real estate policies shape port-region resilience in free trade zones. © 2025, Success Culture Press. All rights reserved.","region":"East Asia & Pacific","country":"China","income_level":"Upper middle income","evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"prices_inflation","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":"fdi_outcomes","outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":"labor_market_outcomes","outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe | iv | synth | matching","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Area or polygon | District/State/Provincial","timeframe":"5-10","heterogeneity":"Size of the geographical unit | Economic sector","tags":null,"mechanism":"Real estate price deflation redirects capital toward logistics land allocation, explaining 43% of throughput growth | Land reallocation to logistics infrastructure increases port throughput via zoning and capital rechanneling | Purchase restrictions reduce residential FDI while increasing logistics-oriented FDI share","evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"Negative","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":"Main","outcome3_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":"Main","outcome4_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null},{"_id":100,"id":"tintit_2785","title":"Impact of special economic zones on export diversification in sub-saharan Africa","authors":"Sukadi, E.S.A.","publication_year":2025,"url_link":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85198534666?origin=resultslist","doi":"10.1080/09638199.2024.2378088","study_type":"Impact evaluation","publication_type":null,"journal":"Journal of International Trade and Economic Development","journal_rank":"Q2","open_access":"No","idb_publication":"No","idb_authors":"No","idb_study":"No","language":"English","abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of special economic zones (SEZs) on export diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). With export diversification being a key concern for SSA policymakers, many countries in the region have implemented SEZ programs over the last three decades to stimulate industrial development and export-led growth. By providing incentives to attract investment, SEZs aim to enhance the business environment and draw firms from both traditional and emerging sectors. Using a difference-in-differences approach on a panel dataset covering 32 SSA countries from 1970 to 2014, this study investigates the effects of SEZ adoption on overall export diversification, as well as on the extensive and intensive margins of exports. The findings suggest that SEZ adoption has led to a more balanced distribution of export shares among traditional sectors, thereby promoting greater export diversification in SSA countries. However, the effectiveness of SEZs in fostering the creation of entirely new sectors appears to be limited. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","region":"Multi-region","country":"15+ countries","income_level":null,"evaluated_case":null,"intervention1":"investment_incentives_special_regimes","intervention_subtype1":null,"intervention2":null,"intervention_subtype2":null,"intervention3":null,"intervention_subtype3":null,"intervention4":null,"intervention_subtype4":null,"intervention5":null,"intervention_subtype5":null,"intervention6":null,"intervention_subtype6":null,"intervention7":null,"intervention_subtype7":null,"intervention8":null,"intervention_subtype8":null,"intervention9":null,"intervention_subtype9":null,"intervention10":null,"intervention_subtype10":null,"multicomponent_intervention":"No","outcome1":"extensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype1":null,"outcome2":"intensive_margin_trade","outcome_subtype2":null,"outcome3":null,"outcome_subtype3":null,"outcome4":null,"outcome_subtype4":null,"outcome5":null,"outcome_subtype5":null,"outcome6":null,"outcome_subtype6":null,"outcome7":null,"outcome_subtype7":null,"outcome8":null,"outcome_subtype8":null,"outcome9":null,"outcome_subtype9":null,"outcome10":null,"outcome_subtype10":null,"evaluation_design":"Quasi-experimental evaluation","method":"did_fe","sr_quality_appraisal":null,"cost_information":null,"unit_observation":"Country","timeframe":"5-10 | >10","heterogeneity":null,"tags":null,"mechanism":null,"evidence_summary":null,"outcome1_type":"Main","outcome1_effectiveness":"Positive","outcome1_metric":null,"outcome2_type":"Main","outcome2_effectiveness":"No significant","outcome2_metric":null,"outcome3_type":null,"outcome3_effectiveness":null,"outcome3_metric":null,"outcome4_type":null,"outcome4_effectiveness":null,"outcome4_metric":null,"outcome5_type":null,"outcome5_effectiveness":null,"outcome5_metric":null,"outcome6_type":null,"outcome6_effectiveness":null,"outcome6_metric":null,"outcome7_type":null,"outcome7_effectiveness":null,"outcome7_metric":null,"outcome8_type":null,"outcome8_effectiveness":null,"outcome8_metric":null,"outcome9_type":null,"outcome9_effectiveness":null,"outcome9_metric":null,"outcome10_type":null,"outcome10_effectiveness":null,"outcome10_metric":null}], "fields": [{"id": "_id", "type": "int"}, {"id": "id", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "ID", "notes": "ID of the study"}}, {"id": "title", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Title", "notes": "Title of the study"}}, {"id": "authors", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Authors", "notes": "Author(s) of the study. Authors are separated by a semicolon, or in some entries by a vertical bar ( | )."}}, {"id": "publication_year", "type": "int8", "info": {"label": "Publication year", "notes": "Year of publication"}}, {"id": "url_link", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "URL link", "notes": "Link to the study"}}, {"id": "doi", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "DOI", "notes": "Digital Object Identifier"}}, {"id": "study_type", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Study type", "notes": "Type of study (impact evaluation or systematic review)"}}, {"id": "publication_type", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Publication type", "notes": "Type of publication (journal article, report, thesis, among othesr)"}}, {"id": "journal", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Journal", "notes": "Name of the journal or outlet"}}, {"id": "journal_rank", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Journal Rank", "notes": "This variable indicates the journal quality quartile (Q1\u2013Q4) based on Scimago Journal Rank"}}, {"id": "open_access", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Open Access", "notes": "If the study has open acess"}}, {"id": "idb_publication", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB Publication", "notes": "If the study is a IDB publication"}}, {"id": "idb_authors", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB authors", "notes": "If the study has authors with IDB affiliation"}}, {"id": "idb_study", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "IDB study", "notes": "If the study is a IDB publication or has IDB authors"}}, {"id": "language", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Language", "notes": "Language of the study"}}, {"id": "abstract", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Abstract", "notes": "Abstract of the study"}}, {"id": "region", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Region", "notes": "Region of the country included in the study. Several regions are separated by a vertical bar ( | ). Multi-region marks a study spanning many regions."}}, {"id": "country", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Country", "notes": "Countries included in the study. Several countries are separated by a vertical bar ( | ). 15+ countries marks a study covering more than fifteen countries, which are not all listed."}}, {"id": "income_level", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Income level", "notes": "Income level of the countries included. Several income levels are separated by a vertical bar ( | )."}}, {"id": "evaluated_case", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Evaluated case", "notes": "Specific intervention, program or policy being evaluated"}}, {"id": "intervention1", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 1", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype1", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 1", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention2", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 2", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype2", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 2", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention3", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 3", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype3", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 3", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention4", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 4", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype4", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 4", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention5", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 5", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype5", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 5", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention6", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 6", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype6", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 6", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention7", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 7", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype7", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 7", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention8", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 8", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype8", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 8", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention9", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 9", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype9", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 9", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "intervention10", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention 10", "notes": "Intervention evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an intervention named in table 2, e.g. export_promotion_policies for Export promotion policies."}}, {"id": "intervention_subtype10", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Intervention Subtype 10", "notes": "Intervention subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "multicomponent_intervention", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Multi-component intervention", "notes": "If the intervention includes different types"}}, {"id": "outcome1", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome 1", "notes": "Outcome evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an outcome named in table 3, e.g. extensive_margin_trade for Extensive margin of trade."}}, {"id": "outcome_subtype1", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome subtype 1", "notes": "Outcome subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "outcome2", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome 2", "notes": "Outcome evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an outcome named in table 3, e.g. extensive_margin_trade for Extensive margin of trade."}}, {"id": "outcome_subtype2", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome subtype 2", "notes": "Outcome subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "outcome3", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome 3", "notes": "Outcome evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an outcome named in table 3, e.g. extensive_margin_trade for Extensive margin of trade."}}, {"id": "outcome_subtype3", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome subtype 3", "notes": "Outcome subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "outcome4", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome 4", "notes": "Outcome evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). Recorded as a short key for an outcome named in table 3, e.g. extensive_margin_trade for Extensive margin of trade."}}, {"id": "outcome_subtype4", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome subtype 4", "notes": "Outcome subtype evaluated (third level of the EGM framework)"}}, {"id": "outcome5", "type": "text", "info": {"label": "Outcome 5", "notes": "Outcome evaluated (second level of the EGM framework). 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