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"relationships_as_subject": [], "relationships_as_object": [], "doi": "10.60966/sij240vu", "doi_status": true, "domain": "https://data.iadb.org", "doi_date_published": "2025-10-17", "doi_publisher": "IADB", "data_collection_type": [{"uri": "https://taxonomy.iadb.org/knowledgeProductsTaxonomy/afaa6857-390d-423a-820a-e25d836282d5", "labels": {"en": "Administrative Data", "es": "Datos Administrativos", "fr": "Donn\u00e9es administratives", "pt_BR": "Dados Administrativos"}}], "keyword": {"en": ["Policing", "Citizen Security", "Evidence", "Literature", "Gaps"], "es": ["Intervenciones policiales", "Seguridad Ciudadana", "Evidencia", "Literatura", "Brechas"], "fr": ["Activit\u00e9 polici\u00e8re", "S\u00e9curit\u00e9 citoyenne", "Donn\u00e9es probantes", "Litt\u00e9rature", "Lacunes"], "pt_BR": ["Policiamento", "Seguran\u00e7a Cidad\u00e3", "Evid\u00eancias", "Literatura", "Lacunas"]}, "contact_point": "opendata@iadb.org", "description": {"en": "An evidence gap map of the research on police-led interventions: which interventions have been evaluated, against which outcomes, and what those evaluations measured. The Inter-American Development Bank's Citizen Security Division and Knowledge and Learning Division built it with the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), following a 3ie review protocol adapted for the IDB. Each study is coded onto a two-dimensional framework of interventions and outcomes, so that the areas where evidence has accumulated, and the areas where none was identified, can be read off directly.\n\n### What the data covers\n\nThe intervention framework runs from a top-level domain down to a named intervention and, where the coding defines one, a third-level subtype. Its domains include geographically focused policing, disruptive and investigative strategies, community-level crime and disorder prevention, police reform, police control and accountability, applied technologies for crime prevention and detection, the regulation of firearm ownership and use, and group and armed violence prevention. The outcome framework is built the same way, covering lethal, violent and property crime, group, youth and gender-based violence, drug- and alcohol-related offences, disorder, recidivism, fear of crime and perceived safety, police abuse and victimisation, institutional performance and legitimacy, and the risk and protective factors associated with crime. Each study records the regions and countries it examined and the income levels of those countries. Coverage is global rather than regional: on many interventions the available evidence comes from outside Latin America and the Caribbean.\n\n### What it contains\n\nImpact evaluations and systematic reviews, in two tables that share a column layout. Each study carries its citation, journal quartile and open-access status, the evaluation design and method it used, up to ten coded interventions and ten outcomes, and an effectiveness rating for each outcome. The two framework hierarchies are published as tables of their own, with a description of every category. Each systematic review additionally carries its synthesis method and the overall confidence rating awarded by a critical appraisal against the 3ie instrument; the completed appraisals are published as a workbook. Three data dictionaries document the columns of the study and framework tables, and the review protocol is published as a PDF.\n\n### How the data was collected\n\nThis is a secondary synthesis and contains no new fieldwork. Studies were identified through the search strategy, databases and inclusion and exclusion criteria set out in the review protocol, then screened and coded onto the framework that protocol defines. The impact evaluations are experiments and quasi-experiments; the systematic reviews are syntheses of those literatures.\n\n### Intended uses\n\nTo find the studies that measure a particular intervention and outcome pair; to see where evidence is concentrated and where none was identified, before commissioning new research or designing a programme; and to judge how much weight a given systematic review can carry, because its appraisal is published beside it rather than summarised away.", "es": "Un mapa de brechas de evidencia sobre la investigaci\u00f3n acerca de las intervenciones policiales: qu\u00e9 intervenciones se han evaluado, frente a qu\u00e9 resultados y qu\u00e9 midieron esas evaluaciones. Lo construyeron la Divisi\u00f3n de Seguridad Ciudadana y la Divisi\u00f3n de Conocimiento y Aprendizaje del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo junto con la Iniciativa Internacional para la Evaluaci\u00f3n de Impacto (3ie), siguiendo un protocolo de revisi\u00f3n de 3ie adaptado para el BID. Cada estudio se codifica en un marco bidimensional de intervenciones y resultados, de modo que las \u00e1reas donde la evidencia se ha acumulado, y aquellas donde no se identific\u00f3 ninguna, pueden leerse directamente.\n\n### Qu\u00e9 cubren los datos\n\nEl marco de intervenciones va desde un dominio de primer nivel hasta una intervenci\u00f3n con nombre propio y, cuando la codificaci\u00f3n lo define, un subtipo de tercer nivel. Sus dominios incluyen la vigilancia policial focalizada geogr\u00e1ficamente, las estrategias disruptivas y de investigaci\u00f3n, la prevenci\u00f3n comunitaria del delito y el desorden, la reforma policial, el control y la rendici\u00f3n de cuentas de la polic\u00eda, las tecnolog\u00edas aplicadas a la prevenci\u00f3n y detecci\u00f3n del delito, la regulaci\u00f3n de la tenencia y el uso de armas de fuego, y la prevenci\u00f3n de la violencia grupal y armada. El marco de resultados est\u00e1 construido de la misma manera y abarca el delito letal, violento y contra la propiedad, la violencia grupal, juvenil y de g\u00e9nero, los delitos relacionados con drogas y alcohol, el desorden, la reincidencia, el temor al delito y la percepci\u00f3n de seguridad, el abuso y la victimizaci\u00f3n policial, el desempe\u00f1o y la legitimidad institucional, y los factores de riesgo y protecci\u00f3n asociados al delito. Cada estudio registra las regiones y los pa\u00edses que examin\u00f3 y el nivel de ingreso de esos pa\u00edses. La cobertura es global y no regional: en muchas intervenciones la evidencia disponible proviene de fuera de Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe.\n\n### Qu\u00e9 contiene\n\nEvaluaciones de impacto y revisiones sistem\u00e1ticas, en dos tablas que comparten la misma estructura de columnas. Cada estudio lleva su cita, el cuartil de la revista y su condici\u00f3n de acceso abierto, el dise\u00f1o y el m\u00e9todo de evaluaci\u00f3n empleados, hasta diez intervenciones y diez resultados codificados, y una calificaci\u00f3n de efectividad por cada resultado. Las dos jerarqu\u00edas del marco se publican como tablas propias, con la descripci\u00f3n de cada categor\u00eda. Cada revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica lleva adem\u00e1s su m\u00e9todo de s\u00edntesis y la calificaci\u00f3n general de confianza otorgada por una valoraci\u00f3n cr\u00edtica frente al instrumento de 3ie; las valoraciones completas se publican como libro de trabajo. Tres diccionarios de datos documentan las columnas de las tablas de estudios y de marco, y el protocolo de revisi\u00f3n se publica en PDF.\n\n### C\u00f3mo se recopilaron los datos\n\nSe trata de una s\u00edntesis secundaria y no contiene trabajo de campo nuevo. Los estudios se identificaron mediante la estrategia de b\u00fasqueda, las bases de datos y los criterios de inclusi\u00f3n y exclusi\u00f3n establecidos en el protocolo de revisi\u00f3n, y luego se cribaron y codificaron en el marco que ese protocolo define. Las evaluaciones de impacto son experimentos y cuasiexperimentos; las revisiones sistem\u00e1ticas son s\u00edntesis de esas literaturas.\n\n### Usos previstos\n\nEncontrar los estudios que miden un par determinado de intervenci\u00f3n y resultado; ver d\u00f3nde se concentra la evidencia y d\u00f3nde no se identific\u00f3 ninguna, antes de encargar nueva investigaci\u00f3n o dise\u00f1ar un programa; y juzgar cu\u00e1nto peso puede sostener una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica, porque su valoraci\u00f3n se publica junto a ella y no resumida.", "fr": "Une carte des lacunes de preuves sur la recherche relative aux interventions polici\u00e8res : quelles interventions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9es, au regard de quels r\u00e9sultats, et ce que ces \u00e9valuations ont mesur\u00e9. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite par la Division de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 citoyenne et la Division des connaissances et de l'apprentissage de la Banque interam\u00e9ricaine de d\u00e9veloppement avec l'Initiative internationale pour l'\u00e9valuation d'impact (3ie), selon un protocole de revue de 3ie adapt\u00e9 pour la BID. Chaque \u00e9tude est cod\u00e9e sur un cadre bidimensionnel d'interventions et de r\u00e9sultats, de sorte que les domaines o\u00f9 les preuves se sont accumul\u00e9es, et ceux o\u00f9 aucune n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9e, se lisent directement.\n\n### Ce que couvrent les donn\u00e9es\n\nLe cadre des interventions va d'un domaine de premier niveau jusqu'\u00e0 une intervention nomm\u00e9e et, lorsque le codage en d\u00e9finit un, \u00e0 un sous-type de troisi\u00e8me niveau. Ses domaines comprennent la police cibl\u00e9e g\u00e9ographiquement, les strat\u00e9gies perturbatrices et d'investigation, la pr\u00e9vention de la criminalit\u00e9 et des d\u00e9sordres au niveau communautaire, la r\u00e9forme de la police, le contr\u00f4le et la responsabilisation de la police, les technologies appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention et \u00e0 la d\u00e9tection de la criminalit\u00e9, la r\u00e9glementation de la d\u00e9tention et de l'usage des armes \u00e0 feu, et la pr\u00e9vention de la violence des groupes et de la violence arm\u00e9e. Le cadre des r\u00e9sultats est construit de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on et couvre la criminalit\u00e9 l\u00e9tale, violente et contre les biens, la violence de groupe, juv\u00e9nile et fond\u00e9e sur le genre, les infractions li\u00e9es aux drogues et \u00e0 l'alcool, les d\u00e9sordres, la r\u00e9cidive, la peur du crime et le sentiment de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, les abus policiers et la victimisation, la performance et la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 institutionnelles, ainsi que les facteurs de risque et de protection associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la criminalit\u00e9. Chaque \u00e9tude consigne les r\u00e9gions et les pays qu'elle a examin\u00e9s et le niveau de revenu de ces pays. La couverture est mondiale et non r\u00e9gionale : pour de nombreuses interventions, les preuves disponibles proviennent de l'ext\u00e9rieur de l'Am\u00e9rique latine et des Cara\u00efbes.\n\n### Ce qu'elle contient\n\nDes \u00e9valuations d'impact et des revues syst\u00e9matiques, dans deux tableaux partageant la m\u00eame structure de colonnes. Chaque \u00e9tude porte sa r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, le quartile de la revue et son statut de libre acc\u00e8s, le devis et la m\u00e9thode d'\u00e9valuation employ\u00e9s, jusqu'\u00e0 dix interventions et dix r\u00e9sultats cod\u00e9s, et une appr\u00e9ciation de l'efficacit\u00e9 pour chaque r\u00e9sultat. Les deux hi\u00e9rarchies du cadre sont publi\u00e9es comme des tableaux distincts, avec une description de chaque cat\u00e9gorie. Chaque revue syst\u00e9matique porte en outre sa m\u00e9thode de synth\u00e8se et la note globale de confiance attribu\u00e9e par une \u00e9valuation critique au regard de l'instrument de 3ie ; les \u00e9valuations compl\u00e8tes sont publi\u00e9es sous forme de classeur. Trois dictionnaires de donn\u00e9es documentent les colonnes des tableaux d'\u00e9tudes et de cadre, et le protocole de revue est publi\u00e9 en PDF.\n\n### Comment les donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 recueillies\n\nIl s'agit d'une synth\u00e8se secondaire, sans nouveau travail de terrain. Les \u00e9tudes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 rep\u00e9r\u00e9es au moyen de la strat\u00e9gie de recherche, des bases de donn\u00e9es et des crit\u00e8res d'inclusion et d'exclusion d\u00e9finis dans le protocole de revue, puis filtr\u00e9es et cod\u00e9es sur le cadre que ce protocole \u00e9tablit. Les \u00e9valuations d'impact sont des exp\u00e9riences et des quasi-exp\u00e9riences ; les revues syst\u00e9matiques sont des synth\u00e8ses de ces litt\u00e9ratures.\n\n### Utilisations pr\u00e9vues\n\nTrouver les \u00e9tudes qui mesurent un couple donn\u00e9 d'intervention et de r\u00e9sultat ; voir o\u00f9 les preuves se concentrent et o\u00f9 aucune n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9e, avant de commander de nouvelles recherches ou de concevoir un programme ; et juger du poids qu'une revue syst\u00e9matique peut porter, puisque son \u00e9valuation est publi\u00e9e \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d'elle plut\u00f4t que r\u00e9sum\u00e9e.", "pt_BR": "Um mapa de lacunas de evid\u00eancias sobre a pesquisa a respeito das interven\u00e7\u00f5es policiais: quais interven\u00e7\u00f5es foram avaliadas, em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a quais resultados e o que essas avalia\u00e7\u00f5es mediram. Foi constru\u00eddo pela Divis\u00e3o de Seguran\u00e7a Cidad\u00e3 e pela Divis\u00e3o de Conhecimento e Aprendizagem do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento com a Iniciativa Internacional para Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Impacto (3ie), seguindo um protocolo de revis\u00e3o da 3ie adaptado para o BID. Cada estudo \u00e9 codificado em um arcabou\u00e7o bidimensional de interven\u00e7\u00f5es e resultados, de modo que as \u00e1reas em que as evid\u00eancias se acumularam, e aquelas em que nenhuma foi identificada, podem ser lidas diretamente.\n\n### O que os dados abrangem\n\nO arcabou\u00e7o de interven\u00e7\u00f5es vai de um dom\u00ednio de primeiro n\u00edvel at\u00e9 uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o nomeada e, quando a codifica\u00e7\u00e3o define um, um subtipo de terceiro n\u00edvel. Seus dom\u00ednios incluem o policiamento focalizado geograficamente, as estrat\u00e9gias disruptivas e de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, a preven\u00e7\u00e3o comunit\u00e1ria do crime e da desordem, a reforma policial, o controle e a responsabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da pol\u00edcia, as tecnologias aplicadas \u00e0 preven\u00e7\u00e3o e detec\u00e7\u00e3o do crime, a regula\u00e7\u00e3o da posse e do uso de armas de fogo, e a preven\u00e7\u00e3o da viol\u00eancia de grupos e armada. O arcabou\u00e7o de resultados \u00e9 constru\u00eddo do mesmo modo e abrange o crime letal, violento e contra o patrim\u00f4nio, a viol\u00eancia de grupo, juvenil e de g\u00eanero, os delitos relacionados a drogas e \u00e1lcool, a desordem, a reincid\u00eancia, o medo do crime e a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de seguran\u00e7a, o abuso e a vitimiza\u00e7\u00e3o policial, o desempenho e a legitimidade institucionais, e os fatores de risco e prote\u00e7\u00e3o associados ao crime. Cada estudo registra as regi\u00f5es e os pa\u00edses que examinou e o n\u00edvel de renda desses pa\u00edses. A cobertura \u00e9 global e n\u00e3o regional: em muitas interven\u00e7\u00f5es as evid\u00eancias dispon\u00edveis v\u00eam de fora da Am\u00e9rica Latina e do Caribe.\n\n### O que cont\u00e9m\n\nAvalia\u00e7\u00f5es de impacto e revis\u00f5es sistem\u00e1ticas, em duas tabelas que compartilham a mesma estrutura de colunas. Cada estudo traz sua cita\u00e7\u00e3o, o quartil da revista e sua condi\u00e7\u00e3o de acesso aberto, o desenho e o m\u00e9todo de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o empregados, at\u00e9 dez interven\u00e7\u00f5es e dez resultados codificados, e uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de efetividade para cada resultado. As duas hierarquias do arcabou\u00e7o s\u00e3o publicadas como tabelas pr\u00f3prias, com a descri\u00e7\u00e3o de cada categoria. Cada revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica traz ainda seu m\u00e9todo de s\u00edntese e a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o geral de confian\u00e7a atribu\u00edda por uma aprecia\u00e7\u00e3o cr\u00edtica frente ao instrumento da 3ie; as aprecia\u00e7\u00f5es completas s\u00e3o publicadas como pasta de trabalho. Tr\u00eas dicion\u00e1rios de dados documentam as colunas das tabelas de estudos e de arcabou\u00e7o, e o protocolo de revis\u00e3o \u00e9 publicado em PDF.\n\n### Como os dados foram coletados\n\nTrata-se de uma s\u00edntese secund\u00e1ria e n\u00e3o cont\u00e9m trabalho de campo novo. Os estudos foram identificados pela estrat\u00e9gia de busca, pelas bases de dados e pelos crit\u00e9rios de inclus\u00e3o e exclus\u00e3o estabelecidos no protocolo de revis\u00e3o, e depois triados e codificados no arcabou\u00e7o que esse protocolo define. As avalia\u00e7\u00f5es de impacto s\u00e3o experimentos e quase-experimentos; as revis\u00f5es sistem\u00e1ticas s\u00e3o s\u00ednteses dessas literaturas.\n\n### Usos previstos\n\nEncontrar os estudos que medem um determinado par de interven\u00e7\u00e3o e resultado; ver onde as evid\u00eancias se concentram e onde nenhuma foi identificada, antes de encomendar nova pesquisa ou desenhar um programa; e julgar quanto peso uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica pode sustentar, porque sua aprecia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 publicada ao lado dela e n\u00e3o resumida."}}}