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"https://sws.geonames.org/1220409"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Tanzania", "es": "Tanzania", "fr": "Tanzanie", "pt_BR": "Tanz\u00e2nia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/149590"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Thailand", "es": "Tailandia", "fr": "Tha\u00eflande", "pt_BR": "Tail\u00e2ndia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/1605651"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Gambia", "es": "Gambia", "fr": "Gambie", "pt_BR": "G\u00e2mbia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/2413451"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Netherlands", "es": "Pa\u00edses Bajos", "fr": "Pays-Bas", "pt_BR": "Pa\u00edses Baixos"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/2750405"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Togo", "es": "Togo", "fr": "Togo", "pt_BR": "Togo"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/2363686"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Trinidad & Tobago", "es": "Trinidad y Tobago", "fr": "Trinit\u00e9-et-Tobago", "pt_BR": "Trinidad e Tobago"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/3573591"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Tunisia", "es": "T\u00fanez", "fr": "Tunisie", "pt_BR": "Tun\u00edsia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/2464461"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Turkmenistan", "es": "Turkmenist\u00e1n", "fr": "Turkm\u00e9nistan", "pt_BR": "Turcomenist\u00e3o"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/1218197"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Tuvalu", "es": "Tuvalu", "fr": "Tuvalu", "pt_BR": "Tuvalu"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/2110297"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "T\u00fcrkiye", "es": "Turqu\u00eda", "fr": "Turquie", "pt_BR": "Turquia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/298795"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Uganda", "es": "Uganda", "fr": "Ouganda", "pt_BR": "Uganda"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/226074"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Ukraine", "es": "Ucrania", "fr": "Ukraine", "pt_BR": "Ucr\u00e2nia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/690791"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "United Kingdom", "es": "Reino Unido", "fr": "Royaume-Uni", "pt_BR": "Reino Unido"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/2635167"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "United States", "es": "Estados Unidos", "fr": "\u00c9tats-Unis", "pt_BR": "Estados Unidos"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/6252001"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Uruguay", "es": "Uruguay", "fr": "Uruguay", "pt_BR": "Uruguai"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/3439705"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Uzbekistan", "es": "Uzbekist\u00e1n", "fr": "Ouzb\u00e9kistan", "pt_BR": "Uzbequist\u00e3o"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/1512440"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Venezuela", "es": "Venezuela", "fr": "Venezuela", "pt_BR": "Venezuela"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/3625428"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Vietnam", "es": "Vietnam", "fr": "Vi\u00eat Nam", "pt_BR": "Vietn\u00e3"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/1562822"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Yemen", "es": "Yemen", "fr": "Y\u00e9men", "pt_BR": "I\u00eamen"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/69543"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Zambia", "es": "Zambia", "fr": "Zambie", "pt_BR": "Z\u00e2mbia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/895949"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Zimbabwe", "es": "Zimbabue", "fr": "Zimbabwe", "pt_BR": "Zimb\u00e1bue"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/878675"}], "groups": [], "relationships_as_subject": [], "relationships_as_object": [], "doi": "10.60966/gu9wbgds", "doi_status": true, "domain": "https://data.iadb.org", "doi_date_published": "2025-03-08", "doi_publisher": "IADB", "data_collection_type": [{"uri": "https://taxonomy.iadb.org/knowledgeProductsTaxonomy/afaa6857-390d-423a-820a-e25d836282d5", "labels": {"en": "Administrative Data", "es": "Datos Administrativos", "fr": "Donn\u00e9es administratives", "pt_BR": "Dados Administrativos"}}], "keyword": {"en": ["Political Participation"], "es": ["Participaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica"], "fr": ["Participation politique"], "pt_BR": ["Participa\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica"]}, "contact_point": "opendata@iadb.org", "description": {"en": "This dataset explores electoral systems and how the variation in those systems relates to economic outcomes. \n\nThe dataset includes indicators measuring whether politicians advance their careers by appealing to narrow geographic constituencies versus party constituencies. \n\nThe goal\n Estimate levels of political particularism and construct a political particularism index.\n\nBy quantifying how much individual politicians rely on local support versus party alignment, this resource supports comparative work on institutional design, policy bias, and electoral accountability.", "es": "Este conjunto de datos analiza los sistemas electorales y la relaci\u00f3n entre sus diferencias y los resultados econ\u00f3micos. \n\nRe\u00fane indicadores que captan en qu\u00e9 medida los pol\u00edticos prosperan en su carrera dirigi\u00e9ndose a electorados geogr\u00e1ficos acotados y no a los electorados de partido. \n\nEl objetivo\n Medir los niveles de particularismo pol\u00edtico y elaborar un \u00edndice de particularismo pol\u00edtico.\n\nAl poner cifras a cu\u00e1nto se apoyan los pol\u00edticos en el respaldo local en lugar de en la disciplina de partido, este recurso facilita los estudios comparados sobre dise\u00f1o institucional, sesgos de las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas y rendici\u00f3n de cuentas en las urnas.", "fr": "Ce jeu de donn\u00e9es examine les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9lectoraux et le lien entre leurs diff\u00e9rences et les r\u00e9sultats \u00e9conomiques. \n\nIl rassemble des indicateurs qui mesurent dans quelle mesure les \u00e9lus b\u00e2tissent leur carri\u00e8re en courtisant des \u00e9lectorats g\u00e9ographiquement \u00e9troits au lieu des \u00e9lectorats de parti. \n\nL\u2019objectif\n \u00c9valuer les niveaux de particularisme politique et b\u00e2tir un indice de particularisme politique.\n\nEn chiffrant la part de soutien local sur laquelle s\u2019appuient les \u00e9lus, par opposition \u00e0 la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 au parti, cette ressource nourrit les travaux comparatifs portant sur l\u2019architecture institutionnelle, les biais de l\u2019action publique et la reddition de comptes devant les \u00e9lecteurs.", "pt_BR": "Este conjunto de dados investiga os sistemas eleitorais e como as diferen\u00e7as entre eles se relacionam com os resultados econ\u00f4micos. \n\nRe\u00fane indicadores que mostram o quanto os pol\u00edticos constroem a carreira buscando eleitorados geograficamente restritos em vez dos eleitorados de partido. \n\nO objetivo\n Mensurar os n\u00edveis de particularismo pol\u00edtico e montar um \u00edndice de particularismo pol\u00edtico.\n\nAo colocar n\u00fameros em quanto os pol\u00edticos dependem do apoio local, e n\u00e3o da fidelidade ao partido, este recurso embasa os estudos comparados sobre desenho institucional, vieses das pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas e presta\u00e7\u00e3o de contas nas urnas."}}}