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"Sud\u00e1frica", "fr": "Afrique du Sud", "pt_BR": "\u00c1frica do Sul"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/953987"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Zambia", "es": "Zambia", "fr": "Zambie", "pt_BR": "Z\u00e2mbia"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/895949"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Zimbabwe", "es": "Zimbabue", "fr": "Zimbabwe", "pt_BR": "Zimb\u00e1bue"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/878675"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Brazil", "es": "Brasil", "fr": "Br\u00e9sil", "pt_BR": "Brasil"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/3469034"}, {"bbox": "", "centroid": "", "geom": "", "label": {"en": "Botswana", "es": "Botsuana", "fr": "Botswana", "pt_BR": "Botsuana"}, "uri": "https://sws.geonames.org/933860"}], "groups": [], "relationships_as_subject": [], "relationships_as_object": [], "doi": "10.60966/1fagcu7w", "doi_status": true, "domain": "https://data.iadb.org", "doi_date_published": "2026-06-12", "doi_publisher": "IADB", "data_collection_type": [{"uri": "https://taxonomy.iadb.org/knowledgeProductsTaxonomy/afaa6857-390d-423a-820a-e25d836282d5", "labels": {"en": "Administrative Data", "es": "Datos Administrativos", "fr": "Donn\u00e9es administratives", "pt_BR": "Dados Administrativos"}}], "keyword": {"en": ["late-life labor supply", "old-age pension systems", "statutory retirement age", "early retirement age", "effective old-age", "pension coverage", "development"], "es": ["Oferta laboral en la vejez", "sistemas de pensiones de vejez", "edad legal de jubilaci\u00f3n", "edad de jubilaci\u00f3n anticipada", "cobertura efectiva de pensiones de vejez", "desarrollo"], "fr": ["Offre de travail des personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es", "syst\u00e8mes de pension de vieillesse", "\u00e2ge l\u00e9gal de la retraite", "\u00e2ge de la retraite anticip\u00e9e", "couverture effective des pensions de retraite", "d\u00e9veloppement"], "pt_BR": ["Oferta de trabalho na velhice", "sistemas de pens\u00f5es por velhice", "idade legal de aposentadoria", "idade de aposentadoria antecipada", "cobertura efetiva de pens\u00f5es por velhice", "desenvolvimento"]}, "contact_point": "opendata@iadb.org", "description": {"en": "This dataset contains the code and associated data for \"The Role of Pension Systems in Retirement across Development\". Using census microdata from 78 countries, we study how pension systems shape labor supply at older ages. While male employment rates are similar in midlife, they diverge sharply later in life: by age 75, 54% of men remain employed in low-income countries compared with 8% in high-income ones, with even larger gaps among those with lower education. Patterns for women are similar. Exploiting variation in retirement ages and pension coverage, we find that a 10-percentage-point increase in coverage reduces post-retirement employment by 2.1 percentage points. Limited pension access keeps many lower-educated workers from retiring, driving global disparities in old-age employment.", "es": "Este conjunto de datos contiene el c\u00f3digo y los datos asociados para \"El papel de los sistemas de pensiones en la jubilaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del desarrollo\". Utilizando microdatos censales de 78 pa\u00edses, estudiamos c\u00f3mo los sistemas de pensiones configuran la oferta laboral en edades avanzadas. Si bien las tasas de empleo masculino son similares en la mediana edad, divergen marcadamente m\u00e1s adelante en la vida: a los 75 a\u00f1os, el 54% de los hombres siguen empleados en pa\u00edses de bajos ingresos en comparaci\u00f3n con el 8% en los de altos ingresos, con brechas a\u00fan mayores entre aquellos con menor nivel educativo. Los patrones para las mujeres son similares. Explotando la variaci\u00f3n en las edades de jubilaci\u00f3n y la cobertura de pensiones, encontramos que un aumento de 10 puntos porcentuales en la cobertura reduce el empleo posterior a la jubilaci\u00f3n en 2,1 puntos porcentuales. El acceso limitado a las pensiones impide que muchos trabajadores con menor educaci\u00f3n se jubilen, impulsando las disparidades globales en el empleo en la vejez.", "fr": "Ce jeu de donn\u00e9es contient le code et les donn\u00e9es associ\u00e9es pour \u00ab Le r\u00f4le des syst\u00e8mes de retraite dans la retraite \u00e0 travers le d\u00e9veloppement \u00bb. En utilisant des microdonn\u00e9es de recensement provenant de 78 pays, nous \u00e9tudions comment les syst\u00e8mes de retraite fa\u00e7onnent l'offre de travail aux \u00e2ges avanc\u00e9s. Alors que les taux d'emploi des hommes sont similaires \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge moyen, ils divergent nettement plus tard dans la vie : \u00e0 75 ans, 54 % des hommes restent employ\u00e9s dans les pays \u00e0 faible revenu contre 8 % dans ceux \u00e0 revenu \u00e9lev\u00e9, avec des \u00e9carts encore plus importants parmi ceux ayant un niveau d'\u00e9ducation inf\u00e9rieur. Les tendances pour les femmes sont similaires. En exploitant la variation de l'\u00e2ge de la retraite et de la couverture des retraites, nous constatons qu'une augmentation de 10 points de pourcentage de la couverture r\u00e9duit l'emploi apr\u00e8s la retraite de 2,1 points de pourcentage. L'acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 aux retraites emp\u00eache de nombreux travailleurs moins instruits de prendre leur retraite, ce qui entra\u00eene des disparit\u00e9s mondiales dans l'emploi des personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es.", "pt_BR": "Este conjunto de dados cont\u00e9m o c\u00f3digo e os dados associados para \"O papel dos sistemas de pens\u00f5es na aposentadoria ao longo do desenvolvimento\". Usando microdados censit\u00e1rios de 78 pa\u00edses, estudamos como os sistemas de pens\u00f5es moldam a oferta de trabalho em idades mais avan\u00e7adas. Embora as taxas de emprego masculino sejam semelhantes na meia-idade, elas divergem acentuadamente mais tarde na vida: aos 75 anos, 54% dos homens permanecem empregados em pa\u00edses de baixa renda, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com 8% nos de alta renda, com lacunas ainda maiores entre aqueles com menor escolaridade. Os padr\u00f5es para as mulheres s\u00e3o semelhantes. Explorando a varia\u00e7\u00e3o nas idades de aposentadoria e na cobertura previdenci\u00e1ria, descobrimos que um aumento de 10 pontos percentuais na cobertura reduz o emprego p\u00f3s-aposentadoria em 2,1 pontos percentuais. O acesso limitado \u00e0 aposentadoria impede que muitos trabalhadores com menor escolaridade se aposentem, impulsionando as disparidades globais no emprego na velhice."}}}